1
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Schelch S, Eibinger M, Zuson J, Kuballa J, Nidetzky B. Modular bioengineering of whole-cell catalysis for sialo-oligosaccharide production: coordinated co-expression of CMP-sialic acid synthetase and sialyltransferase. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:241. [PMID: 38012629 PMCID: PMC10683312 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In whole-cell bio-catalysis, the biosystems engineering paradigm shifts from the global reconfiguration of cellular metabolism as in fermentation to a more focused, and more easily modularized, optimization of comparably short cascade reactions. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) constitute an important field for the synthetic application of cascade bio-catalysis in resting or non-living cells. Here, we analyzed the central catalytic module for synthesis of HMO-type sialo-oligosaccharides, comprised of CMP-sialic acid synthetase (CSS) and sialyltransferase (SiaT), with the specific aim of coordinated enzyme co-expression in E. coli for reaction flux optimization in whole cell conversions producing 3'-sialyllactose (3SL). RESULTS Difference in enzyme specific activity (CSS from Neisseria meningitidis: 36 U/mg; α2,3-SiaT from Pasteurella dagmatis: 5.7 U/mg) was compensated by differential protein co-expression from tailored plasmid constructs, giving balance between the individual activities at a high level of both (α2,3-SiaT: 9.4 × 102 U/g cell dry mass; CSS: 3.4 × 102 U/g cell dry mass). Finally, plasmid selection was guided by kinetic modeling of the coupled CSS-SiaT reactions in combination with comprehensive analytical tracking of the multistep conversion (lactose, N-acetyl neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), cytidine 5'-triphosphate; each up to 100 mM). The half-life of SiaT in permeabilized cells (≤ 4 h) determined the efficiency of 3SL production at 37 °C. Reaction at 25 °C gave 3SL (40 ± 4 g/L) in ∼ 70% yield within 3 h, reaching a cell dry mass-specific productivity of ∼ 3 g/(g h) and avoiding intermediary CMP-Neu5Ac accumulation. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, balanced co-expression of CSS and SiaT yields an efficient (high-flux) sialylation module to support flexible development of E. coli whole-cell catalysts for sialo-oligosaccharide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schelch
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Manuel Eibinger
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Jasmin Zuson
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Jürgen Kuballa
- GALAB Laboratories GmbH, Am Schleusengraben 7, 21029, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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2
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Willetts A. Bicyclo[3.2.0]carbocyclic Molecules and Redox Biotransformations: The Evolution of Closed-Loop Artificial Linear Biocatalytic Cascades and Related Redox-Neutral Systems. Molecules 2023; 28:7249. [PMID: 37959669 PMCID: PMC10649493 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of cofactor recycling in determining the efficiency of artificial biocatalytic cascades has become paramount in recent years. Closed-loop cofactor recycling, which initially emerged in the 1990s, has made a valuable contribution to the development of this aspect of biotechnology. However, the evolution of redox-neutral closed-loop cofactor recycling has a longer history that has been integrally linked to the enzymology of oxy-functionalised bicyclo[3.2.0]carbocyclic molecule metabolism throughout. This review traces that relevant history from the mid-1960s to current times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Willetts
- Curnow Consultancies Ltd., Trewithen House, Helston TR13 9PQ, Cornwall, UK
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3
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Qin Y, Li Q, Fan L, Ning X, Wei X, You C. Biomanufacturing by In Vitro Biotransformation (ivBT) Using Purified Cascade Multi-enzymes. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 186:1-27. [PMID: 37455283 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
In vitro biotransformation (ivBT) refers to the use of an artificial biological reaction system that employs purified enzymes for the one-pot conversion of low-cost materials into biocommodities such as ethanol, organic acids, and amino acids. Unshackled from cell growth and metabolism, ivBT exhibits distinct advantages compared with metabolic engineering, including but not limited to high engineering flexibility, ease of operation, fast reaction rate, high product yields, and good scalability. These characteristics position ivBT as a promising next-generation biomanufacturing platform. Nevertheless, challenges persist in the enhancement of bulk enzyme preparation methods, the acquisition of enzymes with superior catalytic properties, and the development of sophisticated approaches for pathway design and system optimization. In alignment with the workflow of ivBT development, this chapter presents a systematic introduction to pathway design, enzyme mining and engineering, system construction, and system optimization. The chapter also proffers perspectives on ivBT development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Qin
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- In Vitro Synthetic Biology Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiangzi Li
- In Vitro Synthetic Biology Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Fan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- In Vitro Synthetic Biology Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Sino-Danish College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Ning
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- In Vitro Synthetic Biology Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinlei Wei
- In Vitro Synthetic Biology Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China.
| | - Chun You
- In Vitro Synthetic Biology Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China.
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4
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Construction of Bi-Enzyme Self-Assembly Clusters Based on SpyCatcher/SpyTag for the Efficient Biosynthesis of (R)-Ethyl 2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13010091. [PMID: 36671476 PMCID: PMC9855569 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cascade reactions catalyzed by multi-enzyme systems are important in science and industry and can be used to synthesize drugs and nutrients. In this study, two types of macromolecules of bi-enzyme self-assembly clusters (BESCs) consisting of carbonyl reductase (CpCR) and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) were examined. Stereoselective CpCR and GDH were successfully fused with SpyCatcher and SpyTag, respectively, to obtain four enzyme modules, namely: SpyCatcher-CpCR, SpyCatcher-GDH, SpyTag-CpCR, and SpyTag-GDH, which were covalently coupled in vitro to form two types of hydrogel-like BESCs: CpCR-SpyCatcher-SpyTag-GDH and GDH-SpyCatcher-SpyTag-CpCR. CpCR-SpyCatcher-SpyTag-GDH showed a better activity and efficiently converted ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate (OPBE) to ethyl(R)2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutanoate ((R)-HPBE), while regenerating NADPH. At 30 °C and pH 7, the conversion rate of OPBE with CpCR-SpyCatcher-SpyTag-GDH as a catalyst reached 99.9%, with the ee% of (R)-HPBE reaching above 99.9%. This conversion rate was 2.4 times higher than that obtained with the free bi-enzyme. The pH tolerance and temperature stability of the BESCs were also improved compared with those of the free enzymes. In conclusion, bi-enzyme assemblies were docked using SpyCatcher/SpyTag to produce BESCs with a special structure and excellent catalytic activity, improving the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme.
