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Wang P, Ouyang J, Zhou K, Hu D, Zhang S, Zhang A, Yang Y. Olesoxime protects against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction. Biomed J 2024:100730. [PMID: 38643825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2024.100730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI). Agents that ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction hold potential for AKI treatment. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of olesoxime, a novel mitochondrial-targeted agent, on cisplatin-induced AKI. METHODS In vivo, a cisplatin-induced AKI mouse model was established by administering a single intraperitoneal dose of cisplatin (25 mg/kg) to male C57BL/6 mice for 72 hours, followed by gavage of either olesoxime or a control solution. In vitro, human proximal tubular HK2 cells were cultured and subjected to treatments with cisplatin, either in the presence or absence of olesoxime. RESULTS In vivo, our findings demonstrated that olesoxime administration significantly mitigated the nephrotoxic effects of cisplatin in mice, as evidenced by reduced blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr) levels, improved renal histopathology, and decreased expression of renal tubular injury markers such as kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). Furthermore, olesoxime administration markedly reduced cisplatin-induced apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in the kidneys of AKI mice. Additionally, olesoxime treatment effectively restored mitochondrial function in the kidneys of AKI mice. In vitro, our results indicated that olesoxime treatment protected against cisplatin-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured HK2 cells. Notably, cisplatin's anticancer effects were unaffected by olesoxime treatment in human cancer cells. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that olesoxime is a viable and efficient therapeutic agent in the treatment of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury presumably by alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Wang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jing Ouyang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Kaiqian Zhou
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Dandan Hu
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Yunwen Yang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
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Tian Y, Yi S, Guo W, Feng C, Zhang X, Dong H, Wang K, Li R, Tian Y, Gan M, Wu T, Xie H, Gao X. SYNJ1 rescues motor functions in hereditary and sporadic Parkinson's disease mice by upregulating TSP-1 expression. Behav Brain Res 2023; 452:114569. [PMID: 37419331 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the role of SYNJ1 in Parkinson's disease (PD) and its potential as a neuroprotective factor. We found that SYNJ1 was decreased in the SN and striatum of hSNCA*A53T-Tg and MPTP-induced mice compared to normal mice, associated with motor dysfunction, increased α-synuclein and decreased tyrosine hydroxylase. To investigate its neuroprotective effects, SYNJ1 expression was upregulated in the striatum of mice through injection of the rAdV-Synj1 virus into the striatum, which resulted in the rescue of behavioral deficiencies and amelioration of pathological changes. Subsequently, transcriptomic sequencing, bioinformatics analysis and qPCR were conducted in SH-SY5Y cells following SYNJ1 gene knockdown to identify its downstream pathways, which revealed decreased expression of TSP-1 involving extracellular matrix pathways. The virtual protein-protein docking further suggested a potential interaction between the SYNJ1 and TSP-1 proteins. This was followed by the identification of a SYNJ1-dependent TSP-1 expression model in two PD models. The coimmunoprecipitation experiment verified that the interaction between SYNJ1 and TSP-1 was attenuated in 11-month-old hSNCA*A53T-Tg mice compared to normal controls. Our findings suggest that overexpression of SYNJ1 may protect hSNCA*A53T-Tg and MPTP-induced mice by upregulating TSP-1 expression, which is involved in the extracellular matrix pathways. This suggests that SYNJ1 could be a potential therapeutic target for PD, though more research is needed to understand its mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Tian
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253 Gongye Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, PR China
| | - Shang Yi
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253 Gongye Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, PR China
| | - Wanyun Guo
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, PR China
| | - Cuilian Feng
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, PR China
| | - Xiufen Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, PR China
| | - Huateng Dong
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, PR China
| | - Kaitao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253 Gongye Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, PR China
| | - Runtong Li
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253 Gongye Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, PR China
| | - Yuanxin Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Min Gan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, PR China.
| | - Ting Wu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, PR China.
| | - Haiting Xie
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253 Gongye Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, PR China.
| | - Xiaoya Gao
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253 Gongye Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, PR China; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, PR China.
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Richter F, Stanojlovic M, Käufer C, Gericke B, Feja M. A Mouse Model to Test Novel Therapeutics for Parkinson's Disease: an Update on the Thy1-aSyn ("line 61") Mice. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:97-116. [PMID: 36715870 PMCID: PMC10119371 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01338-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of neuroprotective therapeutics for Parkinson's disease (PD) is facing a lack of translation from pre-clinical to clinical trials. One strategy for improvement is to increase predictive validity of pre-clinical studies by using extensively characterized animal models with a comprehensive set of validated pharmacodynamic readouts. Mice over-expressing full-length, human, wild-type alpha-synuclein under the Thy-1 promoter (Thy1-aSyn line 61) reproduce key features of sporadic PD, such as progressive loss of striatal dopamine, alpha-synuclein pathology, deficits in motor and non-motor functions, and elevation of inflammatory markers. Extensive work with this model by multiple laboratories over the past decade further increased confidence in its robustness and validity, especially for analyzing pathomechanisms of alpha-synuclein pathology and down-stream pathways, and for pre-clinical drug testing. Interestingly, while postnatal transgene expression is widespread in central and peripheral neurons, the extent and progression of down-stream pathology differs between brain regions, thereby replicating the characteristic selective vulnerability of neurodegenerative diseases. In-depth characterization of these readouts in conjunction with behavioral deficits has led to more informative endpoints for pre-clinical trials. Each drug tested in Thy1-aSyn line 61 enhances knowledge on how molecular targets, pathology, and functional behavioral readouts are interconnected, thereby further optimizing the platform towards predictive validity for clinical trials. Here, we present the current state of the art using Thy1-aSyn line 61 for drug target discovery, validation, and pre-clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Richter
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Milos Stanojlovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christopher Käufer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Birthe Gericke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Malte Feja
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Calpain Inhibitors as Potential Therapeutic Modulators in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1125-1149. [PMID: 34982393 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03521-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is considered a significant challenge to understand the neuronal cell death mechanisms with a suitable cure for neurodegenerative disorders in the coming years. Calpains are one of the best-considered "cysteine proteases activated" in brain disorders. Calpain is an important marker and mediator in the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration. Calpain activation being the essential neurodegenerative factor causing apoptotic machinery activation, it is crucial to develop reliable and effective approaches to prevent calpain-mediated apoptosis in degenerating neurons. It has been recently seen that the "inhibition of calpain activation" has appeared as a possible therapeutic target for managing neurodegenerative diseases. A systematic literature review of PubMed, Medline, Bentham, Scopus, and EMBASE (Elsevier) databases was conducted. The present article reviews the basic pathobiology and role of selective calpain inhibitors used in various neurodegenerative diseases as a therapeutic target.
