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Bauersachs D, Bomholtz L, del Rey Mateos S, Kühn R, Lisowski P. Novel human neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease associated with IRF2BPL gene variants-mechanisms and therapeutic avenues. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1426177. [PMID: 38903604 PMCID: PMC11187338 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1426177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently a broad range of phenotypic abnormalities related to the neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorder NEDAMSS (Neurodevelopmental Disorder with Regression, Abnormal Movements, Loss of Speech, and Seizures) have been associated with rare single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or insertion and deletion variants (Indel) in the intron-less gene IRF2BPL. Up to now, 34 patients have been identified through whole exome sequencing carrying different heterozygous pathogenic variants spanning the intron-less gene from the first polyglutamine tract at the N-terminus to the C3HC4 RING domain of the C-terminus of the protein. As a result, the phenotypic spectrum of the patients is highly heterogeneous and ranges from abnormal neurocognitive development to severe neurodegenerative courses with developmental and seizure-related encephalopathies. While the treatment of IRF2BPL-related disorders has focused on alleviating the patient's symptoms by symptomatic multidisciplinary management, there has been no prospect of entirely relieving the symptoms of the individual patients. Yet, the recent advancement of CRISPR-Cas9-derived gene editing tools, leading to the generation of base editors (BEs) and prime editors (PEs), provide an encouraging new therapeutic avenue for treating NEDAMSS and other neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases, which contain SNPs or smaller Indels in post-mitotic cell populations of the central nervous system, due to its ability to generate site-specific DNA sequence modifications without creating double-stranded breaks, and recruiting the non-homologous DNA end joining repair mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bauersachs
- Genome Engineering & Disease Models, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Louise Bomholtz
- Genome Engineering & Disease Models, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sara del Rey Mateos
- Quantitative Stem Cell Biology, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB) Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Kühn
- Genome Engineering & Disease Models, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Lisowski
- Quantitative Stem Cell Biology, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB) Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Research Division, Translation and Neurotechnology Research Group, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Zhang L, Luo YL, Xiang Y, Bai XY, Qiang RR, Zhang X, Yang YL, Liu XL. Ferroptosis inhibitors: past, present and future. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1407335. [PMID: 38846099 PMCID: PMC11153831 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1407335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic mode of programmed cell death characterized by iron dependence and lipid peroxidation. Since the ferroptosis was proposed, researchers have revealed the mechanisms of its formation and continue to explore effective inhibitors of ferroptosis in disease. Recent studies have shown a correlation between ferroptosis and the pathological mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases, as well as diseases involving tissue or organ damage. Acting on ferroptosis-related targets may provide new strategies for the treatment of ferroptosis-mediated diseases. This article specifically describes the metabolic pathways of ferroptosis and summarizes the reported mechanisms of action of natural and synthetic small molecule inhibitors of ferroptosis and their efficacy in disease. The paper also describes ferroptosis treatments such as gene therapy, cell therapy, and nanotechnology, and summarises the challenges encountered in the clinical translation of ferroptosis inhibitors. Finally, the relationship between ferroptosis and other modes of cell death is discussed, hopefully paving the way for future drug design and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- School of Medicine, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Yi Lin Luo
- School of Medicine, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- College of Physical Education, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Xin Yue Bai
- School of Medicine, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | | | - Xin Zhang
- School of Medicine, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Yan Ling Yang
- School of Medicine, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Xiao Long Liu
- School of Medicine, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
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3
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Hilton JBW, Kysenius K, Liddell JR, Mercer SW, Paul B, Beckman JS, McLean CA, White AR, Donnelly PS, Bush AI, Hare DJ, Roberts BR, Crouch PJ. Evidence for disrupted copper availability in human spinal cord supports Cu II(atsm) as a treatment option for sporadic cases of ALS. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5929. [PMID: 38467696 PMCID: PMC10928073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55832-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The copper compound CuII(atsm) has progressed to phase 2/3 testing for treatment of the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). CuII(atsm) is neuroprotective in mutant SOD1 mouse models of ALS where its activity is ascribed in part to improving availability of essential copper. However, SOD1 mutations cause only ~ 2% of ALS cases and therapeutic relevance of copper availability in sporadic ALS is unresolved. Herein we assessed spinal cord tissue from human cases of sporadic ALS for copper-related changes. We found that when compared to control cases the natural distribution of spinal cord copper was disrupted in sporadic ALS. A standout feature was decreased copper levels in the ventral grey matter, the primary anatomical site of neuronal loss in ALS. Altered expression of genes involved in copper handling indicated disrupted copper availability, and this was evident in decreased copper-dependent ferroxidase activity despite increased abundance of the ferroxidases ceruloplasmin and hephaestin. Mice expressing mutant SOD1 recapitulate salient features of ALS and the unsatiated requirement for copper in these mice is a biochemical target for CuII(atsm). Our results from human spinal cord indicate a therapeutic mechanism of action for CuII(atsm) involving copper availability may also be pertinent to sporadic cases of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B W Hilton
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Kai Kysenius
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Jeffrey R Liddell
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen W Mercer
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Bence Paul
- School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Elemental Scientific Lasers, LLC, 685 Old Buffalo Trail, Bozeman, MT, 59715, USA
| | - Joseph S Beckman
- Linus Pauling Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Catriona A McLean