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5
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Marsden SR, Wijma HJ, Mohr MKF, Justo I, Hagedoorn P, Laustsen J, Jeffries CM, Svergun D, Mestrom L, McMillan DGG, Bento I, Hanefeld U. Substrate Induced Movement of the Metal Cofactor between Active and Resting State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202213338. [PMID: 36214476 PMCID: PMC10099721 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of enzyme activity is vital for living organisms. In metalloenzymes, far-reaching rearrangements of the protein scaffold are generally required to tune the metal cofactor's properties by allosteric regulation. Here structural analysis of hydroxyketoacid aldolase from Sphingomonas wittichii RW1 (SwHKA) revealed a dynamic movement of the metal cofactor between two coordination spheres without protein scaffold rearrangements. In its resting state configuration (M2+ R ), the metal constitutes an integral part of the dimer interface within the overall hexameric assembly, but sterical constraints do not allow for substrate binding. Conversely, a second coordination sphere constitutes the catalytically active state (M2+ A ) at 2.4 Å distance. Bidentate coordination of a ketoacid substrate to M2+ A affords the overall lowest energy complex, which drives the transition from M2+ R to M2+ A . While not described earlier, this type of regulation may be widespread and largely overlooked due to low occupancy of some of its states in protein crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan R. Marsden
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie Technische Universiteit Delft van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Hein J. Wijma
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute Faculty of Science and Engineering University of Groningen Nijenborg 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Michael K. F. Mohr
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie Technische Universiteit Delft van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Inês Justo
- EMBL Hamburg Notkestrasse 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Peter‐Leon Hagedoorn
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie Technische Universiteit Delft van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Luuk Mestrom
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie Technische Universiteit Delft van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Duncan G. G. McMillan
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie Technische Universiteit Delft van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Isabel Bento
- EMBL Hamburg Notkestrasse 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie Technische Universiteit Delft van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft The Netherlands
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6
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Ramos De Dios SM, Tiwari VK, McCune CD, Dhokale RA, Berkowitz DB. Biomacromolecule-Assisted Screening for Reaction Discovery and Catalyst Optimization. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13800-13880. [PMID: 35904776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reaction discovery and catalyst screening lie at the heart of synthetic organic chemistry. While there are efforts at de novo catalyst design using computation/artificial intelligence, at its core, synthetic chemistry is an experimental science. This review overviews biomacromolecule-assisted screening methods and the follow-on elaboration of chemistry so discovered. All three types of biomacromolecules discussed─enzymes, antibodies, and nucleic acids─have been used as "sensors" to provide a readout on product chirality exploiting their native chirality. Enzymatic sensing methods yield both UV-spectrophotometric and visible, colorimetric readouts. Antibody sensors provide direct fluorescent readout upon analyte binding in some cases or provide for cat-ELISA (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay)-type readouts. DNA biomacromolecule-assisted screening allows for templation to facilitate reaction discovery, driving bimolecular reactions into a pseudo-unimolecular format. In addition, the ability to use DNA-encoded libraries permits the barcoding of reactants. All three types of biomacromolecule-based screens afford high sensitivity and selectivity. Among the chemical transformations discovered by enzymatic screening methods are the first Ni(0)-mediated asymmetric allylic amination and a new thiocyanopalladation/carbocyclization transformation in which both C-SCN and C-C bonds are fashioned sequentially. Cat-ELISA screening has identified new classes of sydnone-alkyne cycloadditions, and DNA-encoded screening has been exploited to uncover interesting oxidative Pd-mediated amido-alkyne/alkene coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Virendra K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Christopher D McCune
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Ranjeet A Dhokale
- Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - David B Berkowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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7
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Wohlgemuth R, Littlechild J. Complexity reduction and opportunities in the design, integration and intensification of biocatalytic processes for metabolite synthesis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:958606. [PMID: 35935499 PMCID: PMC9355135 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.958606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of metabolites from available starting materials is becoming an ever important area due to the increasing demands within the life science research area. Access to metabolites is making essential contributions to analytical, diagnostic, therapeutic and different industrial applications. These molecules can be synthesized by the enzymes of biological systems under sustainable process conditions. The facile synthetic access to the metabolite and metabolite-like molecular space is of fundamental importance. The increasing knowledge within molecular biology, enzyme discovery and production together with their biochemical and structural properties offers excellent opportunities for using modular cell-free biocatalytic systems. This reduces the complexity of synthesizing metabolites using biological whole-cell approaches or by classical chemical synthesis. A systems biocatalysis approach can provide a wealth of optimized enzymes for the biosynthesis of already identified and new metabolite molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Wohlgemuth
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
- Swiss Coordination Committee for Biotechnology, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Roland Wohlgemuth, ; Jennifer Littlechild,
| | - Jennifer Littlechild
- Henry Wellcome Building for Biocatalysis, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Roland Wohlgemuth, ; Jennifer Littlechild,
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8
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From Enzyme to Preparative Cascade Reactions with Immobilized Enzymes: Tuning Fe(II)/α-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Lysine Hydroxylases for Application in Biotransformations. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12040354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fe(II)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (KDOs) catalyze a broad range of selective C–H oxidation reactions. However, the difficult production of KDOs in recombinant E. coli strains and their instability in purified form have so far limited their application in preparative biotransformations. Here, we investigated the immobilization of three KDOs (CaKDO, CpKDO, FjKDO) that catalyze the stereoselective hydroxylation of the L-lysine side chain using two one-step immobilization techniques (HaloTag®, EziG™). The HaloTag®-based immobilisates reached the best results with respect to residual activity and stability. In preparative lab-scale experiments, we achieved product titers of 16 g L−1 (3S)-hydroxy-L-lysine (CaKDO) and (4R)-hydroxy-L-lysine (FjKDO), respectively, starting from 100 mM L-lysine. Using a HaloTag®-immobilized lysine decarboxylase from Selenomonas ruminantium (SrLDC), the (3S)-hydroxy-L-lysine from the CaKDO-catalyzed reaction was successfully converted to (2S)-hydroxy-cadaverine without intermediate product purification, yielding a product titer of 11.6 g L−1 in a 15 mL consecutive batch reaction. We propose that covalent in situ immobilization is an appropriate tool to access the preparative potential of many other KDOs.