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Cuttler K, Hassan M, Carr J, Cloete R, Bardien S. Emerging evidence implicating a role for neurexins in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Open Biol 2021; 11:210091. [PMID: 34610269 PMCID: PMC8492176 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptopathies are brain disorders characterized by dysfunctional synapses, which are specialized junctions between neurons that are essential for the transmission of information. Synaptic dysfunction can occur due to mutations that alter the structure and function of synaptic components or abnormal expression levels of a synaptic protein. One class of synaptic proteins that are essential to their biology are cell adhesion proteins that connect the pre- and post-synaptic compartments. Neurexins are one type of synaptic cell adhesion molecule that have, recently, gained more pathological interest. Variants in both neurexins and their common binding partners, neuroligins, have been associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we summarize some of the key physiological functions of the neurexin protein family and the protein networks they are involved in. Furthermore, examination of published literature has implicated neurexins in both neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. There is a clear link between neurexins and neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. However, multiple expression studies have also shown changes in neurexin expression in several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Therefore, this review highlights the potential importance of neurexins in brain disorders and the importance of doing more targeted studies on these genes and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Cuttler
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maryam Hassan
- South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Carr
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa,South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ruben Cloete
- South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Soraya Bardien
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa,South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
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Zhu C, Bilousova T, Focht S, Jun M, Elias CJ, Melnik M, Chandra S, Campagna J, Cohn W, Hatami A, Spilman P, Gylys KH, John V. Pharmacological inhibition of nSMase2 reduces brain exosome release and α-synuclein pathology in a Parkinson's disease model. Mol Brain 2021; 14:70. [PMID: 33875010 PMCID: PMC8056538 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00776-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim We have previously reported that cambinol (DDL-112), a known inhibitor of neutral sphingomyelinase-2 (nSMase2), suppressed extracellular vesicle (EV)/exosome production in vitro in a cell model and reduced tau seed propagation. The enzyme nSMase2 is involved in the production of exosomes carrying proteopathic seeds and could contribute to cell-to-cell transmission of pathological protein aggregates implicated in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). Here, we performed in vivo studies to determine if DDL-112 can reduce brain EV/exosome production and proteopathic alpha synuclein (αSyn) spread in a PD mouse model. Methods The acute effects of single-dose treatment with DDL-112 on interleukin-1β-induced extracellular vesicle (EV) release in brain tissue of Thy1-αSyn PD model mice and chronic effects of 5 week DDL-112 treatment on behavioral/motor function and proteinase K-resistant αSyn aggregates in the PD model were determined. Results/discussion In the acute study, pre-treatment with DDL-112 reduced EV/exosome biogenesis and in the chronic study, treatment with DDL-112 was associated with a reduction in αSyn aggregates in the substantia nigra and improvement in motor function. Inhibition of nSMase2 thus offers a new approach to therapeutic development for neurodegenerative diseases with the potential to reduce the spread of disease-specific proteopathic proteins. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13041-021-00776-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunni Zhu
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Tina Bilousova
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Samantha Focht
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Michael Jun
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Chris Jean Elias
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mikhail Melnik
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Sujyoti Chandra
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jesus Campagna
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Whitaker Cohn
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Asa Hatami
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Patricia Spilman
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - Varghese John
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Eckert GP, Eckert SH, Eckmann J, Hagl S, Muller WE, Friedland K. Olesoxime improves cerebral mitochondrial dysfunction and enhances Aβ levels in preclinical models of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 2020; 329:113286. [PMID: 32199815 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approved drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD) only have a symptomatic effects and do not intervene causally in the course of the disease. Olesoxime (TRO19622) has been tested in AD disease models characterized by improved amyloid precursor protein processing (AβPP) and mitochondrial dysfunction. METHODS Three months old Thy-1-AβPPSL (tg) and wild type mice (wt) received TRO19622 (100 mg/kg b.w.) in supplemented food pellets for 15 weeks (tg TRO19622). Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels were determined in dissociated brain cells (DBC). Respiration was analyzed in mitochondria isolated from brain tissue. Citrate synthase (CS) activity and beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ1-40) levels were determined in brain tissue. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined as an indicator for lipid peroxidation. DBC and brain homogenates were additionally stressed with Rotenone and FeCl2, respectively. Mitochondrial respiration and Aβ1-40 levels were also determined in HEK-AβPPsw-cells. RESULTS Treatment of mice did not affect the body weight. TRO19622 was absorbed after oral treatment (plasma levels: 6,2 μg/ml). Mitochondrial respiration was significantly reduced in brains of tg-mice. Subsequently, DBC isolated from brains of tg-mice showed significantly lower MMP but not ATP levels. TRO19622 increased the activity of respiratory chain complexes and reversed complex IV (CIV) activity and MMP. Moreover, DBC isolated from brains of tg TRO19622 mice were protected from Rotenone induced inhibition of complex I activity. TRO19622 also increased the respiratory activity in HEKsw-cells. MDA basal levels were significantly higher in brain homogenates isolated from tg-mice. TRO19622 treatment had no effects on lipid peroxidation. TRO19622 increased cholesterol levels but did not change membrane fluidity of synaptosomal plasma and mitochondrial membranes isolated from brain of mice. TRO19622 significantly increased levels of Aβ1-40 in both, in brains of tg TRO19622 mice and in HEKsw cells. CONCLUSIONS TRO19622 improves mitochondrial dysfunction but enhances Aβ levels in disease models of AD. Further studies must evaluate whether TRO19622 offers benefits at the mitochondrial level despite the increased formation of Aβ, which could be harmful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter P Eckert
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Schamim H Eckert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Janett Eckmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hagl
- Institute of Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Walter E Muller
- Institute of Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kristina Friedland
- Institute of Pharmacology, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Weber JJ, Clemensson LE, Schiöth HB, Nguyen HP. Olesoxime in neurodegenerative diseases: Scrutinising a promising drug candidate. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 168:305-318. [PMID: 31283931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the last years, the experimental compound olesoxime, a mitochondria-targeting cholesterol derivative, has emerged as a promising drug candidate for neurodegenerative diseases. Numerous preclinical studies have successfully proved olesoxime's neuroprotective properties in cell and animal models of clinical conditions such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington disease, Parkinson disease, peripheral neuropathy and spinal muscular atrophy. The beneficial effects were attributed to olesoxime's potential impact on oxidative stress, mitochondrial permeability transition or cholesterol homoeostasis. Although no significant benefits have been demonstrated in patients of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and only the first 12 months of a phase II/III clinical trial showed an improvement in motor symptoms of spinal muscular atrophy, this orphan drug may still offer undiscovered potential in the treatment of neurological diseases. In our earlier preclinical studies, we demonstrated that administration of olesoxime in mouse and rat models of Huntington disease improved psychiatric and molecular phenotypes. Aside from stabilising mitochondrial function, the drug reduced the overactivation of calpains, a class of calcium-dependent proteases entangled in neurodegenerative conditions. This observation may be credited to olesoxime's action on calcium dyshomeostasis, a further hallmark in neurodegeneration, and linked to its targets TSPO and VDAC, two proteins of the outer mitochondrial membrane associated with mitochondrial calcium handling. Further research into the mode of action of olesoxime under pathological conditions, including its effect on neuronal calcium homeostasis, may strengthen the untapped potential of olesoxime or other similar compounds as a therapeutic for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonasz Jeremiasz Weber
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | | | - Helgi Birgir Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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9
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Bermúdez ML, Skelton MR, Genter MB. Intranasal carnosine attenuates transcriptomic alterations and improves mitochondrial function in the Thy1-aSyn mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Mol Genet Metab 2018; 125:305-313. [PMID: 30146452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). This study was designed to determine whether the dipeptide carnosine, which has been shown to protect against oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, would provide a beneficial effect on mitochondrial function in the Thy1-aSyn mouse model of PD. Thy1-aSyn mice, which overexpress wild-type human alpha-synuclein (aSyn), exhibit progressive non-motor and motor deficits as early as 2 months of age. Two-month old Thy1-aSyn mice and wild-type littermates were randomly assigned to treatment groups with intranasal (IN) and drinking water carnosine, with controls receiving 10 μl of sterile waster intranasally or carnosine-free drinking water, respectively. After two months of treatment, mice were euthanized, and the midbrain was dissected for the evaluation of the gene expression and mitochondrial function. Transcriptional deficiencies associated with the aSyn overexpression in Thy1-aSyn mice were related to ribosomal and mitochondrial function. These deficiencies were attenuated by IN carnosine administration, which increased the expression of mitochondrial genes and enhanced mitochondrial function. These results suggest a potential neuroprotective role for IN-carnosine in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Bermúdez
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, ML 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, United States of America.
