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Belli M, Cristina M, Calabrese V, Russo M, Granato M, Russo MA, Sansone L. Ultrastructural Changes of Neuroendocrine Pheochromocytoma Cell Line PC-12 Exposed In Vitro to Rotenone. Brain Sci 2024; 14:476. [PMID: 38790454 PMCID: PMC11119447 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14050476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Rotenone is a pesticide used in research for its ability to induce changes similar, in vivo and in vitro, to those observed in Parkinson's disease (PD). This includes a selective death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Nonetheless, the precise mechanism through which rotenone modifies structure and function of neurons remains unclear. The PC12 cells closely resemble dopamine terminal neurons. This makes it a preferred model for studying the morphology of central dopamine neurons and predicting neurotoxicity. In this paper, we investigated the effects of 0.5 µM rotenone for 24-48 h on PC12 cell viability and ultrastructure (TEM), trying to identify primary and more evident alterations that can be related to neuronal damages similar to that seen in animal PD models. Cell viability decreased after 24 h rotenone treatment, with a further decrease after 48 h. Ultrastructural changes included vacuolar degeneration, mitochondrial mild swelling, decrease in the number of neuropeptide granules, and the loss of cell-to-cell adhesion. These findings are in agreement with previous research suggesting that rotenone, by inhibiting energy production and increasing ROS generation, is responsible for significant alterations of the ultrastructure and cell death of PC12 cells. Our data confirm the link between rotenone exposure, neuronal damage, and changes in dopamine metabolism, suggesting its role in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Belli
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (M.G.)
- Laboratory of Molecular, Cellular and Ultrastructural Pathology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Mario Cristina
- Laboratory of Molecular, Cellular and Ultrastructural Pathology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (M.A.R.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Calabrese
- Experimental Neurophysiology Laboratory, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy; (V.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Marta Russo
- Experimental Neurophysiology Laboratory, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy; (V.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Marisa Granato
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Matteo Antonio Russo
- Laboratory of Molecular, Cellular and Ultrastructural Pathology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Luigi Sansone
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (M.G.)
- Laboratory of Molecular, Cellular and Ultrastructural Pathology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (M.A.R.)
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Kulcsarova K, Bang C, Berg D, Schaeffer E. Pesticides and the Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis: Convergent Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2023; 13:1079-1106. [PMID: 37927277 PMCID: PMC10657696 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing global burden of Parkinson's disease (PD), termed the PD pandemic, is exceeding expectations related purely to population aging and is likely driven in part by lifestyle changes and environmental factors. Pesticides are well recognized risk factors for PD, supported by both epidemiological and experimental evidence, with multiple detrimental effects beyond dopaminergic neuron damage alone. The microbiome-gut-brain axis has gained much attention in recent years and is considered to be a significant contributor and driver of PD pathogenesis. In this narrative review, we first focus on how both pesticides and the microbiome may influence PD initiation and progression independently, describing pesticide-related central and peripheral neurotoxicity and microbiome-related local and systemic effects due to dysbiosis and microbial metabolites. We then depict the bidirectional interplay between pesticides and the microbiome in the context of PD, synthesizing current knowledge about pesticide-induced dysbiosis, microbiome-mediated alterations in pesticide availability, metabolism and toxicity, and complex systemic pesticide-microbiome-host interactions related to inflammatory and metabolic pathways, insulin resistance and other mechanisms. An overview of the unknowns follows, and the role of pesticide-microbiome interactions in the proposed body-/brain-first phenotypes of PD, the complexity of environmental exposures and gene-environment interactions is discussed. The final part deals with possible further steps for translation, consisting of recommendations on future pesticide use and research as well as an outline of promising preventive/therapeutic approaches targeted on strengthening or restoring a healthy gut microbiome, closing with a summary of current gaps and future perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Kulcsarova
- Department of Neurology, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
- Department of Neurology, L. Pasteur University Hospital, Kosice, Slovak Republic
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Scientific Park MEDIPARK, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Corinna Bang
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Eva Schaeffer
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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Huang M, Bargues-Carot A, Riaz Z, Wickham H, Zenitsky G, Jin H, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy A, Kanthasamy AG. Impact of Environmental Risk Factors on Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Neuroinflammation, Protein Misfolding, and Oxidative Stress in the Etiopathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810808. [PMID: 36142718 PMCID: PMC9505762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a prevalent progressive neurodegenerative disorder, Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the neuropathological hallmark of the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DAergic) innervation and the appearance of Lewy bodies with aggregated α-synuclein. Although several familial forms of PD have been reported to be associated with several gene variants, most cases in nature are sporadic, triggered by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental risk factors. Numerous epidemiological studies during the past two decades have shown positive associations between PD and several environmental factors, including exposure to neurotoxic pesticides/herbicides and heavy metals as well as traumatic brain injury. Other environmental factors that have been implicated as potential risk factors for PD include industrial chemicals, wood pulp mills, farming, well-water consumption, and rural residence. In this review, we summarize the environmental toxicology of PD with the focus on the elaboration of chemical toxicity and the underlying pathogenic mechanisms associated with exposure to several neurotoxic chemicals, specifically 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), rotenone, paraquat (PQ), dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), dieldrin, manganese (Mn), and vanadium (V). Our overview of the current findings from cellular, animal, and human studies of PD provides information for possible intervention strategies aimed at halting the initiation and exacerbation of environmentally linked PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhong Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, 2062 Veterinary Medicine Building, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Alejandra Bargues-Carot
- Center for Neurological Disease Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Zainab Riaz
- Center for Neurological Disease Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Hannah Wickham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, 2062 Veterinary Medicine Building, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Gary Zenitsky
- Center for Neurological Disease Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Huajun Jin
- Center for Neurological Disease Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- Center for Neurological Disease Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Center for Neurological Disease Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Anumantha G. Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, 2062 Veterinary Medicine Building, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Center for Neurological Disease Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-706-542-2380; Fax: +1-706-542-4412
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Yuan X, Tian Y, Liu C, Zhang Z. Environmental factors in Parkinson's disease: New insights into the molecular mechanisms. Toxicol Lett 2021; 356:1-10. [PMID: 34864130 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting 2-3% of the population ≥65 years. It has long been characterized by motor impairment, autonomic dysfunction, and psychological and cognitive changes. The pathological hallmarks are intracellular inclusions containing α-synuclein aggregates and the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Parkinson's disease is thought to be caused by a combination of various pathogenic factors, including genetic factors, environmental factors, and lifestyles. Although much research has focused on the genetic causes of PD, environmental risk factors also play a crucial role in the development of the disease. Here, we summarize the environmental risk factors that may increase the occurrence of PD, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Chaoyang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China; Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, 430073, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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Bečanović K, Asghar M, Gadawska I, Sachdeva S, Walker D, Lazarowski ER, Franciosi S, Park KHJ, Côté HCF, Leavitt BR. Age-related mitochondrial alterations in brain and skeletal muscle of the YAC128 model of Huntington disease. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2021; 7:26. [PMID: 34650085 PMCID: PMC8516942 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-021-00079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and bioenergetics failure are common pathological hallmarks in Huntington's disease (HD) and aging. In the present study, we used the YAC128 murine model of HD to examine the effects of mutant huntingtin on mitochondrial parameters related to aging in brain and skeletal muscle. We have conducted a cross-sectional natural history study of mitochondrial DNA changes in the YAC128 mouse. Here, we first show that the mitochondrial volume fraction appears to increase in the axons and dendrite regions adjacent to the striatal neuron cell bodies in old mice. Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) was used as a proxy measure for mitochondrial biogenesis and function. We observed that the mtDNAcn changes significantly with age and genotype in a tissue-specific manner. We found a positive correlation between aging and the mtDNAcn in striatum and skeletal muscle but not in cortex. Notably, the YAC128 mice had lower mtDNAcn in cortex and skeletal muscle. We further show that mtDNA deletions are present in striatal and skeletal muscle tissue in both young and aged YAC128 and WT mice. Tracking gene expression levels cross-sectionally in mice allowed us to identify contributions of age and genotype to transcriptional variance in mitochondria-related genes. These findings provide insights into the role of mitochondrial dynamics in HD pathogenesis in both brain and skeletal muscle, and suggest that mtDNAcn in skeletal muscle tissue may be a potential biomarker that should be investigated further in human HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Bečanović
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Muhammad Asghar
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Izabella Gadawska
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Shiny Sachdeva
- grid.416553.00000 0000 8589 2327The James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Disease, St Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - David Walker
- grid.416553.00000 0000 8589 2327The James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Disease, St Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Eduardo. R. Lazarowski
- grid.410711.20000 0001 1034 1720Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Sonia Franciosi
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada ,grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Kevin H. J. Park
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada ,grid.253856.f0000 0001 2113 4110Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI USA
| | - Hélène C. F. Côté
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Blair R. Leavitt
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
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Yu M, Alimujiang M, Hu L, Liu F, Bao Y, Yin J. Berberine alleviates lipid metabolism disorders via inhibition of mitochondrial complex I in gut and liver. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:1693-1707. [PMID: 33994854 PMCID: PMC8120465 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.54604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is to investigate the relationship between berberine (BBR) and mitochondrial complex I in lipid metabolism. BBR reversed high-fat diet-induced obesity, hepatic steatosis, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance in mice. Fatty acid consumption, β-oxidation and lipogenesis were attenuated in liver after BBR treatment which may be through reduction in SCD1, FABP1, CD36 and CPT1A. BBR promoted fecal lipid excretion, which may result from the reduction in intestinal CD36 and SCD1. Moreover, BBR inhibited mitochondrial complex I-dependent oxygen consumption and ATP synthesis of liver and gut, but no impact on activities of complex II, III and IV. BBR ameliorated mitochondrial swelling, facilitated mitochondrial fusion, and reduced mtDNA and citrate synthase activity. BBR decreased the abundance and diversity of gut microbiome. However, no change in metabolism of recipient mice was observed after fecal microbiota transplantation from BBR treated mice. In primary hepatocytes, BBR and AMPK activator A769662 normalized oleic acid-induced lipid deposition. Although both the agents activated AMPK, BBR decreased oxygen consumption whereas A769662 increased it. Collectively, these findings indicated that BBR repressed complex I in gut and liver and consequently inhibited lipid metabolism which led to alleviation of obesity and fatty liver. This process was independent of intestinal bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyu Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Miriayi Alimujiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Lili Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yuqian Bao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200235, China