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9
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Wu Y, Xu R, Feng Y, Song H. Rational Design of a De Novo Enzyme Cascade for Scalable Continuous Production of Antidepressant Prodrugs. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunbin Wu
- College of Chemistry & Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Rui Xu
- College of Chemistry & Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Yuxin Feng
- College of Chemistry & Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Heng Song
- College of Chemistry & Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
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10
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Beerens K, Gevaert O, Desmet T. GDP-Mannose 3,5-Epimerase: A View on Structure, Mechanism, and Industrial Potential. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:784142. [PMID: 35087867 PMCID: PMC8787198 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.784142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GDP-mannose 3,5-epimerase (GM35E, GME) belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) protein superfamily and catalyses the conversion of GDP-d-mannose towards GDP-l-galactose. Although the overall reaction seems relatively simple (a double epimerization), the enzyme needs to orchestrate a complex set of chemical reactions, with no less than 6 catalysis steps (oxidation, 2x deprotonation, 2x protonation and reduction), to perform the double epimerization of GDP-mannose to GDP-l-galactose. The enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of vitamin C in plants and lipopolysaccharide synthesis in bacteria. In this review, we provide a clear overview of these interesting epimerases, including the latest findings such as the recently characterized bacterial and thermostable GM35E representative and its mechanism revision but also focus on their industrial potential in rare sugar synthesis and glycorandomization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tom Desmet
- *Correspondence: Koen Beerens, ; Tom Desmet,
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11
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Benítez-Mateos AI, Paradisi F. Advanced Enzyme Immobilization Technologies: An Eco-friendly Support, a Polymer-Stabilizing Immobilization Strategy, and an Improved Cofactor Co-immobilization Technique. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2397:263-276. [PMID: 34813069 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1826-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is a wide variety of protocols for enzyme immobilization, allowing for the reuse of the enzyme, integration in flow bioreactors, and easy separation from the final product. However, none of them have reached a generalized implementation and new immobilization technologies are continuously being developed to improve the properties of the immobilized biocatalysts. In this chapter, we describe three advanced strategies looking at the key points of enzyme immobilization: the sustainability of the support, the recovered activity of the immobilized enzyme, and the reuse of the cofactors. Lignin is presented as a suitable and versatile support for enzyme immobilization, offering a more cost-effective and biodegradable strategy. A cationic polymer is used during the enzyme immobilization procedure to prevent the subunit dissociation of multimeric enzymes as well as to avoid excessive rigidification of the covalently immobilized enzyme. Finally, the reversible co-immobilization of cofactors has been improved by increasing the reactive groups of the support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Benítez-Mateos
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Francesca Paradisi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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12
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Höfmann S, Dziwornu PA, Klaus T, Knura T, Wohlgemuth R, Bräsen C, Siebers B. Simplified Enzymatic Synthesis of 2-Keto-3-Deoxy-D-Gluconate from D-Gluconate Using the Gluconate Dehydratase from Thermoproteus tenax. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2522:351-362. [PMID: 36125762 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2445-6_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many research areas, e.g., basic research but also applied fields of biotechnology, biomedicine, and diagnostics often suffer from the unavailability of metabolic compounds. This is mostly due to missing easy and efficient synthesis procedures. We herein describe the biocatalytic/enzymatic production of 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-gluconate, an intermediate of central metabolic pathways in all three domains of life and also of bacterial polysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, and cell wall components. The method is based on the gluconate dehydratase from the hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Thermoproteus tenax, which can be easily recombinantly overproduced in Escherichia coli and-due to its intrinsic thermostability-rapidly be purified by two precipitation steps. The enzyme completely converts D-gluconate to solely stereochemically pure KDG, taking benefits from the enol-keto-tautomerism of the primary reaction product. The final product can then easily be separated from the protein by ultrafiltration. The simple one-step procedure, which is suitable at least for the lab-scale/gram-scale production of KDG, replaces lengthy multi-step reactions and is easily scalable. This approach also illustrates the great application potential of Archaea with their unusual metabolic pathways and enzymes for the synthesis of added value products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Höfmann
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Enzyme Technology and Biochemistry (MEB), Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology (EMB), Centre for Water and Environmental Research (CWE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Promise Akua Dziwornu
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Enzyme Technology and Biochemistry (MEB), Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology (EMB), Centre for Water and Environmental Research (CWE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Klaus
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Enzyme Technology and Biochemistry (MEB), Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology (EMB), Centre for Water and Environmental Research (CWE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Knura
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Enzyme Technology and Biochemistry (MEB), Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology (EMB), Centre for Water and Environmental Research (CWE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Roland Wohlgemuth
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Christopher Bräsen
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Enzyme Technology and Biochemistry (MEB), Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology (EMB), Centre for Water and Environmental Research (CWE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bettina Siebers
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Enzyme Technology and Biochemistry (MEB), Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology (EMB), Centre for Water and Environmental Research (CWE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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13
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Cui Z, Wang Z, Zheng M, Chen T. Advances in biological production of acetoin: a comprehensive overview. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:1135-1156. [PMID: 34806505 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1995319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Acetoin, a high-value-added bio-based platform chemical, is widely used in foods, cosmetics, agriculture, and the chemical industry. It is an important precursor for the synthesis of: 2,3-butanediol, liquid hydrocarbon fuels and heterocyclic compounds. Since the fossil resources are becoming increasingly scarce, biological production of acetoin has received increasing attention as an alternative to chemical synthesis. Although there are excellent reviews on the: application, catabolism and fermentative production of acetoin, little attention has been paid to acetoin production via: electrode-assisted fermentation, whole-cell biocatalysis, and in vitro/cell-free biocatalysis. In this review, acetoin biosynthesis pathways and relevant key enzymes are firstly reviewed. In addition, various strategies for biological acetoin production are summarized including: cell-free biocatalysis, whole-cell biocatalysis, microbial fermentation, and electrode-assisted fermentation. The advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches are discussed and weighed, illustrating the increasing progress toward economical, green and efficient production of acetoin. Additionally, recent advances in acetoin extraction and recovery in downstream processing are also briefly reviewed. Moreover, the current issues and future prospects of diverse strategies for biological acetoin production are discussed, with the hope of realizing the promises of industrial acetoin biomanufacturing in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Cui
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, China
| | - Meiyu Zheng
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, China
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14
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Kuschmierz L, Shen L, Bräsen C, Snoep J, Siebers B. Workflows for optimization of enzyme cascades and whole cell catalysis based on enzyme kinetic characterization and pathway modelling. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 74:55-60. [PMID: 34794111 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To move towards a circular bioeconomy, sustainable strategies for the utilization of renewable, non-food biomass wastes such as lignocellulose, are needed. To this end, an efficient bioconversion of d-xylose - after d-glucose the most abundant sugar in lignocellulose - is highly desirable. Most standard organisms used in biotechnology are limited in metabolising d-xylose, and also in vitro enzymatic strategies for its conversion have not been very successful. We herein discuss that bioconversion of d-xylose is mostly hampered by missing knowledge on the kinetic properties of the enzymes involved in its metabolism. We propose a combination of classical enzyme characterizations and mathematical modelling approaches as a workflow for rational, model-based design to optimize enzyme cascades and/or whole cell biocatalysts for efficient d-xylose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kuschmierz
- Molecular Enzyme Technology and Biochemistry (MEB), Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology (EMB), Centre for Water and Environmental Research (CWE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Lu Shen
- Molecular Enzyme Technology and Biochemistry (MEB), Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology (EMB), Centre for Water and Environmental Research (CWE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Christopher Bräsen
- Molecular Enzyme Technology and Biochemistry (MEB), Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology (EMB), Centre for Water and Environmental Research (CWE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Jacky Snoep
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bettina Siebers
- Molecular Enzyme Technology and Biochemistry (MEB), Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology (EMB), Centre for Water and Environmental Research (CWE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.