| | - Matthew R Skelton
- Department of Pediatrics, UC COM, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7044, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States of America
| | - Mary Beth Genter
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, ML 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, United States of America.
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Subramaniam SR, Magen I, Bove N, Zhu C, Lemesre V, Dutta G, Elias CJ, Lester HA, Chesselet MF. Chronic nicotine improves cognitive and social impairment in mice overexpressing wild type α-synuclein. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 117:170-180. [PMID: 29859873 PMCID: PMC6051902 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to dopaminergic and motor deficits, patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) suffer from non-motor symptoms, including early cognitive and social impairment, that do not respond well to dopaminergic therapy. Cholinergic deficits may contribute to these problems, but cholinesterase inhibitors have limited efficacy. Mice over-expressing α-synuclein, a protein critically associated with PD, show deficits in cognitive and social interaction tests, as well as a decrease in cortical acetylcholine. We have evaluated the effects of chronic administration of nicotine in mice over-expressing wild type human α-synuclein under the Thy1-promoter (Thy1-aSyn mice). Nicotine was administered subcutaneously by osmotic minipump for 6 months from 2 to 8 months of age at 0.4 mg/kg/h and 2.0 mg/kg/h. The higher dose was toxic in the Thy1-aSyn mice, but the low dose was well tolerated and both doses ameliorated cognitive impairment in Y-maze performance after 5 months of treatment. In a separate cohort of Thy1-aSyn mice, nicotine was administered at the lower dose for one month beginning at 5 months of age. This treatment partially eliminated the cognitive deficit in novel object recognition and social impairment. In contrast, chronic nicotine did not improve motor deficits after 2, 4 or 6 months of treatment, nor modified α-synuclein aggregation, tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining, synaptic and dendritic markers, or microglial activation in Thy1-aSyn mice. These results suggest that cognitive and social impairment in synucleinopathies like PD may result from deficits in cholinergic neurotransmission and may benefit from chronic administration of nicotinic agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar R Subramaniam
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Iddo Magen
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Bove
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chunni Zhu
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Lemesre
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Garima Dutta
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chris Jean Elias
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Henry A Lester
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Marie-Francoise Chesselet
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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11
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Schlachetzki JCM, Prots I, Tao J, Chun HB, Saijo K, Gosselin D, Winner B, Glass CK, Winkler J. A monocyte gene expression signature in the early clinical course of Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10757. [PMID: 30018301 PMCID: PMC6050266 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28986-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the main immune cells of the brain and express a large genetic pattern of genes linked to Parkinson’s disease risk alleles. Monocytes like microglia are myeloid-lineage cells, raising the questions of the extent to which they share gene expression with microglia and whether they are already altered early in the clinical course of the disease. To decipher a monocytic gene expression signature in Parkinson’s disease, we performed RNA-seq and applied the two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to identify differentially expressed genes between controls and patients with Parkinson's disease and changes in gene expression variability and dysregulation. The gene expression profiles of normal human monocytes and microglia showed a plethora of differentially expressed genes. Additionally, we identified a distinct gene expression pattern of monocytes isolated from Parkinson’s disease patients at an early disease stage compared to controls using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Differentially expressed genes included genes involved in immune activation such as HLA-DQB1, MYD88, REL, and TNF-α. Our data suggest that future studies of distinct leukocyte subsets are warranted to identify possible surrogate biomarkers and may lead to the identification of novel interventions early in the disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes C M Schlachetzki
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego at La Jolla, CA, 92093-0651, USA.
| | - Iryna Prots
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jenhan Tao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego at La Jolla, CA, 92093-0651, USA
| | - Hyun B Chun
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego at La Jolla, CA, 92093-0651, USA
| | - Kaoru Saijo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3200, USA
| | - David Gosselin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego at La Jolla, CA, 92093-0651, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Beate Winner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego at La Jolla, CA, 92093-0651, USA
| | - Jürgen Winkler
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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12
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TRO40303 Ameliorates Alcohol-Induced Pancreatitis Through Reduction of Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester-Induced Mitochondrial Injury and Necrotic Cell Death. Pancreas 2018; 47:18-24. [PMID: 29200128 PMCID: PMC5753827 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mitochondrial permeability transition pore inhibition is a promising approach to treat acute pancreatitis (AP). We sought to determine (i) the effects of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore inhibitor 3,5-seco-4-nor-cholestan-5-one oxime-3-ol (TRO40303) on murine and human pancreatic acinar cell (PAC) injury induced by fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) or taurolithocholic acid-3-sulfate and (ii) TRO40303 pharmacokinetics and efficacy in experimental alcoholic AP (FAEE-AP). METHODS Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), cytosolic Ca ([Ca]c), and cell fate were examined in freshly isolated murine or human PACs by confocal microscopy. TRO40303 pharmacokinetics were assessed in cerulein-induced AP and therapeutic efficacy in FAEE-AP induced with palmitoleic acid and ethanol. Severity of AP was assessed by standard biomarkers and blinded histopathology. RESULTS TRO40303 prevented loss of Δψm and necrosis induced by 100 μM palmitoleic acid ethyl ester or 500 μM taurolithocholic acid-3-sulfate in murine and human PACs. Pharmacokinetic analysis found TRO40303 accumulated in the pancreas. A single dose of 3 mg/kg TRO40303 significantly reduced serum amylase (P = 0.043), pancreatic trypsin (P = 0.018), and histopathology scores (P = 0.0058) in FAEE-AP. CONCLUSIONS TRO40303 protects mitochondria and prevents necrotic cell death pathway activation in murine and human PACs, ameliorates the severity of FAEE-AP, and is a candidate drug for human AP.
