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Alvariño R, Alfonso A, Tabudravu JN, González-Jartín J, Al Maqbali KS, Elhariry M, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Psammaplin A and Its Analogs Attenuate Oxidative Stress in Neuronal Cells through Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Activation. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:1187-1196. [PMID: 38632902 PMCID: PMC11061836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.4c00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Psammaplins are sulfur containing bromotyrosine alkaloids that have shown antitumor activity through the inhibition of class I histone deacetylases (HDACs). The cytotoxic properties of psammaplin A (1), the parent compound, are related to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activation, but the mechanism of action of its analogs psammaplin K (2) and bisaprasin (3) has not been elucidated. In this study, the protective effects against oxidative stress of compounds 1-3, isolated from the sponge Aplysinella rhax, were evaluated in SH-SY5Y cells. The compounds improved cell survival, recovered glutathione (GSH) content, and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) release at nanomolar concentrations. Psammaplins restored mitochondrial membrane potential by blocking mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening and reducing cyclophilin D expression. This effect was mediated by the capacity of 1-3 to activate PPARγ, enhancing gene expression of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and glutathione peroxidase. Finally, HDAC3 activity was reduced by 1-3 under oxidative stress conditions. This work is the first description of the neuroprotective activity of 1 at low concentrations and the mechanism of action of 2 and 3. Moreover, it links for the first time the previously described effects of 1 in HDAC3 and PPARγ signaling, opening a new research field for the therapeutic potential of this compound family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Alvariño
- Departamento
de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, IDIS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, España
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Departamento
de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, IDIS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, España
| | - Jioji N. Tabudravu
- School
of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University
of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Jesús González-Jartín
- Departamento
de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, IDIS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, España
| | - Khalid S. Al Maqbali
- School
of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University
of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Marwa Elhariry
- School
of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University
of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Mercedes R. Vieytes
- Departamento
de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, IDIS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, España
| | - Luis M. Botana
- Departamento
de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, IDIS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, España
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2
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Uzunhisarcıklı E, Çelik İ, Yerer MB. Detection of natural compounds by virtual screening, molecular docking and dynamics studies and evaluation of their effects on tau level in vitro Alzheimer's model. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:384-392. [PMID: 36946204 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2192806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), neurofibrillary tangles are composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, and tau hyperphosphorylation reduces microtubule binding. Many protein kinases are thought to be involved in tau hyperphosphorylation. Based on the fact that tau hyperphosphorylation can be prevented by inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), which is one of the tau kinases, the effectiveness of potential GSK-3β inhibitors determined by virtual screening, molecular docking, and dynamics simulations studies on Alzheimer's pathology has been examined and its role in neurodegeneration has been investigated by studies. Neomangiferin was determined as the most effective molecule according to the results of studies with potential compounds determined by virtual screening and molecular docking to be GSK-3β inhibitors in the in vitro Alzheimer's model created by neuronal differentiation studies. Neomangiferin has been shown to have a protective role in induced neurodegeneration by the MTT method and Real Time Cell Analysis. It has been determined that Neomangiferin inhibits GSK-3β and reduces the level of phosphorylated tau. In summary, our findings suggested Neomangiferin can be a therapeutic candidate for AD treatment.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Uzunhisarcıklı
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - İsmail Çelik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mükerrem Betül Yerer
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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3
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Nelson ML, Pfeifer JA, Hickey JP, Collins AE, Kalisch BE. Exploring Rosiglitazone's Potential to Treat Alzheimer's Disease through the Modulation of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1042. [PMID: 37508471 PMCID: PMC10376118 DOI: 10.3390/biology12071042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that debilitates over 55 million individuals worldwide. Currently, treatments manage and alleviate its symptoms; however, there is still a need to find a therapy that prevents or halts disease progression. Since AD has been labeled as "type 3 diabetes" due to its similarity in pathological hallmarks, molecular pathways, and comorbidity with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), there is growing interest in using anti-diabetic drugs for its treatment. Rosiglitazone (RSG) is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist that reduces hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia and improves insulin signaling. In cellular and rodent models of T2DM-associated cognitive decline and AD, RSG has been reported to improve cognitive impairment and reverse AD-like pathology; however, results from human clinical trials remain consistently unsuccessful. RSG has also been reported to modulate the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein that regulates neuroplasticity and energy homeostasis and is implicated in both AD and T2DM. The present review investigates RSG's limitations and potential therapeutic benefits in pre-clinical models of AD through its modulation of BDNF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackayla L Nelson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Collaborative Specialization in Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Julia A Pfeifer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Collaborative Specialization in Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jordan P Hickey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Collaborative Specialization in Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Andrila E Collins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Collaborative Specialization in Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Bettina E Kalisch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Collaborative Specialization in Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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4
