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Balcerek E, Włodkowska U, Czajkowski R. Retrosplenial cortex in spatial memory: focus on immediate early genes mapping. Mol Brain 2021; 14:172. [PMID: 34863215 PMCID: PMC8642902 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00880-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to form, retrieve and update autobiographical memories is one of the most fascinating features of human behavior. Spatial memory, the ability to remember the layout of the external environment and to navigate within its boundaries, is closely related to the autobiographical memory domain. It is served by an overlapping brain circuit, centered around the hippocampus (HPC) where the cognitive map index is stored. Apart from the hippocampus, several cortical structures participate in this process. Their relative contribution is a subject of intense research in both humans and animal models. One of the most widely studied regions is the retrosplenial cortex (RSC), an area in the parietal lobe densely interconnected with the hippocampal formation. Several methodological approaches have been established over decades in order to investigate the cortical aspects of memory. One of the most successful techniques is based on the analysis of brain expression patterns of the immediate early genes (IEGs). The common feature of this diverse group of genes is fast upregulation of their mRNA translation upon physiologically relevant stimulus. In the central nervous system they are rapidly triggered by neuronal activity and plasticity during learning. There is a widely accepted consensus that their expression level corresponds to the engagement of individual neurons in the formation of memory trace. Imaging of the IEGs might therefore provide a picture of an emerging memory engram. In this review we present the overview of IEG mapping studies of retrosplenial cortex in rodent models. We begin with classical techniques, immunohistochemical detection of protein and fluorescent in situ hybridization of mRNA. We then proceed to advanced methods where fluorescent genetically encoded IEG reporters are chronically followed in vivo during memory formation. We end with a combination of genetic IEG labelling and optogenetic approach, where the activity of the entire engram is manipulated. We finally present a hypothesis that attempts to unify our current state of knowledge about the function of RSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Balcerek
- Laboratory of Spatial Memory, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Włodkowska
- Laboratory of Spatial Memory, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Czajkowski
- Laboratory of Spatial Memory, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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Monko MM, Heilbronner SR. Retrosplenial Cortical Connectivity with Frontal Basal Ganglia Networks. J Cogn Neurosci 2021; 33:1096-1105. [PMID: 33656393 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies of the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) have focused on its role in navigation and memory, consistent with its well-established medial temporal connections, but recent evidence also suggests a role for this region in reward and decision making. Because function is determined largely by anatomical connections, and to better understand the anatomy of RSC, we used tract-tracing methods to examine the anatomical connectivity between the rat RSC and frontostriatal networks (canonical reward and decision-making circuits). We find that, among frontal cortical regions, RSC bidirectionally connects most strongly with the ACC, but also with an area of the central-medial orbito-frontal cortex. RSC projects to the dorsomedial striatum, and its terminal fields are virtually encompassed by the frontal-striatal projection zone, suggestive of functional convergence through the basal ganglia. This overlap is driven by ACC, prelimbic cortex, and orbito-frontal cortex, all of which contribute to goal-directed decision making, suggesting that the RSC is involved in similar processes.
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Liu CY, Lai WS. Functional neuroanatomy and neural oscillations during social eavesdropping in male golden hamsters. Horm Behav 2021; 127:104881. [PMID: 33127368 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Social eavesdropping is a low-cost learning mechanism by which individuals extract relevant social information from social interactions between conspecifics, thereby gaining subsequent advantages in information gathering and usage. The aim of this study was to take advantage of a new hamster model of social eavesdropping to investigate behavioral consequences and neural activity in male hamsters during social eavesdropping. Bystander hamsters with a defeat experience were exposed to either a fighting interaction, a neutral encounter, or control conditions for 3 days of social eavesdropping. In Experiment 1, bystanders in the fight and neutral groups displayed more information gathering behaviors and less nonsocial behavior than control hamsters. The fight group displayed significant increases in c-Fos-positive neurons in the anterior mid-cingulate cortex (aMCC) and the piriform cortex. A slight but not significant group difference was found in their serum cortisol levels. In vivo local field potential oscillation recordings in Experiment 2 revealed that bystanders in the fight group had more delta oscillations in the aMCC during information gathering across 3-day social eavesdropping than those in the other 2 groups. Experiment 3 confirmed that 20 min of social eavesdropping on Day 1 was sufficient to evoke differential behavioral outcomes, and the behavioral responses became more prominent after 3 days of social eavesdropping. Collectively, our study confirmed that male golden hamsters are capable of social eavesdropping and indicated the involvement of aMCC delta oscillations in social eavesdropping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yi Liu
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Sung Lai
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Dudchenko PA, Wood ER, Smith A. A new perspective on the head direction cell system and spatial behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 105:24-33. [PMID: 31276715 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The head direction cell system is an interconnected set of brain structures containing neurons whose firing is directionally tuned. The robust representation of allocentric direction by head direction cells suggests that they provide a neural compass for the animal. However, evidence linking head direction cells and spatial behavior has been mixed. Whereas damage to the hippocampus yields profound deficits in a range of spatial tasks, lesions to the head direction cell system often yield milder impairments in spatial behavior. In addition, correlational approaches have shown a correspondence between head direction cells and spatial behavior in some tasks, but not others. These mixed effects may be explained in part by a new view of the head direction cell system arising from recent demonstrations of at least two types of head direction cells: 'traditional' cells, and a second class of 'sensory' cells driven by polarising features of an environment. The recognition of different kinds of head direction cells now allows a nuanced assessment of this system's role in guiding navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Dudchenko
- University of Stirling, Psychology, School of Natural Sciences, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom.