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13
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Impact of DHA intake in a mouse model of synucleinopathy. Exp Neurol 2017; 301:39-49. [PMID: 29229294 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-3 (n-3 PUFA), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been shown to prevent, and partially reverse, neurotoxin-induced nigrostriatal denervation in animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the accumulation of α-synuclein (αSyn) in cerebral tissues is equally important to the pathophysiology. To determine whether DHA intake improves various aspects related to synucleinopathy, ninety male mice overexpressing human αSyn under the Thy-1 promoter (Thy1-αSyn) were fed one of three diets (specially formulated control, low n-3 PUFA or high DHA) and compared to non-transgenic C57/BL6 littermate mice exposed to a control diet. Thy1-αSyn mice displayed impaired motor skills, lower dopaminergic neuronal counts within the substantia nigra (-13%) in parallel to decreased levels of the striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) (-24%), as well as reduced NeuN (-41%) and synaptic proteins PSD-95 (-51%), synaptophysin (-80%) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VChAT) (-40%) in the cerebral cortex compared to C57/BL6 mice. However, no significant difference in dopamine concentrations was observed by HPLC analysis between Thy1-αSyn and non-transgenic C57/BL6 littermates under the control diet. The most striking finding was a favorable effect of DHA on the survival/longevity of Thy1-αSyn mice (+51% survival rate at 12months of age). However, dietary DHA supplementation did not have a significant effect on other parameters examined in this study, despite increased striatal dopamine concentrations. While human αSyn monomers and oligomers were detected in the cortex of Thy1-αSyn mice, the effects of the diets were limited to a small increase of 42kDa oligomers in insoluble protein fractions upon n-3 PUFA deprivation. Overall, our data indicate that a diet rich in n-3 PUFA has a beneficial effect on the longevity of a murine model of α-synucleinopathy without a major impact on the dopamine system and motor impairments, nor αSyn levels.
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14
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Richter F, Subramaniam SR, Magen I, Lee P, Hayes J, Attar A, Zhu C, Franich NR, Bove N, De La Rosa K, Kwong J, Klärner FG, Schrader T, Chesselet MF, Bitan G. A Molecular Tweezer Ameliorates Motor Deficits in Mice Overexpressing α-Synuclein. Neurotherapeutics 2017; 14:1107-1119. [PMID: 28585223 PMCID: PMC5722755 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-017-0544-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant accumulation and self-assembly of α-synuclein are tightly linked to several neurodegenerative diseases called synucleinopathies, including idiopathic Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. Deposition of fibrillar α-synuclein as insoluble inclusions in affected brain cells is a pathological hallmark of synucleinopathies. However, water-soluble α-synuclein oligomers may be the actual culprits causing neuronal dysfunction and degeneration in synucleinopathies. Accordingly, therapeutic approaches targeting the toxic α-synuclein assemblies are attractive for these incurable disorders. The "molecular tweezer" CLR01 selectively remodels abnormal protein self-assembly through reversible binding to Lys residues. Here, we treated young male mice overexpressing human wild-type α-synuclein under control of the Thy-1 promoter (Thy1-aSyn mice) with CLR01 and examined motor behavior and α-synuclein in the brain. Intracerebroventricular administration of CLR01 for 28 days to the mice improved motor dysfunction in the challenging beam test and caused a significant decrease of buffer-soluble α-synuclein in the striatum. Proteinase-K-resistant, insoluble α-synuclein deposits remained unchanged in the substantia nigra, whereas levels of diffuse cytoplasmic α-synuclein in dopaminergic neurons increased in mice receiving CLR01 compared with vehicle. More moderate improvement of motor deficits was also achieved by subcutaneous administration of CLR01, in 2/5 trials of the challenging beam test and in the pole test, which requires balance and coordination. The data support further development of molecular tweezers as therapeutic agents for synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Richter
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sudhakar R Subramaniam
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Iddo Magen
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Lee
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jane Hayes
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aida Attar
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chunni Zhu
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas R Franich
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Bove
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Krystal De La Rosa
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jacky Kwong
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Thomas Schrader
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marie-Françoise Chesselet
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Gal Bitan
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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15
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Helmschrodt C, Höbel S, Schöniger S, Bauer A, Bonicelli J, Gringmuth M, Fietz SA, Aigner A, Richter A, Richter F. Polyethylenimine Nanoparticle-Mediated siRNA Delivery to Reduce α-Synuclein Expression in a Model of Parkinson's Disease. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 9:57-68. [PMID: 29246324 PMCID: PMC5602522 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi)-based strategies that mediate the specific knockdown of target genes by administration of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) could be applied for treatment of presently incurable neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease. However, inefficient delivery of siRNA into neurons hampers in vivo application of RNAi. We have previously established the 4–12 kDa branched polyethylenimine (PEI) F25-LMW with superior transfection efficacy for delivery of siRNA in vivo. Here, we present that siRNA complexed with this PEI extensively distributes across the CNS down to the lumbar spinal cord after a single intracerebroventricular infusion. siRNA against α-synuclein (SNCA), a pre-synaptic protein that aggregates in Parkinson’s disease, was complexed with PEI F25-LMW and injected into the lateral ventricle of mice overexpressing human wild-type SNCA (Thy1-aSyn mice). Five days after the single injection of 0.75 μg PEI/siRNA, SNCA mRNA expression in the striatum was reduced by 65%, accompanied by reduction of SNCA protein by ∼50%. Mice did not show signs of toxicity or adverse effects. Moreover, ependymocytes and brain parenchyma were completely preserved and free of immune cell invasion, astrogliosis, or microglial activation. Our results support the efficacy and safety of PEI nanoparticle-mediated delivery of siRNA to the brain for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Helmschrodt
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Sabrina Höbel
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04107, Germany
| | - Sandra Schöniger
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Anne Bauer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Jana Bonicelli
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Marieke Gringmuth
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Simone A Fietz
- Veterinary Institute of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Achim Aigner
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04107, Germany
| | - Angelika Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
| | - Franziska Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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16
