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Fauser M, Payonk JP, Weber H, Statz M, Winter C, Hadar R, Appali R, van Rienen U, Brandt MD, Storch A. Subthalamic nucleus but not entopeduncular nucleus deep brain stimulation enhances neurogenesis in the SVZ-olfactory bulb system of Parkinsonian rats. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1396780. [PMID: 38746080 PMCID: PMC11091264 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1396780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a highly effective treatment option in Parkinson's disease. However, the underlying mechanisms of action, particularly effects on neuronal plasticity, remain enigmatic. Adult neurogenesis in the subventricular zone-olfactory bulb (SVZ-OB) axis and in the dentate gyrus (DG) has been linked to various non-motor symptoms in PD, e.g., memory deficits and olfactory dysfunction. Since DBS affects several of these non-motor symptoms, we analyzed the effects of DBS in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the entopeduncular nucleus (EPN) on neurogenesis in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned hemiparkinsonian rats. Methods In our study, we applied five weeks of continuous bilateral STN-DBS or EPN-DBS in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats with stable dopaminergic deficits compared to 6-OHDA-lesioned rats with corresponding sham stimulation. We injected two thymidine analogs to quantify newborn neurons early after DBS onset and three weeks later. Immunohistochemistry identified newborn cells co-labeled with NeuN, TH and GABA within the OB and DG. As a putative mechanism, we simulated the electric field distribution depending on the stimulation site to analyze direct electric effects on neural stem cell proliferation. Results STN-DBS persistently increased the number of newborn dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons in the OB but not in the DG, while EPN-DBS does not impact neurogenesis. These effects do not seem to be mediated via direct electric stimulation of neural stem/progenitor cells within the neurogenic niches. Discussion Our data support target-specific effects of STN-DBS on adult neurogenesis, a putative modulator of non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Fauser
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jan Philipp Payonk
- Institute of General Electrical Engineering, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Hanna Weber
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Meike Statz
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christine Winter
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ravit Hadar
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Revathi Appali
- Institute of General Electrical Engineering, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Ageing of Individuals and Society, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ursula van Rienen
- Institute of General Electrical Engineering, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Ageing of Individuals and Society, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Moritz D. Brandt
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Storch
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
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Zhang KK, Matin R, Gorodetsky C, Ibrahim GM, Gouveia FV. Systematic review of rodent studies of deep brain stimulation for the treatment of neurological, developmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:186. [PMID: 38605027 PMCID: PMC11009311 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) modulates local and widespread connectivity in dysfunctional networks. Positive results are observed in several patient populations; however, the precise mechanisms underlying treatment remain unknown. Translational DBS studies aim to answer these questions and provide knowledge for advancing the field. Here, we systematically review the literature on DBS studies involving models of neurological, developmental and neuropsychiatric disorders to provide a synthesis of the current scientific landscape surrounding this topic. A systematic analysis of the literature was performed following PRISMA guidelines. 407 original articles were included. Data extraction focused on study characteristics, including stimulation protocol, behavioural outcomes, and mechanisms of action. The number of articles published increased over the years, including 16 rat models and 13 mouse models of transgenic or healthy animals exposed to external factors to induce symptoms. Most studies targeted telencephalic structures with varying stimulation settings. Positive behavioural outcomes were reported in 85.8% of the included studies. In models of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, DBS-induced effects were associated with changes in monoamines and neuronal activity along the mesocorticolimbic circuit. For movement disorders, DBS improves symptoms via modulation of the striatal dopaminergic system. In dementia and epilepsy models, changes to cellular and molecular aspects of the hippocampus were shown to underlie symptom improvement. Despite limitations in translating findings from preclinical to clinical settings, rodent studies have contributed substantially to our current knowledge of the pathophysiology of disease and DBS mechanisms. Direct inhibition/excitation of neural activity, whereby DBS modulates pathological oscillatory activity within brain networks, is among the major theories of its mechanism. However, there remain fundamental questions on mechanisms, optimal targets and parameters that need to be better understood to improve this therapy and provide more individualized treatment according to the patient's predominant symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina K Zhang
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rafi Matin
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - George M Ibrahim