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, The Alfred Hospital, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Anthony R White
- Mental Health Program, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Queensland Institute of Biomedical Research Berghofer, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The University of Melbourne and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Dominic J Hare
- Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Blaine R Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Peter J Crouch
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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4
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Liddell JR, Hilton JBW, Kysenius K, Billings JL, Nikseresht S, McInnes LE, Hare DJ, Paul B, Mercer SW, Belaidi AA, Ayton S, Roberts BR, Beckman JS, McLean CA, White AR, Donnelly PS, Bush AI, Crouch PJ. Microglial ferroptotic stress causes non-cell autonomous neuronal death. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:14. [PMID: 38317225 PMCID: PMC10840184 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00691-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death characterised by lipid peroxidation as the terminal endpoint and a requirement for iron. Although it protects against cancer and infection, ferroptosis is also implicated in causing neuronal death in degenerative diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). The precise role for ferroptosis in causing neuronal death is yet to be fully resolved. METHODS To elucidate the role of ferroptosis in neuronal death we utilised co-culture and conditioned medium transfer experiments involving microglia, astrocytes and neurones. We ratified clinical significance of our cell culture findings via assessment of human CNS tissue from cases of the fatal, paralysing neurodegenerative condition of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We utilised the SOD1G37R mouse model of ALS and a CNS-permeant ferroptosis inhibitor to verify pharmacological significance in vivo. RESULTS We found that sublethal ferroptotic stress selectively affecting microglia triggers an inflammatory cascade that results in non-cell autonomous neuronal death. Central to this cascade is the conversion of astrocytes to a neurotoxic state. We show that spinal cord tissue from human cases of ALS exhibits a signature of ferroptosis that encompasses atomic, molecular and biochemical features. Further, we show the molecular correlation between ferroptosis and neurotoxic astrocytes evident in human ALS-affected spinal cord is recapitulated in the SOD1G37R mouse model where treatment with a CNS-permeant ferroptosis inhibitor, CuII(atsm), ameliorated these markers and was neuroprotective. CONCLUSIONS By showing that microglia responding to sublethal ferroptotic stress culminates in non-cell autonomous neuronal death, our results implicate microglial ferroptotic stress as a rectifiable cause of neuronal death in neurodegenerative disease. As ferroptosis is currently primarily regarded as an intrinsic cell death phenomenon, these results introduce an entirely new pathophysiological role for ferroptosis in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Liddell
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - James B W Hilton
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Kai Kysenius
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jessica L Billings
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sara Nikseresht
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Lachlan E McInnes
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Dominic J Hare
- Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Bence Paul
- School of Earth Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen W Mercer
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Abdel A Belaidi
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Scott Ayton
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Blaine R Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Joseph S Beckman
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Catriona A McLean
- Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3005, Australia
| | - Anthony R White
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Peter J Crouch
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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5
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Wu Z, Vlaming R, Donohoe M, Pratt DA. Interrupted Homolytic Substitution Enables Organoboron Compounds to Inhibit Radical Chain Reactions Rather than Initiate Them. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1153-1166. [PMID: 38156607 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The reactions of organoboranes with peroxyl radicals are key to their use as radical initiators for a vast array of radical chain reactions, particularly at low temperatures where high stereoselectivity or regioselectivity is desired. Whereas these reactions generally proceed via concerted homolytic substitution (SH2) mechanisms, organoboranes that bear groups that can stabilize tetracoordinate boron radical "ate" complexes (e.g., catecholboranes) undergo this reaction via a stepwise addition/fragmentation sequence and serve as useful stoichiometric alkyl radical precursors. Here we show that arylboronic esters and amides derived from catecholborane and diaminonaphthaleneborane, respectively, are potent radical-trapping antioxidants (RTAs). Mechanistic studies reveal that this is because the radical "ate" complexes derived from peroxyl radical addition to boron are sufficiently persistent to trap another radical in an interrupted SH2 reaction. Remarkably, the reactivity of these organoboranes as inhibitors of autoxidation was shown to translate from simple hydrocarbons to the phospholipids of biological membranes such that they can inhibit ferroptosis, the cell death modality driven by lipid autoxidation and relevant in neurodegeneration and other major pathologies. The unique mechanism of these organoboranes is one of only a handful of RTA mechanisms that are not based on H-atom transfer processes and provide a new dimension to boron chemistry and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Robynne Vlaming
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Michael Donohoe
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Derek A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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6
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Valori CF, Sulmona C, Brambilla L, Rossi D. Astrocytes: Dissecting Their Diverse Roles in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Cells 2023; 12:1450. [PMID: 37296571 PMCID: PMC10252425 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are fatal neurodegenerative disorders often co-occurring in the same patient, a feature that suggests a common origin of the two diseases. Consistently, pathological inclusions of the same proteins as well as mutations in the same genes can be identified in both ALS/FTD. Although many studies have described several disrupted pathways within neurons, glial cells are also regarded as crucial pathogenetic contributors in ALS/FTD. Here, we focus our attention on astrocytes, a heterogenous population of glial cells that perform several functions for optimal central nervous system homeostasis. Firstly, we discuss how post-mortem material from ALS/FTD patients supports astrocyte dysfunction around three pillars: neuroinflammation, abnormal protein aggregation, and atrophy/degeneration. Furthermore, we summarize current attempts at monitoring astrocyte functions in living patients using either novel imaging strategies or soluble biomarkers. We then address how astrocyte pathology is recapitulated in animal and cellular models of ALS/FTD and how we used these models both to understand the molecular mechanisms driving glial dysfunction and as platforms for pre-clinical testing of therapeutics. Finally, we present the current clinical trials for ALS/FTD, restricting our discussion to treatments that modulate astrocyte functions, directly or indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara F. Valori