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Shetty GA, Hattiangady B, Upadhya D, Bates A, Attaluri S, Shuai B, Kodali M, Shetty AK. Chronic Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Nrf2 Activation and Inflammation in the Hippocampus Accompany Heightened Systemic Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in an Animal Model of Gulf War Illness. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:182. [PMID: 28659758 PMCID: PMC5469946 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory and mood dysfunction are the key symptoms of Gulf war illness (GWI), a lingering multi-symptom ailment afflicting >200,000 veterans who served in the Persian Gulf War-1. Research probing the source of the disease has demonstrated that concomitant exposures to anti-nerve gas agent pyridostigmine bromide (PB), pesticides, and war-related stress are among the chief causes of GWI. Indeed, exposures to GWI-related chemicals (GWIR-Cs) and mild stress in animal models cause memory and mood impairments alongside reduced neurogenesis and chronic low-level inflammation in the hippocampus. In the current study, we examined whether exposure to GWIR-Cs and stress causes chronic changes in the expression of genes related to increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation in the hippocampus. We also investigated whether GWI is linked with chronically increased activation of Nrf2 (a master regulator of antioxidant response) in the hippocampus, and inflammation and enhanced oxidative stress at the systemic level. Adult male rats were exposed daily to low-doses of PB and pesticides (DEET and permethrin), in combination with 5 min of restraint stress for 4 weeks. Analysis of the hippocampus performed 6 months after the exposure revealed increased expression of many genes related to oxidative stress response and/or antioxidant activity (Hmox1, Sepp1, and Srxn1), reactive oxygen species metabolism (Fmo2, Sod2, and Ucp2) and oxygen transport (Ift172 and Slc38a1). Furthermore, multiple genes relevant to mitochondrial respiration (Atp6a1, Cox6a1, Cox7a2L, Ndufs7, Ndufv1, Lhpp, Slc25a10, and Ucp1) and neuroinflammation (Nfkb1, Bcl6, Csf2, IL6, Mapk1, Mapk3, Ngf, N-pac, and Prkaca) were up-regulated, alongside 73–88% reduction in the expression of anti-inflammatory genes IL4 and IL10, and nuclear translocation and increased expression of Nrf2 protein. These hippocampal changes were associated with elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (Tnfa, IL1b, IL1a, Tgfb, and Fgf2) and lipid peroxidation byproduct malondialdehyde in the serum, suggesting the presence of an incessant systemic inflammation and elevated oxidative stress. These results imply that chronic oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the hippocampus, and heightened systemic inflammation and oxidative stress likely underlie the persistent memory and mood dysfunction observed in GWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha A Shetty
- Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, TempleTX, United States.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple and College StationTX, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College StationTX, United States
| | - Bharathi Hattiangady
- Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, TempleTX, United States.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple and College StationTX, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College StationTX, United States
| | - Dinesh Upadhya
- Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, TempleTX, United States.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple and College StationTX, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College StationTX, United States
| | - Adrian Bates
- Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, TempleTX, United States.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple and College StationTX, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College StationTX, United States
| | - Sahithi Attaluri
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple and College StationTX, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College StationTX, United States
| | - Bing Shuai
- Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, TempleTX, United States.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple and College StationTX, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College StationTX, United States
| | - Maheedhar Kodali
- Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, TempleTX, United States.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple and College StationTX, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College StationTX, United States
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, TempleTX, United States.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple and College StationTX, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College StationTX, United States
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17
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Zou J, Chen Z, Wei X, Chen Z, Fu Y, Yang X, Chen D, Wang R, Jenner P, Lu JH, Li M, Zhang Z, Tang B, Jin K, Wang Q. Cystatin C as a potential therapeutic mediator against Parkinson's disease via VEGF-induced angiogenesis and enhanced neuronal autophagy in neurovascular units. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2854. [PMID: 28569795 PMCID: PMC5520899 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cystatin C (CYS C, Cst3) is an endogenous cysteine protease inhibitor that plays neuroprotective roles in neurodegenerative diseases. We aimed to explore the association of CYS C with Parkinson’s disease (PD) models and investigate its involvement in the role of neurovascular units (NVUs) in PD neuro-pathogenesis. We used A53T α-synuclein (SNCA) transgenic mice and 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned DAergic PC12 cells as experimental PD models to investigate the mechanisms behind this association. The injections of CYS C were administered to the right substantia nigra (SN) of A53T SNCA transgenic mice to measure the effects of CYS C in transgenic A53T SNCA mice. To explore the angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro, we used the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay and tube formation (TF) assay. We found that CYS C has a neuroprotective effect in this in vivo PD model. We observed increased VEGF, NURR1 and autophagy markers LC3B and decreased SNCA and apoptosis marker cleaved CASP3 in different brain regions of CYS C-treated A53T SNCA transgenic mice. In vitro, we observed that CYS C-induced VEGF, a secreted protein, attenuated 6-OHDA-lesioned DAergic PC12 cell degeneration by regulating p-PKC-α/p-ERK1/2-Nurr1 signaling and inducing autophagy. VEGF-mediated angiogenesis was markedly enhanced in the conditioned media of 6-OHDA-lesioned PC12 cells with CYS C-overexpression, whereas blockage of autophagy in CYS C-overexpressing PC12 cells significantly downregulated VEGF expression and the associated angiogenesis. Our data indicate that CYS C displays dual neuronal–vascular functions, promoting PC12 cell survival and angiogenesis via regulating the level of secreted VEGF in NVUs. Our study provides evidence that may aid in the development of an alternative approach for the treatment of PD through modulation of CYS C-mediated neuronal-vascular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zou
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Zhaoyu Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Xiaobo Wei
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Yongmei Fu
- Department of Emergency, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Department of Emergency, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Peter Jenner
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, King's College, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Jia-Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhuohua Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya School of Medicine and The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya School of Medicine and The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Kunlin Jin
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
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18
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Castranio EL, Mounier A, Wolfe CM, Nam KN, Fitz NF, Letronne F, Schug J, Koldamova R, Lefterov I. Gene co-expression networks identify Trem2 and Tyrobp as major hubs in human APOE expressing mice following traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 105:1-14. [PMID: 28502803 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is strongly linked to an increased risk of developing dementia, including chronic traumatic encephalopathy and possibly Alzheimer's disease (AD). APOEε4 allele of human Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is the major genetic risk factor for late onset AD and has been associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy and unfavorable outcome following TBI. To determine if there is an APOE isoform-specific response to TBI we performed controlled cortical impact on 3-month-old mice expressing human APOE3 or APOE4 isoforms. Following injury, we used several behavior paradigms to test for anxiety and learning and found that APOE3 and APOE4 targeted replacement mice demonstrate cognitive impairments following moderate TBI. Transcriptional profiling 14days following injury revealed a significant effect of TBI, which was similar in both genotypes. Significantly upregulated by injury in both genotypes were mRNA expression and protein level of ABCA1 transporter and APOJ, but not APOE. To identify gene-networks correlated to injury and APOE isoform, we performed Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis. We determined that the network mostly correlated to TBI in animals expressing both isoforms is immune response with major hub genes including Trem2, Tyrobp, Clec7a and Cd68. We also found a significant increase of TREM2, IBA-1 and GFAP protein levels in the brains of injured mice. We identified a network representing myelination that correlated significantly with APOE isoform in both injury groups. This network was significantly enriched in oligodendrocyte signature genes, such as Mbp and Plp1. Our results demonstrate unique and distinct gene networks at this acute time point for injury and APOE isoform, as well as a network driven by APOE isoform across TBI groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie L Castranio
