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Figge DA, Oliveira HDA, Crim J, Cowell RM, Standaert DG, Eskow Jaunarajs KL. Differential Activation States of Direct Pathway Striatal Output Neurons during l-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia Development. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e0050242024. [PMID: 38664012 PMCID: PMC11211726 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0050-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) is a debilitating motor side effect arising from chronic dopamine (DA) replacement therapy with l-DOPA for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. LID is associated with supersensitivity of striatal dopaminergic signaling and fluctuations in synaptic DA following each l-DOPA dose, shrinking the therapeutic window. The heterogeneous composition of the striatum, including subpopulations of medium spiny output neurons (MSNs), interneurons, and supporting cells, complicates the identification of cell(s) underlying LID. We used single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) to establish a comprehensive striatal transcriptional profile during LID development. Male hemiparkinsonian mice were treated with vehicle or l-DOPA for 1, 5, or 10 d, and striatal nuclei were processed for snRNA-seq. Analyses indicated a limited population of DA D1 receptor-expressing MSNs (D1-MSNs) formed three subclusters in response to l-DOPA treatment and expressed cellular markers of activation. These activated D1-MSNs display similar transcriptional changes previously associated with LID; however, their prevalence and transcriptional behavior were differentially influenced by l-DOPA experience. Differentially expressed genes indicated acute upregulation of plasticity-related transcription factors and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, while repeated l-DOPA-induced synaptic remodeling, learning and memory, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling genes. Notably, repeated l-DOPA sensitized Inhba, an activin subunit of the TGF-β superfamily, in activated D1-MSNs, and its pharmacological inhibition impaired LID development, suggesting that activin signaling may play an essential role in LID. These data suggest distinct subsets of D1-MSNs become differentially l-DOPA-responsive due to aberrant induction of molecular mechanisms necessary for neuronal entrainment, similar to processes underlying hippocampal learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Figge
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Henrique de Amaral Oliveira
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Jack Crim
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Rita M Cowell
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - David G Standaert
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Karen L Eskow Jaunarajs
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
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Yin S, Shen M, Zhang Y, Wu J, Song R, Lai X, Tian Z, Wang T, Jin W, Yan J. Nur77 increases mitophagy and decreases aggregation of α-synuclein by modulating the p-c-Abl/p-PHB2 Y121 in α-synuclein PFF SH-SY5Y cells and mice. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116251. [PMID: 38422699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive death of dopamine (DA) neurons and the pathological accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) fibrils. In our previous study, simulated PHB2 phosphorylation was utilized to clarify the regulatory role of c-Abl in PHB2-mediated mitophagy in PD models. In this investigation, we employed an independently patented PHB2Y121 phosphorylated antibody in the PD model to further verify that the c-Abl inhibitor STI571 can impede PHB2Y121 phosphorylation, decrease the formation of α-Syn polymers, and improve autophagic levels. The specific involvement of Nur77 in PD pathology has remained elusive. We also investigate the contribution of Nur77, a nuclear transcription factor, to α-syn and mitophagy in PD. Our findings demonstrate that under α-syn, Nur77 translocates from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria, improving PHB-mediated mitophagy by regulating c-Abl phosphorylation. Moreover, Nur77 overexpression alleviates the expression level of pS129-α-syn and the loss of DA neurons in α-syn PFF mice, potentially associated with the p-c-Abl/p-PHB2 Y121 axis. This study provides initial in vivo and in vitro evidence that Nur77 protects PD DA neurons by modulating the p-c-Abl/p-PHB2 Y121 axis, and STI571 holds promise as a treatment for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Yin
- Key Laboratory of Neuromolecular Biology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Mengmeng Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuromolecular Biology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yongjiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuromolecular Biology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jiannan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuromolecular Biology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Run Song
- Key Laboratory of Neuromolecular Biology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaoyi Lai
- Key Laboratory of Neuromolecular Biology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhenzhen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Neuromolecular Biology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuromolecular Biology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Weina Jin
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jing-Jin Center for Neuroinflammation, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Junqiang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Neuromolecular Biology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.
