1
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Gaunt JR, Zainolabidin N, Yip AKK, Tan JM, Low AYT, Chen AI, Ch'ng TH. Cytokine enrichment in deep cerebellar nuclei is contributed by multiple glial populations and linked to reduced amyloid plaque pathology. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:269. [PMID: 37978387 PMCID: PMC10656954 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02913-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology and amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaque deposition progress slowly in the cerebellum compared to other brain regions, while the entorhinal cortex (EC) is one of the most vulnerable regions. Using a knock-in AD mouse model (App KI), we show that within the cerebellum, the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) has particularly low accumulation of Aβ plaques. To identify factors that might underlie differences in the progression of AD-associated neuropathology across regions, we profiled gene expression in single nuclei (snRNAseq) across all cell types in the DCN and EC of wild-type (WT) and App KI male mice at age 7 months. We found differences in expression of genes associated with inflammatory activation, PI3K-AKT signalling, and neuron support functions between both regions and genotypes. In WT mice, the expression of interferon-response genes in microglia is higher in the DCN than the EC and this enrichment is confirmed by RNA in situ hybridisation, and measurement of inflammatory cytokines by protein array. Our analyses also revealed that multiple glial populations are responsible for establishing this cytokine-enriched niche. Furthermore, homogenates derived from the DCN induced inflammatory gene expression in BV2 microglia. We also assessed the relationship between the DCN microenvironment and Aβ pathology by depleting microglia using a CSF1R inhibitor PLX5622 and saw that, surprisingly, the expression of a subset of inflammatory cytokines was increased while plaque abundance in the DCN was further reduced. Overall, our study revealed the presence of a cytokine-enriched microenvironment unique to the DCN that when modulated, can alter plaque deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Gaunt
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Science Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Norliyana Zainolabidin
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Science Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Alaric K K Yip
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Science Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Jia Min Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Science Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Aloysius Y T Low
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Albert I Chen
- Center for Aging Research, Scintillon Institute, 6868 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Toh Hean Ch'ng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Science Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.
- School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 63755, Singapore.
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2
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Beura SK, Dhapola R, Panigrahi AR, Yadav P, Kumar R, Reddy DH, Singh SK. Antiplatelet drugs: Potential therapeutic options for the management of neurodegenerative diseases. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:1835-1877. [PMID: 37132460 DOI: 10.1002/med.21965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The blood platelet plays an important role but often remains under-recognized in several vascular complications and associated diseases. Surprisingly, platelet hyperactivity and hyperaggregability have often been considered the critical risk factors for developing vascular dysfunctions in several neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis. In addition, platelet structural and functional impairments promote prothrombotic and proinflammatory environment that can aggravate the progression of several NDDs. These findings provide the rationale for using antiplatelet agents not only to prevent morbidity but also to reduce mortality caused by NDDs. Therefore, we thoroughly review the evidence supporting the potential pleiotropic effects of several novel classes of synthetic antiplatelet drugs, that is, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, adenosine diphosphate receptor antagonists, protease-activated receptor blockers, and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors in NDDs. Apart from this, the review also emphasizes the recent developments of selected natural antiplatelet phytochemicals belonging to key classes of plant-based bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids as potential therapeutic candidates in NDDs. We believe that the broad analysis of contemporary strategies and specific approaches for plausible therapeutic treatment for NDDs presented in this review could be helpful for further successful research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir K Beura
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Rishika Dhapola
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Abhishek R Panigrahi
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Pooja Yadav
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Reetesh Kumar
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Applied Sciences and Humanities, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dibbanti H Reddy
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Sunil K Singh
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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3
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Design, synthesis and evaluation of salicylic acid-donepezil hybrids as functional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Med Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-03010-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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4
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Gómez-Isla T, Frosch MP. Lesions without symptoms: understanding resilience to Alzheimer disease neuropathological changes. Nat Rev Neurol 2022; 18:323-332. [PMID: 35332316 PMCID: PMC10607925 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-022-00642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the original description of amyloid-β plaques and tau tangles more than 100 years ago, these lesions have been considered the neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer disease (AD). The prevalence of plaques, tangles and dementia increases with age, and the lesions are considered to be causally related to the cognitive symptoms of AD. Current schemes for assessing AD lesion burden examine the distribution, abundance and characteristics of plaques and tangles at post mortem, yielding an estimate of the likelihood of cognitive impairment. Although this approach is highly predictive for most individuals, in some instances, a striking mismatch between lesions and symptoms can be observed. A small subset of individuals harbour a high burden of plaques and tangles at autopsy, which would be expected to have had devastating clinical consequences, but remain at their cognitive baseline, indicating 'resilience'. The study of these brains might provide the key to understanding the 'black box' between the accumulation of plaques and tangles and cognitive impairment, and show the way towards disease-modifying treatments for AD. In this Review, we begin by considering the heterogeneity of clinical manifestations associated with the presence of plaques and tangles, and then focus on insights derived from the rare yet informative individuals who display high amounts of amyloid and tau deposition in their brains (observed directly at autopsy) without manifesting dementia during life. The resilient response of these individuals to the gradual accumulation of plaques and tangles has potential implications for assessing an individual's risk of AD and for the development of interventions aimed at preserving cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Gómez-Isla
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
- C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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5
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Shvartsur R, Agam G, Uzzan S, Azab AN. Low-Dose Aspirin Augments the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Low-Dose Lithium in Lipopolysaccharide-Treated Rats. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050901. [PMID: 35631487 PMCID: PMC9143757 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that immune-system dysfunction and inflammation play a role in the pathophysiology and treatment of mood-disorders in general and of bipolar disorder in particular. The current study examined the effects of chronic low-dose aspirin and low-dose lithium (Li) treatment on plasma and brain interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated rats. Rats were fed regular or Li-containing food (0.1%) for six weeks. Low-dose aspirin (1 mg/kg) was administered alone or together with Li. On days 21 and 42 rats were injected with 1 mg/kg LPS or saline. Two h later body temperature was measured and rats were sacrificed. Blood samples, the frontal-cortex, hippocampus, and the hypothalamus were extracted. To assess the therapeutic potential of the combined treatment, rats were administered the same Li + aspirin protocol without LPS. We found that the chronic combined treatment attenuated LPS-induced hypothermia and significantly reduced plasma and brain cytokine level elevation, implicating the potential neuroinflammatory diminution purportedly present among the mentally ill. The combined treatment also significantly decreased immobility time and increased struggling time in the forced swim test, suggestive of an antidepressant-like effect. This preclinical evidence provides a potential approach for treating inflammation-related mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Shvartsur
- Department of Nursing, School for Community Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel;
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (G.A.); (S.U.)