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15
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Enzyme co-immobilization: Always the biocatalyst designers' choice…or not? Biotechnol Adv 2021; 51:107584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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16
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Vignali E, Pollegioni L, Di Nardo G, Valetti F, Gazzola S, Gilardi G, Rosini E. Multi‐Enzymatic Cascade Reactions for the Synthesis of
cis,cis
‐Muconic Acid. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Vignali
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences University of Insubria Via J. H. Dunant 3 21100 Varese Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences University of Insubria Via J. H. Dunant 3 21100 Varese Italy
| | - Giovanna Di Nardo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology University of Turin Via Accademia Albertina 13 10123 Torino Italy
| | - Francesca Valetti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology University of Turin Via Accademia Albertina 13 10123 Torino Italy
| | - Silvia Gazzola
- Department of Science and High Technology University of Insubria Via Valleggio 9 22100 Como Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology University of Turin Via Accademia Albertina 13 10123 Torino Italy
| | - Elena Rosini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences University of Insubria Via J. H. Dunant 3 21100 Varese Italy
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17
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Zeballos N, Diamanti E, Benítez-Mateos AI, Schmidt-Dannert C, López-Gallego F. Solid-Phase Assembly of Multienzyme Systems into Artificial Cellulosomes. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1966-1972. [PMID: 34410702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We herein describe a bioinspired solid-phase assembly of a multienzyme system scaffolded on an artificial cellulosome. An alcohol dehydrogenase and an ω-transaminase were fused to cohesin and dockerin domains to drive their sequential and ordered coimmobilization on agarose porous microbeads. The resulting immobilized scaffolded enzymatic cellulosome was characterized through quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation and confocal laser scanning microscopy to demonstrate that both enzymes interact with each other and physically colocalize within the microbeads. Finally, the assembled multifunctional heterogeneous biocatalyst was tested for the one-pot conversion of alcohols into amines. By using the physically colocalized enzymatic system confined into porous microbeads, the yield of the corresponding amine was 1.3 and 10 times higher than the spatially segregated immobilized system and the free enzymes, respectively. This work establishes the basis of a new concept to organize multienzyme systems at the nanoscale within solid and porous immobilization carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoll Zeballos
- Heterogeneous Biocatalysis Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014 Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Eleftheria Diamanti
- Heterogeneous Biocatalysis Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014 Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ana I Benítez-Mateos
- Heterogeneous Biocatalysis Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014 Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Claudia Schmidt-Dannert
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Fernando López-Gallego
- Heterogeneous Biocatalysis Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014 Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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18
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Liu H, Nidetzky B. Leloir glycosyltransferases enabled to flow synthesis: Continuous production of the natural C-glycoside nothofagin. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:4402-4413. [PMID: 34355386 PMCID: PMC9291316 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
C‐glycosyltransferase (CGT) and sucrose synthase (SuSy), each fused to the cationic binding module Zbasic2, were co‐immobilized on anionic carrier (ReliSorb SP400) and assessed for continuous production of the natural C‐glycoside nothofagin. The overall reaction was 3ʹ‐C‐β‐glycosylation of the polyphenol phloretin from uridine 5ʹ‐diphosphate (UDP)‐glucose that was released in situ from sucrose and UDP. Using solid catalyst optimized for total (∼28 mg/g) as well as relative protein loading (CGT/SuSy = ∼1) and assembled into a packed bed (1 ml), we demonstrate flow synthesis of nothofagin (up to 52 mg/ml; 120 mM) from phloretin (≥95% conversion) solubilized by inclusion complexation in hydroxypropyl β‐cyclodextrin. About 1.8 g nothofagin (90 ml; 12–26 mg/ml) were produced continuously over 90 reactor cycles (2.3 h/cycle) with a space‐time yield of approximately 11 mg/(ml h) and a total enzyme turnover number of up to 2.9 × 103 mg/mg (=3.8 × 105 mol/mol). The co‐immobilized enzymes exhibited useful effectiveness (∼40% of the enzymes in solution), with limitations on the conversion rate arising partly from external liquid–solid mass transfer of UDP under packed‐bed flow conditions. The operational half‐life of the catalyst (∼200 h; 30°C) was governed by the binding stability of the glycosyltransferases (≤35% loss of activity) on the solid carrier. Collectively, the current study shows integrated process technology for flow synthesis with co‐immobilized sugar nucleotide‐dependent glycosyltransferases, using efficient glycosylation from sucrose via the internally recycled UDP‐glucose. This provides a basis from engineering science to promote glycosyltransferase applications for natural product glycosides and oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Graz, Austria
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19
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Schelch S, Eibinger M, Gross Belduma S, Petschacher B, Kuballa J, Nidetzky B. Engineering analysis of multienzyme cascade reactions for 3'-sialyllactose synthesis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:4290-4304. [PMID: 34289079 PMCID: PMC9290085 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sialo‐oligosaccharides are important products of emerging biotechnology for complex carbohydrates as nutritional ingredients. Cascade bio‐catalysis is central to the development of sialo‐oligosaccharide production systems, based on isolated enzymes or whole cells. Multienzyme transformations have been established for sialo‐oligosaccharide synthesis from expedient substrates, but systematic engineering analysis for the optimization of such transformations is lacking. Here, we show a mathematical modeling‐guided approach to 3ʹ‐sialyllactose (3SL) synthesis from N‐acetyl‐
d‐neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and lactose in the presence of cytidine 5ʹ‐triphosphate, via the reactions of cytidine 5ʹ‐monophosphate‐Neu5Ac synthetase and α2,3‐sialyltransferase. The Neu5Ac was synthesized in situ from N‐acetyl‐
d‐mannosamine using the reversible reaction with pyruvate by Neu5Ac lyase or the effectively irreversible reaction with phosphoenolpyruvate by Neu5Ac synthase. We show through comprehensive time‐course study by experiment and modeling that, due to kinetic rather than thermodynamic advantages of the synthase reaction, the 3SL yield was increased (up to 75%; 10.4 g/L) and the initial productivity doubled (15 g/L/h), compared with synthesis based on the lyase reaction. We further show model‐based optimization to minimize the total loading of protein (saving: up to 43%) while maintaining a suitable ratio of the individual enzyme activities to achieve 3SL target yield (61%–75%; 7–10 g/L) and overall productivity (3–5 g/L/h). Collectively, our results reveal the principal factors of enzyme cascade efficiency for 3SL synthesis and highlight the important role of engineering analysis to make multienzyme‐catalyzed transformations fit for oligosaccharide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schelch
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Manuel Eibinger
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Stefanie Gross Belduma
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Petschacher
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
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20
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Wong M, Badri A, Gasparis C, Belfort G, Koffas M. Modular optimization in metabolic engineering. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 56:587-602. [PMID: 34180323 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2021.1937928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for bioproducts produced by metabolically engineered microbes, such as pharmaceuticals, biofuels, biochemicals and other high value compounds. In order to meet this demand, modular optimization, the optimizing of subsections instead of the whole system, has been adopted to engineer cells to overproduce products. Research into modularity has focused on traditional approaches such as DNA, RNA, and protein-level modularity of intercellular machinery, by optimizing metabolic pathways for enhanced production. While research into these traditional approaches continues, limitations such as scale-up and time cost hold them back from wider use, while at the same time there is a shift to more novel methods, such as moving from episomal expression to chromosomal integration. Recently, nontraditional approaches such as co-culture systems and cell-free metabolic engineering (CFME) are being investigated for modular optimization. Co-culture modularity looks to optimally divide the metabolic burden between different hosts. CFME seeks to modularly optimize metabolic pathways in vitro, both speeding up the design of such systems and eliminating the issues associated with live hosts. In this review we will examine both traditional and nontraditional approaches for modular optimization, examining recent developments and discussing issues and emerging solutions for future research in metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wong
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Abinaya Badri
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Christopher Gasparis
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Georges Belfort
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Mattheos Koffas
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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21
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Marsden SR, Mestrom L, Wijma HJ, Noordam SJ, McMillan DGG, Hanefeld U. Thermodynamics Determine the Diastereochemical Outcome of Catalytic Reactions. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan R. Marsden
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie Technische Universiteit Delft van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Luuk Mestrom
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie Technische Universiteit Delft van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Hein J. Wijma
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute Faculty of Science and Engineering University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Sander J. Noordam
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie Technische Universiteit Delft van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Duncan G. G. McMillan
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie Technische Universiteit Delft van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie Technische Universiteit Delft van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft The Netherlands
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22
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Abstract
Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) are flavin-dependent oxidative enzymes capable of catalyzing the insertion of an oxygen atom between a carbonylic Csp2 and the Csp3 at the alpha position, therefore transforming linear and cyclic ketones into esters and lactones. These enzymes are dependent on nicotinamides (NAD(P)H) for the flavin reduction and subsequent reaction with molecular oxygen. BVMOs can be included in cascade reactions, coupled to other redox enzymes, such as alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) or ene-reductases (EREDs), so that the direct conversion of alcohols or α,β-unsaturated carbonylic compounds to the corresponding esters can be achieved. In the present review, the different synthetic methodologies that have been performed by employing multienzymatic strategies with BVMOs combining whole cells or isolated enzymes, through sequential or parallel methods, are described, with the aim of highlighting the advantages of performing multienzymatic systems, and show the recent advances for overcoming the drawbacks of using BVMOs in these techniques.