| | - Emma R Wood
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Smith
- University of Stirling, Psychology, School of Natural Sciences, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom; University of Edinburgh, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
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Nelson AJD, Hindley EL, Vann SD, Aggleton JP. When is the rat retrosplenial cortex required for stimulus integration? Behav Neurosci 2018; 132:366-377. [PMID: 30321026 PMCID: PMC6188469 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The rodent retrosplenial cortex is known to be vital for spatial cognition, but evidence has also pointed to a role in processing nonspatial information. It has been suggested that the retrosplenial cortex may serve as a site of integration of incoming sensory information. To examine this proposal, the current set of experiments assessed the impact of excitotoxic lesions in the retrosplenial cortex on two behavioral tasks that tax animals' ability to process multiple and overlapping environmental stimuli. In Experiment 1, rats with retrosplenial lesions acquired a negative patterning discrimination, a form of configural learning that can be solved only by learning the conjunction of cues. Subsequent transfer tests confirmed that both the lesion and control animals had solved the task by using configural representations. Furthermore, in Experiment 2, a 2nd cohort of retrosplenial lesion animals successfully acquired conditioned inhibition. Nevertheless, the same animals failed a subsequent summation test that assesses the ability to transfer what has been learned about one stimulus to another stimulus in the absence of reinforcement. Taken together, these results suggest that in the nonspatial domain, the retrosplenial cortex is not required for forming associations between multiple or overlapping environmental stimuli and, consequently, retrosplenial engagement in such processes is more selective than was previously envisaged. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Siehl S, King JA, Burgess N, Flor H, Nees F. Structural white matter changes in adults and children with posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroimage Clin 2018; 19:581-598. [PMID: 29984166 PMCID: PMC6029559 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
White matter plasticity occurs throughout life due to learning and can be a protective factor against as well as a vulnerability factor for the development of mental disorders. In this systematic review we summarize findings on structural white matter changes in children and adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and relate them to theoretical accounts of the pathophysiology of PTSD with a focus on the disturbed processing of contexts and associated problems in emotional and cognitive processing and PTSD symptomatology. We particularly examine studies reporting fractional anisotropy (FA) measured with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). We further subdivided the studies in adult-onset PTSD with traumatic experience in adulthood, adult-onset PTSD with traumatic experience in childhood and children with PTSD. We included 30 studies comprising almost 1700 participants with 450 adults and 300 children suffering from PTSD. Our systematic review showed that for children with PTSD and adult-onset PTSD with childhood trauma, a decrease in FA in the corpus collosum, most prominently in the anterior and posterior midbody, the isthmus and splenium were reported. For adult-onset PTSD with traumatic experience in adulthood, changes in FA in the anterior and posterior part of the cingulum, the superior longitudinal fasciculus and frontal regions were found. Using GingerAle, we also performed a coordinate-based meta-analysis of 14 studies of adult-onset PTSD with traumatic experience in adulthood and did not find any significant clusters. Our results suggest that changes in white matter microstructure vary depending on traumatic experience and are associated with changes in brain circuits related to the processing of contexts. Finally, we present methodological considerations for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Siehl
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Graduate School of Economic and Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John A King
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Clinical, Education and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Burgess
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
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Powell AL, Nelson AJD, Hindley E, Davies M, Aggleton JP, Vann SD. The rat retrosplenial cortex as a link for frontal functions: A lesion analysis. Behav Brain Res 2017; 335:88-102. [PMID: 28797600 PMCID: PMC5597037 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Retrosplenial cortex lesions do not reproduce the pattern of effects of medial frontal damage. Retrosplenial cortex lesions spare tests of behavioural flexibility. Effort-based decision making does not require the retrosplenial cortex. Reveals specific conditions when nonspatial tasks engage retrosplenial cortex.