| | - Galila Agam
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (G.A.); (S.U.)
| | - Sarit Uzzan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (G.A.); (S.U.)
| | - Abed N. Azab
- Department of Nursing, School for Community Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel;
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (G.A.); (S.U.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-86-479880; Fax: +972-86-477-683
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6
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Womack TR, Vollert CT, Ohia-Nwoko O, Schmitt M, Montazari S, Beckett TL, Mayerich D, Murphy MP, Eriksen JL. Prostacyclin Promotes Degenerative Pathology in a Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:769347. [PMID: 35197825 PMCID: PMC8860182 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.769347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is the most common form of dementia in aged populations. A substantial amount of data demonstrates that chronic neuroinflammation can accelerate neurodegenerative pathologies. In AD, chronic neuroinflammation results in the upregulation of cyclooxygenase and increased production of prostaglandin H2, a precursor for many vasoactive prostanoids. While it is well-established that many prostaglandins can modulate the progression of neurodegenerative disorders, the role of prostacyclin (PGI2) in the brain is poorly understood. We have conducted studies to assess the effect of elevated prostacyclin biosynthesis in a mouse model of AD. Upregulated prostacyclin expression significantly worsened multiple measures associated with amyloid-β (Aβ) disease pathologies. Mice overexpressing both Aβ and PGI2 exhibited impaired learning and memory and increased anxiety-like behavior compared with non-transgenic and PGI2 control mice. PGI2 overexpression accelerated the development of Aβ accumulation in the brain and selectively increased the production of soluble Aβ42. PGI2 damaged the microvasculature through alterations in vascular length and branching; Aβ expression exacerbated these effects. Our findings demonstrate that chronic prostacyclin expression plays a novel and unexpected role that hastens the development of the AD phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasha R. Womack
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Craig T. Vollert
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Odochi Ohia-Nwoko
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Monika Schmitt
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Saghi Montazari
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Tina L. Beckett
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - David Mayerich
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael Paul Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jason L. Eriksen
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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7
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Karkhah A, Saadi M, Pourabdolhossein F, Saleki K, Nouri HR. Indomethacin attenuates neuroinflammation and memory impairment in an STZ-induced model of Alzheimer’s like disease. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2021.1981374 10.1080/08923973.2021.1981374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Karkhah
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mahdiye Saadi
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Pourabdolhossein
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Kiarash Saleki
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Nouri
- USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Immunoregulation Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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8
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Karkhah A, Saadi M, Pourabdolhossein F, Saleki K, Nouri HR. Indomethacin attenuates neuroinflammation and memory impairment in an STZ-induced model of Alzheimer's like disease. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2021; 43:758-766. [PMID: 34585992 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2021.1981374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exposure might be considerably associated with a decreased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, we conducted an experiment to investigate the impact of indomethacin (IND) on inflammasome as a key player of neuroinflammation.Methods: The Alzheimer's-like condition was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in rats. IND was injected intraperitoneally 1 d prior to STZ administration and resumed with 2 d interval up to 60 d. Morris water maze (MWM) was utilized to assess learning and memory. The expression level of genes that contribute to the inflammasome pathway was measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). To authenticate the obtained outcomes, immunostaining for caspase-1, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and phosphorylated tau (p-Tau) protein was conducted.Results: Behavioral experiments indicated that IND treatment was able to improve learning and memory performance (p<.05). A significant decrease in C-terminal caspase recruitment domain [CARD] domain-containing protein 4 (NLRC4), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain [NOD]-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), IL-1β, and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC) mRNA expression was recorded in IND administered group compared with the STZ group (p<.05). Furthermore, expression levels of IL-18 and caspase-1 in the hippocampus of IND-treated group tended to decrease. Immunostaining evaluations showed that few positive cells for caspase-1, IL-1β, and p-Tau protein in IND treated animals, whereas the number of positive cells was considerably increased in STZ treated animals (p<.05).Conclusion: It could be deduced that IND improves neuroinflammation and memory impairment in AD through decreasing IL-1β and caspase-1 that are associated with suppression of NLRC4 and NLRP3 inflammasome genes. This holds the potential to introduce valuable targets in the field for successful combat against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Karkhah
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mahdiye Saadi
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Pourabdolhossein
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Neuroscience Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Kiarash Saleki
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Nouri
- USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Neuroscience Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Immunoregulation Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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9
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Hamaguchi T, Tsutsui-Kimura I, Mimura M, Saito T, Saido TC, Tanaka KF. App mice overall do not show impaired motivation, but cored amyloid plaques in the striatum are inversely correlated with motivation. Neurochem Int 2019; 129:104470. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Guan PP, Liang YY, Cao LL, Yu X, Wang P. Cyclooxygenase-2 Induced the β-Amyloid Protein Deposition and Neuronal Apoptosis Via Upregulating the Synthesis of Prostaglandin E 2 and 15-Deoxy-Δ 12,14-prostaglandin J 2. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:1255-1268. [PMID: 31392591 PMCID: PMC6985346 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00770-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandins (PGs) have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Analysis of the underlying mechanisms elucidated a function of sequential PGE2 and PGD2 synthesis in regulating β-amyloid protein (Aβ) deposition by modulating tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)-dependent presenilin (PS)1/2 activity in COX-2 and APP/PS1 crossed mice. Specifically, COX-2 overexpression accelerates the expression of microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1) and lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS), leading to the synthesis of PGE2 and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) in 6-month-old APP/PS1 mice. Consequently, PGE2 has the ability to increase Aβ production by enhancing the expression of PS1/2 in a TNF-α-dependent manner, which accelerates the cognitive decline of COX-2/APP/PS1 mice. More interestingly, low concentrations of 15d-PGJ2 treatment facilitate the effects of PGE2 on the deposition of Aβ via TNF-α-dependent PS1/2 mechanisms. In contrast, high concentrations of 15d-PGJ2 treatment inhibit the deposition of Aβ via suppressing the expression of TNF-α-dependent PS1/2. In this regard, a high concentration of 15d-PGJ2 appears to be a therapeutic agent against Alzheimer's disease. However, the high 15d-PGJ2 concentration treatment induces neuronal apoptosis via increasing the protein levels of Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and DFF45, which further impairs the learning ability of APP/PS1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Guan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, No. 3-11, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Yun-Yue Liang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, No. 3-11, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Long-Long Cao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, No. 3-11, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Xin Yu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, No. 3-11, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, No. 3-11, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110819, China.