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Uzunhisarcıklı E, Yerer MB. Neuroprotective Effects of Vapreotide on Tau Transfection-Induced Neurodegeneration. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1824-1837. [PMID: 36378411 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00588-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of neurons and synapses. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of somatostatin analogue Vapreotide in an in vitro Alzheimer's model and its effects based on the relationship between somatostatinergic transmission and neurodegenerative functions. In this study, tau transfection was performed using the MAPT gene cloned into the pcDNA3.1 vector and transfection reagent into the SH-SY5Y cell line. In viability experiments using 10 µM Memantine as a positive control, it was observed that Vapreotide at 50 µM (p < 0.0001) and 100 µM (p < 0.05) had a protective effect on cell viability, 100 µM CYN154806 was found to decrease (p < 0.05) cell viability. It was determined that Vapreotide, decreased the expression levels (50 µM-p < 0.001; 100 µM-p < 0.001; 200 µM-p < 0.0001) and phosphorylation of Tau and p-Tau proteins by western blots. With the qRT-PCR method, it was found that Vapreotide, decreased the BAX/BCL2 (50 µM-p < 0.001; 100 µM-p < 0.01; 200 µM-p < 0.001) expression level and decreased the expression level (50 µM-p < 0.01; 100 µM-p < 0.01; 200 µM-p < 0.001) of the APOE4 gene, which constitutes a genetic risk for AD. This study demonstrates a potential therapeutic role for a somatostatin analogue Vapreotide in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Uzunhisarcıklı
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Mükerrem Betül Yerer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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5
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Hobday AL, Parmar MS. The Link Between Diabetes Mellitus and Tau Hyperphosphorylation: Implications for Risk of Alzheimer's Disease. Cureus 2021; 13:e18362. [PMID: 34725612 PMCID: PMC8555851 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by hyperglycemia caused by a lack of insulin, insulin resistance, or both. It is associated with the development of secondary complications resulting in several comorbidities. Recent studies have revealed an increased risk of developing cognitive dysfunction or dementia in diabetes patients. Diabetes mellitus is considered a risk factor for many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is increasing evidence to support a link between DM and AD. Studies have shown the dysfunction of insulin signaling in the brain, resulting in increased tau protein phosphorylation (hyperphosphorylation), a hallmark and biomarker of AD pathology, leading to accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles. In DM, the insulin dysfunction in the brain is reported to alter the glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) activity showing to enhance tau phosphorylation. In DM and AD, GSK-3β signaling has been involved in the physiological and pathological processes, respectively. This potentially explains why DM patients have an increased risk of developing AD with disease progression and aging. Interestingly, several in vivo studies with oral antidiabetic drugs and insulin treatment in DM have improved cognitive function and decreased tau hyperphosphorylation. This article will review the relationship between DM and AD as it relates to tau pathology. More understanding of the link between DM and AD could change the approach researchers and clinicians take toward both diseases, potentially leading to new treatments and preventative strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Hobday
- Foundational Sciences, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Clearwater, USA
| | - Mayur S Parmar
- Foundational Sciences, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Clearwater, USA
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6
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Qu X, Guan P, Han L, Wang Z, Huang X. Levistolide A Attenuates Alzheimer's Pathology Through Activation of the PPARγ Pathway. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:326-339. [PMID: 33034847 PMCID: PMC8116477 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00943-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by β-amyloid (Aβ) protein deposition, neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) formation, and neuronal loss in the brain. The current study was designed to investigate the potential mechanisms by which levistolide A affects the pathogenesis of AD in an amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 (APP/PS1) transgenic (Tg) mouse model of AD and N2a/APP695swe cells. Specifically, behavioral changes in levistolide A-treated APP/PS1 Tg mice were assessed by the nest-building and Morris water maze (MWM) tests. Levistolide A treatment clearly ameliorated memory deficits and cognitive decline in APP/PS1 Tg mice. Aβ generation and the inflammatory response in APP/PS1 Tg mouse brains were clearly reduced after long-term levistolide A application. Mechanistically, levistolide A concurrently stimulated the expression of α-secretase and decreased the generation of β- and γ-secretases. In addition, levistolide A inhibited the phosphorylation of tau in the brains of the Tg mice. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo experiments suggested that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is the key transcription factor that mediates the regulatory effects of levistolide A on the expression of α-, β-, and γ-secretases and phosphorylation of tau. Collectively, these findings show that levistolide A may be a candidate for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Qu
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Peipei Guan
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Han
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhanyou Wang
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xueshi Huang
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, People's Republic of China
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7
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Pleiotropic effects of anti-diabetic drugs: A comprehensive review. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 884:173349. [PMID: 32650008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus characterized by hyperglycaemia presents an array of comorbidities such as cardiovascular and renal failure, dyslipidemia, and cognitive impairments. Populations above the age of 60 are in an urgent need of effective therapies to deal with the complications associated with diabetes mellitus. Widely used anti-diabetic drugs have good safety profiles and multiple reports indicate their pleiotropic effects in diabetic patients or models. This review has been written with the objective of identifying the widely-marketed anti-diabetic drugs which can be efficiently repurposed for the treatment of other diseases or disorders. It is an updated, comprehensive review, describing the protective role of various classes of anti-diabetic drugs in mitigating the macro and micro vascular complications of diabetes mellitus, and differentiating these drugs on the basis of their mode of action. Notably, metformin, the anti-diabetic drug most commonly explored for cancer therapy, has also exhibited some antimicrobial effects. Unlike class specific effects, few instances of drug specific effects in managing cardiovascular complications have also been reported. A major drawback is that the pleiotropic effects of anti-diabetic drugs have been mostly investigated only in diabetic patients. Thus, for effective repurposing, more clinical trials devoted to analyse the effects of anti-diabetic drugs in patients irrespective of their diabetic condition, are required.