Cohorts of rats with excitotoxic retrosplenial cortex lesions were tested on four behavioural tasks sensitive to dysfunctions in prelimbic cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, or both. In this way the study tested whether retrosplenial cortex has nonspatial functions that reflect its anatomical interactions with these frontal cortical areas. In Experiment 1, retrosplenial cortex lesions had no apparent effect on a set-shifting digging task that taxed intradimensional and extradimensional attention, as well as reversal learning. Likewise, retrosplenial cortex lesions did not impair a strategy shift task in an automated chamber, which involved switching from visual-based to response-based discriminations and, again, included a reversal (Experiment 2). Indeed, there was evidence that the retrosplenial lesions aided the initial switch to response-based selection. No lesion deficit was found on an automated cost-benefit task that pitted size of reward against effort to achieve that reward (Experiment 3). Finally, while retrosplenial cortex lesions affected matching-to-place task in a T-maze, the profile of deficits differed from that associated with prelimbic cortex damage (Experiment 4). When the task was switched to a nonmatching design, retrosplenial cortex lesions had no apparent effect on performance. The results from the four experiments show that many frontal tasks do not require the retrosplenial cortex, highlighting the specificity of their functional interactions. The results show how retrosplenial cortex lesions spare those learning tasks in which there is no mismatch between the internal and external representations used to guide behavioural choice. In addition, these experiments further highlight the importance of the retrosplenial cortex in solving tasks with a spatial component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Powell
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Andrew J D Nelson
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Emma Hindley
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Moira Davies
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - John P Aggleton
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Seralynne D Vann
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
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Buckley MJ, Mitchell AS. Retrosplenial Cortical Contributions to Anterograde and Retrograde Memory in the Monkey. Cereb Cortex 2016; 26:2905-18. [PMID: 26946129 PMCID: PMC4869821 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primate retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is important for memory but patient neuropathologies are diffuse so its key contributions to memory remain elusive. This study provides the first causal evidence that RSC in macaque monkeys is crucial for postoperative retention of preoperatively and postoperatively acquired memories. Preoperatively, monkeys learned 300 object-in-place scene discriminations across sessions. After RSC removal, one-trial postoperative retention tests revealed significant retrograde memory loss for these 300 discriminations relative to unoperated control monkeys. Less robust evidence was found for a deficit in anterograde memory (new postoperative learning) after RSC lesions as new learning to criterion measures failed to reveal any significant learning impairment. However, after achieving ≥90% learning criterion for the postoperatively presented novel 100 object-in-place scene discriminations, short-term retention (i.e., measured after 24 h delay) of this well-learnt set was impaired in the RSC monkeys relative to controls. A further experiment assessed rapid "within" session acquisition of novel object-in-place scene discriminations, again confirming that new learning per se was unimpaired by bilateral RSC removal. Primate RSC contributes critically to memory by supporting normal retention of information, even when this information does not involve an autobiographical component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Buckley
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK
| | - Anna S Mitchell
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK
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Nasrallah FA, To XV, Chen DY, Routtenberg A, Chuang KH. Functional connectivity MRI tracks memory networks after maze learning in rodents. Neuroimage 2015; 127:196-202. [PMID: 26299794 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning and memory employs a series of cognitive processes which require the coordination of multiple areas across the brain. However in vivo imaging of cognitive function has been challenging in rodents. Since these processes involve synchronous firing among different brain loci we explored functional connectivity imaging with resting-state fMRI. After 5-day training on a hidden platform watermaze task, notable signal correlations were seen between the hippocampal CA3 and other structures, including thalamus, septum and cingulate cortex, compared to swim control or naïve animals. The connectivity sustained 7 days after training and was reorganized toward the cortex, consistent with views of memory trace distribution leading to memory consolidation. These data demonstrates that, after a cognitive task, altered functional connectivity can be detected in the subsequently sedated rodent using in vivo imaging. This approach paves the way to understand dynamics of area-dependent distribution processes in animal models of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xuan Vinh To
- MRI Group, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Der-Yow Chen
- Psychology, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Aryeh Routtenberg
- Psychology, Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kai-Hsiang Chuang
- MRI Group, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore; Clinical Imaging Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Nelson AJD, Powell AL, Holmes JD, Vann SD, Aggleton JP. What does spatial alternation tell us about retrosplenial cortex function? Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:126. [PMID: 26042009 PMCID: PMC4435072 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The retrosplenial cortex supports navigation, but there are good reasons to suppose that the retrosplenial cortex has a very different role in spatial memory from that of the hippocampus and anterior thalamic nuclei. For example, retrosplenial lesions appear to have little or no effect on standard tests of spatial alternation. To examine these differences, the current study sought to determine whether the retrosplenial cortex is important for just one spatial cue type (e.g., allocentric, directional or intra-maze cues) or whether the retrosplenial cortex helps the animal switch between competing spatial strategies or competing cue types. Using T-maze alternation, retrosplenial lesion rats were challenged with situations in which the available spatial information between the sample and test phases was changed, so taxing the interaction between different cue types. Clear lesion deficits emerged when intra- and extra-maze cues were placed in conflict (by rotating the maze between the sample and choice phases), or when the animals were tested in the dark in a double-maze. Finally, temporary inactivation of the retrosplenial cortex by muscimol infusions resulted in a striking deficit on standard T-maze alternation, indicating that, over time, other sites may be able to compensate for the loss of the retrosplenial cortex. This pattern of results is consistent with the impoverished use of both allocentric and directional information, exacerbated by an impaired ability to switch between different cue types.