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Thakur K, Khan H, Grewal AK, Singh TG. Nuclear orphan receptors: A novel therapeutic agent in neuroinflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110845. [PMID: 37690241 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Orphan receptors constitute a historically varied subsection of a superfamily of nuclear receptors. Nuclear receptors regulate gene expression in response to ligand signals and are particularly alluring therapeutic targets for chronic illnesses. Neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases have been linked to these orphan nuclear receptors. Preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that orphan receptors could serve as future targets in neuroinflammation, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Huntington's Disease (HD), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Cerebral Ischemia. Given the therapeutic relevance of certain orphan receptors in a variety of disorders, their potential in neuroinflammation remains unproven. There is substantial evidence that ligand-activated transcription factors have great promise for preventing neurodegenerative and neurological disorders, with certain orphan nuclear receptors i.e., PPARγ, NR4As, and orphan GPCRs holding particularly high potential. Based on previous findings, we attempted to determine the contribution of PPAR, NR4As, and orphan GPCRs-regulated neuroinflammation to the pathogenesis of these disorders and their potential to become novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Thakur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401 Punjab, India
| | - Heena Khan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401 Punjab, India
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Jurcau A, Andronie-Cioara FL, Nistor-Cseppento DC, Pascalau N, Rus M, Vasca E, Jurcau MC. The Involvement of Neuroinflammation in the Onset and Progression of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14582. [PMID: 37834030 PMCID: PMC10573049 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease exhibiting the fastest growth in incidence in recent years. As with most neurodegenerative diseases, the pathophysiology is incompletely elucidated, but compelling evidence implicates inflammation, both in the central nervous system and in the periphery, in the initiation and progression of the disease, although it is not yet clear what triggers this inflammatory response and where it begins. Gut dysbiosis seems to be a likely candidate for the initiation of the systemic inflammation. The therapies in current use provide only symptomatic relief, but do not interfere with the disease progression. Nonetheless, animal models have shown promising results with therapies that target various vicious neuroinflammatory cascades. Translating these therapeutic strategies into clinical trials is still in its infancy, and a series of issues, such as the exact timing, identifying biomarkers able to identify Parkinson's disease in early and pre-symptomatic stages, or the proper indications of genetic testing in the population at large, will need to be settled in future guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria Jurcau
- Department of Psycho-Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (A.J.); (D.C.N.-C.)
| | - Felicia Liana Andronie-Cioara
- Department of Psycho-Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (A.J.); (D.C.N.-C.)
| | - Delia Carmen Nistor-Cseppento
- Department of Psycho-Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (A.J.); (D.C.N.-C.)
| | - Nicoleta Pascalau
- Department of Psycho-Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (A.J.); (D.C.N.-C.)
| | - Marius Rus
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Elisabeta Vasca
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine “Vasile Goldis” Arad, 310025 Arad, Romania
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Willems S, Zaienne D, Merk D. Targeting Nuclear Receptors in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9592-9638. [PMID: 34251209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors, also known as ligand-activated transcription factors, regulate gene expression upon ligand signals and present as attractive therapeutic targets especially in chronic diseases. Despite the therapeutic relevance of some nuclear receptors in various pathologies, their potential in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation is insufficiently established. This perspective gathers preclinical and clinical data for a potential role of individual nuclear receptors as future targets in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis, and concomitantly evaluates the level of medicinal chemistry targeting these proteins. Considerable evidence suggests the high promise of ligand-activated transcription factors to counteract neurodegenerative diseases with a particularly high potential of several orphan nuclear receptors. However, potent tools are lacking for orphan receptors, and limited central nervous system exposure or insufficient selectivity also compromises the suitability of well-studied nuclear receptor ligands for functional studies. Medicinal chemistry efforts are needed to develop dedicated high-quality tool compounds for the therapeutic validation of nuclear receptors in neurodegenerative pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Willems
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Zaienne
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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Liu L, Ma D, Zhuo L, Pang X, You J, Feng J. Progress and Promise of Nur77-based Therapeutics for Central Nervous System Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:486-497. [PMID: 32504502 PMCID: PMC8206462 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200606231723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nur77 belongs to the NR4A subgroup of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Unlike other nuclear receptors, a natural ligand for Nur77 has not been identified yet. However, a few small molecules can interact with this receptor and induce a conformational change to mediate its activity. The expression and activation of Nur77 can be rapidly increased using various physiological and pathological stimuli. In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated its regulatory role in tissues and cells of multiple systems by means of participation in cell differentiation, apoptosis, metabolism, mitochondrial homeostasis, and other processes. Although research on Nur77 in the pathophysiology of the central nervous system (CNS) is currently limited, the present data support the fact that Nur77 is involved in many neurological disorders such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease. This indicates that activation of Nur77 has considerable potential in treating these diseases. This review summarizes the regulatory mechanisms of Nur77 in CNS diseases and presents available evidence for its potential as targeted therapy, especially for cerebrovascular and inflammation-related CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Di Ma