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Statz M, Schleuter F, Weber H, Kober M, Plocksties F, Timmermann D, Storch A, Fauser M. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation does not alter growth factor expression in a rat model of stable dopaminergic deficiency. Neurosci Lett 2023; 814:137459. [PMID: 37625613 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has been a highly effective treatment option for mid-to-late-stage Parkinson's disease (PD) for decades. Besides direct effects on brain networks, neuroprotective effects of STN-DBS - potentially via alterations of growth factor expression levels - have been proposed as additional mechanisms of action. OBJECTIVE In the context of clarifying DBS mechanisms, we analyzed brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) levels in the basal ganglia, motor and parietal cortices, and dentate gyrus in an animal model of stable, severe dopaminergic deficiency. METHODS We applied one week of continuous unilateral STN-DBS in a group of stable 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) hemiparkinsonian rats (6-OHDASTIM) in comparison to a 6-OHDA control group (6-OHDASHAM) as well as healthy controls (CTRLSTIM and CTRLSHAM). BDNF and GDNF levels were determined via ELISAs. RESULTS The 6-OHDA lesion did not result in a persistent alteration in either BDNF or GDNF levels in a model of severe dopaminergic deficiency after completion of the dopaminergic degeneration. STN-DBS modestly increased BDNF levels in the entopeduncular nucleus, but even impaired BDNF and GDNF expression in cortical areas. CONCLUSIONS STN-DBS does not increase growth factor expression when applied to a model of completed, severe dopaminergic deficiency in contrast to other studies in models of modest and ongoing dopaminergic degeneration. In healthy controls, STN-DBS does not influence BDNF or GDNF expression. We consider these findings relevant for clinical purposes since DBS in PD is usually applied late in the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Statz
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Frederike Schleuter
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hanna Weber
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Maria Kober
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Franz Plocksties
- Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 26, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Dirk Timmermann
- Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 26, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Storch
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany; German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Mareike Fauser
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany.
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Helf C, Kober M, Markert F, Lanto J, Overhoff L, Badstübner-Meeske K, Storch A, Fauser M. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation induces nigrostriatal dopaminergic plasticity in a stable rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroreport 2023; 34:506-511. [PMID: 37270842 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has been a highly effective treatment option for middle to late stage Parkinson's disease for decades. Though, the underlying mechanisms of action, particularly effects on the cellular level, remain in part unclear. In the context of identifying disease-modifying effects of STN-DBS by prompting cellular plasticity in midbrain dopaminergic systems, we analyzed neuronal tyrosine hydroxylase and c-Fos expression in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). METHODS We applied 1 week of continuous unilateral STN-DBS in a group of stable 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) hemiparkinsonian rats (STNSTIM) in comparison to a 6-OHDA control group (STNSHAM). Immunohistochemistry identified NeuN+, tyrosine hydroxylase+ and c-Fos+ cells within the SNpc and VTA. RESULTS After 1 week, rats in the STNSTIM group had 3.5-fold more tyrosine hydroxylase+ neurons within the SNpc (P = 0.010) but not in the VTA compared to sham controls. There was no difference in basal cell activity as indicated by c-Fos expression in both midbrain dopaminergic systems. CONCLUSION Our data support a neurorestorative effect of STN-DBS in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system already after 7 days of continuous STN-DBS in the stable Parkinson's disease rat model without affecting basal cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Kober
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexander Storch
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
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Godefroy V, Sezer I, Bouzigues A, Montembeault M, Koban L, Plassmann H, Migliaccio R. Altered delay discounting in neurodegeneration: insight into the underlying mechanisms and perspectives for clinical applications. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 146:105048. [PMID: 36669749 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Steeper delay discounting (i.e., the extent to which future rewards are perceived as less valuable than immediate ones) has been proposed as a transdiagnostic process across different health conditions, in particular psychiatric disorders. Impulsive decision-making is a hallmark of different neurodegenerative conditions but little is known about delay discounting in the domain of neurodegenerative conditions. We reviewed studies on delay discounting in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and in patients with dementia (Alzheimer's disease / AD or frontotemporal dementia / FTD). We proposed that delay discounting could be an early marker of the neurodegenerative process. We developed the idea that altered delay discounting is associated with overlapping but distinct neurocognitive mechanisms across neurodegenerative diseases: dopaminergic-related disorders of reward processing in PD, memory/projection deficits due to medial temporal atrophy in AD, modified reward processing due to orbitofrontal atrophy in FTD. Neurodegeneration could provide a framework to decipher the neuropsychological mechanisms of value-based decision-making. Further, delay discounting could become a marker of interest in clinical practice, in particular for differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Godefroy