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Mizuhara H, Sato N, Yamaguchi Y. Cortical networks dynamically emerge with the interplay of slow and fast oscillations for memory of a natural scene. Neuroimage 2015; 111:76-84. [PMID: 25700951 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural oscillations are crucial for revealing dynamic cortical networks and for serving as a possible mechanism of inter-cortical communication, especially in association with mnemonic function. The interplay of the slow and fast oscillations might dynamically coordinate the mnemonic cortical circuits to rehearse stored items during working memory retention. We recorded simultaneous EEG-fMRI during a working memory task involving a natural scene to verify whether the cortical networks emerge with the neural oscillations for memory of the natural scene. The slow EEG power was enhanced in association with the better accuracy of working memory retention, and accompanied cortical activities in the mnemonic circuits for the natural scene. Fast oscillation showed a phase-amplitude coupling to the slow oscillation, and its power was tightly coupled with the cortical activities for representing the visual images of natural scenes. The mnemonic cortical circuit with the slow neural oscillations would rehearse the distributed natural scene representations with the fast oscillation for working memory retention. The coincidence of the natural scene representations could be obtained by the slow oscillation phase to create a coherent whole of the natural scene in the working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Mizuhara
- Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Naoyuki Sato
- School of Systems Information Science, Future University Hakodate, 116-2 Kamedanakano, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8655, Japan
| | - Yoko Yamaguchi
- Neuroinformatics Japan Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Bzdok D, Heeger A, Langner R, Laird AR, Fox PT, Palomero-Gallagher N, Vogt BA, Zilles K, Eickhoff SB. Subspecialization in the human posterior medial cortex. Neuroimage 2014; 106:55-71. [PMID: 25462801 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The posterior medial cortex (PMC) is particularly poorly understood. Its neural activity changes have been related to highly disparate mental processes. We therefore investigated PMC properties with a data-driven exploratory approach. First, we subdivided the PMC by whole-brain coactivation profiles. Second, functional connectivity of the ensuing PMC regions was compared by task-constrained meta-analytic coactivation mapping (MACM) and task-unconstrained resting-state correlations (RSFC). Third, PMC regions were functionally described by forward/reverse functional inference. A precuneal cluster was mostly connected to the intraparietal sulcus, frontal eye fields, and right temporo-parietal junction; associated with attention and motor tasks. A ventral posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) cluster was mostly connected to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and middle left inferior parietal cortex (IPC); associated with facial appraisal and language tasks. A dorsal PCC cluster was mostly connected to the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, anterior/posterior IPC, posterior midcingulate cortex, and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; associated with delay discounting. A cluster in the retrosplenial cortex was mostly connected to the anterior thalamus and hippocampus. Furthermore, all PMC clusters were congruently coupled with the default mode network according to task-unconstrained but not task-constrained connectivity. We thus identified distinct regions in the PMC and characterized their neural networks and functional implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Bzdok
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Adrian Heeger
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert Langner
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Peter T Fox
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Brent A Vogt
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Cingulum NeuroSciences Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Karl Zilles
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Musel B, Kauffmann L, Ramanoël S, Giavarini C, Guyader N, Chauvin A, Peyrin C. Coarse-to-fine categorization of visual scenes in scene-selective cortex. J Cogn Neurosci 2014; 26:2287-97. [PMID: 24738768 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Neurophysiological, behavioral, and computational data indicate that visual analysis may start with the parallel extraction of different elementary attributes at different spatial frequencies and follows a predominantly coarse-to-fine (CtF) processing sequence (low spatial frequencies [LSF] are extracted first, followed by high spatial frequencies [HSF]). Evidence for CtF processing within scene-selective cortical regions is, however, still lacking. In the present fMRI study, we tested whether such processing occurs in three scene-selective cortical regions: the parahippocampal place area (PPA), the retrosplenial cortex, and the occipital place area. Fourteen participants were subjected to functional scans during which they performed a categorization task of indoor versus outdoor scenes using dynamic scene stimuli. Dynamic scenes were composed of six filtered images of the same scene, from LSF to HSF or from HSF to LSF, allowing us to mimic a CtF or the reverse fine-to-coarse (FtC) sequence. Results showed that only the PPA was more activated for CtF than FtC sequences. Equivalent activations were observed for both sequences in the retrosplenial cortex and occipital place area. This study suggests for the first time that CtF sequence processing constitutes the predominant strategy for scene categorization in the PPA.