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23
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Sun S, You C. Disaccharide phosphorylases: Structure, catalytic mechanisms and directed evolution. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2021; 6:23-31. [PMID: 33665389 PMCID: PMC7896129 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Disaccharide phosphorylases (DSPs) are carbohydrate-active enzymes with outstanding potential for the biocatalytic conversion of common table sugar into products with attractive properties. They are modular enzymes that form active homo-oligomers. From a mechanistic as well as a structural point of view, they are similar to glycoside hydrolases or glycosyltransferases. As the majority of DSPs show strict stereo- and regiospecificities, these enzymes were used to synthesize specific disaccharides. Currently, protein engineering of DSPs is pursued in different laboratories to broaden the donor and acceptor substrate specificities or improve the industrial particularity of naturally existing enzymes, to eventually generate a toolbox of new catalysts for glycoside synthesis. Herein we review the characteristics and classifications of reported DSPs and the glycoside products that they have been used to synthesize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangshang Sun
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun You
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People’s Republic of China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, People’s Republic of China
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24
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Co-Immobilization and Co-Localization of Multi-Enzyme Systems on Porous Materials. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2100:297-308. [PMID: 31939131 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0215-7_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immobilization of multi-enzyme systems on solid materials is rapidly gaining interest for the construction of biocatalytic cascades with biotechnological applications in industry. The heterogenization and control of the spatial organization across porous materials of the system components are essentials to improve the performance of the process providing higher robustness, yield, and productivity. In this chapter, the co-immobilization and co-localization of a bi-enzymatic bio-redox orthogonal cascade with in situ cofactor regeneration are described. An NADH-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase catalyzes the asymmetric reduction of 2,2,2 trifluoroacetophenone using an NADH regeneration system consisting of a glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamic acid. Three different spatial organizations of the enzymes were compared in terms of cofactor-recycling efficiency. Furthermore, we demonstrated how the co-localization and uniform distribution (by controlling the enzyme immobilization rate) of the main and recycling dehydrogenases inside the same porous particle lead to enhance the cofactor-recycling efficiency of the bi-enzymatic bio-redox systems.
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25
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Slagman S, Fessner WD. Biocatalytic routes to anti-viral agents and their synthetic intermediates. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:1968-2009. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00763c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An assessment of biocatalytic strategies for the synthesis of anti-viral agents, offering guidelines for the development of sustainable production methods for a future COVID-19 remedy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd Slagman
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - Wolf-Dieter Fessner
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- Germany
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26
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Peretó J. Transmetabolism: the non-conformist approach to biotechnology. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:41-44. [PMID: 33119190 PMCID: PMC7888464 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juli Peretó
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of ValenciaInstitute for Integrative Systems Biology I2SysBio (University of Valencia‐CSIC)Darwin Bioprospecting Excellence SL, Parc Científic de la Universitat de ValènciaPaternaSpain
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27
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Bacterial sialyltransferases and their use in biocatalytic cascades for sialo-oligosaccharide production. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 44:107613. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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28
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Sriwaiyaphram K, Punthong P, Sucharitakul J, Wongnate T. Structure and function relationships of sugar oxidases and their potential use in biocatalysis. Enzymes 2020; 47:193-230. [PMID: 32951824 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Several sugar oxidases that catalyze the oxidation of sugars have been isolated and characterized. These enzymes can be classified as flavoenzyme due to the presence of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as a cofactor. Sugar oxidases have been proposed to be the key biocatalyst in biotransformation of carbohydrates which can potentially convert sugars to provide a pool of intermediates for synthesis of rare sugars, fine chemicals and drugs. Moreover, sugar oxidases have been applied in biosensing of various biomolecules in food industries, diagnosis of diseases and environmental pollutant detection. This review provides the discussions on general properties, current mechanistic understanding, structural determination, biocatalytic application, and biosensor integration of representative sugar oxidase enzymes, namely pyranose 2-oxidase (P2O), glucose oxidase (GO), hexose oxidase (HO), and oligosaccharide oxidase. The information regarding the relationship between structure and function of these sugar oxidases points out the key properties of this particular group of enzymes that can be modified by engineering, which had resulted in a remarkable economic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokkan Sriwaiyaphram
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, Thailand
| | - Pangrum Punthong
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, Thailand
| | - Jeerus Sucharitakul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanyaporn Wongnate
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, Thailand.
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29
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Liu S, Wang J, Zhu Z, Shi T, Zhang YHPJ. Efficient secretory production of large-size heterologous enzymes in Bacillus subtilis: A secretory partner and directed evolution. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2957-2968. [PMID: 32589796 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Secretory production of recombinant proteins provides a simple approach to the production and purification of target proteins in the enzyme industry. We developed a combined strategy for the secretory production of three large-size heterologous enzymes with a special focus on 83-kDa isoamylase (IA) from an archaeon Sulfolobus tokodaii in a bacterium Bacillus subtilis. First, a secretory protein of the B. subtilis family 5 glycoside hydrolase endoglucanase (Cel5) was used as a fusion partner, along with the NprB signal peptide, to facilitate secretory production of IA. This secretory partner strategy was effective for the secretion of two other large enzymes: family 9 glycoside hydrolase from Clostridium phytofermentas and cellodextrin phosphorylase from Clostridium thermocellum. Second, the secretion of Cel5-IA was improved by directed evolution with two novel double-layer Petri-dish-based high-throughput screening (HTS) methods. The high-sensitivity HTS relied on the detection of high-activity Cel5 on the carboxymethylcellulose/Congo-red assay. The second modest-sensitivity HTS focused on the detection of low-activity IA on the amylodextrin-I2 assay. After six rounds of HTS, a secretory Cel5-IA level was increased to 234 mg/L, 155 times the wild-type IA with the NprB signal peptide only. This combinatory strategy could be useful to enhance the secretory production of large-size heterologous proteins in B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Ting Shi
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi-Heng P Job Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
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30