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Anais Mounier
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Cody M Wolfe
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Kyong Nyon Nam
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Nicholas F Fitz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Florent Letronne
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Jonathan Schug
- Functional Genomics Core, Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Radosveta Koldamova
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| | - Iliya Lefterov
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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19
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Orr AL, Rutaganira FU, de Roulet D, Huang EJ, Hertz NT, Shokat KM, Nakamura K. Long-term oral kinetin does not protect against α-synuclein-induced neurodegeneration in rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2017; 109:106-116. [PMID: 28434973 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the mitochondrial kinase PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) cause Parkinson's disease (PD), likely by disrupting PINK1's kinase activity. Although the mechanism(s) underlying how this loss of activity causes degeneration remains unclear, increasing PINK1 activity may therapeutically benefit some forms of PD. However, we must first learn whether restoring PINK1 function prevents degeneration in patients harboring PINK1 mutations, or whether boosting PINK1 function can offer protection in more common causes of PD. To test these hypotheses in preclinical rodent models of PD, we used kinetin triphosphate, a small-molecule that activates both wild-type and mutant forms of PINK1, which affects mitochondrial function and protects neural cells in culture. We chronically fed kinetin, the precursor of kinetin triphosphate, to PINK1-null rats in which PINK1 was reintroduced into their midbrain, and also to rodent models overexpressing α-synuclein. The highest tolerated dose of oral kinetin increased brain levels of kinetin for up to 6 months, without adversely affecting the survival of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons. However, there was no degeneration of midbrain dopamine neurons lacking PINK1, which precluded an assessment of neuroprotection and raised questions about the robustness of the PINK1 KO rat model of PD. In two rodent models of α-synuclein-induced toxicity, boosting PINK1 activity with oral kinetin provided no protective effects. Our results suggest that oral kinetin is unlikely to protect against α-synuclein toxicity, and thus fail to provide evidence that kinetin will protect in sporadic models of PD. Kinetin may protect in cases of PINK1 deficiency, but this possibility requires a more robust PINK1 KO model that can be validated by proof-of-principle genetic correction in adult animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Orr
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Florentine U Rutaganira
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Eric J Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Kevan M Shokat
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Mitokinin LLC, 2 Wall Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ken Nakamura
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Bode C, Richter F, Spröte C, Brigadski T, Bauer A, Fietz S, Fritschy JM, Richter A. Altered postnatal maturation of striatal GABAergic interneurons in a phenotypic animal model of dystonia. Exp Neurol 2017; 287:44-53. [PMID: 27780732 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
GABAergic disinhibition has been suggested to play a critical role in the pathophysiology of several basal ganglia disorders, including dystonia, a common movement disorder. Previous studies have shown a deficit of striatal GABAergic interneurons (IN) in the dtsz mutant hamster, one of the few phenotypic animal models of dystonia. However, mechanisms underlying this deficit are largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the migration and maturation of striatal IN during postnatal development (18days of age) and at age of highest severity of dystonia (33days of age) in this hamster model. In line with previous findings, the density of GAD67-positive IN and the level of parvalbumin mRNA, a marker for fast spiking GABAergic IN, were lower in the dtsz mutant than in control hamsters. However, an unaltered density of Nkx2.1 labeled cells and Nkx2.1 mRNA level suggested that the migration of GABAergic IN into the striatum was not retarded. Therefore, different factors that indicate maturation of GABAergic IN were determined. While mRNA of the KCC2 cation/chloride transporters and the cytosolic carboanhydrase VII, used as markers for the so called GABA switch, as well as BDNF were unaltered, we found a reduced number of IN expressing the alpha1 subunit of the GABAA-receptor (37.5%) in dtsz hamsters at an age of 33days, but not after spontaneous remission of dystonia at an age of 90days. Since IN shift expression from alpha2 to alpha1 subunits during postnatal maturation, this result together with a decreased parvalbumin mRNA expression suggest a delayed maturation of striatal GABAergic IN in this animal model, which might underlie abnormal neuronal activity and striatal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bode
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Christine Spröte
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tanja Brigadski
- Institute for Physiology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Center of Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anne Bauer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simone Fietz
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jean-Marc Fritschy
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Angelika Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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21
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Weber JJ, Ortiz Rios MM, Riess O, Clemens LE, Nguyen HP. The calpain-suppressing effects of olesoxime in Huntington's disease. Rare Dis 2016; 4:e1153778. [PMID: 27141414 PMCID: PMC4838320 DOI: 10.1080/21675511.2016.1153778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Olesoxime, a small molecule drug candidate, has recently attracted attention due to its significant beneficial effects in models of several neurodegenerative disorders including Huntington's disease. Olesoxime's neuroprotective effects have been assumed to be conveyed through a direct, positive influence on mitochondrial function. In a long-term treatment study in BACHD rats, the latest rat model of Huntington's disease, olesoxime revealed a positive influence on mitochondrial function and improved specific behavioral and neuropathological phenotypes. Moreover, a novel target of the compound was discovered, as olesoxime was found to suppress the activation of the calpain proteolytic system, a major contributor to the cleavage of the disease-causing mutant huntingtin protein into toxic fragments, and key player in degenerative processes in general. Results from a second model of Huntington's disease, the HdhQ111 knock-in mouse, confirm olesoxime's calpain-suppressing effects and support the therapeutic value of olesoxime for Huntington's disease and other disorders involving calpain overactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonasz J Weber
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Midea M Ortiz Rios
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Laura E Clemens
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Current institution: QPS Austria, Grambach, Austria
| | - Huu P Nguyen