- FrontLab, INSERM U1127, Institut du cerveau, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Marketing Area, INSEAD, Fontainebleau, France; Control-Interoception-Attention Team, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
| | - Idil Sezer
- FrontLab, INSERM U1127, Institut du cerveau, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Arabella Bouzigues
- FrontLab, INSERM U1127, Institut du cerveau, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Montembeault
- Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Leonie Koban
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, Bron, France
| | - Hilke Plassmann
- Marketing Area, INSEAD, Fontainebleau, France; Control-Interoception-Attention Team, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Raffaella Migliaccio
- FrontLab, INSERM U1127, Institut du cerveau, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease, Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
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Quantum control of optoelectronic and thermodynamic properties of dopamine molecule in external electric field : A DFT and TD-DFT study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2023.114051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Multiscale co-simulation of deep brain stimulation with brain networks in neurodegenerative disorders. BRAIN MULTIPHYSICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brain.2022.100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Mapping Motor Pathways in Parkinson’s Disease Patients with Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulator: A Diffusion MRI Tractography Study. Neurol Ther 2022; 11:659-677. [PMID: 35165822 PMCID: PMC9095781 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-022-00331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study assessed the safety of postoperative diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) with on-state deep brain stimulation (DBS) and the feasibility of reconstruction of the white matter tracts in the vicinity of the stimulation site of the subthalamic nucleus (STN). The association between the impact of DBS on the nigrostriatal pathway (NSP) and the treatment effect on motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD) was then evaluated. Methods Thirty-one PD patients implanted with STN-DBS (mean age: 66 years; 25 male) were scanned on a 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner using the DTI sequence with DBS on. Twenty-three of them were scanned a second time with DBS off. The NSP, dentato-rubro-thalamic tract (DRTT), and hyperdirect pathway (HDP) were generated using both deterministic and probabilistic tractography methods. The DBS-on-state and off-state tractography results were validated and compared. Afterward, the relationships between the characteristics of the reconstructed white matter tracts and the clinical assessment of PD symptoms and the DBS effect were further examined. Results No adverse events related to DTI were identified in either the DBS-on-state or off-state. Overall, the NSP was best reconstructed, followed by the DRTT and HDP, using the probabilistic tractography method. The connection probability of the left NSP was significantly lower than that of the right side (p < 0.05), and a negative correlation (r = −0.39, p = 0.042) was identified between the preoperative symptom severity in the medication-on state and the connection probability of the left NSP in the DBS-on-state images. Furthermore, the distance from the estimated left-side volume of tissue activated (VTA) by STN-DBS to the ipsilateral NSP was significantly shorter in the DBS-responsive group compared to the DBS-non-responsive group (p = 0.046). Conclusions DTI scanning is safe and delineation of white matter pathway is feasible for PD patients implanted with the DBS device. Postoperative DTI is a useful technique to strengthen our current understanding of the therapeutic effect of DBS for PD and has the potential to refine target selection strategies for brain stimulation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40120-022-00331-1. For some more seriously affected Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients, drugs are no longer effective in treating their symptoms. An alternate treatment is to use deep brain stimulation (DBS), a commonly used neurosurgical therapy for PD patients. For those DBS treatments targeting the subthalamic nucleus (STN), the electrical stimulation used may impact nearby white matter tracts and alter the effectiveness of the DBS treatment. The nigrostriatal pathway (NSP), dentato-rubro-thalamic tract, and hyperdirect pathway are three white matter tracts near the STN. They are all relevant to motor symptoms in PD. This study examined whether imaging these tracts using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is safe and feasible in the presence of DBS leads. The relationships between the fiber-tracking characteristics and distance to the DBS leads were then evaluated. For this purpose, 31 PD patients with stimulation-on were scanned on a 1.5 T MRI scanner using a diffusion tensor imaging sequence. A total of 23 subjects underwent another scan using the same sequence with stimulation-off. No adverse events related to diffusion tensor imaging were found. Among the white matter tracts near the STN, the NSP was best delineated, followed by the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract and the hyperdirect pathway. The connection probability of the left NSP was significantly lower than that of the right side as were the subject’s motor symptoms. The closer the distance between the NSP and the stimulation location, the better the DBS outcome. These findings indicate that imaging white matter tracts with DBS on is safe and useful in mapping DBS outcomes.