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - La Zhuo
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xinyuan Pang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jiulin You
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jiachun Feng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
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Chen L, Fan F, Wu L, Zhao Y. The nuclear receptor 4A family members: mediators in human disease and autophagy. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2020; 25:48. [PMID: 33292165 PMCID: PMC7640683 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-020-00241-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nuclear receptor 4A (NR4A) subfamily, which belongs to the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily, has three members: NR4A1 (Nur77), NR4A2 (Nurr1) and NR4A3 (Nor1). They are gene regulators with broad involvement in various signaling pathways and human disease responses, including autophagy. Here, we provide a concise overview of the current understanding of the role of the NR4A subfamily members in human diseases and review the research into their regulation of cell autophagy. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms has potential to improve drug development processes and disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Chen
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
- Institute of Apply Genomics, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
| | - Fengtian Fan
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
- Institute of Apply Genomics, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Lingjuan Wu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
- Institute of Apply Genomics, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Yiyi Zhao
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
- Institute of Apply Genomics, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
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8
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Striatal Nurr1 Facilitates the Dyskinetic State and Exacerbates Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. J Neurosci 2020; 40:3675-3691. [PMID: 32238479 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2936-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Nurr1 has been identified to be ectopically induced in the striatum of rodents expressing l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). In the present study, we sought to characterize Nurr1 as a causative factor in LID expression. We used rAAV2/5 to overexpress Nurr1 or GFP in the parkinsonian striatum of LID-resistant Lewis or LID-prone Fischer-344 (F344) male rats. In a second cohort, rats received the Nurr1 agonist amodiaquine (AQ) together with l-DOPA or ropinirole. All rats received a chronic DA agonist and were evaluated for LID severity. Finally, we performed single-unit recordings and dendritic spine analyses on striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in drug-naïve rAAV-injected male parkinsonian rats. rAAV-GFP injected LID-resistant hemi-parkinsonian Lewis rats displayed mild LID and no induction of striatal Nurr1 despite receiving a high dose of l-DOPA. However, Lewis rats overexpressing Nurr1 developed severe LID. Nurr1 agonism with AQ exacerbated LID in F344 rats. We additionally determined that in l-DOPA-naïve rats striatal rAAV-Nurr1 overexpression (1) increased cortically-evoked firing in a subpopulation of identified striatonigral MSNs, and (2) altered spine density and thin-spine morphology on striatal MSNs; both phenomena mimicking changes seen in dyskinetic rats. Finally, we provide postmortem evidence of Nurr1 expression in striatal neurons of l-DOPA-treated PD patients. Our data demonstrate that ectopic induction of striatal Nurr1 is capable of inducing LID behavior and associated neuropathology, even in resistant subjects. These data support a direct role of Nurr1 in aberrant neuronal plasticity and LID induction, providing a potential novel target for therapeutic development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The transcription factor Nurr1 is ectopically induced in striatal neurons of rats exhibiting levodopa-induced dyskinesia [LID; a side-effect to dopamine replacement strategies in Parkinson's disease (PD)]. Here we asked whether Nurr1 is causing LID. Indeed, rAAV-mediated expression of Nurr1 in striatal neurons was sufficient to overcome LID-resistance, and Nurr1 agonism exacerbated LID severity in dyskinetic rats. Moreover, we found that expression of Nurr1 in l-DOPA naïve hemi-parkinsonian rats resulted in the formation of morphologic and electrophysiological signatures of maladaptive neuronal plasticity; a phenomenon associated with LID. Finally, we determined that ectopic Nurr1 expression can be found in the putamen of l-DOPA-treated PD patients. These data suggest that striatal Nurr1 is an important mediator of the formation of LID.
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Nuclear Receptor Nr4a1 Regulates Striatal Striosome Development and Dopamine D 1 Receptor Signaling. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0305-19.2019. [PMID: 31541002 PMCID: PMC6787343 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0305-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The GABAergic medium-size spiny neuron (MSN), the striatal output neuron, may be classified into striosome, also known as patch, and matrix, based on neurochemical differences between the two compartments. At this time, little is known regarding the regulation of the development of the two compartments. Nr4a1, primarily described as a nuclear receptor/immediate early gene involved in the homeostasis of the dopaminergic system, is a striosomal marker. Using Nr4a1-overexpressing and Nr4a1-null mice, we sought to determine whether Nr4a1 is necessary and/or sufficient for striosome development. We report that in vivo and in vitro, Nr4a1 and Oprm1 mRNA levels are correlated. In the absence of Nr4a, there is a decrease in the percentage of striatal surface area occupied by striosomes. Alterations in Nr4a1 expression leads to dysregulation of multiple mRNAs of members of the dopamine receptor D1 signal transduction system. Constitutive overexpression of Nr4a1 decreases both the induction of phosphorylation of ERK after a single cocaine exposure and locomotor sensitization following chronic cocaine exposure. Nr4a1 overexpression increases MSN excitability but reduces MSN long-term potentiation. In the resting state, type 5 adenylyl cyclase (AC5) activity is normal, but the ability of AC5 to be activated by Drd1 G-protein-coupled receptor inputs is decreased. Our results support a role for Nr4a1 in determination of striatal patch/matrix structure and in regulation of dopaminoceptive neuronal function.