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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22
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Gerstenberger J, Bauer A, Helmschrodt C, Richter A, Richter F. The novel adaptive rotating beam test unmasks sensorimotor impairments in a transgenic mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Behav Brain Res 2016; 304:102-10. [PMID: 26880341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Development of disease modifying therapeutics for Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, relies on availability of animal models which recapitulate the disease hallmarks. Only few transgenic mouse models, which mimic overexpression of alpha-synuclein, show dopamine loss, behavioral impairments and protein aggregation. Mice overexpressing human wildtype alpha-synuclein under the Thy-1 promotor (Thy1-aSyn) replicate these features. However, female mice do not exhibit a phenotype. This was attributed to a potentially lower transgene expression located on the X chromosome. Here we support that female mice overexpress human wildtype alpha-synuclein only about 1.5 fold in the substantia nigra, compared to about 3 fold in male mice. Since female Thy1-aSyn mice were shown previously to exhibit differences in corticostriatal communication and synaptic plasticity similar to their male counterparts we hypothesized that female mice use compensatory mechanisms and strategies to not show overt motor deficits despite an underlying endophenotype. In order to unmask these deficits we translated recent findings in PD patients that sensory abnormalities can enhance motor dysfunction into a novel behavioral test, the adaptive rotating beam test. We found that under changing sensory input female Thy1-aSyn mice showed an overt phenotype. Our data supports that the integration of sensorimotor information is likely a major contributor to symptoms of movement disorders and that even low levels of overexpression of human wildtype alpha-synuclein has the potential to disrupt processing of these information. The here described adaptive rotating beam test represents a sensitive behavioral test to detect moderate sensorimotor alterations in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gerstenberger
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Anne Bauer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Christin Helmschrodt
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Angelika Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Franziska Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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23
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Clemens LE, Weber JJ, Wlodkowski TT, Yu-Taeger L, Michaud M, Calaminus C, Eckert SH, Gaca J, Weiss A, Magg JCD, Jansson EKH, Eckert GP, Pichler BJ, Bordet T, Pruss RM, Riess O, Nguyen HP. Olesoxime suppresses calpain activation and mutant huntingtin fragmentation in the BACHD rat. Brain 2015; 138:3632-53. [PMID: 26490331 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease is a fatal human neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the HTT gene, which translates into a mutant huntingtin protein. A key event in the molecular pathogenesis of Huntington's disease is the proteolytic cleavage of mutant huntingtin, leading to the accumulation of toxic protein fragments. Mutant huntingtin cleavage has been linked to the overactivation of proteases due to mitochondrial dysfunction and calcium derangements. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of olesoxime, a mitochondria-targeting, neuroprotective compound, in the BACHD rat model of Huntington's disease. BACHD rats were treated with olesoxime via the food for 12 months. In vivo analysis covered motor impairments, cognitive deficits, mood disturbances and brain atrophy. Ex vivo analyses addressed olesoxime's effect on mutant huntingtin aggregation and cleavage, as well as brain mitochondria function. Olesoxime improved cognitive and psychiatric phenotypes, and ameliorated cortical thinning in the BACHD rat. The treatment reduced cerebral mutant huntingtin aggregates and nuclear accumulation. Further analysis revealed a cortex-specific overactivation of calpain in untreated BACHD rats. Treated BACHD rats instead showed significantly reduced levels of mutant huntingtin fragments due to the suppression of calpain-mediated cleavage. In addition, olesoxime reduced the amount of mutant huntingtin fragments associated with mitochondria, restored a respiration deficit, and enhanced the expression of fusion and outer-membrane transport proteins. In conclusion, we discovered the calpain proteolytic system, a key player in Huntington's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders, as a target of olesoxime. Our findings suggest that olesoxime exerts its beneficial effects by improving mitochondrial function, which results in reduced calpain activation. The observed alleviation of behavioural and neuropathological phenotypes encourages further investigations on the use of olesoxime as a therapeutic for Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Clemens
- 1 Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany 2 Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jonasz J Weber
- 1 Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany 2 Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tanja T Wlodkowski
- 1 Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany 2 Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Libo Yu-Taeger
- 1 Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany 2 Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Magali Michaud
- 3 Trophos SA., Parc Scientifique de Luminy Case 931, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Carsten Calaminus
- 4 Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, University of Tuebingen, Roentgenweg 13, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Schamim H Eckert
- 5 Department of Pharmacology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Janett Gaca
- 5 Department of Pharmacology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Weiss
- 6 Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Klybeckstrasse 141, 4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Janine C D Magg
- 1 Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany 2 Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Erik K H Jansson
- 1 Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany 2 Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Gunter P Eckert
- 5 Department of Pharmacology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernd J Pichler
- 4 Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, University of Tuebingen, Roentgenweg 13, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thierry Bordet
- 3 Trophos SA., Parc Scientifique de Luminy Case 931, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Rebecca M Pruss
- 3 Trophos SA., Parc Scientifique de Luminy Case 931, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Olaf Riess
- 1 Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany 2 Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Huu P Nguyen
- 1 Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany 2 Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Mitochondria: A Therapeutic Target for Parkinson's Disease? Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:20704-30. [PMID: 26340618 PMCID: PMC4613227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160920704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. The exact causes of neuronal damage are unknown, but mounting evidence indicates that mitochondrial-mediated pathways contribute to the underlying mechanisms of dopaminergic neuronal cell death both in PD patients and in PD animal models. Mitochondria are organized in a highly dynamic tubular network that is continuously reshaped by opposing processes of fusion and fission. Defects in either fusion or fission, leading to mitochondrial fragmentation, limit mitochondrial motility, decrease energy production and increase oxidative stress, thereby promoting cell dysfunction and death. Thus, the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics processes, such as fusion, fission and mitophagy, represents important mechanisms controlling neuronal cell fate. In this review, we summarize some of the recent evidence supporting that impairment of mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy and mitochondrial import occurs in cellular and animal PD models and disruption of these processes is a contributing mechanism to cell death in dopaminergic neurons. We also summarize mitochondria-targeting therapeutics in models of PD, proposing that modulation of mitochondrial impairment might be beneficial for drug development toward treatment of PD.