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Andree A, Li N, Butenko K, Kober M, Chen JZ, Higuchi T, Fauser M, Storch A, Ip CW, Kühn AA, Horn A, van Rienen U. Deep brain stimulation electrode modeling in rats. Exp Neurol 2022; 350:113978. [PMID: 35026227 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.113978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is an efficacious treatment option for an increasing range of brain disorders. To enhance our knowledge about the mechanisms of action of DBS and to probe novel targets, basic research in animal models with DBS is an essential research base. Beyond nonhuman primate, pig, and mouse models, the rat is a widely used animal model for probing DBS effects in basic research. Reconstructing DBS electrode placement after surgery is crucial to associate observed effects with modulating a specific target structure. Post-mortem histology is a commonly used method for reconstructing the electrode location. In humans, however, neuroimaging-based electrode localizations have become established. For this reason, we adapt the open-source software pipeline Lead-DBS for DBS electrode localizations from humans to the rat model. We validate our localization results by inter-rater concordance and a comparison with the conventional histological method. Finally, using the open-source software pipeline OSS-DBS, we demonstrate the subject-specific simulation of the VTA and the activation of axon models aligned to pathways representing neuronal fibers, also known as the pathway activation model. Both activation models yield a characterization of the impact of DBS on the target area. Our results suggest that the proposed neuroimaging-based method can precisely localize DBS electrode placements that are essentially rater-independent and yield results comparable to the histological gold standard. The advantages of neuroimaging-based electrode localizations are the possibility of acquiring them in vivo and combining electrode reconstructions with advanced imaging metrics, such as those obtained from diffusion or functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This paper introduces a freely available open-source pipeline for DBS electrode reconstructions in rats. The presented initial validation results are promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Andree
- Institute of General Electrical Engineering, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Ningfei Li
- Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Unit, Department for Neurology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Konstantin Butenko
- Institute of General Electrical Engineering, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Maria Kober
- Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Jia Zhi Chen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Takahiro Higuchi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Mareike Fauser
- Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Alexander Storch
- Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany; German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Gehlsheimer, Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany; Department Ageing of Individuals and Society, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Chi Wang Ip
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Andrea A Kühn
- Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Unit, Department for Neurology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Horn
- Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Unit, Department for Neurology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ursula van Rienen
- Institute of General Electrical Engineering, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Department Ageing of Individuals and Society, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany; Department Life, Light & Matter, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 25, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
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Plocksties F, Kober M, Niemann C, Heller J, Fauser M, Nüssel M, Uster F, Franz D, Zwar M, Lüttig A, Kröger J, Harloff J, Schulz A, Richter A, Köhling R, Timmermann D, Storch A. The software defined implantable modular platform (STELLA) for preclinical deep brain stimulation research in rodents. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34542029 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac23e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Context.Long-term deep brain stimulation (DBS) studies in rodents are of crucial importance for research progress in this field. However, most stimulation devices require jackets or large head-mounted systems which severely affect mobility and general welfare influencing animals' behavior.Objective.To develop a preclinical neurostimulation implant system for long-term DBS research in small animal models.Approach.We propose a low-cost dual-channel DBS implant called software defined implantable platform (STELLA) with a printed circuit board size of Ø13 × 3.3 mm, weight of 0.6 g and current consumption of 7.6µA/3.1 V combined with an epoxy resin-based encapsulation method.Main results.STELLA delivers charge-balanced and configurable current pulses with widely used commercial electrodes. Whilein vitrostudies demonstrate at least 12 weeks of error-free stimulation using a CR1225 battery, our calculations predict a battery lifetime of up to 3 years using a CR2032. Exemplary application for DBS of the subthalamic nucleus in adult rats demonstrates that fully-implanted STELLA neurostimulators are very well-tolerated over 42 days without relevant stress after the early postoperative phase resulting in normal animal behavior. Encapsulation, external control and monitoring of function proved to be feasible. Stimulation with standard parameters elicited c-Fos expression by subthalamic neurons demonstrating biologically active function of STELLA.Significance.We developed a fully implantable, scalable and reliable DBS device that meets the urgent need for reverse translational research on DBS in freely moving rodent disease models including sensitive behavioral experiments. We thus add an important technology for animal research according to 'The Principle of Humane Experimental Technique'-replacement, reduction and refinement (3R). All hardware, software and additional materials are available under an open source license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Plocksties
- Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering, University of Rostock, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Maria Kober
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christoph Niemann
- Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering, University of Rostock, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jakob Heller
- Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering, University of Rostock, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Mareike Fauser
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Nüssel
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Felix Uster
- Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering, University of Rostock, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Denise Franz
- Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Monique Zwar
- Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anika Lüttig
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Justin Kröger
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jörg Harloff
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Angelika Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Köhling
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Dirk Timmermann
- Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering, University of Rostock, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Storch
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, 18147 Rostock, Germany
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