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Veyres N, Hamadjida A, Huot P. Predictive Value of Parkinsonian Primates in Pharmacologic Studies: A Comparison between the Macaque, Marmoset, and Squirrel Monkey. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.247171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Rodríguez-Calvo R, Tajes M, Vázquez-Carrera M. The NR4A subfamily of nuclear receptors: potential new therapeutic targets for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:291-304. [PMID: 28055275 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1279146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prolonged inflammatory response contributes to the pathogenesis of chronic disease-related disturbances. Among nuclear receptors (NRs), the orphan NR4A subfamily, which includes Nur77 (NR4A1), Nurr1 (NR4A2) and NOR1 (NR4A3), has recently emerged as a therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammation. Areas covered: This review focuses on the capacity of NR4A receptors to counter-regulate the development of the inflammatory response, with a special focus on the molecular transrepression mechanisms. Expert opinion: Recent studies have highlighted the role of NR4A receptors as significant regulators of the inflammatory response. NR4A receptors are rapidly induced by inflammatory stimuli, thus suggesting that they are required for the initiation of inflammation. Nevertheless, NR4A anti-inflammatory properties indicate that this acute regulation could be a protective reaction aimed at resolving inflammation in the later stages. Therefore, NR4A receptors are involved in a negative feedback mechanism to maintain the inflammatory balance. However, the underlying mechanisms are not entirely clear. Only a small number of NR4A-target genes have been identified, and the transcriptional repression mechanisms are only beginning to emerge. Despite further research is needed to fully understand the role of NR4A receptors in inflammation, these NRs should be considered as targets for new therapeutic approaches to inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Rodríguez-Calvo
- a Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, Pere Virgili Health Research Institute (IISPV) and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Rovira i Virgili University , Reus , Spain
| | - Marta Tajes
- b Heart Diseases Biomedical Research Group, Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders Program , Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Parc de Salut Mar , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- c Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Faculty of Pharmacy, Diagonal 643 , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
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Liu TY, Yang XY, Zheng LT, Wang GH, Zhen XC. Activation of Nur77 in microglia attenuates proinflammatory mediators production and protects dopaminergic neurons from inflammation-induced cell death. J Neurochem 2016; 140:589-604. [PMID: 27889907 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the pathological development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 (Nur77) is abundant in neurons, while its role in microglia-mediated neuroinflammation remains unclear. The present data demonstrated that the expression of Nur77 in microglia was reduced accompanied by microglia activation in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro and in experimental 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-PD mouse model. Nur77 over-expression or application of Nur77 agonist cytosporone B suppressed the expression of proinflammatory genes, such as inducible nitric oxide NOS, cyclooxygenase-2, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α in the activated microglia, while silenced Nur77 exaggerated the inflammatory responses in microglia. Moreover, activation of Nur77 suppressed the LPS-induced NF-κB activation which was partly dependent on p38 MAPK activity, since inhibition of p38 MAPK by SB203580 abolished the LPS-activated NF-κB in microglia. On the other hand, inhibition of p38 MAPK attenuated LPS-induced Nur77 reduction. Furthermore, in a microglia-conditioned cultured media system, Nur77 ameliorated the cytotoxicity to MN9D dopaminergic cells. Lastly, cytosporone B attenuated microglia activation and loss of dopaminergic neuron in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-PD mouse model. Taken together, these findings revealed the first evidence that Nur77 was an important modulator in microglia function that associated with microglia-mediated dopaminergic neurotoxicity, and thus modulation of Nur77 may represent a potential novel target for treatment for neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ya Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Long-Tai Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guang-Hui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xue-Chu Zhen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Safe S, Jin UH, Morpurgo B, Abudayyeh A, Singh M, Tjalkens RB. Nuclear receptor 4A (NR4A) family - orphans no more. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 157:48-60. [PMID: 25917081 PMCID: PMC4618773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptors NR4A1, NR4A2 and NR4A3 are immediate early genes induced by multiple stressors, and the NR4A receptors play an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and disease. There is increasing evidence for the role of these receptors in metabolic, cardiovascular and neurological functions and also in inflammation and inflammatory diseases and in immune functions and cancer. Despite the similarities of NR4A1, NR4A2 and NR4A3 and their interactions with common cis-genomic elements, they exhibit unique activities and cell-/tissue-specific functions. Although endogenous ligands for NR4A receptors have not been identified, there is increasing evidence that structurally-diverse synthetic molecules can directly interact with the ligand binding domain of NR4A1 and act as agonists or antagonists, and ligands for NR4A2 and NR4A3 have also been identified. Since NR4A receptors are key factors in multiple diseases, there are opportunities for the future development of NR4A ligands for clinical applications in treating multiple health problems including metabolic, neurologic and cardiovascular diseases, other inflammatory conditions, and cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Arthritis/metabolism
- Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Homeostasis
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Ligands
- Metabolic Diseases/genetics
- Metabolic Diseases/metabolism
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Un-Ho Jin
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Benjamin Morpurgo
- Texas A&M Institute for Genomic Medicine, Texas A&M University, 670 Raymond Stotzer Pkwy, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ala Abudayyeh
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mandip Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Ronald B Tjalkens
- Department of Toxicology and Neuroscience, Colorado State University, 1680Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
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14
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Li X, Liu H, Fischhaber PL, Tang TS. Toward therapeutic targets for SCA3: Insight into the role of Machado-Joseph disease protein ataxin-3 in misfolded proteins clearance. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 132:34-58. [PMID: 26123252 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Machado-Joseph disease (MJD, also known as spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, SCA3), an autosomal dominant neurological disorder, is caused by an abnormal expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat in the ataxin-3 protein. The length of the expanded polyQ stretch correlates positively with the severity of the disease and inversely with the age at onset. To date, we cannot fully explain the mechanism underlying neurobiological abnormalities of this disease. Yet, accumulating reports have demonstrated the functions of ataxin-3 protein in the chaperone system, ubiquitin-proteasome system, and aggregation-autophagy, all of which suggest a role of ataxin-3 in the clearance of misfolded proteins. Notably, the SCA3 pathogenic form of ataxin-3 (ataxin-3(exp)) impairs the misfolded protein clearance via mechanisms that are either dependent or independent of its deubiquitinase (DUB) activity, resulting in the accumulation of misfolded proteins and the progressive loss of neurons in SCA3. Some drugs, which have been used as activators/inducers in the chaperone system, ubiquitin-proteasome system, and aggregation-autophagy, have been demonstrated to be efficacious in the relief of neurodegeneration diseases like Huntington's disease (HD), Parkinson's (PD), Alzheimer's (AD) as well as SCA3 in animal models and clinical trials, putting misfolded protein clearance on the list of potential therapeutic targets. Here, we undertake a comprehensive review of the progress in understanding the physiological functions of ataxin-3 in misfolded protein clearance and how the polyQ expansion impairs misfolded protein clearance. We then detail the preclinical studies targeting the elimination of misfolded proteins for SCA3 treatment. We close with future considerations for translating these pre-clinical results into therapies for SCA3 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Paula L Fischhaber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330-8262, USA.