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25
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Schaller S, Michaud M, Latyszenok V, Robert F, Hocine M, Arnoux T, Gabriac M, Codoul H, Bourhane A, de Bellefois IC, Afxantidis J, Pruss RM. TRO40303, a mitochondrial-targeted cytoprotective compound, provides protection in hepatitis models. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00144. [PMID: 26236486 PMCID: PMC4492760 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
TRO40303 is cytoprotective compound that was shown to reduce infarct size in preclinical models of myocardial infarction. It targets mitochondria, delays mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening and reduces oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes submitted to ischemia/reperfusion in vitro. Because the involvement of the mitochondria and the mPTP has been demonstrated in chronic as well as acute hepatitis, we investigated the potential of TRO40303 to prevent hepatocyte injury. A first set of in vitro studies showed that TRO40303 (from 0.3 to 3 μmol/L) protected HepG2 cells and primary mouse embryonic hepatocytes (PMEH) from palmitate intoxication, a model mimicking steatohepatitis. In PMEH, TRO40303 provided similar protection against cell death due to Jo2 anti-Fas antibody intoxication. Further studies were then preformed in a mouse model of Fas-induced fulminant hepatitis induced by injecting Jo2 anti-Fas antibody. When mice received a sublethal dose of Jo2 at 125 μg/kg, TRO40303 pretreatment prevented liver enzyme elevation in plasma in parallel with a decrease in cytochrome C release from mitochondria and caspase 3 and 7 activation in hepatic tissue. When higher, lethal doses of Jo2 were administered, TRO40303 (10 and 30 mg/kg) significantly reduced mortality by 65–90% when administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) 1 h before Jo2 injection, a time when TRO40303 plasma concentrations reached their peak. TRO40303 (30 mg/kg, i.p.) was also able to reduce mortality by 30–50% when administered 1 h postlethal Jo2 intoxication. These results suggest that TRO40303 could be a promising new therapy for the treatment or prevention of hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magali Michaud
- Trophos S. A., Luminy Biotech Entreprise Marseille, France
| | | | - Fabrice Robert
- Trophos S. A., Luminy Biotech Entreprise Marseille, France
| | - Mélanie Hocine
- Trophos S. A., Luminy Biotech Entreprise Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Arnoux
- Trophos S. A., Luminy Biotech Entreprise Marseille, France
| | | | - Hélène Codoul
- Trophos S. A., Luminy Biotech Entreprise Marseille, France
| | - Ahmed Bourhane
- Trophos S. A., Luminy Biotech Entreprise Marseille, France
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26
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Ryan BJ, Hoek S, Fon EA, Wade-Martins R. Mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy in Parkinson's: from familial to sporadic disease. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:200-10. [PMID: 25757399 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by the preferential loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Mitochondrial dysfunction is increasingly appreciated as a key determinant of dopaminergic neuronal susceptibility in PD and is a feature of both familial and sporadic disease, as well as in toxin-induced Parkinsonism. Recently, the mechanisms by which PD-associated mitochondrial proteins phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN)-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and parkin function and induce neurodegeneration have been identified. In addition, increasing evidence implicates other PD-associated proteins such as α-synuclein (α-syn) and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) in mitochondrial dysfunction in genetic cases of PD with the potential for a large functional overlap with sporadic disease. This review highlights how recent advances in understanding familial PD-associated proteins have identified novel mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for addressing mitochondrial dysfunction in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent J Ryan
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Selim Hoek
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Edward A Fon
- McGill Parkinson Program, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
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27
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Du X, Pang TY. Is Dysregulation of the HPA-Axis a Core Pathophysiology Mediating Co-Morbid Depression in Neurodegenerative Diseases? Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:32. [PMID: 25806005 PMCID: PMC4353372 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of prodromal manifestation of neuropsychiatric symptoms in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD). These affective symptoms may be observed many years before the core diagnostic symptoms of the neurological condition. It is becoming more apparent that depression is a significant modifying factor of the trajectory of disease progression and even treatment outcomes. It is therefore crucial that we understand the potential pathophysiologies related to the primary condition, which could contribute to the development of depression. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis is a key neuroendocrine signaling system involved in physiological homeostasis and stress response. Disturbances of this system lead to severe hormonal imbalances, and the majority of such patients also present with behavioral deficits and/or mood disorders. Dysregulation of the HPA-axis is also strongly implicated in the pathology of major depressive disorder. Consistent with this, antidepressant drugs, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have been shown to alter HPA-axis activity. In this review, we will summarize the current state of knowledge regarding HPA-axis pathology in Alzheimer's, PD and HD, differentiating between prodromal and later stages of disease progression when evidence is available. Both clinical and preclinical evidence will be examined, but we highlight animal model studies as being particularly useful for uncovering novel mechanisms of pathology related to co-morbid mood disorders. Finally, we purpose utilizing the preclinical evidence to better inform prospective, intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Du
- Mental Health Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Terence Y Pang
- Behavioural Neurosciences Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
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28
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Santiago JA, Potashkin JA. A network approach to clinical intervention in neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Mol Med 2014; 20:694-703. [PMID: 25455073 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Network biology has become a powerful tool to dissect the molecular mechanisms triggering neurodegeneration. Recent developments in network biology have led to the discovery of disease-causing genes, diagnostic biomarkers, and therapeutic targets for several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. Network-based approaches have provided the molecular rationale for the relationship among cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases, and have uncovered unexpected links between apparently unrelated diseases. Here, we summarize the recent advances in network biology to untangle the molecular underpinnings giving rise to the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases. We propose that network analysis provides a feasible and practical tool for identifying biologically meaningful biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for clinical intervention in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Santiago
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064-3037, USA
| | - Judith A Potashkin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064-3037, USA.
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29
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Richter F, Fleming SM, Watson M, Lemesre V, Pellegrino L, Ranes B, Zhu C, Mortazavi F, Mulligan CK, Sioshansi PC, Hean S, De La Rosa K, Khanna R, Flanagan J, Lockhart DJ, Wustman BA, Clark SW, Chesselet MF. A GCase chaperone improves motor function in a mouse model of synucleinopathy. Neurotherapeutics 2014; 11:840-56. [PMID: 25037721 PMCID: PMC4391384 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-014-0294-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutation of the lysosomal hydrolase acid-β-glucosidase (GCase), which leads to reduced GCase activity, is one of the most frequent genetic risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD) and promotes α-synuclein accumulation in the brain, a hallmark of PD and other synucleinopathies. Whether targeting GCase pharmacologically is a valid therapeutic strategy for sporadic PD in the absence of GCase mutation is unknown. We have investigated whether increasing the stability, trafficking, and activity of wild-type GCase could be beneficial in synucleinopathies by administering the pharmacological chaperone AT2101 (afegostat-tartrate, isofagomine) to mice that overexpress human wild-type α-synuclein (Thy1-aSyn mice). AT2101 administered orally for 4 months to Thy1-aSyn mice improved motor and nonmotor function, abolished microglial inflammatory response in the substantia nigra, reduced α-synuclein immunoreactivity in nigral dopaminergic neurons, and reduced the number of small α-synuclein aggregates, while increasing the number of large α-synuclein aggregates. These data support the further investigation of pharmacological chaperones that target GCase as a therapeutic approach for sporadic PD and other synucleinopathies, even in the absence of glucocerebrosidase mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Richter
- />The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769 USA
| | - Sheila M. Fleming
- />The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769 USA
| | - Melanie Watson
- />The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769 USA
| | - Vincent Lemesre
- />The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769 USA
| | - Lee Pellegrino
- />Amicus Therapeutics, 1 Cedar Brook Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512 USA
| | - Brian Ranes
- />Amicus Therapeutics, 1 Cedar Brook Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512 USA
| | - Chunni Zhu
- />The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769 USA
| | - Farzad Mortazavi
- />The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769 USA
| | - Caitlin K. Mulligan
- />The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769 USA
| | - Pedrom C. Sioshansi
- />The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769 USA
| | - Sindalana Hean
- />The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769 USA
| | - Krystal De La Rosa
- />The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769 USA
| | - Richie Khanna
- />Amicus Therapeutics, 1 Cedar Brook Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512 USA
| | - John Flanagan
- />Amicus Therapeutics, 1 Cedar Brook Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512 USA
| | | | - Brandon A. Wustman
- />Amicus Therapeutics, 11099 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Sean W. Clark
- />Amicus Therapeutics, 1 Cedar Brook Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512 USA
| | | |
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