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8
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Ren T, Liu J, Ge Y, Zhuo R, Peng L, Liu F, Jin X, Yang L. Chronic oleoylethanolamide treatment attenuates diabetes-induced mice encephalopathy by triggering peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in the hippocampus. Neurochem Int 2019; 129:104501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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9
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Perez Ortiz JM, Swerdlow RH. Mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: Role in pathogenesis and novel therapeutic opportunities. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:3489-3507. [PMID: 30675901 PMCID: PMC6715612 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of cell bioenergetics is a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases, the most common of which is Alzheimer's disease (AD). Disrupted energy utilization implicates mitochondria at its nexus. This review summarizes some of the evidence that points to faulty mitochondrial function in AD and highlights past and current therapeutic development efforts. Classical neuropathological hallmarks of disease (β-amyloid and τ) and sporadic AD risk genes (APOE) may trigger mitochondrial disturbance, yet mitochondrial dysfunction may incite pathology. Preclinical and clinical efforts have overwhelmingly centred on the amyloid pathway, but clinical trials have yet to reveal clear-cut benefits. AD therapies aimed at mitochondrial dysfunction are few and concentrate on reversing oxidative stress and cell death pathways. Novel research efforts aimed at boosting mitochondrial and bioenergetic function offer an alternative treatment strategy. Enhancing cell bioenergetics in preclinical models may yield widespread favourable effects that could benefit persons with AD. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Therapeutics for Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: New Directions for Precision Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.18/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit M. Perez Ortiz
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease CenterFairwayKSUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKSUSA
| | - Russell H. Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease CenterFairwayKSUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKSUSA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKSUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKSUSA
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10
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Zhou G, Tang S, Yang L, Niu Q, Chen J, Xia T, Wang S, Wang M, Zhao Q, Liu L, Li P, Dong L, Yang K, Zhang S, Wang A. Effects of long-term fluoride exposure on cognitive ability and the underlying mechanisms: Role of autophagy and its association with apoptosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 378:114608. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Chang H, Di T, Wang Y, Zeng X, Li G, Wan Q, Yu W, Chen L. Seipin deletion in mice enhances phosphorylation and aggregation of tau protein through reduced neuronal PPARγ and insulin resistance. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:350-361. [PMID: 30910747 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital generalized lipodystrophy 2 (CGL2) is characterized by loss of adipose tissue, insulin resistance and cognitive deficits and caused by mutation of BSCL2/seipin gene. Seipin deletion in mice and rats causes severe lipodystrophy, insulin resistance, and cognitive impairment. Hippocampal neurons express seipin protein. This study aimed to investigate the influence of systemic seipin knockout (seipin-sKO), neuronal seipin knockout (seipin-nKO) or adipose seipin knockout (seipin-aKO) in hippocampal tau phosphorylation and aggregation. Levels of tau phosphorylation at Thr212/Ser214 and Ser202/Thr205 and oligomer tau protein were increased in seipin-sKO mice and seipin-nKO mice with a decrease in axonal density and expression of PPARγ. Neuronal seipin deletion increased activities of GSK3β and Akt/mTOR signaling, which were corrected by the administration of PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone for 7 days. The autophagosome formation was reduced in seipin-sKO mice and seipin-nKO mice, which was rescued by the Akt and mTOR inhibitors. The administration of rosiglitazone or Akt, mTOR and GSK3β inhibitors for 7 days could correct the hyperphosphorylation and aggregation of tau. On the other hand, seipin-sKO mice appeared insulin resistance and an increase in phosphorylation of tau at Ser396 and JNK, which were corrected by treatment with rosiglitazone for 30 days rather than 7 days. Inhibition of JNK in seipin-sKO mice corrected the hyperphosphorylated tau at Ser396. The results indicate that neuronal seipin deletion causes hyperphosphorylation and aggregation of tau protein leading to axonal atrophy through reduced PPARγ to enhance GSK3β and Akt/mTOR signaling; systemic seipin deletion-induced insulin resistance causes tau hyperphosphorylation via cascading JNK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanxian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Tingting Di
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xianying Zeng
- Department of Geratology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Guoxi Li
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Qi Wan
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Wenfeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of Education Ministry, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, Guizhou 550025, China.
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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12
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Kushwaha R, Mishra J, Gupta AP, Gupta K, Vishwakarma J, Chattopadhyay N, Gayen JR, Kamthan M, Bandyopadhyay S. Rosiglitazone up-regulates glial fibrillary acidic protein via HB-EGF secreted from astrocytes and neurons through PPARγ pathway and reduces apoptosis in high-fat diet-fed mice. J Neurochem 2018; 149:679-698. [PMID: 30311190 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The anti-diabetic drug and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) agonist, rosiglitazone, alters astrocyte activation; however, its mechanism remains less-known. We hypothesized participation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), known to control astrocyte reactivity. We first detected that rosiglitazone promoted glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in primary astrocytes as well as the mouse cerebral cortex, associated with increased EGFR activation. Screening for EGFR ligands revealed a rosiglitazone-mediated increase of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) in astrocytes, resulting in HB-EGF release into culture medium and mouse cerebrospinal fluid too. Treatment with HB-EGF-siRNA and EGFR inhibitors showed that the rosiglitazone-induced HB-EGF and p-EFGR were interdependent, which participated in GFAP increase. Interestingly, we observed that rosiglitazone could induce cellular and secreted-HB-EGF in neurons also, contributing toward the activated EGFR-induced GFAP in astrocytes. Probing whether these effects of rosiglitazone were PPARγ-linked, revealed potential PPARγ-responsive elements within HB-EGF gene. Moreover, gel-shift, site-directed mutagenesis, chromatin-immunoprecipitation and luciferase-reporter assays demonstrated a PPARγ-dependent HB-EGF transactivation. Subsequently, we examined effects of rosiglitazone in a high-fat diet-fed diabetes mouse model, and supporting observations in the normal cortical cells, identified a rosiglitazone-induced GFAP, astrocyte and neuronal HB-EGF and secreted-HB-EGF in the cerebral cortex of diabetic mice. Moreover, assessing relevance of increased HB-EGF and GFAP revealed an anti-apoptotic role of rosiglitazone in the cerebral cortex, supported by a GFAP-siRNA as well as HB-EGF-siRNA-mediated increase in cleaved-caspase 3 and 9 levels in the rosiglitazone-treated astrocyte-neuron coculture. Overall, our study indicates that rosiglitazone may protect the brain, via a PPARγ-dependent HB-EGF/EGFR signaling and increased GFAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kushwaha