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11
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Cruz-Rivera YE, Perez-Morales J, Santiago YM, Gonzalez VM, Morales L, Cabrera-Rios M, Isaza CE. A Selection of Important Genes and Their Correlated Behavior in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 65:193-205. [PMID: 30040709 PMCID: PMC6087431 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In 2017, approximately 5 million Americans were living with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and it is estimated that by 2050 this number could increase to 16 million. In this study, we apply mathematical optimization to approach microarray analysis to detect differentially expressed genes and determine the most correlated structure among their expression changes. The analysis of GSE4757 microarray dataset, which compares expression between AD neurons without neurofibrillary tangles (controls) and with neurofibrillary tangles (cases), was casted as a multiple criteria optimization (MCO) problem. Through the analysis it was possible to determine a series of Pareto efficient frontiers to find the most differentially expressed genes, which are here proposed as potential AD biomarkers. The Traveling Sales Problem (TSP) model was used to find the cyclical path of maximal correlation between the expression changes among the genes deemed important from the previous stage. This leads to a structure capable of guiding biological exploration with enhanced precision and repeatability. Ten genes were selected (FTL, GFAP, HNRNPA3, COX1, ND2, ND3, ND4, NUCKS1, RPL41, and RPS10) and their most correlated cyclic structure was found in our analyses. The biological functions of their products were found to be linked to inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases and some of them had not been reported for AD before. The TSP path connects genes coding for mitochondrial electron transfer proteins. Some of these proteins are closely related to other electron transport proteins already reported as important for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazeli E Cruz-Rivera
- The Applied Optimization Group/Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
| | - Jaileene Perez-Morales
- Department of Basic Science-Biochemistry Division, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Yaritza M Santiago
- The Applied Optimization Group/Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
| | - Valerie M Gonzalez
- The Applied Optimization Group/Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
| | - Luisa Morales
- Public Health Program, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Mauricio Cabrera-Rios
- The Applied Optimization Group/Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
| | - Clara E Isaza
- The Applied Optimization Group/Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.,Public Health Program, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, Puerto Rico
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12
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Biringer RG. The Role of Eicosanoids in Alzheimer's Disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16142560. [PMID: 31323750 PMCID: PMC6678666 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders known. Estimates from the Alzheimer's Association suggest that there are currently 5.8 million Americans living with the disease and that this will rise to 14 million by 2050. Research over the decades has revealed that AD pathology is complex and involves a number of cellular processes. In addition to the well-studied amyloid-β and tau pathology, oxidative damage to lipids and inflammation are also intimately involved. One aspect all these processes share is eicosanoid signaling. Eicosanoids are derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids by enzymatic or non-enzymatic means and serve as short-lived autocrine or paracrine agents. Some of these eicosanoids serve to exacerbate AD pathology while others serve to remediate AD pathology. A thorough understanding of eicosanoid signaling is paramount for understanding the underlying mechanisms and developing potential treatments for AD. In this review, eicosanoid metabolism is examined in terms of in vivo production, sites of production, receptor signaling, non-AD biological functions, and known participation in AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger G Biringer
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 5000 Lakewood Ranch Blvd., Bradenton, FL 34211, USA.
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13
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Novel salicylamide derivatives as potent multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2019; 84:137-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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14
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Abstract
Elevated levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandins (PGs) are involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by the accumulation of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) and tau hyperphosphorylation. However, the gaps in our knowledge of the roles of COX-2 and PGs in AD have not been filled. Here, we summarized the literature showing that COX-2 dysregulation obviously influences abnormal cleavage of β-amyloid precursor protein, aggregation and deposition of Aβ in β-amyloid plaques and the inclusion of phosphorylated tau in neurofibrillary tangles. Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, synaptic plasticity, neurotoxicity, autophagy, and apoptosis have been assessed to elucidate the mechanisms of COX-2 regulation of AD. Notably, an imbalance of these factors ultimately produces cognitive decline. The current review substantiates our understanding of the mechanisms of COX-2-induced AD and establishes foundations for the design of feasible therapeutic strategies to treat AD.-Guan, P.-P., Wang, P. Integrated communications between cyclooxygenase-2 and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Guan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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15
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Cai HY, Yang JT, Wang ZJ, Zhang J, Yang W, Wu MN, Qi JS. Lixisenatide reduces amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and neuroinflammation in an APP/PS1/tau mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:1034-1040. [PMID: 29175324 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been identified as a high risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The impairment of insulin signaling has been found in AD brain. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone, normalises insulin signaling and acts as a neuroprotective growth factor. We have previously shown that the long-lasting GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist lixisenatide plays an important role in memory formation, synaptic plasticity and cell proliferation of rats. In the follow-up study, we analysed the neuroprotective effect and mechanism of lixisenatide, injected for 60 days at 10 nmol/kg i.p. once daily in APP/PS1/tau female mice and C57BL/6J female mice (as control) aged 12 month. The results showed that lixisenatide could reduce amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and neuroinflammation in the hippocampi of 12-month-old APP/PS1/tau female mice; activation of PKA-CREB signaling pathway and inhibition of p38-MAPK might be the important mechanisms in the neuroprotective function of lixisenatide. The study demonstrated that GLP-1R agonists such as lixisenatide might have the potential to be developed as a novel therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Cai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030001, China.
| | - Jun-Ting Yang
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030001, China.
| | - Zhao-Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030001, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030001, China.
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030001, China.
| | - Mei-Na Wu
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030001, China.
| | - Jin-Shun Qi
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030001, China.