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Fogarty MJ, Rana S, Mantilla CB, Sieck GC. Quantifying mitochondrial volume density in phrenic motor neurons. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 353:109093. [PMID: 33549636 PMCID: PMC7990712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous assessments of mitochondrial volume density within motor neurons used electron microscopy (EM) to image mitochondria. However, adequate identification and sampling of motor neurons within a particular motor neuron pool is largely precluded using EM. Here, we present an alternative method for determining mitochondrial volume density in identified motor neurons within the phrenic motor neuron (PhMN) pool, with greatly increased sampling. NEW METHOD This novel method for assessing mitochondrial volume density in PhMNs uses a combination of intrapleural injection of Alexa 488-conjugated cholera toxin B (CTB) to retrogradely label PhMNs, followed by intrathecal application of MitoTracker Red to label mitochondria. This technique was validated by comparison to 3D EM determination of mitochondrial volume density as a "gold standard". RESULTS A mean mitochondrial volume density of ∼11 % was observed across PhMNs using the new MitoTracker Red method. This compared favourably with mitochondrial volume density (∼11 %) measurements using EM. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD The range, mean and variance of mitochondrial volume density estimates in PhMNs were not different between EM and fluorescent imaging techniques. CONCLUSIONS Fluorescent imaging may be used to estimate mitochondrial volume density in a large sample of motor neurons, with results similar to EM, although EM did distinguish finer mitochondrion morphology compared to MitoTracker fluorescence. Compared to EM methods, the assessment of a larger sample size and unambiguous identification of motor neurons belonging to a specific motor neuron pool represent major advantages over previous methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Fogarty
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4067, Australia
| | - Sabhya Rana
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States
| | - Carlos B Mantilla
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States
| | - Gary C Sieck
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States.
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Suppressing Cdk5 Activity by Luteolin Inhibits MPP +-Induced Apoptotic of Neuroblastoma through Erk/Drp1 and Fak/Akt/GSK3β Pathways. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051307. [PMID: 33671094 PMCID: PMC7957557 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. The cause of PD is still unclear. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been linked to the development of PD. Luteolin, a non-toxic flavonoid, has become interested in an alternative medicine, according to its effects on anti-oxidative stress and anti-apoptosis, although the underlying mechanism of luteolin on PD has not been fully elucidated. This study aims to investigate whether luteolin prevents neurotoxicity induction by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium iodide (MPP+), a neurotoxin in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. The results reveal that luteolin significantly improved cell viability and reduced apoptosis in MPP+-treated cells. Increasing lipid peroxidation and superoxide anion (O2−), including mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) disruption, is ameliorated by luteolin treatment. In addition, luteolin attenuated MPP+-induced neurite damage via GAP43 and synapsin-1. Furthermore, Cdk5 is found to be overactivated and correlated with elevation of cleaved caspase-3 activity in MPP+-exposed cells, while phosphorylation of Erk1/2, Drp1, Fak, Akt and GSK3β are inhibited. In contrast, luteolin attenuated Cdk5 overactivation and supported phosphorylated level of Erk1/2, Drp1, Fak, Akt and GSK3β with reducing in cleaved caspase-3 activity. Results indicate that luteolin exerts neuroprotective effects via Cdk5-mediated Erk1/2/Drp1 and Fak/Akt/GSK3β pathways, possibly representing a potential preventive agent for neuronal disorder.
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Neonatal Rotenone Administration Induces Psychiatric Disorder-Like Behavior and Changes in Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Synaptic Proteins in Adulthood. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3015-3030. [PMID: 33608825 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02317-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since psychiatric disorders are associated with changes in the development of the nervous system, an energy-dependent mechanism, we investigated whether mitochondrial inhibition during the critical neurodevelopment window in rodents would be able to induce metabolic alterations culminating in psychiatric-like behavior. We treated male Wistar rat puppies (P) with rotenone (Rot), an inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I, from postnatal days 5 to 11 (P5-P11). We demonstrated that at P60 and P120, Rot-treated animals showed hyperlocomotion and deficits in social interaction and aversive contextual memory, features observed in animal models of schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. During adulthood, Rot-treated rodents also presented modifications in CBP and CREB levels in addition to a decrease in mitochondrial biogenesis and Nrf1 expression. Additionally, NFE2L2-activation was not altered in Rot-treated P60 and P120 animals; an upregulation of pNFE2L2/ NFE2L2 was only observed in P12 cortices. Curiously, ATP/ADP levels did not change in all ages evaluated. Rot administration in newborn rodents also promoted modification in Rest and Mecp2 expression, and in synaptic protein levels, named PSD-95, Synaptotagmin-1, and Synaptophysin in the adult rats. Altogether, our data indicate that behavioral abnormalities and changes in synaptic proteins in adulthood induced by neonatal Rot administration might be a result of adjustments in CREB pathways and alterations in mitochondrial biogenesis and Nrf1 expression, rather than a direct deficiency of energy supply, as previously speculated. Consequently, Rot-induced psychiatric-like behavior would be an outcome of alterations in neuronal paths due to mitochondrial deregulation.
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10
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Mitochondria and Neurodegenerative Diseases. SYSTEMS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.11474-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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11
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Gorski K, Spoljaric A, Nyman TA, Kaila K, Battersby BJ, Lehesjoki AE. Quantitative Changes in the Mitochondrial Proteome of Cerebellar Synaptosomes From Preclinical Cystatin B-Deficient Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:570640. [PMID: 33281550 PMCID: PMC7691638 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.570640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive myoclonus epilepsy of Unverricht-Lundborg type (EPM1) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the cystatin B (CSTB) gene. Progression of the clinical symptoms in EPM1 patients, including stimulus-sensitive myoclonus, tonic-clonic seizures, and ataxia, are well described. However, the cellular dysfunction during the presymptomatic phase that precedes the disease onset is not understood. CSTB deficiency leads to alterations in GABAergic signaling, and causes early neuroinflammation followed by progressive neurodegeneration in brains of a mouse model, manifesting as progressive myoclonus and ataxia. Here, we report the first proteome atlas from cerebellar synaptosomes of presymptomatic Cstb-deficient mice, and propose that early mitochondrial dysfunction is important to the pathogenesis of altered synaptic function in EPM1. A decreased sodium- and chloride dependent GABA transporter 1 (GAT-1) abundance was noted in synaptosomes with CSTB deficiency, but no functional difference was seen between the two genotypes in electrophysiological experiments with pharmacological block of GAT-1. Collectively, our findings provide novel insights into the early onset and pathogenesis of CSTB deficiency, and reveal greater complexity to the molecular pathogenesis of EPM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarin Gorski
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Albert Spoljaric
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, and Neuroscience Center (HiLIFE), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula A Nyman
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kai Kaila
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, and Neuroscience Center (HiLIFE), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Anna-Elina Lehesjoki
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Bruno G, Colistra N, Melle G, Cerea A, Hubarevich A, Deleye L, De Angelis F, Dipalo M. Microfluidic Multielectrode Arrays for Spatially Localized Drug Delivery and Electrical Recordings of Primary Neuronal Cultures. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:626. [PMID: 32656200 PMCID: PMC7325920 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathological models and neurological disease progression and treatments have always been of great interest in biomedical research because of their impact on society. The application of in vitro microfluidic devices to neuroscience-related disciplines provided several advancements in therapeutics or neuronal modeling thanks to the ability to control the cellular microenvironment at spatiotemporal level. Recently, the introduction of three-dimensional nanostructures has allowed high performance in both in vitro recording of electrogenic cells and drug delivery using minimally invasive devices. Independently, both delivery and recording have let to pioneering solutions in neurobiology. However, their combination on a single chip would provide further fundamental improvements in drug screening systems and would offer comprehensive insights into pathologies and diseases progression. Therefore, it is crucial to develop platforms able to monitor progressive changes in electrophysiological behavior in the electrogenic cellular network, induced by spatially localized injection of biochemical agents. In this work, we show the application of a microfluidic multielectrode array (MEA) platform to record spontaneous and chemically stimulated activity in primary neuronal networks. By means of spatially localized caffeine injection via microfluidic nanochannels, the device demonstrated its capability of combined localized drug delivery and cell signaling recording. The platform could detect activity of the neural network at multiple sites while delivering molecules into just a few selected cells, thereby examining the effect of biochemical agents on the desired portion of cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bruno
- DIBRIS, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy.,Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Melle
- DIBRIS, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy.,Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
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13
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Baghi M, Rostamian Delavar M, Yadegari E, Peymani M, Pozo D, Hossein Nasr-Esfahani M, Ghaedi K. Modified level of miR-376a is associated with Parkinson's disease. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:2622-2634. [PMID: 31930701 PMCID: PMC7028860 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a frequent progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Impaired mitochondrial function is a major feature of sporadic PD. Some susceptibility or causative genes detected in PD are strongly associated with mitochondrial dysfunction including PGC1α, TFAM and GSK3β. microRNAs (miRNAs) are non‐coding RNAs whose altered levels are proven in disparate PD models and human brains. Therefore, the aim of this study was to detect modulations of miRs upstream of PGC1α, TFAM and GSK3β in association with PD onset and progress. In this study, a total of 33 PD subjects and 25 healthy volunteers were recruited. Candidate miRNA (miR‐376a) was selected through target prediction tools and literature survey. Chronic and acute in vitro PD models were created by MPP+‐intoxicated SHSY5Y cells. The levels of miR‐376a and aforementioned genes were assessed by RT‐qPCR. The expression of target genes was decreased in chronic model while there were dramatically up‐regulated levels of those genes in acute model of PD. miR‐376a was strongly altered in both acute and chronic PD models as well as PBMCs of PD patients. Our results also showed overexpression of PGC1α, and TFAM in PBMCs is inversely correlated with down‐regulation of miR‐376a, suggesting that miR‐376a possibly has an impact on PD pathogenesis through regulation of these genes which are involved in mitochondrial function. miR‐376a expression in PD‐derived PBMCs was also correlated with disease severity and may serve as a potential biomarker for PD diagnosis. This is the first study showing altered levels of miR‐376a in PD models and PBMCs, suggesting the probable role of this miRNA in PD pathogenesis. The present study also proposed TFAM and PGC1α as target genes of miR‐376a for the first time, through which it possibly can exert its impact on PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Baghi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahsa Rostamian Delavar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elaheh Yadegari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Peymani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - David Pozo