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, India.,Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), Lucknow, India
| | - Juhi Mishra
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), Lucknow, India.,Babu Banarasi Das University, Lucknow, India
| | - Anand Prakash Gupta
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Keerti Gupta
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, India.,Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), Lucknow, India
| | - Jitendra Vishwakarma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, India.,Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), Lucknow, India
| | - Naibedya Chattopadhyay
- Department of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Jiaur Rahaman Gayen
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Mohan Kamthan
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-IITR, Lucknow, India
| | - Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, India.,Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), Lucknow, India
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13
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Wu XN, Huang YD, Li JX, Yu YF, Qian Z, Zhang C, Wu Y, Luo HB. Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel pyrimidinone derivatives as PDE9 inhibitors. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:615-628. [PMID: 30109185 PMCID: PMC6089849 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological processes of Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus have been demonstrated to be linked together. Both PDE9 inhibitors and PPARγ agonists such as rosiglitazone exhibited remarkable preclinical and clinical treatment effects for these two diseases. In this study, a series of PDE9 inhibitors combining the pharmacophore of rosiglitazone were discovered. All the compounds possessed remarkable affinities towards PDE9 and four of them have the IC50 values <5 nmol/L. In addition, these four compounds showed low cell toxicity in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Compound 11a, the most effective one, gave the IC50 of 1.1 nmol/L towards PDE9, which is significantly better than the reference compounds PF-04447943 and BAY 73-6691. The analysis of putative binding patterns and binding free energy of the designed compounds with PDE9 may explain the structure—activity relationships and provide evidence for further structural modifications.
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced neuronal inflammatory response and apoptosis likely plays a key role in the development of diabetic encephalopathy. Oncotarget 2018; 7:78455-78472. [PMID: 27793043 PMCID: PMC5346653 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We assumed that diabetic encephalopathy (DEP) may be induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mediated inflammation and apoptosis in central nervous system. To test this notion, here we investigated the neuronal ER stress and associated inflammation and apoptosis in a type 2 diabetes model induced with high-fat diet/streptozotocin in Sprague-Dawley rats. Elevated expressions of ER stress markers, including glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), activating transcription factor-6 (ATF-6), X-box binding protein-1 (XBP-1), and C/EBP homologous protein, and phosphor-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) were evident in the hippocampus CA1 of diabetic rats. These changes were also accompanied with the activation of NF-κB and the increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6). Mechanistic study with in vitro cultured hippocampus neurons exposed to high glucose (HG), which induced a diabetes-like effects, shown by increased ER stress, JNK and NF-κB activation, and inflammatory response. Inhibition of ER stress by 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) or blockade of JNK activity by specific inhibitor or transfection of DN-JNK attenuated HG-induced inflammation and associated apoptosis. To validate the in vitro finding, in vivo application of 4-PBA resulted in a significant reduction of diabetes-induced neuronal ER stress, inflammation and cell death, leading to the prevention of DEP. These results suggest that diabetes-induced neuronal ER stress plays the critical role for diabetes-induced neuronal inflammation and cell death, leading to the development of DEP.
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Zhao YL, Song JN, Ma XD, Zhang BF, Li DD, Pang HG. Rosiglitazone ameliorates diffuse axonal injury by reducing loss of tau and up-regulating caveolin-1 expression. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:944-50. [PMID: 27482223 PMCID: PMC4962592 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.184493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosiglitazone up-regulates caveolin-1 levels and has neuroprotective effects in both chronic and acute brain injury. Therefore, we postulated that rosiglitazone may ameliorate diffuse axonal injury via its ability to up-regulate caveolin-1, inhibit expression of amyloid-beta precursor protein, and reduce the loss and abnormal phosphorylation of tau. In the present study, intraperitoneal injection of rosiglitazone significantly reduced the levels of amyloid-beta precursor protein and hyperphosphorylated tau (phosphorylated at Ser404(p-tau (S404)), and it increased the expression of total tau and caveolin-1 in the rat cortex. Our results show that rosiglitazone inhibits the expression of amyloid-beta precursor protein and lowers p-tau (S404) levels, and it reduces the loss of total tau, possibly by up-regulating caveolin-1. These actions of rosiglitazone may underlie its neuroprotective effects in the treatment of diffuse axonal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Lin Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jin-Ning Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xu-Dong Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bin-Fei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Dan-Dong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hong-Gang Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Icariside II, a novel phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, attenuates streptozotocin-induced cognitive deficits in rats. Neuroscience 2016; 328:69-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Therapeutic Actions of the Thiazolidinediones in Alzheimer's Disease. PPAR Res 2015; 2015:957248. [PMID: 26587016 PMCID: PMC4637502 DOI: 10.1155/2015/957248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial metabolic brain disorder characterized by protein aggregates, synaptic failure, and cognitive impairment. In the AD brain is common to observe the accumulation of senile plaques formed by amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide and the neurofibrillary tangles composed of modified tau protein, which both lead to cellular damage and progressive neurodegeneration. Currently, there is no effective therapy for AD; however several studies have shown that the treatments with the peroxisome proliferators activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) agonists known as thiazolidinedione drugs (TZDs), like rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, attenuate neurodegeneration and improve cognition in mouse models and patients with mild-to-moderate AD. Furthermore, studies on animal models have shown that TZDs inhibit neuroinflammation, facilitate amyloid-β plaque clearance, enhance mitochondrial function, improve synaptic plasticity, and, more recently, attenuate tau hyperphosphorylation. How TZDs may improve or reduce these pathologic signs of AD and what the mechanisms and the implicated pathways in which these drugs work are are questions that remain to be answered. However, in this review, we will discuss several cellular targets, in which TZDs can be acting against the neurodegeneration.