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16
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Markers of neuroinflammation associated with Alzheimer's disease pathology in older adults. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 62:203-211. [PMID: 28161476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro and animal studies have linked neuroinflammation to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Studies on markers of inflammation in subjects with mild cognitive impairment or AD dementia provided inconsistent results. We hypothesized that distinct blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inflammatory markers are associated with biomarkers of amyloid and tau pathology in older adults without cognitive impairment or with beginning cognitive decline. OBJECTIVE To identify blood-based and CSF neuroinflammation marker signatures associated with AD pathology (i.e. an AD CSF biomarker profile) and to investigate associations of inflammation markers with CSF biomarkers of amyloid, tau pathology, and neuronal injury. DESIGN/METHODS Cross-sectional analysis was performed on data from 120 older community-dwelling adults with normal cognition (n=48) or with cognitive impairment (n=72). CSF Aβ1-42, tau and p-tau181, and a panel of 37 neuroinflammatory markers in both CSF and serum were quantified. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was applied to determine a reference model that best predicts an AD CSF biomarker profile defined a priori as p-tau181/Aβ1-42 ratio >0.0779. It was then compared to a second model that included the inflammatory markers from either serum or CSF. In addition, the correlations between inflammatory markers and CSF Aβ1-42, tau and p-tau181 levels were assessed. RESULTS Forty-two subjects met criteria for having an AD CSF biomarker profile. The best predictive models included 8 serum or 3 CSF neuroinflammatory markers related to cytokine mediated inflammation, vascular injury, and angiogenesis. Both models improved the accuracy to predict an AD biomarker profile when compared to the reference model. In analyses separately performed in the subgroup of participants with cognitive impairment, adding the serum or the CSF neuroinflammation markers also improved the accuracy of the diagnosis of AD pathology. None of the inflammatory markers correlated with the CSF Aβ1-42 levels. Six CSF markers (IL-15, MCP-1, VEGFR-1, sICAM1, sVCAM-1, and VEGF-D) correlated with the CSF tau and p-tau181 levels, and these associations remained significant after controlling for age, sex, cognitive impairment, and APOEε4 status. CONCLUSIONS The identified serum and CSF neuroinflammation biomarker signatures improve the accuracy of classification for AD pathology in older adults. Our results suggest that inflammation, vascular injury, and angiogenesis as reflected by CSF markers are closely related to cerebral tau pathology.
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Kim SW, Choi KJ, Park JY, Yoon SH, Lee JK. Neuroprotective effect of triflusal and its main metabolite, 2-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid (HTB), in the postischemic brain. Neurosci Lett 2017; 643:59-64. [PMID: 28189746 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
2-Hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid (HTB) is a metabolite of triflusal (TF), and has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effect. In this study, the authors investigated whether HTB has a neuroprotective effect against ischemic brain injuries. We showed that intravenous administration of HTB (5mg/kg) 30min before or 1, 3, or 6h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) reduced brain infarct to 10.4±3.3%, 16.9±2.3%, 22.2±1.5% and 40.7±7.5%, respectively, of that of treatment-naive MCAO controls, and the therapeutic time window extended to 9h after MCAO (40.7±7.5%). Furthermore, HTB suppressed infarct formation, protected motor activities, and ameliorated neurological deficits more effectively than by TF or salicylic acid (SA). HTB markedly suppressed microglial activation and proinflammatory cytokines expressions in the postischemic brain and in BV2 cells and suppressed LPS-induced nitrite production by inhibiting IkB degradation. In addition, HTB suppressed NMDA-induced neuronal cell death more effectively than TF or SA in primary cortical neuron cultures. Together, these results indicate that HTB has multi-modal protective effects against ischemic brain damage that encompass anti-inflammatory, anti-excitotoxicity, and anti-Zn2+-toxicity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Woo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Inha University School of Medicine, Republic of Korea; Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Jin Choi
- Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwa Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Kyeong Lee
- Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Kim SW, Lee HK, Kim ID, Lee H, Luo L, Park JY, Yoon SH, Lee JK. Robust neuroprotective effects of 2-((2-oxopropanoyl)oxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (OPTBA), a HTB/pyruvate ester, in the postischemic rat brain. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31843. [PMID: 27545301 PMCID: PMC4992820 DOI: 10.1038/srep31843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Postischemic brain damage in stroke is proceded with complicated pathological events, and so multimodal drug treatments may offer better therapeutic means for improving clinical outcomes. Here, we report robust neuroprotective effects of a novel compound, 2-((2-oxopropanoyl)oxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (OPTBA), a 2-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethyl benzoic acid (HTB, a metabolite of triflusal)-pyruvate ester. Intravenous administration of OPTBA (5 mg/kg) 3 or 6 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in Sprague-Dawley rats reduced infarct volumes to 38.5 ± 11.4% and 46.5 ± 15.3%, respectively, of that of MCAO controls, and ameliorated motor impairment and neurological deficits. Importantly, neuroprotective effects of OPTBA were far greater than those afforded by combined treatment of HTB and pyruvate. Furthermore, OPTBA suppressed microglial activation and proinflammatory cytokine inductions more effectively than HTB/pyruvate co-treatment in the postischemic brain and LPS-treated cortical slice cultures and also attenuated NMDA-induced neuronal death in hippocampal slice cultures. LC-MS analysis demonstrated that OPTBA was hydrolyzed to HTB and pyruvate with a t1/2 of 38.6 min in blood and 7.2 and 2.4 h in cortex and striatum, respectively, and HTB was maintained for more than 24 h both in blood and brain tissue. Together these results indicate OPTBA acts directly and via its hydrolysis products, thus acting as a multimodal neuroprotectant in the postischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Woo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea.,Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Lee
- Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Doo Kim
- Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hahnbie Lee
- Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Lidan Luo
- Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwa Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Kyeong Lee
- Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea
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19
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Zeng H, Huang P, Wang X, Wu J, Wu M, Huang J. Galangin-induced down-regulation of BACE1 by epigenetic mechanisms in SH-SY5Y cells. Neuroscience 2015; 294:172-81. [PMID: 25779965 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia in aging people, is found to have a critical link with the deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) in the brain. The inhibition of β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), a key enzyme for Aβ production, is a promising target for AD therapy. In pursuit to find a potent inhibitor of BACE1, we identified galangin, a natural flavonoid, had a significant lowering effect on Aβ levels. Furthermore, a dramatic reduction of BACE1 at mRNA and protein levels was observed after galangin treatment. We further investigated whether epigenetic mechanisms, such as histone acetylation and DNA methylation, were involved in galangin-induced transcriptional regulation of BACE1. Our data show that galangin induces a decrease of acetylated H3 in the BACE1 promoter regions through the up-regulation of endogenous HDAC1-mediated deacetylation, which is independent of DNA methylation status. The above findings suggest a novel mechanism for polyphenols' neuroprotective effect in neurodegeneration and galangin as a potential drug candidate for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - P Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - X Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - J Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - M Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - J Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China.