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Busch F, Brummund J, Calderini E, Schürmann M, Kourist R. Cofactor Generation Cascade for α-Ketoglutarate and Fe(II)-Dependent Dioxygenases. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2020; 8:8604-8612. [PMID: 32953283 PMCID: PMC7493210 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fe(II)- and α-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenases have emerged as important catalysts for the preparation of non-natural amino acids. The stoichiometric supply of the cosubstrate α-ketoglutarate (αKG) is an important cost factor. A combination of the N-succinyl amino acid hydroxylase SadA with an l-glutamate oxidase (LGOX) allowed for coupling in situ production of αKG to stereoselective αKG-dependent dioxygenases in a one-pot/two-step cascade reaction. Both enzymes were used as immobilized enzymes and tested in a preparative scale setup under process-near conditions. Oxygen supply, enzyme, and substrate loading of the oxidation of glutamate were investigated under controlled reaction conditions on a small scale before upscaling to a 1 L stirred tank reactor. LGOX was applied with a substrate concentration of 73.6 g/L (339 mM) and reached a space-time yield of 14.2 g/L/h. Additionally, the enzyme was recycled up to 3 times. The hydroxylase SadA reached a space-time yield of 1.2 g/L/h at a product concentration of 9.3 g/L (40 mM). For both cascade reactions, the supply with oxygen was identified as a critical parameter. The results underline the robustness and suitability of α-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenases for application outside of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Busch
- InnoSyn
B.V., Urmonderbaan 22, NL-6167 RD Geleen The Netherlands
- Junior
Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jan Brummund
- InnoSyn
B.V., Urmonderbaan 22, NL-6167 RD Geleen The Netherlands
| | - Elia Calderini
- Institute
of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University
of Technology, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Schürmann
- InnoSyn
B.V., Urmonderbaan 22, NL-6167 RD Geleen The Netherlands
| | - Robert Kourist
- Institute
of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University
of Technology, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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31
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Li RJ, Zhang Z, Acevedo-Rocha CG, Zhao J, Li A. Biosynthesis of organic molecules via artificial cascade reactions based on cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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32
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Biewenga L, Kunzendorf A, Poelarends GJ. In Situ Acetaldehyde Synthesis for Carboligation Reactions. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1505-1509. [PMID: 31868962 PMCID: PMC7318290 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase (4-OT) can promiscuously catalyze various carboligation reactions using acetaldehyde as a nucleophile. However, the highly reactive nature of acetaldehyde requires intricate handling, which can impede its usage in practical synthesis. Therefore, we investigated three enzymatic routes to synthesize acetaldehyde in situ in one-pot cascade reactions with 4-OT. Two routes afforded practical acetaldehyde concentrations, using an environmental pollutant, trans-3-chloroacrylic acid, or a bio-renewable, ethanol, as starting substrate. These routes can be combined with 4-OT catalyzed Michael-type additions and aldol condensations in one pot. This modular systems biocatalysis methodology provides a stepping stone towards the development of larger artificial metabolic networks for the practical synthesis of important chemical synthons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieuwe Biewenga
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical BiologyGroningen Research Institute of PharmacyUniversity of GroningenAntonius Deusinglaan 19713 AVGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Andreas Kunzendorf
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical BiologyGroningen Research Institute of PharmacyUniversity of GroningenAntonius Deusinglaan 19713 AVGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J. Poelarends
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical BiologyGroningen Research Institute of PharmacyUniversity of GroningenAntonius Deusinglaan 19713 AVGroningenThe Netherlands
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33
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Finnigan W, Citoler J, Cosgrove SC, Turner NJ. Rapid Model-Based Optimization of a Two-Enzyme System for Continuous Reductive Amination in Flow. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Finnigan
- Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Joan Citoler
- Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian C. Cosgrove
- Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
- Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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34
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Krevet S, Shen L, Bohnen T, Schoenenberger B, Meier R, Obkircher M, Bangert K, Koehling R, Allenspach E, Wohlgemuth R, Siebers B, Bräsen C. Enzymatic Synthesis of 2-Keto-3-Deoxy-6-Phosphogluconate by the 6-Phosphogluconate-Dehydratase From Caulobacter crescentus. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:185. [PMID: 32266226 PMCID: PMC7099567 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of metabolic intermediates is a prerequisite in many fields ranging from basic research, to biotechnological and biomedical applications as well as diagnostics. 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate (KDPG) is the key intermediate of the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway for sugar degradation and of sugar acid and sugar polymer breakdown in many organisms including human and plant pathogens. However, so far KDPG is hardly available due to missing efficient synthesis routes. We here report the efficient biocatalytic KDPG production through enzymatic dehydration of 6-phosphogluconate (6PG) up to gram scale using the 6PG dehydratase/Entner-Doudoroff dehydratase (EDD) from Caulobacter crescentus (CcEDD). The enzyme was recombinantly produced in Escherichia coli, purified to apparent homogeneity in a simple one-step procedure using nickel ion affinity chromatography, and characterized with respect to molecular and kinetic properties. The homodimeric CcEDD catalyzed the irreversible 6PG dehydration to KDPG with a Vmax of 61.6 U mg–1 and a KM of 0.3 mM for 6PG. Most importantly, the CcEDD showed sufficient long-term stability and activity to provide the enzyme in amounts and purity required for the efficient downstream synthesis of KDPG. CcEDD completely converted 1 g 6PG and a straight forward purification method yielded 0.81 g of stereochemically pure KDPG corresponding to a final yield of 90% as shown by HPLC-MS and NMR analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Krevet
- Molecular Enzyme Technology and Biochemistry, Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology (EMB), Centre for Water and Environmental Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lu Shen
- Molecular Enzyme Technology and Biochemistry, Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology (EMB), Centre for Water and Environmental Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Timon Bohnen
- Molecular Enzyme Technology and Biochemistry, Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology (EMB), Centre for Water and Environmental Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Roland Meier
- Member of Merck Group, Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH, Buchs, Switzerland
| | - Markus Obkircher
- Member of Merck Group, Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH, Buchs, Switzerland
| | - Klara Bangert
- Member of Merck Group, Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH, Buchs, Switzerland
| | - Rudolf Koehling
- Member of Merck Group, Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH, Buchs, Switzerland
| | - Eric Allenspach
- Member of Merck Group, Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH, Buchs, Switzerland
| | - Roland Wohlgemuth
- Member of Merck Group, Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH, Buchs, Switzerland.,Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Technical University Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Bettina Siebers
- Molecular Enzyme Technology and Biochemistry, Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology (EMB), Centre for Water and Environmental Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christopher Bräsen
- Molecular Enzyme Technology and Biochemistry, Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology (EMB), Centre for Water and Environmental Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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35
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A combined experimental and modelling approach for the Weimberg pathway optimisation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1098. [PMID: 32107375 PMCID: PMC7046635 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14830-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxidative Weimberg pathway for the five-step pentose degradation to α-ketoglutarate is a key route for sustainable bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to added-value products and biofuels. The oxidative pathway from Caulobacter crescentus has been employed in in-vivo metabolic engineering with intact cells and in in-vitro enzyme cascades. The performance of such engineering approaches is often hampered by systems complexity, caused by non-linear kinetics and allosteric regulatory mechanisms. Here we report an iterative approach to construct and validate a quantitative model for the Weimberg pathway. Two sensitive points in pathway performance have been identified as follows: (1) product inhibition of the dehydrogenases (particularly in the absence of an efficient NAD+ recycling mechanism) and (2) balancing the activities of the dehydratases. The resulting model is utilized to design enzyme cascades for optimized conversion and to analyse pathway performance in C. cresensus cell-free extracts.