| | - Tie-Shan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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15
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Mahmoudi S, Lévesque D, Blanchet PJ. Upregulation of dopamine D3, not D2, receptors correlates with tardive dyskinesia in a primate model. Mov Disord 2014; 29:1125-33. [PMID: 24838395 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a delayed and potentially irreversible motor complication arising in patients chronically exposed to centrally active dopamine D2 receptor antagonists, including antipsychotic drugs and metoclopramide. The classical dopamine D2 receptor supersensitivity hypothesis in TD, which stemmed from rodent studies, lacks strong support in humans. To investigate the neurochemical basis of TD, we chronically exposed adult capuchin monkeys to haloperidol (median, 18.5 months; n = 11) or clozapine (median, 6 months; n = 6). Six unmedicated animals were used as controls. Five haloperidol-treated animals developed mild TD movements, and no TD was observed in the clozapine group. Using receptor autoradiography, we measured striatal dopamine D1, D2, and D3 receptor levels. We also examined the D3 receptor/preprotachykinin messenger RNA (mRNA) co-expression, and quantified preproenkephalin mRNA levels, in striatal sections. Unlike clozapine, haloperidol strongly induced dopamine D3 receptor binding sites in the anterior caudate-putamen, particularly in TD animals, and binding levels positively correlated with TD intensity. Interestingly, the D3 receptor upregulation was observed in striatonigral neurons. In contrast, D2 receptor binding was comparable to controls, and dopamine D1 receptor binding was reduced in the anterior putamen. Enkephalin mRNA widely increased in all animals, but to a greater extent in TD-free animals. These results suggest for the first time that upregulated striatal D3 receptors correlate with TD in nonhuman primates, adding new insights to the dopamine receptor supersensitivity hypothesis. The D3 receptor could provide a novel target for drug intervention in human TD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souha Mahmoudi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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16
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Janssen CI, Kiliaan AJ. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) from genesis to senescence: The influence of LCPUFA on neural development, aging, and neurodegeneration. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 53:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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17
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Campos-Melo D, Galleguillos D, Sánchez N, Gysling K, Andrés ME. Nur transcription factors in stress and addiction. Front Mol Neurosci 2013; 6:44. [PMID: 24348325 PMCID: PMC3844937 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2013.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nur transcription factors Nur77 (NGFI-B, NR4A1), Nurr1 (NR4A2), and Nor-1 (NR4A3) are a sub-family of orphan members of the nuclear receptor superfamily. These transcription factors are products of immediate early genes, whose expression is rapidly and transiently induced in the central nervous system by several types of stimuli. Nur factors are present throughout the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis where are prominently induced in response to stress. Drugs of abuse and stress also induce the expression of Nur factors in nuclei of the motivation/reward circuit of the brain, indicating their participation in the process of drug addiction and in non-hypothalamic responses to stress. Repeated use of addictive drugs and chronic stress induce long-lasting dysregulation of the brain motivation/reward circuit due to reprogramming of gene expression and enduring alterations in neuronal function. Here, we review the data supporting that Nur transcription factors are key players in the molecular basis of the dysregulation of neuronal circuits involved in chronic stress and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae Campos-Melo
- Nucleus Millennium in Stress and Addiction, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Danny Galleguillos
- Nucleus Millennium in Stress and Addiction, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Sánchez
- Nucleus Millennium in Stress and Addiction, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Katia Gysling
- Nucleus Millennium in Stress and Addiction, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - María E Andrés
- Nucleus Millennium in Stress and Addiction, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
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18
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17β-estradiol delays 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis by acting on Nur77 translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Neurotox Res 2013; 25:124-34. [PMID: 24277157 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-013-9442-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (Nurs) represent a large family of gene expression regulating proteins. Gathering evidence indicates an important role for Nurs as transcription factors in dopamine neurotransmission. Nur77, a member of the Nur superfamily, plays a role in mediating the effects of antiparkinsonian and neuroleptic drugs. Besides, Nur77 survival and apoptotic roles depend largely on its subcellular localization. Estrogens are known for their neuroprotective properties, as demonstrated in animal and clinical studies. However, their action on Nur77 translocation pertaining to neuroprotection has not been investigated yet. The aim of our study was to perform a kinetic study on the effect of neurotoxic 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and 17β-estradiol (E2) on the subcellular localization of Nur77 with reference to the modulation of apoptosis in PC12 cells. Our results demonstrate that E2 administration alone does not affect Nur77 cytoplasmic/nuclear ratio, mRNA levels, or apoptosis in PC12 cells. The neurotoxin 6-OHDA significantly enhances cytoplasmic localization of Nur77 after merely 3 h, while precipitating apoptosis. 6-OHDA also increases Nur77 transcription, which could partly explain the rise in cytoplasmic localization of the protein. Finally, treatment with both E2 and 6-OHDA delays Nur77 accumulation in the cytoplasm and delays cell death for a few hours in our cellular paradigm. Pre-treatment with E2 does not alter the increase in levels of Nur77 mRNA produced by 6-OHDA, suggesting that a raise in nuclear translocation is likely responsible for the stabilization of the cytoplasmic/nuclear ratio until 6 h. These results suggest an intriguing cooperation between E2 and Nur77 toward cellular fate guidance.