- CABIMER, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Sevilla, Spain.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, Isfahan, Iran
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14
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Lin KL, Lin KJ, Wang PW, Chuang JH, Lin HY, Chen SD, Chuang YC, Huang ST, Tiao MM, Chen JB, Huang PH, Liou CW, Lin TK. Resveratrol provides neuroprotective effects through modulation of mitochondrial dynamics and ERK1/2 regulated autophagy. Free Radic Res 2019; 52:1371-1386. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1489128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Lieh Lin
- Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityCollege of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Jung Lin
- Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityCollege of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityCollege of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Jiin-Haur Chuang
- Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityCollege of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Lin
- Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityCollege of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Der Chen
- Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityCollege of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chung Chuang
- Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityCollege of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Teng Huang
- Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityCollege of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Meng Tiao
- Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityCollege of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Bor Chen
- Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityCollege of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Department of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsuan Huang
- Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityCollege of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Liou
- Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityCollege of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Kung Lin
- Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityCollege of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
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15
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Van Laar VS, Otero PA, Hastings TG, Berman SB. Potential Role of Mic60/Mitofilin in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:898. [PMID: 30740041 PMCID: PMC6357844 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are currently no treatments that hinder or halt the inexorable progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). While the etiology of PD remains elusive, evidence suggests that early dysfunction of mitochondrial respiration and homeostasis play a major role in PD pathogenesis. The mitochondrial structural protein Mic60, also known as mitofilin, is critical for maintaining mitochondrial architecture and function. Loss of Mic60 is associated with detrimental effects on mitochondrial homeostasis. Growing evidence now implicates Mic60 in the pathogenesis of PD. In this review, we discuss the data supporting a role of Mic60 and mitochondrial dysfunction in PD. We will also consider the potential of Mic60 as a therapeutic target for treating neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S Van Laar
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - P Anthony Otero
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Cellular and Molecular Pathology (CMP) Program, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Teresa G Hastings
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Sarah B Berman
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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16
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Donato A, Kagias K, Zhang Y, Hilliard MA. Neuronal sub-compartmentalization: a strategy to optimize neuronal function. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1023-1037. [PMID: 30609235 PMCID: PMC6617802 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are highly polarized cells that consist of three main structural and functional domains: a cell body or soma, an axon, and dendrites. These domains contain smaller compartments with essential roles for proper neuronal function, such as the axonal presynaptic boutons and the dendritic postsynaptic spines. The structure and function of these compartments have now been characterized in great detail. Intriguingly, however, in the last decade additional levels of compartmentalization within the axon and the dendrites have been identified, revealing that these structures are much more complex than previously thought. Herein we examine several types of structural and functional sub-compartmentalization found in neurons of both vertebrates and invertebrates. For example, in mammalian neurons the axonal initial segment functions as a sub-compartment to initiate the action potential, to select molecules passing into the axon, and to maintain neuronal polarization. Moreover, work in Drosophila melanogaster has shown that two distinct axonal guidance receptors are precisely clustered in adjacent segments of the commissural axons both in vivo and in vitro, suggesting a cell-intrinsic mechanism underlying the compartmentalized receptor localization. In Caenorhabditis elegans, a subset of interneurons exhibits calcium dynamics that are localized to specific sections of the axon and control the gait of navigation, demonstrating a regulatory role of compartmentalized neuronal activity in behaviour. These findings have led to a number of new questions, which are important for our understanding of neuronal development and function. How are these sub-compartments established and maintained? What molecular machinery and cellular events are involved? What is their functional significance for the neuron? Here, we reflect on these and other key questions that remain to be addressed in this expanding field of biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Donato
- Clem Jones Centre for Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Konstantinos Kagias
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A
| | - Massimo A Hilliard
- Clem Jones Centre for Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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17
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Van Laar VS, Arnold B, Berman SB. Primary Embryonic Rat Cortical Neuronal Culture and Chronic Rotenone Treatment in Microfluidic Culture Devices. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3192. [PMID: 31106236 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In the study of neurodegenerative diseases, it is imperative to study the cellular and molecular changes associated with pathogenesis in the relevant cell type, central nervous system neurons. The unique compartmentalized morphology and bioenergetic needs of primary neurons present complications for their study in culture. Recent microculture techniques utilizing microfluidic culture devices allows for environmental separation and analysis of neuronal cell bodies and neurites in culture. Here, we present our protocol for culture of primary neurons in microfluidic devices and their chronic treatment with the Parkinson's disease (PD) relevant toxicant rotenone. In addition, we present a method for reuse of devices for culture. This culture methodology presents advantages for evaluating early pathogenic cellular and molecular changes in neurons in a compartment-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S Van Laar
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,The Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Beth Arnold
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,The Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sarah B Berman
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,The Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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18
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Caldwell KA, Thies JL, Caldwell GA. No Country for Old Worms: A Systematic Review of the Application of C. elegans to Investigate a Bacterial Source of Environmental Neurotoxicity in Parkinson's Disease. Metabolites 2018; 8:metabo8040070. [PMID: 30380609 PMCID: PMC6315381 DOI: 10.3390/metabo8040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While progress has been made in discerning genetic associations with Parkinson's disease (PD), identifying elusive environmental contributors necessitates the application of unconventional hypotheses and experimental strategies. Here, we provide an overview of studies that we conducted on a neurotoxic metabolite produced by a species of common soil bacteria, Streptomyces venezuelae (S. ven), indicating that the toxicity displayed by this bacterium causes stress in diverse cellular mechanisms, such as the ubiquitin proteasome system and mitochondrial homeostasis. This dysfunction eventually leads to age and dose-dependent neurodegeneration in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Notably, dopaminergic neurons have heightened susceptibility, but all of the neuronal classes eventually degenerate following exposure. Toxicity further extends to human SH-SY5Y cells, which also degenerate following exposure. Additionally, the neurons of nematodes expressing heterologous aggregation-prone proteins display enhanced metabolite vulnerability. These mechanistic analyses collectively reveal a unique metabolomic fingerprint for this bacterially-derived neurotoxin. In considering that epidemiological distinctions in locales influence the incidence of PD, we surveyed soils from diverse regions of Alabama, and found that exposure to ~30% of isolated Streptomyces species caused worm dopaminergic neurons to die. In addition to aging, one of the few established contributors to PD appears to be a rural lifestyle, where exposure to soil on a regular basis might increase the risk of interaction with bacteria producing such toxins. Taken together, these data suggest that a novel toxicant within the Streptomyces genus might represent an environmental contributor to the progressive neurodegeneration that is associated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Caldwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Nathan Shock Center for Research on the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Thies
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Guy A Caldwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Nathan Shock Center for Research on the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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19
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Lu J, Chen S, Shen M, He Q, Zhang Y, Shi Y, Ding F, Zhang Q. Mitochondrial regulation by pyrroloquinoline quinone prevents rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in Parkinson's disease models. Neurosci Lett 2018; 687:104-110. [PMID: 30240821 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), a redox cofactor in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, has been reported to protect SH-SY5Y cells from cytotoxicity induced by rotenone, a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mitochondrial mechanisms involved in the neuroprotection of PQQ both in vitro and in vivo. The cultured human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were exposed to different concentrations of PQQ after which the cells were treated with rotenone. Electron microscopy images showed that PQQ could prevent the mitochondrial morphology damage. The down-regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis related genes (PGC-1alpha and TFAM) and mitochondrial fission and fusion related genes (Drp1and Mfn2) in rotenone-injured SH-SY5Y cells could be inhibited by PQQ. PQQ could also promote the transposition of Drp1 and Mfn2 from cytosol to mitochondria. In addition, rotenone was injected into the left medial forebrain bundle of SD rats to establish a Parkinson's disease (PD) model in vivo, after which different doses of PQQ or Edaravone were given intraperitoneally once daily for 8 weeks. PQQ could up-regulate the mRNA levels of PGC-1alpha, TFAM, Drp-1 and Mfn2 in the midbrain of PD rats. Our findings indicated that PQQ could prevent mitochondrial dysfunction by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and regulating mitochondrial fission and fusion, which might contribute to its neuroprotective effect in PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Lu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, JS 226001, PR China
| | - Shuhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, JS 226001, PR China
| | - Mi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, JS 226001, PR China; Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, JS 226001, PR China
| | - Qianru He
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, JS 226001, PR China; Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, JS 226001, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Medical School of Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, JS 226001, PR China
| | - Yue Shi
- Medical School of Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, JS 226001, PR China
| | - Fei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, JS 226001, PR China; Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, JS 226001, PR China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, JS 226001, PR China; Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, JS 226001, PR China.