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20
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A novel synthetic HTB derivative, BECT inhibits lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammatory response by suppressing the p38 MAPK/JNK and NF-κB activation pathways. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:471-9. [PMID: 24905526 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Activated microglia cells are well recognized as mediators of neuroinflammation, as they release nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines in various neuroinflammatory diseases. Thus, suppressing microglial activation may alleviate neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes. In the present study, we synthesized and investigated the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of a novel HTB (2-hydroxy-4-trifuoromethylbenzoic acid) derivative in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglial cells. Among the synthesized derivatives, the BECT [But-2-enedioic acid bis-(2-carboxy-5-trifluoromethyl-phenyl) ester] significantly decreased production of nitric oxide and other pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 in microglial cells. BECT also mitigated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 at both the mRNA and protein levels. Further mechanistic studies demonstrated that the HTB derivative inhibited phosphorylation of JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa-B in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells. Thus BECT, our novel synthesized compound have anti-inflammatory activity in microglial cells, and may have therapeutic potential for treating neuroinflammatory diseases.
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21
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Cudaback E, Jorstad NL, Yang Y, Montine TJ, Keene CD. Therapeutic implications of the prostaglandin pathway in Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:565-72. [PMID: 24434190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An important pathologic hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is neuroinflammation, a process characterized in AD by disproportionate activation of cells (microglia and astrocytes, primarily) of the non-specific innate immune system within the CNS. While inflammation itself is not intrinsically detrimental, a delicate balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory signals must be maintained to ensure that long-term exaggerated responses do not damage the brain over time. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) represent a broad class of powerful therapeutics that temper inflammation by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-mediated signaling pathways including prostaglandins, which are the principal mediators of CNS neuroinflammation. While historically used to treat discrete or systemic inflammatory conditions, epidemiologic evidence suggests that protracted NSAID use may delay AD onset, as well as decrease disease severity and rate of progression. Unfortunately, clinical trials with NSAIDs have thus far yielded disappointing results, including premature discontinuation of a large-scale prevention trial due to unexpected cardiovascular side effects. Here we review the literature and make the argument that more targeted exploitation of downstream prostaglandin signaling pathways may offer significant therapeutic benefits for AD while minimizing adverse side effects. Directed strategies such as these may ultimately help to delay the deleterious consequences of brain aging and might someday lead to new therapies for AD and other chronic neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiron Cudaback
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Nikolas L Jorstad
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Yue Yang
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Thomas J Montine
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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22
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Cyclooxygenase-1-dependent prostaglandins mediate susceptibility to systemic inflammation-induced acute cognitive dysfunction. J Neurosci 2013; 33:15248-58. [PMID: 24048854 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6361-11.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammatory events often precipitate acute cognitive dysfunction in elderly and demented populations. Delirium is a highly prevalent neuropsychiatric syndrome that is characterized by acute inattention and cognitive dysfunction, for which prior dementia is the major predisposing factor and systemic inflammation is a frequent trigger. Inflammatory mechanisms of delirium remain unclear. We have modeled aspects of delirium during dementia by exploiting progressive neurodegeneration in the ME7 mouse model of prion disease and by superimposing systemic inflammation induced by the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Here, we have used this model to demonstrate that the progression of underlying disease increases the incidence, severity, and duration of acute cognitive dysfunction. This increasing susceptibility is associated with increased CNS expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 in microglia and perivascular macrophages. The COX-1-specific inhibitor SC-560 provided significant protection against LPS-induced cognitive deficits, and attenuated the disease-induced increase in hippocampal and thalamic prostaglandin E2, while the COX-2-specific inhibitor NS-398 was ineffective. SC-560 treatment did not alter levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, or C-X-C chemokine ligand 1 in blood or brain, but systemic IL-1RA blocked LPS-induced cognitive deficits, and systemic IL-1β was sufficient to induce similar deficits in the absence of LPS. Furthermore, the well tolerated COX inhibitor ibuprofen was protective against IL-1β-induced deficits. These data demonstrate that progressive microglial COX-1 expression and prostaglandin synthesis can underpin susceptibility to cognitive deficits, which can be triggered by systemic LPS-induced IL-1β. These data contribute to our understanding of how systemic inflammation and ongoing neurodegeneration interact to induce cognitive dysfunction and episodes of delirium.
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23
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Meraz-Ríos MA, Toral-Rios D, Franco-Bocanegra D, Villeda-Hernández J, Campos-Peña V. Inflammatory process in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Integr Neurosci 2013; 7:59. [PMID: 23964211 PMCID: PMC3741576 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and the most common form of dementia. Histopathologically is characterized by the presence of two major hallmarks, the intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and extracellular neuritic plaques (NPs) surrounded by activated astrocytes and microglia. NFTs consist of paired helical filaments of truncated tau protein that is abnormally hyperphosphorylated. The main component in the NP is the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), a small fragment of 40–42 amino acids with a molecular weight of 4 kD. It has been proposed that the amyloid aggregates and microglia activation are able to favor the neurodegenerative process observed in AD patients. However, the role of inflammation in AD is controversial, because in early stages the inflammation could have a beneficial role in the pathology, since it has been thought that the microglia and astrocytes activated could be involved in Aβ clearance. Nevertheless the chronic activation of the microglia has been related with an increase of Aβ and possibly with tau phosphorylation. Studies in AD brains have shown an upregulation of complement molecules, pro-inflammatory cytokines, acute phase reactants and other inflammatory mediators that could contribute with the neurodegenerative process. Clinical trials and animal models with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) indicate that these drugs may decrease the risk of developing AD and apparently reduce Aβ deposition. Finally, further studies are needed to determine whether treatment with anti-inflammatory strategies, may decrease the neurodegenerative process that affects these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Meraz-Ríos
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Mexico City, Mexico