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19
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Mahmoudi S, Blanchet PJ, Lévesque D. Haloperidol-induced striatal Nur77 expression in a non-human primate model of tardive dyskinesia. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 38:2192-8. [PMID: 23551242 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a delayed and potentially irreversible motor complication arising in patients chronically exposed to antipsychotic drugs. As several modern (so-called atypical) antipsychotic drugs are common offenders, combined with the widening clinical indications for prescription as well as exposure of vulnerable individuals, TD will remain a significant drug-induced unwanted side effect. In addition, the pathophysiology of TD remains elusive and therapeutics are difficult. Based on rodent experiments, we have previously shown that the transcriptional factor Nur77 (also known as nerve growth factor inducible gene B or Nr4a1) is induced in the striatum following antipsychotic drug exposure as part of a long-term neuroadaptive process. To confirm this, we exposed adult capuchin (Cebus apella) monkeys to prolonged treatments with haloperidol (median 18.5 months, N = 11) or clozapine (median 6 months, N = 6). Six untreated animals were used as controls. Five haloperidol-treated animals developed mild TD movements similar to those found in humans. No TD was observed in the clozapine group. Postmortem analysis of Nur77 expression measured by in situ hybridization revealed a stark contrast between the two drugs, as Nur77 mRNA levels in the caudate-putamen were strongly upregulated in animals exposed to haloperidol but were spared following clozapine treatment. Interestingly, within the haloperidol-treated group, TD-free animals showed higher Nur77 expression in putamen subterritories compared with dyskinetic animals. This suggests that Nur77 expression might be associated with a reduced risk of TD in this experimental model and could provide a novel target for drug intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souha Mahmoudi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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20
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Mount MP, Zhang Y, Amini M, Callaghan S, Kulczycki J, Mao Z, Slack RS, Anisman H, Park DS. Perturbation of transcription factor Nur77 expression mediated by myocyte enhancer factor 2D (MEF2D) regulates dopaminergic neuron loss in response to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14362-14371. [PMID: 23536182 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.439216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have earlier reported the critical nature of calpain-CDK5-MEF2 signaling in governing dopaminergic neuronal loss in vivo. CDK5 mediates phosphorylation of the neuronal survival factor myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) leading to its inactivation and loss. However, the downstream factors that mediate MEF2-regulated survival are unknown. Presently, we define Nur77 as one such critical downstream survival effector. Following 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treatment in vivo, Nur77 expression in the nigrostriatal region is dramatically reduced. This loss is attenuated by expression of MEF2. Importantly, MEF2 constitutively binds to the Nur77 promoter in neurons under basal conditions. This binding is lost following 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium treatment. Nur77 deficiency results in significant sensitization to dopaminergic loss following 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium/MPTP treatment, in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, Nur77-deficient MPTP-treated mice displayed significantly reduced levels of dopamine and 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the striatum as well as elevated post synaptic FosB activity, indicative of increased nigrostriatal damage when compared with WT MPTP-treated controls. Importantly, this sensitization in Nur77-deficient mice was rescued with ectopic Nur77 expression in the nigrostriatal system. These results indicate that the inactivation of Nur77, induced by loss of MEF2 activity, plays a critical role in nigrostriatal degeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Mount
- Department of Neuroscience and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Mandana Amini
- Department of Neuroscience and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Steve Callaghan
- Department of Neuroscience and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jerzy Kulczycki
- Institute of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Zixu Mao
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Ruth S Slack
- Department of Neuroscience and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Hymie Anisman
- Institute of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - David S Park
- Department of Neuroscience and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada; Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, South Korea.