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20
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Arrázola MS, Andraini T, Szelechowski M, Mouledous L, Arnauné-Pelloquin L, Davezac N, Belenguer P, Rampon C, Miquel MC. Mitochondria in Developmental and Adult Neurogenesis. Neurotox Res 2018; 36:257-267. [PMID: 30215161 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9942-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Generation of new neurons is a tightly regulated process that involves several intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Among them, a metabolic switch from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation, together with mitochondrial remodeling, has emerged as crucial actors of neurogenesis. However, although accumulating data raise the importance of mitochondrial morphology and function in neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation during development, information regarding the contribution of mitochondria to adult neurogenesis processes remains limited. In the present review, we discuss recent evidence covering the importance of mitochondrial morphology, function, and energy metabolism in the regulation of neuronal development and adult neurogenesis, and their impact on memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena S Arrázola
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France. .,Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Trinovita Andraini
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Marion Szelechowski
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Mouledous
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Laetitia Arnauné-Pelloquin
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Noélie Davezac
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascale Belenguer
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Rampon
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Christine Miquel
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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21
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Evidence for Compartmentalized Axonal Mitochondrial Biogenesis: Mitochondrial DNA Replication Increases in Distal Axons As an Early Response to Parkinson's Disease-Relevant Stress. J Neurosci 2018; 38:7505-7515. [PMID: 30030401 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0541-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it is not clear how mitochondrial biogenesis is regulated in neurons, with their unique compartmentalized anatomy and energetic demands. This is particularly relevant in PD because selectively vulnerable neurons feature long, highly arborized axons where degeneration initiates. We previously found that exposure of neurons to chronic, sublethal doses of rotenone, a complex I inhibitor linked to PD, causes early increases in mitochondrial density specifically in distal axons, suggesting possible upregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis within axons. Here, we directly evaluated for evidence of mitochondrial biogenesis in distal axons and examined whether PD-relevant stress causes compartmentalized alterations. Using BrdU labeling and imaging to quantify replicating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in primary rat neurons (pooled from both sexes), we provide evidence of mtDNA replication in axons along with cell bodies and proximal dendrites. We found that exposure to chronic, sublethal rotenone increases mtDNA replication first in neurites and later extending to cell bodies, complementing our mitochondrial density data. Further, isolating axons from cell bodies and dendrites, we discovered that rotenone exposure upregulates mtDNA replication in distal axons. Utilizing superresolution stimulated emission depletion (STED) imaging, we identified mtDNA replication at sites of mitochondrial-endoplasmic reticulum contacts in axons. Our evidence suggests that mitochondrial biogenesis occurs not only in cell bodies, but also in distal axons, and is altered under PD-relevant stress conditions in an anatomically compartmentalized manner. We hypothesize that this contributes to vulnerability in neurodegenerative diseases.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Mitochondrial biogenesis is crucial for maintaining mitochondrial and cellular health and has been linked to neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis. However, regulation of this process is poorly understood in CNS neurons, which rely on mitochondrial function for survival. Our findings offer fundamental insight into these regulatory mechanisms by demonstrating that replication of mitochondrial DNA, an essential precursor for biogenesis, can occur in distal regions of CNS neuron axons independent of the soma. Further, this process is upregulated specifically in axons as an early response to neurodegeneration-relevant stress. This is the first demonstration of the compartmentalized regulation of CNS neuronal mitochondrial biogenesis in response to stress and may prove a useful target in development of therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disease.
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22
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Kim H, Perentis RJ, Caldwell GA, Caldwell KA. Gene-by-environment interactions that disrupt mitochondrial homeostasis cause neurodegeneration in C. elegans Parkinson's models. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:555. [PMID: 29748634 PMCID: PMC5945629 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex multifactorial disorder where environmental factors interact with genetic susceptibility. Accumulating evidence suggests that mitochondria have a central role in the progression of neurodegeneration in sporadic and/or genetic forms of PD. We previously reported that exposure to a secondary metabolite from the soil bacterium, Streptomyces venezuelae, results in age- and dose-dependent dopaminergic (DA) neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans and human SH-SY5Y neurons. Initial characterization of this environmental factor indicated that neurodegeneration occurs through a combination of oxidative stress, mitochondrial complex I impairment, and proteostatic disruption. Here we present extended evidence to elucidate the interaction between this bacterial metabolite and mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of DA neurodegeneration. We demonstrate that it causes a time-dependent increase in mitochondrial fragmentation through concomitant changes in the gene expression of mitochondrial fission and fusion components. In particular, the outer mitochondrial membrane fission and fusion genes, drp-1 (a dynamin-related GTPase) and fzo-1 (a mitofusin homolog), are up- and down-regulated, respectively. Additionally, eat-3, an inner mitochondrial membrane fusion component, an OPA1 homolog, is also down regulated. These changes are associated with a metabolite-induced decline in mitochondrial membrane potential and enhanced DA neurodegeneration that is dependent on PINK-1 function. Genetic analysis also indicates an association between the cell death pathway and drp-1 following S. ven exposure. Metabolite-induced neurotoxicity can be suppressed by DA-neuron-specific RNAi knockdown of eat-3. AMPK activation by 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide riboside (AICAR) ameliorated metabolite- or PINK-1-induced neurotoxicity; however, it enhanced neurotoxicity under normal conditions. These studies underscore the critical role of mitochondrial dynamics in DA neurodegeneration. Moreover, given the largely undefined environmental components of PD etiology, these results highlight a response to an environmental factor that defines distinct mechanisms underlying a potential contributor to the progressive DA neurodegeneration observed in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Rylee J Perentis
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Guy A Caldwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA.,Departments of Neurobiology, Neurology and Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kim A Caldwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA. .,Departments of Neurobiology, Neurology and Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Sun YL, Li SH, Yang L, Wang Y. miR-376b-3p attenuates mitochondrial fission and cardiac hypertrophy by targeting mitochondrial fission factor. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 45:779-787. [PMID: 29570827 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Le Sun
- Department of Cardiology; Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University; Jinan Shandong Province China
| | - Shao Hua Li
- Department of Cardiology; Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University; Jinan Shandong Province China
| | - Le Yang
- Department of Cardiology; Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University; Jinan Shandong Province China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Cardiology; Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University; Jinan Shandong Province China
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24
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Mythri RB, Raghunath NR, Narwade SC, Pandareesh MDR, Sabitha KR, Aiyaz M, Chand B, Sule M, Ghosh K, Kumar S, Shankarappa B, Soundararajan S, Alladi PA, Purushottam M, Gayathri N, Deobagkar DD, Laxmi TR, Srinivas Bharath MM. Manganese- and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced neurotoxicity display differences in morphological, electrophysiological and genome-wide alterations: implications for idiopathic Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2017; 143:334-358. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeswara Babu Mythri
- Department of Neurochemistry; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore Karnataka India
- Neurotoxicology Laboratory-Neurobiology Research Center; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Narayana Reddy Raghunath
- Department of Neurochemistry; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore Karnataka India
- Neurotoxicology Laboratory-Neurobiology Research Center; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore Karnataka India
| | | | - Mirazkar Dasharatha Rao Pandareesh
- Department of Neurochemistry; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore Karnataka India
- Neurotoxicology Laboratory-Neurobiology Research Center; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Kollarkandi Rajesh Sabitha
- Department of Neurophysiology; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Mohamad Aiyaz
- Genotypic Technology Pvt. Ltd; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Bipin Chand
- Genotypic Technology Pvt. Ltd; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Manas Sule
- InterpretOmics; Shezan Lavelle; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Krittika Ghosh
- InterpretOmics; Shezan Lavelle; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Senthil Kumar
- InterpretOmics; Shezan Lavelle; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Bhagyalakshmi Shankarappa
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory - Neurobiology Research Center; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Soundarya Soundararajan
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory - Neurobiology Research Center; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Phalguni Anand Alladi
- Department of Neurophysiology; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Meera Purushottam
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory - Neurobiology Research Center; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Narayanappa Gayathri
- Department of Neuropathology; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore Karnataka India
| | | | - Thenkanidiyoor Rao Laxmi
- Department of Neurophysiology; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Muchukunte Mukunda Srinivas Bharath
- Department of Neurochemistry; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore Karnataka India
- Neurotoxicology Laboratory-Neurobiology Research Center; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore Karnataka India
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25
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MiR-125a regulates mitochondrial homeostasis through targeting mitofusin 1 to control hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:977-993. [PMID: 28593577 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1541-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) proliferation is an important pathological process in hypoxic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Mitochondrial dynamics and quality control have a central role in the maintenance of the cell proliferation-apoptosis balance. However, the molecular mechanism is still unknown. We used hypoxic animal models, cell biology, and molecular biology to determine the effect of mitofusin 1 (Mfn1) on hypoxia-mediated PASMCs mitochondrial homeostasis. We found that Mfn1 expression was increased in hypoxia, which was crucial for hypoxia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and smooth muscle cell proliferation as well as hypoxia-stimulated cell-cycle transition from the G0/G1 phase to S phase. Subsequently, we studied the role of microRNAs in mitochondrial function associated with PASMC proliferation under hypoxic conditions. The promotive effect of Mfn1 on pulmonary vascular remodeling was alleviated in the presence of miR-125a agomir, and miR-125a antagomir mimicked the hypoxic damage effects to mitochondrial homeostasis. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro treatment with miR-125a agomir protected the pulmonary vessels from mitochondrial dysfunction and abnormal remodeling. In the present study, we determined that mitochondrial homeostasis, particularly Mfn1, played an important role in PASMCs proliferation. MiR-125a, an important underlying factor, which inhibited Mfn1 expression and decreased PASMCs disordered growth during hypoxia. These results provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of pulmonary vascular remodeling. KEY MESSAGES Hypoxia leads to upregulation of mitofusin 1 (Mfn1) both in vivo and in vitro. Mfn1 is involved in hypoxia-induced PASMCs proliferation. Mfn1-mediated mitochondrial homeostasis is regulated by miR-125a. MiR-125a plays a role in PASMCs oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis.