- Molecular Neuropathology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72072 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Sulmona
- Laboratory for Research on Neurodegenerative Disorders, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Liliana Brambilla
- Laboratory for Research on Neurodegenerative Disorders, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniela Rossi
- Laboratory for Research on Neurodegenerative Disorders, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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7
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Ji QX, Zeng FY, Zhou J, Wu WB, Wang XJ, Zhang Z, Zhang GY, Tong J, Sun DY, Zhang JB, Cao WX, Shen FM, Lu JJ, Li DJ, Wang P. Ferroptotic stress facilitates smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation in arterial remodelling by disrupting mitochondrial homeostasis. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:457-474. [PMID: 36477078 PMCID: PMC9950429 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01099-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic switch from a quiescent 'contractile' phenotype to a dedifferentiated and proliferative state underlies the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs); however, our understanding of the mechanism is still incomplete. In the present study, we explored the potential role of ferroptosis, a novel nonapoptotic form of cell death, in SMC phenotypic switch and related neointimal formation. We found that ferroptotic stress was triggered in cultured dedifferentiated SMCs and arterial neointimal tissue of wire-injured mice. Moreover, pro-ferroptosis stress was activated in arterial neointimal tissue of clinical patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy. Blockade of ferroptotic stress via administration of a pharmacological inhibitor or by global genetic overexpression of glutathione peroxidase-4 (GPX4), a well-established anti-ferroptosis molecule, delayed SMC phenotype switch and arterial remodelling. Conditional SMC-specific gene delivery of GPX4 using adreno-associated virus in the carotid artery inhibited ferroptosis and prevented neointimal formation. Conversely, ferroptosis stress directly triggered dedifferentiation of SMCs. Transcriptomics analysis demonstrated that inhibition of ferroptotic stress mainly targets the mitochondrial respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Mechanistically, ferroptosis inhibition corrected the disrupted mitochondrial homeostasis in dedifferentiated SMCs, including enhanced mitochondrial ROS production, dysregulated mitochondrial dynamics, and mitochondrial hyperpolarization, and ultimately inhibited SMC phenotypic switch and growth. Copper-diacetyl-bisN4-methylthiosemicarbazone (CuATSM), an agent used for clinical molecular imaging and that potently inhibits ferroptosis, prevented SMC phenotypic switch, neointimal formation and arterial inflammation in mice. These results indicate that pro-ferroptosis stress is likely to promote SMC phenotypic switch during neointimal formation and imply that inhibition of ferroptotic stress may be a promising translational approach to treat CVDs with SMC phenotype switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Xin Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei-Yan Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Forth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Bin Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Jie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Tong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Di-Yang Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Bao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Xiang Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fu-Ming Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Dong-Jie Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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8
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Martinez-Gonzalez L, Martinez A. Emerging clinical investigational drugs for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:141-160. [PMID: 36762798 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2178416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by motoneuron death with a median survival time of 3-5 years since disease onset. There are no effective treatments to date. However, a variety of innovative investigational drugs and biological-based therapies are under clinical development. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of the clinical investigational small molecules as well as a brief summary of the biological-based therapies that are currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of ALS. All the data were obtained from ClinicalTrials.gov (registered through November 1). EXPERT OPINION Drug discovery for ALS is an active and evolving field, where many investigational clinical drugs are in different trials. There are several mechanisms of action supporting all these new therapies, although proteostasis is gaining stage. Probably, small orally bioavailable molecules able to recover functional TDP-43 homeostasis may have solid chances to modify ALS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreto Martinez-Gonzalez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas "Margarita Salas"-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas "Margarita Salas"-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Dennys CN, Roussel F, Rodrigo R, Zhang X, Sierra Delgado A, Hartlaub A, Saelim-Ector A, Ray W, Heintzman S, Fox A, Kolb SJ, Beckman J, Franco MC, Meyer K. CuATSM effectively ameliorates ALS patient astrocyte-mediated motor neuron toxicity in human in vitro models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Glia 2023; 71:350-365. [PMID: 36213964 PMCID: PMC10092379 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Patient diversity and unknown disease cause are major challenges for drug development and clinical trial design for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Transgenic animal models do not adequately reflect the heterogeneity of ALS. Direct reprogramming of patient fibroblasts to neuronal progenitor cells and subsequent differentiation into patient astrocytes allows rapid generation of disease relevant cell types. Thus, this methodology can facilitate compound testing in a diverse genetic background resulting in a more representative population for therapeutic evaluation. Here, we used established co-culture assays with motor neurons and reprogrammed patient skin-derived astrocytes (iAs) to evaluate the effects of (SP-4-2)-[[2,2'-(1,2-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediylidene)bis[N-methylhydrazinecarbothioamidato-κN2 ,κS]](2-)]-copper (CuATSM), currently in clinical trial for ALS in Australia. Pretreatment of iAs with CuATSM had a differential effect on neuronal survival following co-culture with healthy motor neurons. Using this assay, we identified responding and non-responding cell lines for both sporadic and familial ALS (mutant SOD1 and C9ORF72). Importantly, elevated mitochondrial respiration was the common denominator in all CuATSM-responders, a metabolic phenotype not observed in non-responders. Pre-treatment of iAs with CuATSM restored mitochondrial activity to levels comparable to healthy controls. Hence, this metabolic parameter might allow selection of patient subpopulations best suited for CuATSM treatment. Moreover, CuATSM might have additional therapeutic value for mitochondrial disorders. Enhanced understanding of patient-specific cellular and molecular profiles could help improve clinical trial design in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra N Dennys