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21
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Nolan YM, Sullivan AM, Toulouse A. Parkinson's disease in the nuclear age of neuroinflammation. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:187-96. [PMID: 23318001 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation is associated with the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease, a movement disorder characterised by deterioration of the nigrostriatal system of the brain. Recent studies have yielded important insights into the regulation of inflammation by nuclear receptors, a superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors. Certain nuclear receptors are also emerging as regulators of neurodegeneration, including the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease, and the importance of transcriptional control in this process is becoming increasingly apparent. Here, we discuss the role of Nurr1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), retinoic acid receptors, and glucocorticoid receptors in neuroinflammatory processes that contribute to dopaminergic neuronal degeneration. We examine current evidence providing insight into the potential of these important players as therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne M Nolan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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22
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Huot P, Johnston TH, Koprich JB, Fox SH, Brotchie JM. The Pharmacology of l-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson’s Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:171-222. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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23
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Yang X, Wu N, Song L, Liu Z. Intrastriatal injections of KN-93 ameliorates levodopa-induced dyskinesia in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2013; 9:1213-20. [PMID: 23983471 PMCID: PMC3751461 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s45422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levodopa remains the most effective drug for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, long-term levodopa treatment is associated with the emergence of levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID), which has hampered its use for PD treatment. The mechanisms of LID are only partially understood. A previous study showed that KN-93, a Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) inhibitor, could be used to ameliorate LID in rats. However, the precise mechanisms by which KN-93 acts as an antidyskinetic are not fully understood. METHODS In the present study, a rat model of PD was induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (OHDA) injections. Then, the successfully lesioned rats were intrastriatally administered with a different dose of KN-93 (1 μg, 2 μg, or 5 μg) prior to levodopa treatment. Abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) scores and apomorphine-induced rotations were measured in PD rats. Phosphorylated levels of GluR1 at Serine-845 (pGluR1S845) levels were determined by western blot. Arc and Penk levels were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS We found that both 2 μg and 5 μg KN-93 treatment lowered AIMs scores in levodopa priming PD rats without affecting the antiparkinsonian effect of levodopa. In agreement with behavioral analysis, KN-93 treatment (2 μg) reduced pGluR1S845 levels in PD rats. Moreover, KN-93 treatment (2 μg) reduced the expression of Gad1 and Nur77 in PD rats. CONCLUSION These data indicated that intrastriatal injections of KN-93 were beneficial in reducing the expression of LID by lowering the expression of pGluR1S845 via suppressing the activation of CaMKII in PD rats. Decreased expression of pGluR1S845 further reduced the expression of Gad1 and Nur77 in PD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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24
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Riahi G, Morissette M, Lévesque D, Rouillard C, Samadi P, Parent M, Di Paolo T. Effect of chronic l-DOPA treatment on 5-HT(1A) receptors in parkinsonian monkey brain. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:1160-71. [PMID: 22940695 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
After chronic use of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA), most Parkinson's disease (PD) patients suffer from its side effects, especially motor complications called l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). 5-HT(1A) agonists were tested to treat LID but many were reported to worsen parkinsonism. In this study, we evaluated changes in concentration of serotonin and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and of 5-HT(1A) receptors in control monkeys, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) monkeys, dyskinetic MPTP monkeys treated chronically with l-DOPA, low dyskinetic MPTP monkeys treated with l-DOPA and drugs of various pharmacological activities: Ro 61-8048 (an inhibitor of kynurenine hydroxylase) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and dyskinetic MPTP monkeys treated with l-DOPA+naltrexone (an opioid receptor antagonist). Striatal serotonin concentrations were reduced in MPTP monkeys compared to controls. Higher striatal 5-HIAA/serotonin concentration ratios in l-DOPA-treated monkeys compared to untreated monkeys suggest an intense activity of serotonin axon terminals but this value was similar in dyskinetic and nondyskinetic animals treated with or without adjunct treatment with l-DOPA. As measured by autoradiography with [(3)H]8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propyl) aminotetralin (8-OH-DPAT), a decrease of 5-HT(1A) receptor specific binding was observed in the posterior/dorsal region of the anterior cingulate gyrus and posterior/ventral area of the superior frontal gyrus of MPTP monkeys compared to controls. An increase of 5-HT(1A) receptor specific binding was observed in the hippocampus of MPTP monkeys treated with l-DOPA regardless to their adjunct treatment. Cortical 5-HT(1A) receptor specific binding was increased in the l-DOPA-treated MPTP monkeys alone or with DHA or naltrexone and this increase was prevented in low dyskinetic MPTP monkeys treated with l-DOPA and Ro 61-8048. These results highlight the importance of 5-HT(1A) receptor alterations in treatment of PD with l-DOPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnasim Riahi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
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25