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36
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Zhong C, Duić B, Bolivar JM, Nidetzky B. Three‐Enzyme Phosphorylase Cascade Immobilized on Solid Support for Biocatalytic Synthesis of Cello−oligosaccharides. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical EngineeringGraz University of Technology, NAWI Graz Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Božidar Duić
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical EngineeringGraz University of Technology, NAWI Graz Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Juan M. Bolivar
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical EngineeringGraz University of Technology, NAWI Graz Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical EngineeringGraz University of Technology, NAWI Graz Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
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37
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Woodley JM. Advances in biological conversion technologies: new opportunities for reaction engineering. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00422j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction engineering needs to embrace biological conversion technologies, on the road to identify more sustainable routes for chemical manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Woodley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
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38
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Marsden SR, Mestrom L, McMillan DGG, Hanefeld U. Thermodynamically and Kinetically Controlled Reactions in Biocatalysis – from Concepts to Perspectives. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan R. Marsden
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling BiotechnologieTechnische Universiteit Delft Van der Maasweg 9 Delft 2629HZ The Netherlands
| | - Luuk Mestrom
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling BiotechnologieTechnische Universiteit Delft Van der Maasweg 9 Delft 2629HZ The Netherlands
| | - Duncan G. G. McMillan
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling BiotechnologieTechnische Universiteit Delft Van der Maasweg 9 Delft 2629HZ The Netherlands
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling BiotechnologieTechnische Universiteit Delft Van der Maasweg 9 Delft 2629HZ The Netherlands
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39
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Zhong C, Nidetzky B. Three-Enzyme Phosphorylase Cascade for Integrated Production of Short-Chain Cellodextrins. Biotechnol J 2019; 15:e1900349. [PMID: 31677345 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cellodextrins are linear β-1,4-gluco-oligosaccharides that are soluble in water up to a degree of polymerization (DP) of ≈6. Soluble cellodextrins have promising applications as nutritional ingredients. A DP-controlled, bottom-up synthesis from expedient substrates is desired for their bulk production. Here, a three-enzyme glycoside phosphorylase cascade is developed for the conversion of sucrose and glucose into short-chain (soluble) cellodextrins (DP range 3-6). The cascade reaction involves iterative β-1,4-glucosylation of glucose from α-glucose 1-phosphate (αGlc1-P) donor that is formed in situ from sucrose and phosphate. With final concentration and yield of the soluble cellodextrins set as targets for biocatalytic synthesis, three major factors of reaction efficiency are identified and partly optimized: the ratio of enzyme activity, the ratio of sucrose and glucose, and the phosphate concentration used. The efficient use of the phosphate/αGlc1-P shuttle for cellodextrin production is demonstrated and the soluble product at 40 g L-1 is obtained under near-complete utilization of the donor substrate offered (88 mol% from 200 mm sucrose). The productivity is 16 g (L h)-1 . Through a simple two-step route, the soluble cellodextrins are recovered from the reaction mixture in ≥95% purity and ≈92% yield. Overall, this study provides the basis for their integrated production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, NAWI Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, NAWI Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
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40
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Gmelch TJ, Sperl JM, Sieber V. Optimization of a reduced enzymatic reaction cascade for the production of L-alanine. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11754. [PMID: 31409820 PMCID: PMC6692406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48151-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free enzymatic reaction cascades combine the advantages of well-established in vitro biocatalysis with the power of multi-step in vivo pathways. The absence of a regulatory cell environment enables direct process control including methods for facile bottleneck identification and process optimization. Within this work, we developed a reduced, enzymatic reaction cascade for the direct production of L-alanine from D-glucose and ammonium sulfate. An efficient, activity based enzyme selection is demonstrated for the two branches of the cascade. The resulting redox neutral cascade is composed of a glucose dehydrogenase, two dihydroxyacid dehydratases, a keto-deoxy-aldolase, an aldehyde dehydrogenase and an L-alanine dehydrogenase. This artificial combination of purified biocatalysts eliminates the need for phosphorylation and only requires NAD as cofactor. We provide insight into in detail optimization of the process parameters applying a fluorescamine based L-alanine quantification assay. An optimized enzyme ratio and the necessary enzyme load were identified and together with the optimal concentrations of cofactor (NAD), ammonium and buffer yields of >95% for the main branch and of 8% for the side branch were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias J Gmelch
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Technical University of Munich, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Schulgasse 16, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Josef M Sperl
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Technical University of Munich, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Schulgasse 16, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Volker Sieber
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Technical University of Munich, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Schulgasse 16, 94315, Straubing, Germany. .,Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany. .,Fraunhofer Institute of Interfacial Biotechnology (IGB), Bio-, Electro- and Chemo Catalysis (BioCat) Branch, Straubing, Germany. .,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.
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41
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Zhang X, Han R, Bao T, Zhao X, Li X, Zhu M, Yang T, Xu M, Shao M, Zhao Y, Rao Z. Synthetic engineering of Corynebacterium crenatum to selectively produce acetoin or 2,3-butanediol by one step bioconversion method. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:128. [PMID: 31387595 PMCID: PMC6683508 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1183-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetoin (AC) and 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) as highly promising bio-based platform chemicals have received more attentions due to their wide range of applications. However, the non-efficient substrate conversion and mutually transition between AC and 2,3-BD in their natural producing strains not only led to a low selectivity but also increase the difficulty of downstream purification. Therefore, synthetic engineering of more suitable strains should be a reliable strategy to selectively produce AC and 2,3-BD, respectively. RESULTS In this study, the respective AC (alsS and alsD) and 2,3-BD biosynthesis pathway genes (alsS, alsD, and bdhA) derived from Bacillus subtilis 168 were successfully expressed in non-natural AC and 2,3-BD producing Corynebacterium crenatum, and generated recombinant strains, C. crenatum SD and C. crenatum SDA, were proved to produce 9.86 g L-1 of AC and 17.08 g L-1 of 2,3-BD, respectively. To further increase AC and 2,3-BD selectivity, the AC reducing gene (butA) and lactic acid dehydrogenase gene (ldh) in C. crenatum were then deleted. Finally, C. crenatumΔbutAΔldh SD produced 76.93 g L-1 AC in one-step biocatalysis with the yield of 0.67 mol mol-1. Meanwhile, after eliminating the lactic acid production and enhancing 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase activity, C. crenatumΔldh SDA synthesized 88.83 g L-1 of 2,3-BD with the yield of 0.80 mol mol-1. CONCLUSIONS The synthetically engineered C. crenatumΔbutAΔldh SD and C. crenatumΔldh SDA in this study were proved as an efficient microbial cell factory for selective AC and 2,3-BD production. Based on the insights from this study, further synthetic engineering of C. crenatum for AC and 2,3-BD production is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Rumeng Han
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
| | - Teng Bao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Xiaojing Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210 China
| | - Xiangfei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
| | - Manchi Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
| | - Taowei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
| | - Minglong Shao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
| | - Youxi Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomass Waste Resource Utilization, College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 10023 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
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42
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Sheldon RA, Brady D. Broadening the Scope of Biocatalysis in Sustainable Organic Synthesis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:2859-2881. [PMID: 30938093 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201900351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This Review is aimed at synthetic organic chemists who may be familiar with organometallic catalysis but have no experience with biocatalysis, and seeks to provide an answer to the perennial question: if it is so attractive, why wasn't it extensively used in the past? The development of biocatalysis in industrial organic synthesis is traced from the middle of the last century. Advances in molecular biology in the last two decades, in particular genome sequencing, gene synthesis and directed evolution of proteins, have enabled remarkable improvements in scope and substantially reduced biocatalyst development times and cost contributions. Additionally, improvements in biocatalyst recovery and reuse have been facilitated by developments in enzyme immobilization technologies. Biocatalysis has become eminently competitive with chemocatalysis and the biocatalytic production of important pharmaceutical intermediates, such as enantiopure alcohols and amines, has become mainstream organic synthesis. The synthetic space of biocatalysis has significantly expanded and is currently being extended even further to include new-to-nature biocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Sheldon