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Florence Roussel
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Rochelle Rodrigo
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrea Sierra Delgado
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Annalisa Hartlaub
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Asya Saelim-Ector
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Will Ray
- Mathematics Department, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sarah Heintzman
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ashley Fox
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephen J Kolb
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph Beckman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Maria Clara Franco
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Kathrin Meyer
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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10
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Nikseresht S, Hilton JBW, Liddell JR, Kysenius K, Bush AI, Ayton S, Koay H, Donnelly PS, Crouch PJ. Transdermal Application of Soluble Cu II(atsm) Increases Brain and Spinal Cord Uptake Compared to Gavage with an Insoluble Suspension. Neuroscience 2023; 509:125-131. [PMID: 36436699 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CuII(atsm) is a blood-brain barrier permeant copper(II) compound that is under investigation in human clinical trials for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Imaging in humans by positron emission tomography shows the compound accumulates in affected regions of the CNS in patients. Most therapeutic studies to date have utilised oral administration of CuII(atsm) in an insoluble form, as either solid tablets or a liquid suspension. However, two pre-clinical studies have demonstrated disease-modifying outcomes following transdermal application of soluble CuII(atsm) prepared in dimethyl sulphoxide. Whether differences in the method of administration lead to different degrees of tissue accumulation of the compound has never been examined. Here, we compare the two methods of administration in wild-type mice by assessing changes in tissue concentrations of copper. Both administration methods resulted in elevated copper concentrations in numerous tissues, with the largest increases evident in the liver, brain and spinal cord. In all instances where treatment with CuII(atsm) resulted in elevated tissue copper, transdermal application of soluble CuII(atsm) led to higher concentrations of copper. In contrast to CuII(atsm), an equivalent dose of copper(II) chloride resulted in minimal changes to tissue copper concentrations, regardless of the administration method. Data presented herein provide quantitative insight to transdermal application of soluble CuII(atsm) as a potential alternative to oral administration of the compound in an insoluble formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nikseresht
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - James B W Hilton
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jeffrey R Liddell
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kai Kysenius
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Scott Ayton
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - HuiJing Koay
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Peter J Crouch
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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11
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Sinha Ray S, Dutta D, Dennys C, Powers S, Roussel F, Lisowski P, Glažar P, Zhang X, Biswas P, Caporale JR, Rajewsky N, Bickle M, Wein N, Bellen HJ, Likhite S, Marcogliese PC, Meyer KC. Mechanisms of IRF2BPL-related disorders and identification of a potential therapeutic strategy. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111751. [PMID: 36476864 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently discovered neurological disorder NEDAMSS is caused by heterozygous truncations in the transcriptional regulator IRF2BPL. Here, we reprogram patient skin fibroblasts to astrocytes and neurons to study mechanisms of this newly described disease. While full-length IRF2BPL primarily localizes to the nucleus, truncated patient variants sequester the wild-type protein to the cytoplasm and cause aggregation. Moreover, patient astrocytes fail to support neuronal survival in coculture and exhibit aberrant mitochondria and respiratory dysfunction. Treatment with the small molecule copper ATSM (CuATSM) rescues neuronal survival and restores mitochondrial function. Importantly, the in vitro findings are recapitulated in vivo, where co-expression of full-length and truncated IRF2BPL in Drosophila results in cytoplasmic accumulation of full-length IRF2BPL. Moreover, flies harboring heterozygous truncations of the IRF2BPL ortholog (Pits) display progressive motor defects that are ameliorated by CuATSM treatment. Our findings provide insights into mechanisms involved in NEDAMSS and reveal a promising treatment for this severe disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrestha Sinha Ray
- Center for Gene Therapy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Debdeep Dutta
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cassandra Dennys
- Center for Gene Therapy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Samantha Powers
- Center for Gene Therapy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Florence Roussel
- Center for Gene Therapy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Pawel Lisowski
- The Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Charité - Universitätmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Petar Glažar
- The Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- Center for Gene Therapy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Pipasha Biswas
- Center for Gene Therapy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joseph R Caporale
- Center for Gene Therapy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nikolaus Rajewsky
- The Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Bickle
- Roche Institute for Translational Bioengineering, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Wein
- Center for Gene Therapy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shibi Likhite
- Center for Gene Therapy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Paul C Marcogliese
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kathrin C Meyer
- Center for Gene Therapy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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12