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26
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Tapias V, Hu X, Luk KC, Sanders LH, Lee VM, Greenamyre JT. Synthetic alpha-synuclein fibrils cause mitochondrial impairment and selective dopamine neurodegeneration in part via iNOS-mediated nitric oxide production. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2851-2874. [PMID: 28534083 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2541-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) are hallmarks of synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Exogenous addition of preformed α-syn fibrils (PFFs) into primary hippocampal neurons induced α-syn aggregation and accumulation. Likewise, intrastriatal inoculation of PFFs into mice and non-human primates generates Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites associated with PD-like neurodegeneration. Herein, we investigate the putative effects of synthetic human PFFs on cultured rat ventral midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons. A time- and dose-dependent accumulation of α-syn was observed following PFFs exposure that also underwent phosphorylation at serine 129. PFFs treatment decreased the expression levels of synaptic proteins, caused alterations in axonal transport-related proteins, and increased H2AX Ser139 phosphorylation. Mitochondrial impairment (including modulation of mitochondrial dynamics-associated protein content), enhanced oxidative stress, and an inflammatory response were also detected in our experimental paradigm. In attempt to unravel a potential molecular mechanism of PFFs neurotoxicity, the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase was blocked; a significant decline in protein nitration levels and protection against PFFs-induced DA neuron death were observed. Combined exposure to PFFs and rotenone resulted in an additive toxicity. Strikingly, many of the harmful effects found were more prominent in DA rather than non-DA neurons, suggestive of higher susceptibility to degenerate. These findings provide new insights into the role of α-syn in the pathogenesis of PD and could represent a novel and valuable model to study DA-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Tapias
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medicine, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Kelvin C Luk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Laurie H Sanders
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Virginia M Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J Timothy Greenamyre
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.,Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15206, USA
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27
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Przybylska-Gornowicz B, Lewczuk B, Ziółkowska N, Prusik M. Adrenergic control of pinealocyte chondriome – an in vitro study. Pol J Vet Sci 2016; 19:819-829. [DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2016-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Norepinephrine released from sympathetic innervation plays the main role in the regulation of melatonin secretion in mammalian pinealocytes. The present study was conducted for the following reasons: 1) to establish whether the pinealocyte chondriome is controlled by norepinephrine, 2) to determine the effect of adrenergic stimulation on mitochondria, and 3) to characterize adrenoceptors involved in the regulation of the chondriome.
The static organ culture of the pineal gland was used. The explants were incubated for 5 consecutive days in control medium and between 20:00 and 08:00 in medium with the presence of 10 μM norepinephrine – adrenergic agonist; isoproterenol – beta-adrenoceptor agonist; cirazoline, methoxamine, M-6364 – alfa1 – adrenoceptors agonists or PMA – activator of PKC. The explants were then subjected to ultrastructural examination and morphometric analysis.
The incubation of explants in the presence of norepinephrine or isoproterenol caused a decrease in the relative volume and the numerical density of mitochondria and induced an increase in the percentage of free mitochondria in pinealocytes. Significant changes in these parameters were not observed after treatment with methoxamine, cirazoline, M-6463 and PMA.
The results obtained show that the chondriome of pig pinealocytes is controlled by norepinephrine acting via beta-adrenoceptors. Adrenergic stimulation, repeated for five consecutive days of organ culture, causes a decrease in the number of mitochondria and a shift in the distribution of mitochondria from the form of networks and filaments into the form of single particles. This indicates the intensive remodeling of the mitochondria network, which is closely linked to the metabolic status of the cell.
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28
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Impairment of mitochondria dynamics by human A53T α-synuclein and rescue by NAP (davunetide) in a cell model for Parkinson's disease. Exp Brain Res 2016; 235:731-742. [PMID: 27866262 PMCID: PMC5315729 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4836-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The formation of oligomers and aggregates of overexpressed or mutant α-synuclein play a role in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease by causing dysfunction of mitochondria, reflected in their disturbed mobility and production of ROS. The mode of action and mechanisms underlying this mitochondrial impairment is still unclear. We have induced stable expression of wild-type, A30P or A53T α-synuclein in neuronally differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and studied anterograde and retrograde mitochondrial trafficking in this cell model for Parkinson's disease. In contrast to wild-type and A30P, A53T α-synuclein significantly inhibited mitochondrial trafficking, at first retrogradely and in a later stage anterogradely. Accordingly, A53T α-synuclein also caused the highest increase in ROS production in the dysmobilized mitochondria in comparison to wild-type or A30P α-synuclein. Treatment with NAP, the eight amino acid peptide identified as the active component of activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP), completely annihilated the adverse effects of A53T on mitochondrial dynamics. Our results reveal that A53T α-synuclein (oligomers or aggregates) leads to the inhibition of mitochondrial trafficking, which can be rescued by NAP, suggesting the involvement of microtubule disruption in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease.