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Perez-Nievas BG, Stein TD, Tai HC, Dols-Icardo O, Scotton TC, Barroeta-Espar I, Fernandez-Carballo L, de Munain EL, Perez J, Marquie M, Serrano-Pozo A, Frosch MP, Lowe V, Parisi JE, Petersen RC, Ikonomovic MD, López OL, Klunk W, Hyman BT, Gómez-Isla T. Dissecting phenotypic traits linked to human resilience to Alzheimer's pathology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 136:2510-26. [PMID: 23824488 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Clinico-pathological correlation studies and positron emission tomography amyloid imaging studies have shown that some individuals can tolerate substantial amounts of Alzheimer's pathology in their brains without experiencing dementia. Few details are known about the neuropathological phenotype of these unique cases that might prove relevant to understanding human resilience to Alzheimer's pathology. We conducted detailed quantitative histopathological and biochemical assessments on brains from non-demented individuals before death whose brains were free of substantial Alzheimer's pathology, non-demented individuals before death but whose post-mortem examination demonstrated significant amounts of Alzheimer's changes ('mismatches'), and demented Alzheimer's cases. Quantification of amyloid-β plaque burden, stereologically-based counts of neurofibrillary tangles, neurons and reactive glia, and morphological analyses of axons were performed in the multimodal association cortex lining the superior temporal sulcus. Levels of synaptic integrity markers, and soluble monomeric and multimeric amyloid-β and tau species were measured. Our results indicate that some individuals can accumulate equivalent loads of amyloid-β plaques and tangles to those found in demented Alzheimer's cases without experiencing dementia. Analyses revealed four main phenotypic differences among these two groups: (i) mismatches had striking preservation of neuron numbers, synaptic markers and axonal geometry compared to demented cases; (ii) demented cases had significantly higher burdens of fibrillar thioflavin-S-positive plaques and of oligomeric amyloid-β deposits reactive to conformer-specific antibody NAB61 than mismatches; (iii) strong and selective accumulation of hyperphosphorylated soluble tau multimers into the synaptic compartment was noted in demented cases compared with controls but not in mismatches; and (iv) the robust glial activation accompanying amyloid-β and tau pathologies in demented cases was remarkably reduced in mismatches. Further biochemical measurements of soluble amyloid-β species-monomers, dimers and higher molecular weight oligomers-in total brain homogenates and synaptoneurosomal preparations failed to demonstrate significant differences between mismatches and demented cases. Together, these data suggest that amyloid-β plaques and tangles do not inevitably result in neural system derangement and dementia in all individuals. We identified distinct phenotypic characteristics in the profile of brain fibrillar and soluble amyloid-β and tau accrual and in the glial response that discriminated demented and non-demented individuals with high loads of Alzheimer's pathology. Amyloid-β deposition in the form of fibrillar plaques and intimately related oligomeric amyloid-β assemblies, hyperphosphorylated soluble tau species localized in synapses, and glial activation emerged in this series as likely mediators of neurotoxicity and altered cognition, providing further insight into factors and pathways potentially involved in human susceptibility or resilience to Alzheimer's pathological changes.
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25
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Drug pipeline in neurodegeneration based on transgenic mice models of Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:116-40. [PMID: 22982398 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most important neurodegenerative disorders, bringing about huge medical and social burden in the elderly worldwide. Many aspects of its pathogenesis have remained unclear and no effective treatment exists for it. Within the past 20 years, various mice models harboring AD-related human mutations have been produced. These models imitate diverse AD-related pathologies and have been used for basic and therapeutic investigations in AD. In this regard, there are a wide variety of preclinical trials of potential therapeutic modalities using AD mice models which are of paramount importance for future clinical trials and applications. This review summarizes more than 140 substances and treatment modalities being used in transgenic AD mice models from 2001 to 2011. We also discuss advantages and disadvantages of each model to be used in therapeutic development for AD.
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Choi SH, Aid S, Caracciolo L, Minami SS, Niikura T, Matsuoka Y, Turner RS, Mattson MP, Bosetti F. Cyclooxygenase-1 inhibition reduces amyloid pathology and improves memory deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2012; 124:59-68. [PMID: 23083210 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Several epidemiological and preclinical studies suggest that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX), reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and can lower β-amyloid (Aβ) production and inhibit neuroinflammation. However, follow-up clinical trials, mostly using selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors, failed to show any beneficial effect in AD patients with mild to severe cognitive deficits. Recent data indicated that COX-1, classically viewed as the homeostatic isoform, is localized in microglia and is actively involved in brain injury induced by pro-inflammatory stimuli including Aβ, lipopolysaccharide, and interleukins. We hypothesized that neuroinflammation is critical for disease progression and selective COX-1 inhibition, rather than COX-2 inhibition, can reduce neuroinflammation and AD pathology. Here, we show that treatment of 20-month-old triple transgenic AD (3 × Tg-AD) mice with the COX-1 selective inhibitor SC-560 improved spatial learning and memory, and reduced amyloid deposits and tau hyperphosphorylation. SC-560 also reduced glial activation and brain expression of inflammatory markers in 3 × Tg-AD mice, and switched the activated microglia phenotype promoting their phagocytic ability. The present findings are the first to demonstrate that selective COX-1 inhibition reduces neuroinflammation, neuropathology, and improves cognitive function in 3 × Tg-AD mice. Thus, selective COX-1 inhibition should be further investigated as a potential therapeutic approach for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ho Choi
- Molecular Neuroscience Unit, Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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27
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Hu ZP, Browne ER, Liu T, Angel TE, Ho PC, Chan ECY. Metabonomic Profiling of TASTPM Transgenic Alzheimer’s Disease Mouse Model. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:5903-13. [DOI: 10.1021/pr300666p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Ping Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty
of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
99352, United States
| | - Edward R. Browne
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Singapore Research Centre, Biopolis at One-North, 11 Biopolis Way, The Helios #03-01/02, Singapore 138667
| | - Tao Liu
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
99352, United States
| | - Thomas E Angel
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
99352, United States
| | - Paul C. Ho
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty
of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
| | - Eric Chun Yong Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty
of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
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Ebrahimi A, Schluesener H. Natural polyphenols against neurodegenerative disorders: potentials and pitfalls. Ageing Res Rev 2012; 11:329-45. [PMID: 22336470 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Within the last years, a rapidly growing number of polyphenolic compounds with neuroprotective effects have been described. Many efforts have been made to explore the mechanisms behind the neuroprotective action of polyphenols. However, many pathways and mechanisms considered for mediating these effects are rather general than specific. Moreover, despite the beneficial effects of polyphenols in experimental treatment of neurodegeneration, little has been achieved in bringing them into routine clinical applications. In this review, we have summarized the protective effects of polyphenols against neurodegeneration, and we have also discussed some of the barricades in translating these biochemical compounds, into relevant therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Martín-Moreno AM, Brera B, Spuch C, Carro E, García-García L, Delgado M, Pozo MA, Innamorato NG, Cuadrado A, de Ceballos ML. Prolonged oral cannabinoid administration prevents neuroinflammation, lowers β-amyloid levels and improves cognitive performance in Tg APP 2576 mice. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:8. [PMID: 22248049 PMCID: PMC3292807 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain shows an ongoing inflammatory condition and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories diminish the risk of suffering the neurologic disease. Cannabinoids are neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory agents with therapeutic potential. Methods We have studied the effects of prolonged oral administration of transgenic amyloid precursor protein (APP) mice with two pharmacologically different cannabinoids (WIN 55,212-2 and JWH-133, 0.2 mg/kg/day in the drinking water during 4 months) on inflammatory and cognitive parameters, and on 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose (18FDG) uptake by positron emission tomography (PET). Results Novel object recognition was significantly reduced in 11 month old Tg APP mice and 4 month administration of JWH was able to normalize this cognitive deficit, although WIN was ineffective. Wild type mice cognitive performance was unaltered by cannabinoid administration. Tg APP mice showed decreased 18FDG uptake in hippocampus and cortical regions, which was counteracted by oral JWH treatment. Hippocampal GFAP immunoreactivity and cortical protein expression was unaffected by genotype or treatment. In contrast, the density of Iba1 positive microglia was increased in Tg APP mice, and normalized following JWH chronic treatment. Both cannabinoids were effective at reducing the enhancement of COX-2 protein levels and TNF-α mRNA expression found in the AD model. Increased cortical β-amyloid (Aβ) levels were significantly reduced in the mouse model by both cannabinoids. Noteworthy both cannabinoids enhanced Aβ transport across choroid plexus cells in vitro. Conclusions In summary we have shown that chronically administered cannabinoid showed marked beneficial effects concomitant with inflammation reduction and increased Aβ clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Martín-Moreno