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18
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Cai Z, Xiao M, Chang L, Yan LJ. Role of insulin resistance in Alzheimer's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:839-51. [PMID: 25399337 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A critical role of insulin resistance (IR) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) includes beta-amyloid (Aβ) production and accumulation, the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), failure of synaptic transmission and neuronal degeneration. Aβ is sequentially cleavaged from APP by two proteolytic enzymes: β-secretase and γ-secretase. IR could regulate Aβ production via enhancing β- and γ-secretase activity. Meanwhile, IR induces oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain which contributes to Aβ and tau pathology. Aβ accumulation can enhance IR through Aβ-mediated inflammation and oxidative stress. IR is a possible linking between amyloid plaques and NFTs pathology via oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Additionally, IR could disrupt acetylcholine activity, and accelerate axon degeneration and failures in axonal transport, and lead to cognitive impairment in AD. Preclinical and clinical studies have supported that insulin could be useful in the treatment of AD. Thus, an effective measure to inhibit IR may be a novel drug target in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyou Cai
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, No. 39 Chaoyang Middle Road, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China,
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19
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Mobasher MA, de Toro-Martín J, González-Rodríguez Á, Ramos S, Letzig LG, James LP, Muntané J, Álvarez C, Valverde ÁM. Essential role of protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B in the modulation of insulin signaling by acetaminophen in hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29406-19. [PMID: 25204659 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.539189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many drugs are associated with the development of glucose intolerance or deterioration in glycemic control in patients with pre-existing diabetes. We have evaluated the cross-talk between signaling pathways activated by acetaminophen (APAP) and insulin signaling in hepatocytes with or without expression of the protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and in wild-type and PTP1B-deficient mice chronically treated with APAP. Human primary hepatocytes, Huh7 hepatoma cells with silenced PTP1B, mouse hepatocytes from wild-type and PTP1B-deficient mice, and a mouse model of chronic APAP treatment were used to examine the mechanisms involving PTP1B in the effects of APAP on glucose homeostasis and hepatic insulin signaling. In APAP-treated human hepatocytes at concentrations that did not induce death, phosphorylation of JNK and PTP1B expression and enzymatic activity were increased. APAP pretreatment inhibited activation of the early steps of insulin signaling and decreased Akt phosphorylation. The effects of APAP in insulin signaling were prevented by suramin, a PTP1B inhibitor, or rosiglitazone that decreased PTP1B levels. Likewise, PTP1B deficiency in human or mouse hepatocytes protected against APAP-mediated impairment in insulin signaling. These signaling pathways were modulated in mice with chronic APAP treatment, resulting in protection against APAP-mediated hepatic insulin resistance and alterations in islet alpha/beta cell ratio in PTP1B(-/-) mice. Our results demonstrate negative cross-talk between signaling pathways triggered by APAP and insulin signaling in hepatocytes, which is in part mediated by PTP1B. Moreover, our in vivo data suggest that chronic use of APAP may be associated with insulin resistance in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysa Ahmed Mobasher
- From the Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain, the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salid Carlos III, 28029 Madrid
| | - Juan de Toro-Martín
- the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salid Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Águeda González-Rodríguez
- From the Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain, the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salid Carlos III, 28029 Madrid
| | - Sonia Ramos
- the Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lynda G Letzig
- the Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, and
| | - Laura P James
- the Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, and
| | - Jordi Muntané
- the Department of General Surgery, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Hospital Universitary "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Carmen Álvarez
- the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salid Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela M Valverde
- From the Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain, the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salid Carlos III, 28029 Madrid,
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Abo El-Khair DM, El-Safti FENA, Nooh HZ, El-Mehi AE. A comparative study on the effect of high cholesterol diet on the hippocampal CA1 area of adult and aged rats. Anat Cell Biol 2014; 47:117-26. [PMID: 24987548 PMCID: PMC4076418 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2014.47.2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia is one of the most important problems nowadays. Aging is associated with learning and memory impairments. Diet rich in cholesterol has been shown to be detrimental to cognitive performance. This work was carried out to compare the effect of high cholesterol diet on the hippocampus of adult and aged male albino rats. Twenty adult and twenty aged male rats were used in this study. According to age, the rats were randomly subdivided into balanced and high cholesterol diet fed groups. The diet was 15 g/rat/day for adult rats and 20 g/rat/day for aged rats for eight weeks. Serial coronal sections of hippocampus and blood samples were taken from each rat. For diet effect evaluation, Clinical, biochemical, histological, immunohistochemical, and morphometric assessments were done. In compare to a balanced diet fed rat, examination of Cornu Ammonis 1 (CA 1) area in the hippocampus of the high cholesterol diet adult rats showed degeneration, a significant decrease of the pyramidal cells, attenuation and/or thickening of small blood vessels, apparent increase of astrocytes and apparent decrease of Nissl's granules content. Moreover, the high cholesterol diet aged rats showed aggravation of senility changes of the hippocampus together with Alzheimer like pathological changes. In conclusion, the high cholesterol diet has a significant detrimental effect on the hippocampus and aging might pronounce this effect. So, we should direct our attention to limit cholesterol intake in our food to maintain a healthy life style for a successful aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa M Abo El-Khair
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | | | - Hanaa Z Nooh
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Abeer E El-Mehi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
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21