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29
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Dukes AA, Bai Q, Van Laar VS, Zhou Y, Ilin V, David CN, Agim ZS, Bonkowsky JL, Cannon JR, Watkins SC, Croix CMS, Burton EA, Berman SB. Live imaging of mitochondrial dynamics in CNS dopaminergic neurons in vivo demonstrates early reversal of mitochondrial transport following MPP(+) exposure. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 95:238-49. [PMID: 27452482 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive convergent evidence collectively suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction is central to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, changes in the dynamic properties of mitochondria have been increasingly implicated as a key proximate mechanism underlying neurodegeneration. However, studies have been limited by the lack of a model in which mitochondria can be imaged directly and dynamically in dopaminergic neurons of the intact vertebrate CNS. We generated transgenic zebrafish in which mitochondria of dopaminergic neurons are labeled with a fluorescent reporter, and optimized methods allowing direct intravital imaging of CNS dopaminergic axons and measurement of mitochondrial transport in vivo. The proportion of mitochondria undergoing axonal transport in dopaminergic neurons decreased overall during development between 2days post-fertilization (dpf) and 5dpf, at which point the major period of growth and synaptogenesis of the relevant axonal projections is complete. Exposure to 0.5-1.0mM MPP(+) between 4 and 5dpf did not compromise zebrafish viability or cause detectable changes in the number or morphology of dopaminergic neurons, motor function or monoaminergic neurochemistry. However, 0.5mM MPP(+) caused a 300% increase in retrograde mitochondrial transport and a 30% decrease in anterograde transport. In contrast, exposure to higher concentrations of MPP(+) caused an overall reduction in mitochondrial transport. This is the first time mitochondrial transport has been observed directly in CNS dopaminergic neurons of a living vertebrate and quantified in a PD model in vivo. Our findings are compatible with a model in which damage at presynaptic dopaminergic terminals causes an early compensatory increase in retrograde transport of compromised mitochondria for degradation in the cell body. These data are important because manipulation of early pathogenic mechanisms might be a valid therapeutic approach to PD. The novel transgenic lines and methods we developed will be useful for future studies on mitochondrial dynamics in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- April A Dukes
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Qing Bai
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Victor S Van Laar
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yangzhong Zhou
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Tsinghua University Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Vladimir Ilin
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christopher N David
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; MSTP program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zeynep S Agim
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Joshua L Bonkowsky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jason R Cannon
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Claudette M St Croix
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Edward A Burton
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh Veterans' Affairs Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Sarah B Berman
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Van Laar VS, Berman SB, Hastings TG. Mic60/mitofilin overexpression alters mitochondrial dynamics and attenuates vulnerability of dopaminergic cells to dopamine and rotenone. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 91:247-61. [PMID: 27001148 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) neuropathology. Mic60, also known as mitofilin, is a protein of the inner mitochondrial membrane and a key component of the mitochondrial contact site and cristae junction organizing system (MICOS). Mic60 is critical for maintaining mitochondrial membrane structure and function. We previously demonstrated that mitochondrial Mic60 protein is susceptible to both covalent modification and loss in abundance following exposure to dopamine quinone. In this study, we utilized neuronally-differentiated SH-SY5Y and PC12 dopaminergic cell lines to examine the effects of altered Mic60 levels on mitochondrial function and cellular vulnerability in response to PD-relevant stressors. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of endogenous Mic60 protein in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells significantly potentiated dopamine-induced cell death, which was rescued by co-expressing shRNA-insensitive Mic60. Conversely, in PC12 and SH-SY5Y cells, Mic60 overexpression significantly attenuated both dopamine- and rotenone-induced cell death as compared to controls. Mic60 overexpression in SH-SY5Y cells was also associated with increased mitochondrial respiration, and, following rotenone exposure, increased spare respiratory capacity. Mic60 knockdown cells exhibited suppressed respiration and, following rotenone treatment, decreased spare respiratory capacity. Mic60 overexpression also affected mitochondrial fission/fusion dynamics. PC12 cells overexpressing Mic60 exhibited increased mitochondrial interconnectivity. Further, both PC12 cells and primary rat cortical neurons overexpressing Mic60 displayed suppressed mitochondrial fission and increased mitochondrial length in neurites. These results suggest that altering levels of Mic60 in dopaminergic neuronal cells significantly affects both mitochondrial homeostasis and cellular vulnerability to the PD-relevant stressors dopamine and rotenone, carrying implications for PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S Van Laar
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sarah B Berman
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Teresa G Hastings
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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31
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Choi J, Polcher A, Joas A. Systematic literature review on Parkinson's disease and Childhood Leukaemia and mode of actions for pesticides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.en-955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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32
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Adalbert R, Coleman MP. Review: Axon pathology in age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 39:90-108. [PMID: 23046254 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2012.01308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
'Dying back' axon degeneration is a prominent feature of many age-related neurodegenerative disorders and is widespread in normal ageing. Although the mechanisms of disease- and age-related losses may differ, both contribute to symptoms. Here, we review recent advances in understanding axon pathology in age-related neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and glaucoma. In particular, we highlight the importance of axonal transport, autophagy, traumatic brain injury and mitochondrial quality control. We then place these disease mechanisms in the context of changes to axons and dendrites that occur during normal ageing. We discuss what makes ageing such an important risk factor for many neurodegenerative disorders and conclude that the processes of normal ageing and disease combine at the molecular, cellular or systems levels in a range of disorders to produce symptoms. Pathology identical to disease also occurs at the cellular level in most elderly individuals. Thus, normal ageing and age-related disease are inextricably linked and the term 'healthy ageing' downplays the important contributions of cellular pathology. For a full understanding of normal ageing or age-related disease we must study both processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Adalbert
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge, UK
| | - M P Coleman
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge, UK
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33
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Lamberts JT, Hildebrandt EN, Brundin P. Spreading of α-synuclein in the face of axonal transport deficits in Parkinson's disease: A speculative synthesis. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 77:276-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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34
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Murakami S, Miyazaki I, Miyoshi K, Asanuma M. Long-Term Systemic Exposure to Rotenone Induces Central and Peripheral Pathology of Parkinson’s Disease in Mice. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:1165-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1577-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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35
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Deheshi S, Dabiri B, Fan S, Tsang M, Rintoul GL. Changes in mitochondrial morphology induced by calcium or rotenone in primary astrocytes occur predominantly through ros-mediated remodeling. J Neurochem 2015; 133:684-99. [PMID: 25761412 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Morphological changes in mitochondria have been primarily attributed to fission and fusion, while the more pliable transformations of mitochondria (remodeling, rounding, or stretching) have been largely overlooked. In this study, we quantify the contributions of fission and remodeling to changes in mitochondrial morphology induced by the Ca(2+) ionophore 4Br-A23187 and the metabolic toxin rotenone. We also examine the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the regulation of mitochondrial remodeling. In agreement with our previous studies, mitochondrial remodeling, not fission, is the primary contributor to Ca(2+) -mediated changes in mitochondrial morphology induced by 4Br-A23187 in rat cortical astrocytes. Treatment with rotenone produced similar results. In both paradigms, remodeling was selectively blocked by antioxidants whereas fission was not, suggesting a ROS-mediated mechanism for mitochondrial remodeling. In support of this hypothesis, inhibition of endogenous ROS by overnight incubation in antioxidants resulted in elongated reticular networks of mitochondria. Examination of inner and outer mitochondrial membranes revealed that they largely acted in concert during the remodeling process. While mitochondrial morphology is traditionally ascribed to a net output of fission and fusion processes, in this study we provide evidence that the acute pliability of mitochondria can be a dominant factor in determining their morphology. More importantly, our results suggest that the remodeling process is independently regulated through a ROS-signaling mechanism. Mitochondrial morphology is traditionally ascribed to a balance of fission and fusion processes. We have shown that mitochondria can undergo more pliable transformations; remodeling, rounding, or stretching. We demonstrate that remodeling, not fission, is the primary contributor to calcium mediated changes in mitochondrial morphology in primary astrocytes. Others have shown fission is mediated by calcineurin. Our results suggest the remodeling process distinct from fission and is independently regulated through a ROS-signaling mechanism (CsA: Cyclosporine A; NAC: N-acetyl-l-cysteine; GSH: Reduced-L-Glutathione).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samineh Deheshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Van Laar VS, Roy N, Liu A, Rajprohat S, Arnold B, Dukes AA, Holbein CD, Berman SB. Glutamate excitotoxicity in neurons triggers mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum accumulation of Parkin, and, in the presence of N-acetyl cysteine, mitophagy. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 74:180-93. [PMID: 25478815 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the dynamic properties of mitochondria (fission, fusion, transport, degradation, and biogenesis) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Parkin, the product of gene PARK2 whose mutation causes familial PD, has been linked to mitochondrial quality control via its role in regulating mitochondrial dynamics, including mitochondrial degradation via mitophagy. Models using mitochondrial stressors in numerous cell types have elucidated a PINK1-dependent pathway whereby Parkin accumulates on damaged mitochondria and targets them for mitophagy. However, the role Parkin plays in regulating mitochondrial homeostasis specifically in neurons has been less clear. We examined whether a stressor linked to neurodegeneration, glutamate excitotoxicity, elicits Parkin-mitochondrial translocation and mitophagy in neurons. We found that brief, acute exposure to glutamate causes Parkin translocation to mitochondria in neurons, in a calcium- and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent manner. In addition, we found that Parkin accumulates on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial/ER junctions following excitotoxicity, supporting a role for Parkin in mitochondrial-ER crosstalk in mitochondrial homeostasis. Despite significant Parkin-mitochondria translocation, however, we did not observe mitophagy under these conditions. To further investigate, we examined the role of glutamate-induced oxidative stress in Parkin-mitochondria accumulation. Unexpectedly, we found that glutamate-induced accumulation of Parkin on mitochondria was promoted by the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), and that co-treatment with NAC facilitated Parkin-associated mitophagy. These results suggest the possibility that mitochondrial depolarization and oxidative damage may have distinct pathways associated with Parkin function in neurons, which may be critical in understanding the role of Parkin in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S Van Laar
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Nikita Roy
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Annie Liu
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Swati Rajprohat
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Beth Arnold
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - April A Dukes
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Cory D Holbein
- Department of Statistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sarah B Berman
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Plum S, Steinbach S, Abel L, Marcus K, Helling S, May C. Proteomics in neurodegenerative diseases: Methods for obtaining a closer look at the neuronal proteome. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 9:848-71. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Plum
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center; Funktionelle Proteomik; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - Simone Steinbach
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center; Medical Proteomics/Bioanalytics; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - Laura Abel
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center; Medical Proteomics/Bioanalytics; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - Katrin Marcus
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center; Funktionelle Proteomik; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - Stefan Helling
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center; Funktionelle Proteomik; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - Caroline May
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center; Medical Proteomics/Bioanalytics; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Bochum Germany
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The neuroprotective effect of human uncoupling protein 2 (hUCP2) requires cAMP-dependent protein kinase in a toxin model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 69:180-91. [PMID: 24965893 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), caused by selective loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra, is the most common movement disorder with no cure or effective treatment. Exposure to the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor rotenone recapitulates pathological hallmarks of PD in rodents and selective loss of DA neurons in Drosophila. However, mechanisms underlying rotenone toxicity are not completely resolved. We previously reported a neuroprotective effect of human uncoupling protein 2 (hUCP2) against rotenone toxicity in adult fly DA neurons. In the current study, we show that increased mitochondrial fusion is protective from rotenone toxicity whereas increased fission sensitizes the neurons to rotenone-induced cell loss in vivo. In primary DA neurons, rotenone-induced mitochondrial fragmentation and lethality is attenuated as the result of hucp2 expression. To test the idea that the neuroprotective mechanism of hUCP2 involves modulation of mitochondrial dynamics, we detect preserved mitochondrial network, mobility and fusion events in hucp2 expressing DA neurons exposed to rotenone. hucp2 expression also increases intracellular cAMP levels. Thus, we hypothesize that cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) might be an effector that mediates hUCP2-associated neuroprotection against rotenone. Indeed, PKA inhibitors block preserved mitochondrial integrity, movement and cell survival in hucp2 expressing DA neurons exposed to rotenone. Taken together, we present strong evidence identifying a hUCP2-PKA axis that controls mitochondrial dynamics and survival in DA neurons exposed to rotenone implicating a novel therapeutic strategy in modifying the progression of PD pathogenesis.