- Neurodenegeration Group, Dept. of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Doctor Arce 37, Madrid 28002, Spain
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Chen Q, Prior M, Dargusch R, Roberts A, Riek R, Eichmann C, Chiruta C, Akaishi T, Abe K, Maher P, Schubert D. A novel neurotrophic drug for cognitive enhancement and Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27865. [PMID: 22194796 PMCID: PMC3237323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the major drug discovery paradigm for neurodegenerative diseases is based upon high affinity ligands for single disease-specific targets. For Alzheimer's disease (AD), the focus is the amyloid beta peptide (Aß) that mediates familial Alzheimer's disease pathology. However, given that age is the greatest risk factor for AD, we explored an alternative drug discovery scheme that is based upon efficacy in multiple cell culture models of age-associated pathologies rather than exclusively amyloid metabolism. Using this approach, we identified an exceptionally potent, orally active, neurotrophic molecule that facilitates memory in normal rodents, and prevents the loss of synaptic proteins and cognitive decline in a transgenic AD mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Marguerite Prior
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Richard Dargusch
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Amanda Roberts
- Molecular Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Roland Riek
- Structural Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Laboratorium f. Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cédric Eichmann
- Laboratorium f. Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chandramouli Chiruta
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Tatsuhiro Akaishi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuho Abe
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pamela Maher
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - David Schubert
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cognitive function: are prostaglandins at the heart of cognitive impairment in dementia and delirium? J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2011; 7:60-73. [PMID: 21932048 PMCID: PMC3280386 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-011-9312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Studies of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in rheumatoid arthritis imply that inflammation is important in the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, these drugs have not alleviated the symptoms of AD in those who have already developed dementia. This suggests that the primary mediator targeted by these drugs, PGE2, is not actively suppressing memory function in AD. Amyloid-β oligomers appear to be important for the mild cognitive changes seen in AD transgenic mice, yet amyloid immunotherapy has also proven unsuccessful in clinical trials. Collectively, these findings indicate that NSAIDs may target a prodromal process in mice that has already passed in those diagnosed with AD, and that synaptic and neuronal loss are key determinants of cognitive dysfunction in AD. While the role of inflammation has not yet become clear, inflammatory processes definitely have a negative impact on cognitive function during episodes of delirium during dementia. Delirium is an acute and profound impairment of cognitive function frequently occurring in aged and demented patients exposed to systemic inflammatory insults, which is now recognised to contribute to long-term cognitive decline. Recent work in animal models is beginning to shed light on the interactions between systemic inflammation and CNS pathology in these acute exacerbations of dementia. This review will assess the role of prostaglandin synthesis in the memory impairments observed in dementia and delirium and will examine the relative contribution of amyloid, synaptic and neuronal loss. We will also discuss how understanding the role of inflammatory mediators in delirious episodes will have major implications for ameliorating the rate of decline in the demented population.
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DaRocha-Souto B, Coma M, Pérez-Nievas BG, Scotton TC, Siao M, Sánchez-Ferrer P, Hashimoto T, Fan Z, Hudry E, Barroeta I, Serenó L, Rodríguez M, Sánchez MB, Hyman BT, Gómez-Isla T. Activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta mediates β-amyloid induced neuritic damage in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 45:425-37. [PMID: 21945540 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Amyloid (Aβ) plaques in Alzheimer (AD) brains are surrounded by severe dendritic and axonal changes, including local spine loss, axonal swellings and distorted neurite trajectories. Whether and how plaques induce these neuropil abnormalities remains unknown. We tested the hypothesis that oligomeric assemblies of Aβ, seen in the periphery of plaques, mediate the neurodegenerative phenotype of AD by triggering activation of the enzyme GSK-3β, which in turn appears to inhibit a transcriptional program mediated by CREB. We detect increased activity of GSK-3β after exposure to oligomeric Aβ in neurons in culture, in the brain of double transgenic APP/tau mice and in AD brains. Activation of GSK-3β, even in the absence of Aβ, is sufficient to produce a phenocopy of Aβ-induced dendritic spine loss in neurons in culture, while pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3β prevents spine loss and increases expression of CREB-target genes like BDNF. Of note, in transgenic mice GSK-3β inhibition ameliorated plaque-related neuritic changes and increased CREB-mediated gene expression. Moreover, GSK-3β inhibition robustly decreased the oligomeric Aβ load in the mouse brain. All these findings support the idea that GSK3β is aberrantly activated by the presence of Aβ, and contributes, at least in part, to the neuronal anatomical derangement associated with Aβ plaques in AD brains and to Aβ pathology itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- B DaRocha-Souto
- Neurology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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Brain oligomeric β-amyloid but not total amyloid plaque burden correlates with neuronal loss and astrocyte inflammatory response in amyloid precursor protein/tau transgenic mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2011; 70:360-76. [PMID: 21487307 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e318217a118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been assumed that β-amyloid (Aβ) had to assemble into fibrillar amyloid plaques to exert its neurotoxic effects in Alzheimer disease. An alternative hypothesis is that soluble oligomers ofAβ play a much larger role in neuronal damage than the insoluble component. We have tested these competing hypotheses in vivo by studying the clinicopathologic correlates of oligomeric Aβ species and classic fibrillar amyloid plaques in the brains of double-transgenic APP-tau mice up to 17 months of age. Biochemical and immunohistochemical measures of brain oligomeric Aβ exponentially increased with age. Oligomeric Aβ load correlated with morphological markers of fibrillar Aβ deposition. In contrast to total amyloid plaque burden, the amount of oligomeric Aβ deposits labeled by the conformational epitope-specific antibody Nab61 closely correlated with neuronal loss and numbers of astrocytes in the entorhinal cortex and the CA1 hippocampal subfield. However, like other morphological Aβ measurements, brain oligomeric Aβ burden did not correlate well with memory deficits in these mice. The number of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes in entorhinal cortex and CA1 most tightly correlated with memory impairment and neuronal cell loss. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that the astrocyte response, which is likely triggered by brain oligomeric Aβ accumulation, adversely affects cognition and might also contribute to neuronal cell death in this model.