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Hwang IK, Choi JH, Nam SM, Park OK, Yoo DY, Kim W, Yi SS, Won MH, Seong JK, Yoon YS. Activation of microglia and induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus of type 2 diabetic rats. Neurol Res 2014; 36:824-32. [PMID: 24571083 DOI: 10.1179/1743132814y.0000000330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The majority of immune cells in the brain are comprised of microglia, which undergo morphological changes when activated to remove damaged neurons and infectious agents from the brain tissue. In this study, we investigated the effects of type 2 diabetes on microglial activation and the subsequent secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), in the hippocampus using Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats and Zucker lean control (ZLC) rats at various diabetic stages. METHODS Zucker lean control and Zucker diabetic fatty rats were sacrificed at 12 (early diabetic stage), 20, or 30 weeks of age (chronic diabetic stage), and the hippocampus was obtained via transcardiac perfusion or dissection for immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis, respectively. RESULTS Zucker diabetic fatty rats demonstrated significantly higher glucose levels at 12 and 30 weeks of age compared to ZLC rats. Microglia immunoreactive to ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) had hypertrophied cytoplasm with retracted processes at 30 weeks of age. In contrast, Iba-1-immunoreactive microglia displayed similar morphology in ZDF and ZLC rats at 12 and 20 weeks of age. Similarly, IFN-gamma and IL-1beta protein levels were significantly increased in ZDF rats compared to ZLC rats at 30 weeks of age, but not at 12 and 20 weeks of age. Interleukin-1beta immunoreactivity in the ZDF rats predominantly increased in the dentate gyrus and CA1 region of the hippocampus compared to that of ZLC rats at 30 weeks of age. In addition, IL-1beta immunoreactive structures in ZDF rats at 30 weeks of age were detected near the astrocytes and microglia. CONCLUSION These results suggest that chronic diabetes activates microglia and significantly increases pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the hippocampus.
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22
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El Khoury NB, Gratuze M, Papon MA, Bretteville A, Planel E. Insulin dysfunction and Tau pathology. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:22. [PMID: 24574966 PMCID: PMC3920186 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include senile plaques of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides (a cleavage product of the Amyloid Precursor Protein, or APP) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein assembled in paired helical filaments (PHF). NFT pathology is important since it correlates with the degree of cognitive impairment in AD. Only a small proportion of AD is due to genetic variants, whereas the large majority of cases (~99%) is late onset and sporadic in origin. The cause of sporadic AD is likely to be multifactorial, with external factors interacting with biological or genetic susceptibilities to accelerate the manifestation of the disease. Insulin dysfunction, manifested by diabetes mellitus (DM) might be such factor, as there is extensive data from epidemiological studies suggesting that DM is associated with an increased relative risk for AD. Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are known to affect multiple cognitive functions in patients. In this context, understanding the effects of diabetes on Tau pathogenesis is important since Tau pathology show a strong relationship to dementia in AD, and to memory loss in normal aging and mild cognitive impairment. Here, we reviewed preclinical studies that link insulin dysfunction to Tau protein pathogenesis, one of the major pathological hallmarks of AD. We found more than 30 studies reporting Tau phosphorylation in a mouse or rat model of insulin dysfunction. We also payed attention to potential sources of artifacts, such as hypothermia and anesthesia, that were demonstrated to results in Tau hyperphosphorylation and could major confounding experimental factors. We found that very few studies reported the temperature of the animals, and only a handful did not use anesthesia. Overall, most published studies showed that insulin dysfunction can promote Tau hyperphosphorylation and pathology, both directly and indirectly, through hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura B El Khoury
- Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada ; Axe Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Maud Gratuze
- Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada ; Axe Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Amélie Papon
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Alexis Bretteville
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Planel
- Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada ; Axe Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada
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Chen S, An FM, Yin L, Liu AR, Yin DK, Yao WB, Gao XD. Glucagon-like peptide-1 protects hippocampal neurons against advanced glycation end product-induced tau hyperphosphorylation. Neuroscience 2014; 256:137-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Lanuza-Masdeu J, Arévalo MI, Vila C, Barberà A, Gomis R, Caelles C. In vivo JNK activation in pancreatic β-cells leads to glucose intolerance caused by insulin resistance in pancreas. Diabetes 2013; 62:2308-17. [PMID: 23349497 PMCID: PMC3712047 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a key condition in the development of type 2 diabetes. It is well established that exacerbated Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) activity is involved in promoting insulin resistance in peripheral insulin-target tissues; however, this involvement is less documented in pancreatic β-cells. Using a transgenic mouse model, here we show that JNK activation in β-cells led to glucose intolerance as a result of impaired capacity to increase insulinemia in response to hyperglycemia. Pancreatic islets from these mice showed no obvious morphostructural abnormalities or decreased insulin content. In contrast, these islets failed to secrete insulin in response to glucose or insulin but were competent in succinate-, ketoisocaproate-, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX-), KCl-, and tolbutamide-induced insulin secretion. At the molecular level, JNK activation in β-cells inhibited insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation, pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, and transcription of insulin-target genes. Remarkably, rosiglitazone restored insulin secretion in response to hyperglycemia in mice and insulin-induced insulin secretion and signaling in isolated islets. In conclusion, the mere activation of JNK suffices to induce insulin resistance in pancreatic β-cells by inhibition of insulin signaling in these cells, but it is not sufficient to elicit β-cell death. In addition, we provide the first evidence that thiazolidinediones exert insulin-sensitizing action directly on pancreatic β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Lanuza-Masdeu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Cell Signaling Research Group, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Isabel Arévalo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Cell Signaling Research Group, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Vila
- Cell Signaling Research Group, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Barberà