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Wang F, Liu J, Fang Y, Wen J, He M, Han Q, Li X. Exploring the Mechanism of Action of Xinfeng Capsule in Treating Hypercoagulable State of Rheumatoid Arthritis Based on Data Mining and Network Pharmacology. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221119918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To explore the effect of Xinfeng Capsule (XFC) on hypercoagulable state in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using data mining and network pharmacology. Methods: The data were collected of 524 inpatients with RA who were treated with XFC in the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) before October 2021. The changes of C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), rheumatoid factor (RF), complement component 3 (C3), C4, platelet (PLT), fibrinogen (FBG), thrombin time (TT), prothrombin time (PT), and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) were observed before and after the treatment. By implementing the Apriori module, the association rules between XFC and immune-inflammation indexes and coagulation indexes were analyzed. XFC and disease targets were obtained through traditional chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform, Genecards, OMIM, and other databases. The cross targets and core targets were screened, and the network diagram of TCM—active ingredients—potential targets was constructed using Cytoscape3.7.2 software. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were performed through Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) database. AutoDock Vina software was used for molecular docking between active ingredients and core targets. The docking results were visualized using PyMOL2.3.0 software. Results: (1) Data mining results showed that the inflammation and coagulation indexes of RA patients were significantly improved after XFC treatment, and there was a strong correlation between XFC and the improvement of CRP, ESR, RF, C3, C4, PLT, FBG, TT, PT, and APTT. (2) Network pharmacology results showed that prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), CASP3, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), AKT1, and JUN, the main targets of XFC in the treatment of RA, were closely related to apoptosis and were mainly involved in interleukin 17 (IL-17), TNF, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κb), and other apoptotic and inflammatory signaling pathways. (3) Molecular docking results showed that the active components of XFC, β- sitosterol, and stigmasterol, had good docking with TNF and PTGS2, which might be the key active components of XFC in the treatment of RA-related hypercoagulable state. Conclusion: XFC can improve the hypercoagulable state of patients with RA by promoting cell apoptosis and improving immune inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230038, China
- Department of Rheumatism Immunity, The first Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230038, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Rheumatism Immunity, The first Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230038, China
| | - Yanyan Fang
- Department of Clinical Data Center, The first Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230038, China
| | - Jianting Wen
- Department of Rheumatism Immunity, The first Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230038, China
| | - Mingyu He
- The First Clinical Medical College, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230038, China
| | - Qi Han
- The First Clinical Medical College, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230038, China
| | - Xu Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230038, China
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13
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Pyun J, McInnes LE, Donnelly PS, Mawal C, Bush AI, Short JL, Nicolazzo JA. Copper bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes modulate P-glycoprotein expression and function in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Neurochem 2022; 162:226-244. [PMID: 35304760 PMCID: PMC9540023 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) is an efflux transporter at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) that hinders brain access of substrate drugs and clears endogenous molecules such as amyloid beta (Aβ) from the brain. As biometals such as copper (Cu) modulate many neuronal signalling pathways linked to P‐gp regulation, it was hypothesised that the bis(thiosemicarbazone) (BTSC) Cu‐releasing complex, copper II glyoxal bis(4‐methyl‐3‐thiosemicarbazone) (CuII[GTSM]), would enhance P‐gp expression and function at the BBB, while copper II diacetyl bis(4‐methyl‐3‐thiosemicarbazone) (CuII[ATSM]), which only releases Cu under hypoxic conditions, would not modulate P‐gp expression. Following treatment with 25–250 nM CuII(BTSC)s for 8–48 h, expression of P‐gp mRNA and protein in human brain endothelial (hCMEC/D3) cells was assessed by RT‐qPCR and Western blot, respectively. P‐gp function was assessed by measuring accumulation of the fluorescent P‐gp substrate, rhodamine 123 and intracellular Cu levels were quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Interestingly, CuII(ATSM) significantly enhanced P‐gp expression and function 2‐fold and 1.3‐fold, respectively, whereas CuII(GTSM) reduced P‐gp expression 0.5‐fold and function by 200%. As both compounds increased intracellular Cu levels, the effect of different BTSC backbones, independent of Cu, on P‐gp expression was assessed. However, only the Cu‐ATSM complex enhanced P‐gp expression and this was mediated partly through activation (1.4‐fold) of the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1 and 2, an outcome that was significantly attenuated in the presence of an inhibitor of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase regulatory pathway. Our findings suggest that CuII(ATSM) and CuII(GTSM) have the potential to modulate the expression and function of P‐gp at the BBB to impact brain drug delivery and clearance of Aβ.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Pyun
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lachlan E McInnes
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Celeste Mawal
- Oxidation Biology Lab, Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Oxidation Biology Lab, Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Short
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph A Nicolazzo