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Lichtenstein MP, Carriba P, Masgrau R, Pujol A, Galea E. Staging anti-inflammatory therapy in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2010; 2:142. [PMID: 21152343 PMCID: PMC2998033 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2010.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is controversial because conclusions from numerous epidemiological studies reporting delayed onset of AD in NSAID users have not been corroborated in clinical trials. The purpose of this personal view is to revise the case for NSAIDs in AD therapeutics in light of: (i) the last report from the only primary prevention trial in AD, ADAPT, which, although incomplete, points to significant protection in long-term naproxen users, and (ii) the recently proposed dynamic model of AD evolution. The model contends that there is a clinical silent phase in AD that can last up to 20 years, the duration depending on life style habits, genetic factors, or cognitive reserve. The failure of many purported disease-modifying drugs in AD clinical trials is forcing the view that treatments will only be efficacious if administered pre-clinically. Here we will argue that NSAIDs failed in clinical trials because they are disease-modifying drugs, and they should be administered in early stages of the disease. A complete prevention trial in cognitively normal individuals is thus called for. Further, the shift of anti-inflammatory treatment to early stages uncovers a knowledge void about the targets of NSAIDs in asymptomatic individuals. AD researchers have mostly relied on post-mortem analysis of Aβ plaque-laden brains from demented patients or animal models, thus drawing conclusions about AD pathogenesis based on late symptoms. We will discuss evidence in support that defective, not excessive, inflammation underlies AD pathogenesis, that NSAIDs are multifunctional drugs acting on inflammatory and non-inflammatory targets, and that astrocytes and microglia may play differing roles in disease progression, with an emphasis of ApoEε4 as a key, undervalued target of NSAIDs. According to a meta-analysis of epidemiological data, NSAIDs afford an average protection of 58%. If this figure is true, and translated into patient numbers, NSAID treatment may revive as a worth pursuing strategy to significantly reduce the socio-economical burden imposed by AD.
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Cole GM, Frautschy SA. Mechanisms of action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2010; 9:140-8. [PMID: 20205646 DOI: 10.2174/187152710791011991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is accompanied by an activation of the innate immune system, and many epidemiological studies have shown reduced risk for dementia or AD associated with chronic consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These observations led to animal model studies to test the hypothesis that NSAIDs can be disease-modifying for some aspects of AD pathogenesis. NSAIDs cannot only suppress inflammatory targets, which could contribute to neuroprotection, they also slow amyloid deposition by mechanisms that remain unclear. Several large clinical trials with NSAID therapies with AD subjects have failed, and cyclooxygenase-2 does not appear to be a useful target for disease modifying therapy. However, there may be apolipoprotein E E4 pharmacogenomic effects and a real but delayed positive signal in a large primary prevention trial with naproxen. This encourages researchers to re-address possible mechanisms for a stage-dependent NSAID efficacy, the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg M Cole
- Geriatric Research and Education Center, North Hills, CA 91343, USA
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Saura CA. Presenilin/gamma-Secretase and Inflammation. Front Aging Neurosci 2010; 2:16. [PMID: 20559464 PMCID: PMC2887037 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2010.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Presenilins (PS) are the catalytic components of γ-secretase, an aspartyl protease that regulates through proteolytic processing the function of multiple signaling proteins. Specially relevant is the γ-secretase-dependent cleavage of the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) since generates the β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides that aggregate and accumulate in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Abnormal processing and/or accumulation of Aβ disrupt synaptic and metabolic processes leading to neuron dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Studies in presenilin conditional knockout mice have revealed that presenilin-1 is essential for age-dependent Aβ accumulation and inflammation. By contrast, mutations in the presenilin genes responsible for early onset familial AD cause rapid disease progression and accentuate clinical and pathological features including inflammation. In addition, a number of loss of function mutations in presenilin-1 have been recently associated to non-Alzheimer's dementias including frontotemporal dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. In agreement, total loss of presenilin function in the brain results in striking neurodegeneration and inflammation, which includes activation of glial cells and induction of proinflammatory genes, besides altered inflammatory responses in the periphery. Interestingly, some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that slow cognitive decline and reduce the risk of AD, decrease amyloidogenic Aβ42 levels by modulating allosterically PS/γ-secretase. In this review, I present current evidence supporting a role of presenilin/γ-secretase signaling on gliogenesis and gliosis in normal and pathological conditions. Understanding the cellular mechanisms regulated by presenilin/γ-secretase during chronic inflammatory processes may provide new approaches for the development of effective therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Saura
- Institut de Neurociències, Departament Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, Spain
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Frautschy SA. Thinking outside the box about COX-1 in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 38:492-4. [PMID: 20206264 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This article from Coma et al. shows that a salicylic acid derivative Triflusal, a platelet aggregation inhibitor and irreversible inhibitor of COX-1, can correct defects in axonal curvature and cognition in an AD transgenic mouse model (Tg2576) (Coma et al., 2010). Here we discuss the controversy over the role of COX-1 in AD, which has not been considered carefully in part due to the presumed adverse gastrointestinal effects of COX-1 antagonism. However, recent clinical data from this group as well as other groups challenges this assumption that COX-1 antagonism will be associated with side effects. Most importantly this article raises critical questions about the role of COX-1, versus COX-2 versus both in Abeta pathogenesis. The animal model data in this article as well as the recently published trial data suggest that COX-1 may play an important role in early pathogenesis and should not be ignored as a potential target for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A Frautschy
- Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, North Hills, CA 91343, USA.
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