- Diabetes and Obesity Laboratory, IDIBAPS-Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERDEM, Spain
| | - Ramon Gomis
- Diabetes and Obesity Laboratory, IDIBAPS-Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERDEM, Spain
| | - Carme Caelles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Cell Signaling Research Group, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain
- Corresponding author: Carme Caelles,
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Cho DH, Lee EJ, Kwon KJ, Shin CY, Song KH, Park JH, Jo I, Han SH. Troglitazone, a thiazolidinedione, decreases tau phosphorylation through the inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activity in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and primary neurons. J Neurochem 2013; 126:685-95. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Du-Hyong Cho
- Department of Neurology; Konkuk University Medical Center; Konkuk University; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Pharmacology; Center for Geriatric Neuroscience Research; SMART Institute of Advanced Biomedical Science School of Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Eun Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology; Konkuk University Medical Center; Konkuk University; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Pharmacology; Center for Geriatric Neuroscience Research; SMART Institute of Advanced Biomedical Science School of Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Kyoung Ja Kwon
- Department of Neurology; Konkuk University Medical Center; Konkuk University; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Pharmacology; Center for Geriatric Neuroscience Research; SMART Institute of Advanced Biomedical Science School of Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Chan Young Shin
- Department of Neurology; Konkuk University Medical Center; Konkuk University; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Pharmacology; Center for Geriatric Neuroscience Research; SMART Institute of Advanced Biomedical Science School of Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Kee-Ho Song
- Department of Internal Medicine; Konkuk University School of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Ewha Womans University Medical School; Seoul South Korea
| | - Inho Jo
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Ewha Womans University Medical School; Seoul South Korea
| | - Seol-Heui Han
- Department of Neurology; Konkuk University Medical Center; Konkuk University; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Pharmacology; Center for Geriatric Neuroscience Research; SMART Institute of Advanced Biomedical Science School of Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul South Korea
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Prevention of JNK phosphorylation as a mechanism for rosiglitazone in neuroprotection after transient cerebral ischemia: activation of dual specificity phosphatase. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:106-14. [PMID: 23032483 PMCID: PMC3597369 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2012.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Rosiglitazone, a synthetic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonist, prevents cell death after cerebral ischemia in animal models, but the underlying mechanism has not been clarified. In this study, we examined how rosiglitazone protects neurons against ischemia. Mice treated with rosiglitazone were subjected to 60 minutes of focal ischemia followed by reperfusion. Rosiglitazone reduced infarct volume after ischemia and reperfusion. We show that this neuroprotective effect was reversed with a PPARγ antagonist. Western blot analysis showed a significant increase in expression of phosphorylated stress-activated protein kinases (c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38) in ischemic brain tissue. Rosiglitazone blocked this increase. Furthermore, we observed that rosiglitazone increased expression of the dual-specificity phosphatase 8 (DUSP8) protein and messenger RNA in ischemic brain tissue. Dual-specificity phosphatase 8 is a mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase that can dephosphorylate JNK and p38. Another key finding of the present study was that knockdown of DUSP8 in primary cultured cortical neurons that were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation diminished rosiglitazone's effect on downregulation of JNK phosphorylation. Thus, rosiglitazone's neuroprotective effect after ischemia is mediated by blocking JNK phosphorylation induced by ischemia via DUSP8 upregulation.
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27
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Jin YN, Chen PC, Watson JA, Walters BJ, Phillips SE, Green K, Schmidt R, Wilson JA, Johnson GV, Roberson ED, Dobrunz LE, Wilson SM. Usp14 deficiency increases tau phosphorylation without altering tau degradation or causing tau-dependent deficits. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47884. [PMID: 23144711 PMCID: PMC3483306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulated protein degradation by the proteasome plays an essential role in the enhancement and suppression of signaling pathways in the nervous system. Proteasome-associated factors are pivotal in ensuring appropriate protein degradation, and we have previously demonstrated that alterations in one of these factors, the proteasomal deubiquitinating enzyme ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (Usp14), can lead to proteasome dysfunction and neurological disease. Recent studies in cell culture have shown that Usp14 can also stabilize the expression of over-expressed, disease-associated proteins such as tau and ataxin-3. Using Usp14-deficient axJ mice, we investigated if loss of Usp14 results in decreased levels of endogenous tau and ataxin-3 in the nervous system of mice. Although loss of Usp14 did not alter the overall neuronal levels of tau and ataxin-3, we found increased levels of phosphorylated tau that correlated with the onset of axonal varicosities in the Usp14-deficient mice. These changes in tau phosphorylation were accompanied by increased levels of activated phospho-Akt, phosphorylated MAPKs, and inactivated phospho-GSK3β. However, genetic ablation of tau did not alter any of the neurological deficits in the Usp14-deficient mice, demonstrating that increased levels of phosphorylated tau do not necessarily lead to neurological disease. Due to the widespread activation of intracellular signaling pathways induced by the loss of Usp14, a better understanding of the cellular pathways regulated by the proteasome is required before effective proteasomal-based therapies can be used to treat chronic neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngnam N. Jin
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ping-Chung Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Watson
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Brandon J. Walters
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Scott E. Phillips
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Karen Green
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Julie A. Wilson
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Gail V. Johnson
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Erik D. Roberson
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Lynn E. Dobrunz
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Scott M. Wilson