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Zilka O, Poon JF, Pratt DA. Radical-Trapping Antioxidant Activity of Copper and Nickel Bis(Thiosemicarbazone) Complexes Underlies Their Potency as Inhibitors of Ferroptotic Cell Death. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:19043-19057. [PMID: 34730342 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein we demonstrate that copper(II)-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone)(CuATSM), clinical candidate for the treatment of ALS and Parkinson's disease, is a highly potent radical-trapping antioxidant (RTA) and inhibitor of (phospho)lipid peroxidation. In THF autoxidations, CuATSM reacts with THF-derived peroxyl radicals with kinh = 2.2 × 106 M-1 s-1─roughly 10-fold greater than α-tocopherol (α-TOH), Nature's best RTA. Mechanistic studies reveal no H/D kinetic isotope effects and a lack of rate-suppressing effects from H-bonding interactions, implying a different mechanism from α-TOH and other canonical RTAs, which react by H-atom transfer (HAT). Similar reactivity was observed for the corresponding Ni2+ complex and complexes of both Cu2+ and Ni2+ with other bis(thiosemicarbazone) ligands. Computations corroborate the experimental finding that rate-limiting HAT cannot account for the observed RTA activity and instead suggest that the reversible addition of a peroxyl radical to the bis(thiosemicarbazone) ligand is responsible. Subsequent HAT or combination with another peroxyl radical drives the reaction forward, such that a maximum of four radicals are trapped per molecule of CuATSM. This sequence is supported by spectroscopic and mass spectrometric experiments on isolated intermediates. Importantly, the RTA activity of CuATSM (and its analogues) translates from organic solution to phospholipid bilayers, thereby accounting for its (their) ability to inhibit ferroptosis. Experiments in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and hippocampal cells reveal that lipophilicity as well as inherent RTA activity contribute to the potency of ferroptosis rescue, and that one compound (CuATSP) is almost 20-fold more potent than CuATSM and among the most potent ferroptosis inhibitors reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omkar Zilka
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jia-Fei Poon
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Derek A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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15
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Lum JS, Brown ML, Farrawell NE, McAlary L, Ly D, Chisholm CG, Snow J, Vine KL, Karl T, Kreilaus F, McInnes LE, Nikseresht S, Donnelly PS, Crouch PJ, Yerbury JJ. CuATSM improves motor function and extends survival but is not tolerated at a high dose in SOD1 G93A mice with a C57BL/6 background. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19392. [PMID: 34588483 PMCID: PMC8481268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98317-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthetic copper-containing compound, CuATSM, has emerged as one of the most promising drug candidates developed for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Multiple studies have reported CuATSM treatment provides therapeutic efficacy in various mouse models of ALS without any observable adverse effects. Moreover, recent results from an open label clinical study suggested that daily oral dosing with CuATSM slows disease progression in patients with both sporadic and familial ALS, providing encouraging support for CuATSM in the treatment of ALS. Here, we assessed CuATSM in high copy SOD1G93A mice on the congenic C57BL/6 background, treating at 100 mg/kg/day by gavage, starting at 70 days of age. This dose in this specific model has not been assessed previously. Unexpectedly, we report a subset of mice initially administered CuATSM exhibited signs of clinical toxicity, that necessitated euthanasia in extremis after 3-51 days of treatment. Following a 1-week washout period, the remaining mice resumed treatment at the reduced dose of 60 mg/kg/day. At this revised dose, treatment with CuATSM slowed disease progression and increased survival relative to vehicle-treated littermates. This work provides the first evidence that CuATSM produces positive disease-modifying outcomes in high copy SOD1G93A mice on a congenic C57BL/6 background. Furthermore, results from the 100 mg/kg/day phase of the study support dose escalation determination of tolerability as a prudent step when assessing treatments in previously unassessed models or genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Lum
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Mikayla L Brown
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Natalie E Farrawell
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Luke McAlary
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Diane Ly
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Christen G Chisholm
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Josh Snow
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Kara L Vine
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Tim Karl
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - Fabian Kreilaus
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - Lachlan E McInnes
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sara Nikseresht
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter J Crouch
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Justin J Yerbury
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
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16
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Maung MT, Carlson A, Olea-Flores M, Elkhadragy L, Schachtschneider KM, Navarro-Tito N, Padilla-Benavides T. The molecular and cellular basis of copper dysregulation and its relationship with human pathologies. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21810. [PMID: 34390520 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100273rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient required for the activity of redox-active enzymes involved in critical metabolic reactions, signaling pathways, and biological functions. Transporters and chaperones control Cu ion levels and bioavailability to ensure proper subcellular and systemic Cu distribution. Intensive research has focused on understanding how mammalian cells maintain Cu homeostasis, and how molecular signals coordinate Cu acquisition and storage within organs. In humans, mutations of genes that regulate Cu homeostasis or facilitate interactions with Cu ions lead to numerous pathologic conditions. Malfunctions of the Cu+ -transporting ATPases ATP7A and ATP7B cause Menkes disease and Wilson disease, respectively. Additionally, defects in the mitochondrial and cellular distributions and homeostasis of Cu lead to severe neurodegenerative conditions, mitochondrial myopathies, and metabolic diseases. Cu has a dual nature in carcinogenesis as a promotor of tumor growth and an inducer of redox stress in cancer cells. Cu also plays role in cancer treatment as a component of drugs and a regulator of drug sensitivity and uptake. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of Cu metabolism and transport and its relation to various human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- May T Maung
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Alyssa Carlson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Monserrat Olea-Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Lobna Elkhadragy
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kyle M Schachtschneider
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Napoleon Navarro-Tito
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero, Mexico
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17
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Koc K, Geyikoglu F, Cakmak O, Koca A, Kutlu Z, Aysin F, Yilmaz A, Aşkın H. The targets of β-sitosterol as a novel therapeutic against cardio-renal complications in acute renal ischemia/reperfusion damage. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 394:469-479. [PMID: 33048170 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01984-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This research is the first to use β-sitosterol on myocardial and renal tissues in renal ischemia/reperfusion (IR) damage. Female Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: control (sham), renal IR (50 min ischemia - 3 h reperfusion), and renal IR + 150 mg/kg/p.o. β-sitosterol (the rats were treated with β-sitosterol orally once 1 h before the IR procedure). β-Sitosterol pretreatment caused an increase in superoxide dismutase and glutathione activities and a decrease in malondialdehyde levels in the kidney and heart. Moreover, it alleviated histopathological changes and downregulated the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 and upregulated the levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. As conclusion, the potential of β-sitosterol for renal and cardiac necrosis and apoptosis appears to act by limiting inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Thus, the potential of this compound is noteworthy and may serve as a potential therapeutic in the treatment of acute organ damages due to renal IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kubra Koc