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Section BOC, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Dean Brady
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
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43
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Lorillière M, Dumoulin R, L’enfant M, Rambourdin A, Thery V, Nauton L, Fessner WD, Charmantray F, Hecquet L. Evolved Thermostable Transketolase for Stereoselective Two-Carbon Elongation of Non-Phosphorylated Aldoses to Naturally Rare Ketoses. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Lorillière
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Romain Dumoulin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mélanie L’enfant
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Agnès Rambourdin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vincent Thery
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lionel Nauton
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Wolf-Dieter Fessner
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Franck Charmantray
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurence Hecquet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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44
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Chuaboon L, Wongnate T, Punthong P, Kiattisewee C, Lawan N, Hsu C, Lin C, Bornscheuer UT, Chaiyen P. One‐Pot Bioconversion of
l
‐Arabinose to
l
‐Ribulose in an Enzymatic Cascade. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2428-2432. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Litavadee Chuaboon
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme TechnologyFaculty of ScienceMahidol University Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Thanyaporn Wongnate
- School of Biomolecular Science & EngineeringVidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Pangrum Punthong
- School of Biomolecular Science & EngineeringVidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Cholpisit Kiattisewee
- School of Biomolecular Science & EngineeringVidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Narin Lawan
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
| | - Chia‐Yi Hsu
- Institute of Biological ChemistryAcademia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Chun‐Hung Lin
- Institute of Biological ChemistryAcademia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institute of BiochemistryDepartment of Biotechnology and Enzyme CatalysisGreifswald University Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4 Greifswald Germany
| | - Pimchai Chaiyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme TechnologyFaculty of ScienceMahidol University Bangkok 10400 Thailand
- School of Biomolecular Science & EngineeringVidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
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45
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Biewenga L, Saravanan T, Kunzendorf A, van der Meer JY, Pijning T, Tepper PG, van Merkerk R, Charnock SJ, Thunnissen AMWH, Poelarends GJ. Enantioselective Synthesis of Pharmaceutically Active γ-Aminobutyric Acids Using a Tailor-Made Artificial Michaelase in One-Pot Cascade Reactions. ACS Catal 2019; 9:1503-1513. [PMID: 30740262 PMCID: PMC6366683 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b04299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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Chiral
γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogues represent abundantly
prescribed drugs, which are broadly applied as anticonvulsants, as
antidepressants, and for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Here we
report a one-pot two-step biocatalytic cascade route for synthesis
of the pharmaceutically relevant enantiomers of γ-nitrobutyric
acids, starting from simple precursors (acetaldehyde and nitroalkenes),
using a tailor-made highly enantioselective artificial “Michaelase”
(4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase mutant L8Y/M45Y/F50A), an aldehyde dehydrogenase
with a broad non-natural substrate scope, and a cofactor recycling
system. We also report a three-step chemoenzymatic cascade route for
the efficient chemical reduction of enzymatically prepared γ-nitrobutyric
acids into GABA analogues in one pot, achieving high enantiopurity
(e.r. up to 99:1) and high overall yields (up to 70%). This chemoenzymatic
methodology offers a step-economic alternative route to important
pharmaceutically active GABA analogues, and highlights the exciting
opportunities available for combining chemocatalysts, natural enzymes,
and designed artificial biocatalysts in multistep syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieuwe Biewenga
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thangavelu Saravanan
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Kunzendorf
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Ytzen van der Meer
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tjaard Pijning
- Structural Biology Group, Groningen Institute of Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter G. Tepper
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Merkerk
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon J. Charnock
- Prozomix Ltd., Station Court, Haltwhistle, Northumberland NE49 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Andy-Mark W. H. Thunnissen
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Institute of Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J. Poelarends
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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46
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Chuaboon L, Wongnate T, Punthong P, Kiattisewee C, Lawan N, Hsu CY, Lin CH, Bornscheuer UT, Chaiyen P. One-Pot Bioconversion of l
-Arabinose to l
-Ribulose in an Enzymatic Cascade. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Litavadee Chuaboon
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology; Faculty of Science; Mahidol University; Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Thanyaporn Wongnate
- School of Biomolecular Science & Engineering; Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC); Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Pangrum Punthong
- School of Biomolecular Science & Engineering; Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC); Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Cholpisit Kiattisewee
- School of Biomolecular Science & Engineering; Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC); Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Narin Lawan
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
| | - Chia-Yi Hsu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry; Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis; Greifswald University; Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4 Greifswald Germany
| | - Pimchai Chaiyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology; Faculty of Science; Mahidol University; Bangkok 10400 Thailand
- School of Biomolecular Science & Engineering; Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC); Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
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47
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High-yield production of D-1,2,4-butanetriol from lignocellulose-derived xylose by using a synthetic enzyme cascade in a cell-free system. J Biotechnol 2019; 292:76-83. [PMID: 30703470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Approaches using metabolic engineering to produce D-1, 2, 4-butanetriol (BT) from renewable biomass in microbial systems have achieved initial success. However, due to the lack of incomplete understanding of the complex branch pathway, the efficient fermentation system for BT production was difficult to develop. Here we reconstituted a cell-free system in vitro using purified enzymes to produce BT from d-xylose. The factors that influencing the efficiency of cell-free system, including enzyme concentration, reaction buffer, pH, temperature, metal ion additives and cofactors were first identified to define optimal reaction conditions and essential components for the cascade reaction. Meanwhile, a natural cofactor recycling system was found in cell-free system. Finally, we were able to convert 18 g/L xylose to 6.1 g/L BT within 40 h with a yield of 48.0%. The feasibility of cell-free system to produce BT in corncob hydrolysates was also determined.
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48
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Zhang L, Ma Y, Wang C, Wang Z, Chen X, Li M, Zhao R, Wang L. Application of dual-enzyme nanoflower in the epoxidation of alkenes. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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49
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Building a toolbox of protein scaffolds for future immobilization of biocatalysts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:8373-8388. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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50
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Orrego AH, López-Gallego F, Espaillat A, Cava F, Guisan JM, Rocha-Martin J. One-step Synthesis of α-Keto Acids from Racemic Amino Acids by A Versatile Immobilized Multienzyme Cell-free System. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201800359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro H. Orrego
- Department of Biocatalysis; Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC; Campus UAM. Cantoblanco. 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Fernando López-Gallego
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH); CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- ARAID Foundation; Zaragoza Spain
| | - Akbar Espaillat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden; Umea Centre for Microbial Research; Umea University; Umea Sweden
| | - Felipe Cava
- Department of Molecular Biology and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden; Umea Centre for Microbial Research; Umea University; Umea Sweden
| | - José M. Guisan
- Department of Biocatalysis; Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC; Campus UAM. Cantoblanco. 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Javier Rocha-Martin
- Department of Biocatalysis; Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC; Campus UAM. Cantoblanco. 28049 Madrid Spain
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