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chen S, Liu AR, An FM, Yao WB, Gao XD. Amelioration of neurodegenerative changes in cellular and rat models of diabetes-related Alzheimer's disease by exendin-4. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 34:1211-24. [PMID: 21901364 PMCID: PMC3448986 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9303-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with age-dependent Alzheimer's disease (AD), the latter of which has even been considered as type 3 diabetes. Several physiopathological features including hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and dysfunctional insulin signaling relate DM to AD. In this study, high glucose-, oxidative stress-induced neuronal injury and intracerebroventricular-streptozotocin (ICV-STZ) animals as the possible models for diabetes-related AD were employed to investigate the effects of exendin-4 (Ex-4), a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, on diabetes-associated Alzheimer-like changes as well as the molecular mechanisms involved. Our study demonstrated that GLP-1/Ex-4 could exert a protective effect against reduced viability of PC12 cells caused by high glucose and that this protective effect was mediated via the PI3-kinase pathway. In addition, GLP-1/Ex-4 ameliorated oxidative stress-induced injury in PC12 cells. In rat models, bilateral ICV-STZ administration was used to produce impaired insulin signaling in the brain. Fourteen days following ICV-STZ injection, rats treated with twice-daily Ex-4 had better learning and memory performance in the Morris water maze test compared with rats treated with saline. Additionally, histopathological evaluation confirmed the protective effects of Ex-4 treatment on hippocampal neurons against degeneration. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Ex-4 reversed ICV-STZ-induced tau hyperphosphorylation through downregulation of GSK-3β activity, a key kinase in both DM and AD. Our findings suggests that Ex-4 can protect neurons from diabetes-associated glucose metabolic dysregulation insults in vitro and from ICV-STZ insult in vivo, and that Ex-4 may prove of therapeutic value in the treatment of AD especially DM-related AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Ai-ran Liu
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Feng-mao An
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Wen-bing Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Xiang-dong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
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Kim DH, Huh JW, Jang M, Suh JH, Kim TW, Park JS, Yoon SY. Sitagliptin increases tau phosphorylation in the hippocampus of rats with type 2 diabetes and in primary neuron cultures. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 46:52-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Metformin attenuates Alzheimer's disease-like neuropathology in obese, leptin-resistant mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 101:564-74. [PMID: 22425595 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The pathological hallmarks for AD brains are extracellular amyloid plaques formed by β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. This study was designed to determine AD-like brain changes in mice modeling for type 2 diabetes. The effects of metformin on these changes also were studied. Seven-week old male db/db mice received intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ metformin for 18 weeks. They were subjected to Barnes maze at an age of 21 weeks and fear conditioning at an age of 24 weeks to assess their cognitive functions. Hippocampus was harvested after these tests for biochemical evaluation. The db/db mice had more tau phosphorylated at S396 and total tau in their hippocampi than their non-diabetic control db+mice. Activated/phosphorylated c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), a tau kinase, was increased in the db/db mouse hippocampus. Metformin attenuated the increase of total tau, phospho-tau and activated JNK. The db/db mice had increased Aβ levels. Metformin attenuated the reduction of synaptophysin, a synaptic protein, in the db/db mouse hippocampus. Metformin did not attenuate the impairments of spatial learning and memory as well as long-term hyperglycemia in the db/db mice. Our results suggest that the db/db mice have multiple AD-like brain changes including impaired cognitive functions, increased phospho-tau and Aβ as well as decreased synaptic proteins. Activation of JNK may contribute to the increased phospho-tau in the db/db mice. Metformin attenuates AD-like biochemical changes in the brain of these mice.
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31
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Tare M, Modi RM, Nainaparampil JJ, Puli OR, Bedi S, Fernandez-Funez P, Kango-Singh M, Singh A. Activation of JNK signaling mediates amyloid-ß-dependent cell death. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24361. [PMID: 21949710 PMCID: PMC3173392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age related progressive neurodegenerative disorder. One of the reasons for Alzheimer's neuropathology is the generation of large aggregates of Aß42 that are toxic in nature and induce oxidative stress, aberrant signaling and many other cellular alterations that trigger neuronal cell death. However, the exact mechanisms leading to cell death are not clearly understood. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We employed a Drosophila eye model of AD to study how Aß42 causes cell death. Misexpression of higher levels of Aß42 in the differentiating photoreceptors of fly retina rapidly induced aberrant cellular phenotypes and cell death. We found that blocking caspase-dependent cell death initially blocked cell death but did not lead to a significant rescue in the adult eye. However, blocking the levels of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway significantly rescued the neurodegeneration phenotype of Aß42 misexpression both in eye imaginal disc as well as the adult eye. Misexpression of Aß42 induced transcriptional upregulation of puckered (puc), a downstream target and functional read out of JNK signaling. Moreover, a three-fold increase in phospho-Jun (activated Jun) protein levels was seen in Aß42 retina as compared to the wild-type retina. When we blocked both caspases and JNK signaling simultaneously in the fly retina, the rescue of the neurodegenerative phenotype is comparable to that caused by blocking JNK signaling pathway alone. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our data suggests that (i) accumulation of Aß42 plaques induces JNK signaling in neurons and (ii) induction of JNK contributes to Aß42 mediated cell death. Therefore, inappropriate JNK activation may indeed be relevant to the AD neuropathology, thus making JNK a key target for AD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghana Tare
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rohan M. Modi
- Premedical Program, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Oorvashi Roy Puli
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Shimpi Bedi
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Pedro Fernandez-Funez
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Madhuri Kango-Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
- Premedical Program, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
- Premedical Program, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
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