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatime Geyikoglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ozge Cakmak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Aynur Koca
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Zerrin Kutlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ferhunde Aysin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
- East Anatolian High Technology Research and Application Center (DAYTAM), Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Asli Yilmaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
- East Anatolian High Technology Research and Application Center (DAYTAM), Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hakan Aşkın
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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18
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Pan M, Zheng Q, Yu Y, Ai H, Xie Y, Zeng X, Wang C, Liu L, Zhao M. Seesaw conformations of Npl4 in the human p97 complex and the inhibitory mechanism of a disulfiram derivative. Nat Commun 2021; 12:121. [PMID: 33402676 PMCID: PMC7785736 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20359-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
p97, also known as valosin-containing protein (VCP) or Cdc48, plays a central role in cellular protein homeostasis. Human p97 mutations are associated with several neurodegenerative diseases. Targeting p97 and its cofactors is a strategy for cancer drug development. Despite significant structural insights into the fungal homolog Cdc48, little is known about how human p97 interacts with its cofactors. Recently, the anti-alcohol abuse drug disulfiram was found to target cancer through Npl4, a cofactor of p97, but the molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we uncovered three Npl4 conformational states in complex with human p97 before ATP hydrolysis. The motion of Npl4 results from its zinc finger motifs interacting with the N domain of p97, which is essential for the unfolding activity of p97. In vitro and cell-based assays showed that the disulfiram derivative bis-(diethyldithiocarbamate)-copper (CuET) can bypass the copper transporter system and inhibit the function of p97 in the cytoplasm by releasing cupric ions under oxidative conditions, which disrupt the zinc finger motifs of Npl4, locking the essential conformational switch of the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Qingyun Zheng
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Huasong Ai
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Xin Zeng
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Chu Wang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| | - Minglei Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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Badea M, Uivarosi V, Olar R. Improvement in the Pharmacological Profile of Copper Biological Active Complexes by Their Incorporation into Organic or Inorganic Matrix. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25245830. [PMID: 33321882 PMCID: PMC7763451 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Every year, more Cu(II) complexes are proven to be biologically active species, but very few are developed as drugs or entered in clinical trials. This is due to their poor water solubility and lipophilicity, low stability as well as in vivo inactivation. The possibility to improve their pharmacological and/or oral administration profile by incorporation into inorganic or organic matrix was studied. Most of them are either physically encapsulated or conjugated to the matrix via a moiety able to coordinate Cu(II). As a result, a large variety of species were developed as delivery carriers. The organic carriers include liposomes, synthetic or natural polymers or dendrimers, while the inorganic ones are based on carbon nanotubes, hydrotalcite and silica. Some hybrid organic-inorganic materials based on alginate-carbonate, gold-PEG and magnetic mesoporous silica-Schiff base were also developed for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Badea
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90-92 Panduri Str., 050663 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Valentina Uivarosi
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Str., 020956 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (V.U.); (R.O.)
| | - Rodica Olar
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90-92 Panduri Str., 050663 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: (V.U.); (R.O.)
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20
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Nikseresht S, Hilton JB, Kysenius K, Liddell JR, Crouch PJ. Copper-ATSM as a Treatment for ALS: Support from Mutant SOD1 Models and Beyond. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E271. [PMID: 33158182 PMCID: PMC7694234 DOI: 10.3390/life10110271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier permeant, copper-containing compound, CuII(atsm), has successfully progressed from fundamental research outcomes in the laboratory through to phase 2/3 clinical assessment in patients with the highly aggressive and fatal neurodegenerative condition of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The most compelling outcomes to date to indicate potential for disease-modification have come from pre-clinical studies utilising mouse models that involve transgenic expression of mutated superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). Mutant SOD1 mice provide a very robust mammalian model of ALS with high validity, but mutations in SOD1 account for only a small percentage of ALS cases in the clinic, with the preponderant amount of cases being sporadic and of unknown aetiology. As per other putative drugs for ALS developed and tested primarily in mutant SOD1 mice, this raises important questions about the pertinence of CuII(atsm) to broader clinical translation. This review highlights some of the challenges associated with the clinical translation of new treatment options for ALS. It then provides a brief account of pre-clinical outcomes for CuII(atsm) in SOD1 mouse models of ALS, followed by an outline of additional studies which report positive outcomes for CuII(atsm) when assessed in cell and mouse models of neurodegeneration which do not involve mutant SOD1. Clinical evidence for CuII(atsm) selectively targeting affected regions of the CNS in patients is also presented. Overall, this review summarises the existing evidence which indicates why clinical relevance of CuII(atsm) likely extends beyond the context of cases of ALS caused by mutant SOD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nikseresht
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (S.N.); (J.B.H.); (J.R.L.)