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da Silva AF, Mariotti FR, Máximo V, Campello S. Mitochondria dynamism: of shape, transport and cell migration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:2313-24. [PMID: 24442478 PMCID: PMC11113703 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1557-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic and functionally versatile organelles that continuously fragment and fuse in response to different physiological needs of the cell. The list of proteins that strictly regulate the morphology of these organelles is constantly growing, adding new players every day and new pieces to the comprehension and elucidation of this complex machinery. The structural complexity of mitochondria is only paralled by their functional versatility. Indeed, changes in mitochondria shape play critical roles in vertebrate development programmed cell death and in various processes of normal cell physiology, such as calcium signaling, reactive oxygen species production, and lifespan. Here, we present the latest findings on the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and some of their physiological roles, focusing on cell migration. In cells where migration represents a crucial function in their physiology, such as T and tumoral metastatic cells, mitochondria need to be fragmented and recruited to specific subcellular regions to make movement possible. In depth analysis of this role of mitochondrial dynamics should help in identifying potential targeted therapy against cancer or in improving the immune system's efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Ferreira da Silva
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal
| | - Francesca Romana Mariotti
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Dynamics in Neuropathology, Department of Experimental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Valdemar Máximo
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal
| | - Silvia Campello
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Dynamics in Neuropathology, Department of Experimental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
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Golpich M, Rahmani B, Mohamed Ibrahim N, Dargahi L, Mohamed Z, Raymond AA, Ahmadiani A. Preconditioning as a potential strategy for the prevention of Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:313-30. [PMID: 24696268 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8689-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by the progressive and massive loss of dopaminergic neurons by neuronal apoptosis in the substantia nigra pars compacta and depletion of dopamine in the striatum, which lead to pathological and clinical abnormalities. A numerous of cellular processes including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates are considered to contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. A further understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of PD is crucial for developing effective diagnostic, preventative, and therapeutic strategies to cure this devastating disorder. Preconditioning (PC) is assumed as a natural adaptive process whereby a subthreshold stimulus can promote protection against a subsequent lethal stimulus in the brain as well as in other tissues that affords robust brain tolerance facing neurodegenerative insults. Multiple lines of evidence have demonstrated that preconditioning as a possible neuroprotective technique may reduce the neural deficits associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as PD. Throughout the last few decades, a lot of efforts have been made to discover the molecular determinants involved in preconditioning-induced protective responses; although, the accurate mechanisms underlying this "tolerance" phenomenon are not fully understood in PD. In this review, we will summarize pathophysiology and current therapeutic approaches in PD and discuss about preconditioning in PD as a potential neuroprotective strategy. Also the role of gene reprogramming and mitochondrial biogenesis involved in the preconditioning-mediated neuroprotective events will be highlighted. Preconditioning may represent a promising therapeutic weapon to combat neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Golpich
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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O'Donnell KC, Lulla A, Stahl MC, Wheat ND, Bronstein JM, Sagasti A. Axon degeneration and PGC-1α-mediated protection in a zebrafish model of α-synuclein toxicity. Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:571-82. [PMID: 24626988 PMCID: PMC4007408 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.013185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
α-synuclein (aSyn) expression is implicated in neurodegenerative processes, including Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). In animal models of these diseases, axon pathology often precedes cell death, raising the question of whether aSyn has compartment-specific toxic effects that could require early and/or independent therapeutic intervention. The relevance of axonal pathology to degeneration can only be addressed through longitudinal, in vivo monitoring of different neuronal compartments. With current imaging methods, dopaminergic neurons do not readily lend themselves to such a task in any vertebrate system. We therefore expressed human wild-type aSyn in zebrafish peripheral sensory neurons, which project elaborate superficial axons that can be continuously imaged in vivo. Axonal outgrowth was normal in these neurons but, by 2 days post-fertilization (dpf), many aSyn-expressing axons became dystrophic, with focal varicosities or diffuse beading. Approximately 20% of aSyn-expressing cells died by 3 dpf. Time-lapse imaging revealed that focal axonal swelling, but not overt fragmentation, usually preceded cell death. Co-expressing aSyn with a mitochondrial reporter revealed deficits in mitochondrial transport and morphology even when axons appeared overtly normal. The axon-protective protein Wallerian degeneration slow (WldS) delayed axon degeneration but not cell death caused by aSyn. By contrast, the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α, which has roles in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and reactive-oxygen-species detoxification, abrogated aSyn toxicity in both the axon and the cell body. The rapid onset of axonal pathology in this system, and the relatively moderate degree of cell death, provide a new model for the study of aSyn toxicity and protection. Moreover, the accessibility of peripheral sensory axons will allow effects of aSyn to be studied in different neuronal compartments and might have utility in screening for novel disease-modifying compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley C O'Donnell
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Ageing and Parkinson's disease: why is advancing age the biggest risk factor? Ageing Res Rev 2014; 14:19-30. [PMID: 24503004 PMCID: PMC3989046 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 540] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Review of age related processes occurring within substantia nigra neurons. Discussion of why these neurons seem to be susceptible to loss with age. Review of why SN neurons are particularly sensitive to mitochondrial dysfunction. Review of why SN neurons are sensitive to changes in protein degradation pathways. Discussion of relevance to Parkinson's disease pathology.
As the second most common age related neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease, the health, social and economic impact resulting from Parkinson's disease will continue to increase alongside the longevity of the population. Ageing remains the biggest risk factor for developing idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Although research into the mechanisms leading to cell death in Parkinson's disease has shed light on many aspects of the pathogenesis of this disorder, we still cannot answer the fundamental question, what specific age related factors predispose some individuals to develop this common neurodegenerative disease. In this review we focus specifically on the neuronal population associated with the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, and try to understand how ageing puts these neurons at risk to the extent that a slight change in protein metabolism or mitochondrial function can push the cells over the edge leading to catastrophic cell death and many of the symptoms seen in Parkinson's disease. We review the evidence that ageing is important for the development of Parkinson's disease and how age related decline leads to the loss of neurons within this disease, before describing exactly how advancing age may lead to substantia nigra neuronal loss and Parkinson's disease in some individuals.
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Amadoro G, Corsetti V, Florenzano F, Atlante A, Bobba A, Nicolin V, Nori SL, Calissano P. Morphological and bioenergetic demands underlying the mitophagy in post-mitotic neurons: the pink-parkin pathway. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:18. [PMID: 24600391 PMCID: PMC3927396 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests a striking causal relationship between changes in quality control of neuronal mitochondria and numerous devastating human neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Contrary to replicating mammalian cells with a metabolism essentially glycolytic, post-mitotic neurons are distinctive owing to (i) their exclusive energetic dependence from mitochondrial metabolism and (ii) their polarized shape, which entails compartmentalized and distinct energetic needs. Here, we review the recent findings on mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in differentiated neurons focusing on how the exceptional characteristics of neuronal populations in their morphology and bioenergetics needs make them quite different to other cells in controlling the intracellular turnover of these organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Amadoro
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology - National Research Council Rome, Italy ; European Brain Research Institute Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Corsetti
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology - National Research Council Rome, Italy
| | | | - Anna Atlante
- Institute of Biomembrane and Bioenergetics - National Research Council Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Bobba
- Institute of Biomembrane and Bioenergetics - National Research Council Bari, Italy
| | - Vanessa Nicolin
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefania L Nori
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno Baronissi, Italy
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Sodium channels contribute to degeneration of dorsal root ganglion neurites induced by mitochondrial dysfunction in an in vitro model of axonal injury. J Neurosci 2014; 33:19250-61. [PMID: 24305821 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2148-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal degeneration occurs in multiple neurodegenerative disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system. Although the underlying molecular pathways leading to axonal degeneration are incompletely understood, accumulating evidence suggests contributions of impaired mitochondrial function, disrupted axonal transport, and/or dysfunctional intracellular Ca(2+)-homeostasis in the injurious cascade associated with axonal degeneration. Utilizing an in vitro model of axonal degeneration, we studied a subset of mouse peripheral sensory neurons in which neurites were exposed selectively to conditions associated with the pathogenesis of axonal neuropathies in vivo. Rotenone-induced mitochondrial dysfunction resulted in neurite degeneration accompanied by reduced ATP levels and increased ROS levels in neurites. Blockade of voltage-gated sodium channels with TTX and reverse (Ca(2+)-importing) mode of the sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) with KB-R7943 partially protected rotenone-treated neurites from degeneration, suggesting a contribution of sodium channels and reverse NCX activity to the degeneration of neurites resulting from impaired mitochondrial function. Pharmacological inhibition of the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase with ouabain induced neurite degeneration, which was attenuated by TTX and KB-R7943, supporting a contribution of sodium channels in axonal degenerative pathways accompanying impaired Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity. Conversely, oxidant stress (H2O2)-induced neurite degeneration was not attenuated by TTX. Our results demonstrate that both energetic and oxidative stress targeted selectively to neurites induces neurite degeneration and that blockade of sodium channels and of reverse NCX activity blockade partially protects neurites from injury due to energetic stress, but not from oxidative stress induced by H2O2.