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Chang YL, Chen SJ, Kao CL, Hung SC, Ding DC, Yu CC, Chen YJ, Ku HH, Lin CP, Lee KH, Chen YC, Wang JJ, Hsu CC, Chen LK, Li HY, Chiou SH. Docosahexaenoic Acid Promotes Dopaminergic Differentiation in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Inhibits Teratoma Formation in Rats with Parkinson-Like Pathology. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:313-32. [PMID: 21669041 DOI: 10.3727/096368911x580572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the midbrain. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have shown potential for differentiation and may become a resource of functional neurons for the treatment of PD. However, teratoma formation is a major concern for transplantation-based therapies. This study examined whether functional neurons could be efficiently generated from iPS cells using a five-step induction procedure combined with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) treatment. We demonstrated that DHA, a ligand for the RXR/Nurr1 heterodimer, significantly activated expression of the Nurr1 gene and the Nurr1-related pathway in iPS cells. DHA treatment facilitated iPS differentiation into tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons in vitro and in vivo and functionally increased dopamine release in transplanted grafts in PD-like animals. Furthermore, DHA dramatically upregulated the endogenous expression levels of neuroprotective genes ( Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor) and protected against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced apoptosis in iPS-derived neuronal precursor cells. DHA-treated iPS cells significantly improved the behavior of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-treated PD-like rats compared to control or eicosapentaenoic acid-treated group. Importantly, the in vivo experiment suggests that DHA induces the differentiation of functional dopaminergic precursors and improves the abnormal behavior of 6-OHDA-treated PD-like rats by 4 months after transplantation. Furthermore, we found that DHA treatment in iPS cell-grafted rats significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of embryonic stem cell-specific genes (Oct-4 and c-Myc) in the graft and effectively blocked teratoma formation. Importantly, 3 Tesla-magnetic resonance imaging and ex vivo green fluorescence protein imaging revealed that no teratomas were present in transplanted grafts of DHA-treated iPS-derived DA neurons 4 months after implantation. Therefore, our data suggest that DHA plays a crucial role in iPS differentiation into functional DA neurons and that this approach could provide a novel therapeutic approach for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Lih Chang
- Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Chen
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Lan Kao
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Hung
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dah-Ching Ding
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital & Tzu Chi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chia Yu
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Oral Biology and Biomaterial Science, Chung-Shan Medical University & Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Chen
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Hai Ku
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Po Lin
- Brain Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Hsiung Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, Animal Technology Institute Taiwan, Chunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chih Chen
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jhi-Joung Wang
- Department of Surgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center & Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Chih Hsu
- Department of Surgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center & Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Kung Chen
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yang Li
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Crittenden JR, Graybiel AM. Basal Ganglia disorders associated with imbalances in the striatal striosome and matrix compartments. Front Neuroanat 2011; 5:59. [PMID: 21941467 PMCID: PMC3171104 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2011.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The striatum is composed principally of GABAergic, medium spiny striatal projection neurons (MSNs) that can be categorized based on their gene expression, electrophysiological profiles, and input–output circuits. Major subdivisions of MSN populations include (1) those in ventromedial and dorsolateral striatal regions, (2) those giving rise to the direct and indirect pathways, and (3) those that lie in the striosome and matrix compartments. The first two classificatory schemes have enabled advances in understanding of how basal ganglia circuits contribute to disease. However, despite the large number of molecules that are differentially expressed in the striosomes or the extra-striosomal matrix, and the evidence that these compartments have different input–output connections, our understanding of how this compartmentalization contributes to striatal function is still not clear. A broad view is that the matrix contains the direct and indirect pathway MSNs that form parts of sensorimotor and associative circuits, whereas striosomes contain MSNs that receive input from parts of limbic cortex and project directly or indirectly to the dopamine-containing neurons of the substantia nigra, pars compacta. Striosomes are widely distributed within the striatum and are thought to exert global, as well as local, influences on striatal processing by exchanging information with the surrounding matrix, including through interneurons that send processes into both compartments. It has been suggested that striosomes exert and maintain limbic control over behaviors driven by surrounding sensorimotor and associative parts of the striatal matrix. Consistent with this possibility, imbalances between striosome and matrix functions have been reported in relation to neurological disorders, including Huntington’s disease, L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias, dystonia, and drug addiction. Here, we consider how signaling imbalances between the striosomes and matrix might relate to symptomatology in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill R Crittenden
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
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Morigaki R, Sako W, Okita S, Kasahara J, Yokoyama H, Nagahiro S, Kaji R, Goto S. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 with phosphorylation of tyrosine 15 residue is enriched in striatal matrix compartment in adult mice. Neuroscience 2011; 189:25-31. [PMID: 21640796 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the striosome-matrix systems have a tight link with motor and behavioral brain functions and their disorders. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a versatile protein kinase that plays a role in synaptic functions and cell survival in adult brain, and its kinase activity is stimulated by phosphorylation at tyrosine 15 residue (pY15). In this study, we used an immunohistochemical method to show differential localization of Cdk5-pY15 in the striatal compartments of adult mice, with a heightened density of Cdk5-pY15 labeling in the matrix relative to the striosomes. Our findings indicate that Cdk5-pY15 can be a new marker for the striatal matrix compartment, and suggest a possible involvement of Cdk5-mediated signaling in compartment-specific neurotransmission and disease pathology in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Morigaki
- Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University Hospital, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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