| | - James B.W. Hilton
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (S.N.); (J.B.H.); (J.R.L.)
| | - Kai Kysenius
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Jeffrey R. Liddell
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (S.N.); (J.B.H.); (J.R.L.)
| | - Peter J. Crouch
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
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Patti F, Fiore M, Chisari CG, D'Amico E, Lo Fermo S, Toscano S, Copat C, Ferrante M, Zappia M. CSF neurotoxic metals/metalloids levels in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients: comparison between bulbar and spinal onset. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109820. [PMID: 32615355 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that causes progressive and irreversible damage in motor neurons. Different causal hypotheses include genetic, viral, traumatic and environmental mechanisms, such as exposure to heavy metals. The aim of this study was to compare metal/metalloid levels in cerebro-spinal fluid of ALS subtypes (spinal vs bulbar clinical onset). MATERIAL AND METHODS This observational study consecutively screened all ALS patients referring to the Neurology Clinic of the University of Catania (Italy). Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to quantify magnesium (Mg), cuprum (Cu), selenium (Se), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), vanadium (V), zinc (Zn), alluminium (Al), arsenic (As), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and palladium (Pd) levels. RESULTS Thirty-seven patients were enrolled (62.2% females), median age of 65 years (IQR: 59-71 years). Thirty-one (83.8%) patients had a spinal onset and 6 (16.2%) a bulbar onset. Se and As levels were higher compared to the reference values (RV) both in spinal and bulbar onset, while Cu was higher than RV only in bulbar onset. Moreover, Cu (129.8 μg/L vs 29.8 μg/L), Fe (54.5 μg/L vs 33.3 μg/L), Mn (3.4 μg/L vs 1.8 μg/L), Zn (46.1 μg/L vs 35.7 μg/L), Al (12.2 μg/L vs 6.7 μg/L), Ni (2.80 μg/L vs 1.40 μg/L), and Pb (0.60 μg/L vs 0.30 μg/L) levels were higher in bulbar than in spinal onset, conversely As was slightly higher in spinal than in bulbar onset (1.40 μg/L vs 1.10 μg/L). Overall, Cu (129 μg/L vs 31 μg/L), Fe (92.2 μg/L vs 32.9 μg/L), Mn (3.35 μg/L vs 1.80 μg/L), Zn (56.5 μg/L vs 35.2 μg/L), Al (14.45 μg/L vs 6.70 μg/L), and Cd (0.40 μg/L vs 0.08 μg/L) levels were higher in patients with disease duration less than 19 months. CONCLUSION Our results supported the hypothesis that metals/metalloids with neurotoxic effects could be involved in the etiology of ALS, showing higher levels of Cu, Se and As. Relevant differences in Cu and Mn levels were found between bulbar and spinal onset patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Patti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", section of Neuroscience, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Maria Fiore
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratory (LIAA), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Clara G Chisari
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", section of Neuroscience, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Emanuele D'Amico
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", section of Neuroscience, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Lo Fermo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", section of Neuroscience, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Simona Toscano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", section of Neuroscience, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Chiara Copat
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratory (LIAA), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratory (LIAA), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Mario Zappia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", section of Neuroscience, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
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Boyd SD, Ullrich MS, Skopp A, Winkler DD. Copper Sources for Sod1 Activation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9060500. [PMID: 32517371 PMCID: PMC7346115 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper ions (i.e., copper) are a critical part of several cellular processes, but tight regulation of copper levels and trafficking are required to keep the cell protected from this highly reactive transition metal. Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (Sod1) protects the cell from the accumulation of radical oxygen species by way of the redox cycling activity of copper in its catalytic center. Multiple posttranslational modification events, including copper incorporation, are reliant on the copper chaperone for Sod1 (Ccs). The high-affinity copper uptake protein (Ctr1) is the main entry point of copper into eukaryotic cells and can directly supply copper to Ccs along with other known intracellular chaperones and trafficking molecules. This review explores the routes of copper delivery that are utilized to activate Sod1 and the usefulness and necessity of each.
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Glial Cells-The Strategic Targets in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Treatment. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9010261. [PMID: 31963681 PMCID: PMC7020059 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurological disease, which is characterized by the degeneration of motor neurons in the motor cortex and the spinal cord and subsequently by muscle atrophy. To date, numerous gene mutations have been linked to both sporadic and familial ALS, but the effort of many experimental groups to develop a suitable therapy has not, as of yet, proven successful. The original focus was on the degenerating motor neurons, when researchers tried to understand the pathological mechanisms that cause their slow death. However, it was soon discovered that ALS is a complicated and diverse pathology, where not only neurons, but also other cell types, play a crucial role via the so-called non-cell autonomous effect, which strongly deteriorates neuronal conditions. Subsequently, variable glia-based in vitro and in vivo models of ALS were established and used for brand-new experimental and clinical approaches. Such a shift towards glia soon bore its fruit in the form of several clinical studies, which more or less successfully tried to ward the unfavourable prognosis of ALS progression off. In this review, we aimed to summarize current knowledge regarding the involvement of each glial cell type in the progression of ALS, currently available treatments, and to provide an overview of diverse clinical trials covering pharmacological approaches, gene, and cell therapies.
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