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Hara Y, Yuk F, Puri R, Janssen WGM, Rapp PR, Morrison JH. Presynaptic mitochondrial morphology in monkey prefrontal cortex correlates with working memory and is improved with estrogen treatment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:486-91. [PMID: 24297907 PMCID: PMC3890848 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1311310110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans and nonhuman primates are vulnerable to age- and menopause-related decline in working memory, a cognitive function reliant on the energy-demanding recurrent excitation of neurons within Brodmann's Area 46 of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Here, we tested the hypothesis that the number and morphology (straight, curved, or donut-shaped) of mitochondria in dlPFC presynaptic boutons are altered with aging and menopause in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and that these metrics correlate with delayed response (DR) accuracy, a well-characterized measure of dlPFC-dependent working memory. Although presynaptic bouton density or size was not significantly different across groups distinguished by age or menses status, DR accuracy correlated positively with the number of total and straight mitochondria per dlPFC bouton. In contrast, DR accuracy correlated inversely with the frequency of boutons containing donut-shaped mitochondria, which exhibited smaller active zone areas and fewer docked synaptic vesicles than those with straight or curved mitochondria. We then examined the effects of estrogen administration to test whether a treatment known to improve working memory influences mitochondrial morphology. Aged ovariectomized monkeys treated with vehicle displayed significant working memory impairment and a concomitant 44% increase in presynaptic donut-shaped mitochondria, both of which were reversed with cyclic estradiol treatment. Together, our data suggest that hormone replacement therapy may benefit cognitive aging, in part by promoting mitochondrial and synaptic health in the dlPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Hara
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience
- Kastor Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories
- Friedman Brain Institute
| | - Frank Yuk
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience
- Kastor Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories
- Friedman Brain Institute
| | - Rishi Puri
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience
- Kastor Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories
- Friedman Brain Institute
| | - William G. M. Janssen
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience
- Kastor Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories
- Friedman Brain Institute
| | - Peter R. Rapp
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - John H. Morrison
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience
- Kastor Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories
- Friedman Brain Institute
- Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, and
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; and
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Ferree AW, Trudeau K, Zik E, Benador IY, Twig G, Gottlieb RA, Shirihai OS. MitoTimer probe reveals the impact of autophagy, fusion, and motility on subcellular distribution of young and old mitochondrial protein and on relative mitochondrial protein age. Autophagy 2013; 9:1887-96. [PMID: 24149000 PMCID: PMC4028338 DOI: 10.4161/auto.26503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To study mitochondrial protein age dynamics, we targeted a time-sensitive fluorescent protein, MitoTimer, to the mitochondrial matrix. Mitochondrial age was revealed by the integrated portions of young (green) and old (red) MitoTimer protein. Mitochondrial protein age was dependent on turnover rates as pulsed synthesis, decreased import, or autophagic inhibition all increased the proportion of aged MitoTimer protein. Mitochondrial fusion promotes the distribution of young mitochondrial protein across the mitochondrial network as cells lacking essential fusion genes Mfn1 and Mfn2 displayed increased heterogeneity in mitochondrial protein age. Experiments in hippocampal neurons illustrate that the distribution of older and younger mitochondrial protein within the cell is determined by subcellular spatial organization and compartmentalization of mitochondria into neurites and soma. This effect was altered by overexpression of mitochondrial transport protein, RHOT1/MIRO1. Collectively our data show that distribution of young and old protein in the mitochondrial network is dependent on turnover, fusion, and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Ferree
- Department of Medicine, Obesity and Nutrition Section; The Mitochondria Affinity Research Collaborative; Evans Biomedical Research Center; Boston University School of Medicine; Boston, MA USA
| | - Kyle Trudeau
- Department of Medicine, Obesity and Nutrition Section; The Mitochondria Affinity Research Collaborative; Evans Biomedical Research Center; Boston University School of Medicine; Boston, MA USA
| | - Eden Zik
- Department of Medicine, Obesity and Nutrition Section; The Mitochondria Affinity Research Collaborative; Evans Biomedical Research Center; Boston University School of Medicine; Boston, MA USA
| | - Ilan Y Benador
- Department of Medicine, Obesity and Nutrition Section; The Mitochondria Affinity Research Collaborative; Evans Biomedical Research Center; Boston University School of Medicine; Boston, MA USA
| | - Gilad Twig
- Department of Medicine, Obesity and Nutrition Section; The Mitochondria Affinity Research Collaborative; Evans Biomedical Research Center; Boston University School of Medicine; Boston, MA USA
- Department of Medicine and the Dr. Pinchas Bornstein Talpiot Medical Leadership Program 2012; Sheba Medical Center; Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Roberta A Gottlieb
- Department of Molecular Cardiobiology; Heart Institute; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- Department of Medicine, Obesity and Nutrition Section; The Mitochondria Affinity Research Collaborative; Evans Biomedical Research Center; Boston University School of Medicine; Boston, MA USA
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Negev, Israel
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Wu F, Wang Z, Gu JH, Ge JB, Liang ZQ, Qin ZH. p38(MAPK)/p53-Mediated Bax induction contributes to neurons degeneration in rotenone-induced cellular and rat models of Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2013; 63:133-40. [PMID: 23714208 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rotenone is an environmental neurotoxin that induces degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), which ultimately results in parkinsonism, but the molecular mechanisms of selective degeneration of nigral DA neurons are not fully understood. In the present study, we investigated the induction of p38(MAPK)/p53 and Bax in SNpc of Lewis rats after chronic treatment with rotenone and the contribution of Bax to rotenone-induced apoptotic commitment of differentiated PC12 cells. Lewis rats were subcutaneously treated with rotenone (1.5mg/kg) twice a day for 50days and the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (THase), motor function impairment, and expression of p38(MAPK), P-p38(MAPK), p53, and Bax were assessed. After differentiated PC cells were treated with rotenone (500nM) for 6-36h, protein levels of p38(MAPK) and P-p38(MAPK), p53 nuclear translocation, Bax induction and cell death were measured. The results showed that rotenone administration significantly reduced motor activity and caused a loss of THase immunoreactivity in SNpc of Lewis rats. The degeneration of nigral DA neurons was accompanied by the increases in p38(MAPK), P-p38(MAPK), p53, and Bax protein levels. In cultured PC12 cells, rotenone also induced an upregulation of p38(MAPK), P-p38(MAPK), p53 and Bax. Pharmacological inhibition of p38(MAPK) with SB203580 (25μM) blunted rotenone-induced cell apoptosis. Treatment with SB203580 prevented the p53 nuclear translocation and upregulation of Bax. Inhibition of p53 with pifthrin-alpha or Bax with siRNAs significantly reduced rotenone-induced Bax induction and apoptotic cell death. These results suggest that the p38(MAPK)/p53-dependent induction of Bax contributes to rotenone's neurotoxicity in PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Soochow University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
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DuBoff B, Feany M, Götz J. Why size matters - balancing mitochondrial dynamics in Alzheimer's disease. Trends Neurosci 2013; 36:325-35. [PMID: 23582339 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Once perceived as solitary structures, mitochondria are now recognized as highly dynamic, interconnected organelles. The tight control of their fusion and fission, a process termed 'mitochondrial dynamics', is crucial for neurons, given their unique architecture and special energy and calcium-buffering requirements at the synapse. Interestingly, in Alzheimer's disease (AD), a condition initiated at the synapse, mitochondrial dynamics are severely impaired. Of the two proteins implicated in AD pathogenesis, amyloid-β (Aβ) and TAU, only the impact of Aβ on mitochondrial dynamics has been studied in detail. We highlight recent findings that TAU exerts a determinative effect in the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics, and therefore neuronal function. In this process, the GTPase DRP1 has emerged as a key target of both Aβ and TAU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian DuBoff
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard New Research Building, Room 630, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
Mitochondria play a central role in cell fate after stressors such as ischemic brain injury. The convergence of intracellular signaling pathways on mitochondria and their release of critical factors are now recognized as a default conduit to cell death or survival. Besides the individual processes that converge on or emanate from mitochondria, a mitochondrial organellar response to changes in the cellular environment has recently been described. Whereas mitochondria have previously been perceived as a major center for cellular signaling, one can postulate that the organelle's dynamics themselves affect cell survival. This brief perspective review puts forward the concept that disruptions in mitochondrial dynamics--biogenesis, clearance, and fission/fusion events--may underlie neural diseases and thus could be targeted as neuroprotective strategies in the context of ischemic injury. To do so, we present a general overview of the current understanding of mitochondrial dynamics and regulation. We then review emerging studies that correlate mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy, and fission/fusion events with neurologic disease and recovery. An overview of the system as it is currently understood is presented, and current assessment strategies and their limitations are discussed.
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