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Mendez-Lopez M, Arias JL, Bontempi B, Wolff M. Reduced cytochrome oxidase activity in the retrosplenial cortex after lesions to the anterior thalamic nuclei. Behav Brain Res 2013; 250:264-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Albasser MM, Chapman RJ, Amin E, Iordanova MD, Vann SD, Aggleton JP. New behavioral protocols to extend our knowledge of rodent object recognition memory. Learn Mem 2010; 17:407-19. [PMID: 20682810 DOI: 10.1101/lm.1879610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Animals often show an innate preference for novelty. This preference facilitates spontaneous exploration tasks of novelty discrimination (recognition memory). In response to limitations with standard spontaneous object recognition procedures for rodents, a new task ("bow-tie maze") was devised. This task combines features of delayed nonmatching-to-sample with spontaneous exploration. The present study explored aspects of object recognition in the bow-tie maze not amenable to standard procedures. Two rat strains (Lister Hooded, Dark Agouti) displayed very reliable object recognition in both the light and dark, with the Lister Hooded strain showing superior performance (Experiment 1). These findings reveal the potential contribution of tactile and odor cues in object recognition. As the bow-tie maze task permits multiple trials within a session, it was possible to derive forgetting curves both within-session and between-sessions (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, rats with hippocampal or fornix lesions performed at normal levels on the basic version of the recognition task, contrasting with the marked deficits previously seen after perirhinal cortex lesions. Next, the training protocol was adapted (Experiment 3), and this modified version was used successfully with mice (Experiment 4). The overall findings demonstrate the efficacy of this new behavioral task and advance our understanding of object recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu M Albasser
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT Wales, United Kingdom.
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Aggleton JP. Understanding retrosplenial amnesia: Insights from animal studies. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:2328-38. [PMID: 19800900 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Clark BJ, Bassett JP, Wang SS, Taube JS. Impaired head direction cell representation in the anterodorsal thalamus after lesions of the retrosplenial cortex. J Neurosci 2010; 30:5289-302. [PMID: 20392951 PMCID: PMC2861549 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3380-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The retrosplenial cortex (RSP), a brain region frequently linked to processes of spatial navigation, contains neurons that discharge as a function of a rat's head direction (HD). HD cells have been identified throughout the limbic system including the anterodorsal thalamus (ADN) and postsubiculum (PoS), both of which are reciprocally connected to the RSP. The functional relationship between HD cells in the RSP and those found in other limbic regions is presently unknown, but given the intimate connectivity between the RSP and regions such as the ADN and PoS, and the reported loss of spatial orientation in rodents and humans with RSP damage, it is likely that the RSP plays an important role in processing the limbic HD signal. To test this hypothesis, we produced neurotoxic or electrolytic lesions of the RSP and recorded HD cells in the ADN of female Long-Evans rats. HD cells remained present in the ADN after RSP lesions, but the stability of their preferred firing directions was significantly reduced even in the presence of a salient visual landmark. Subsequent tests revealed that lesions of the RSP moderately impaired landmark control over the cells' preferred firing directions, but spared the cells directional stability when animals were required to update their orientation using self-movement cues. Together, these results suggest that the RSP plays a prominent role in processing landmark information for accurate HD cell orientation and may explain the poor directional sense in humans that follows damage to the RSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Clark
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Joshua P. Bassett
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Sarah S. Wang
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Jeffrey S. Taube
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
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Abstract
The past decade has seen a transformation in research on the retrosplenial cortex (RSC). This cortical area has emerged as a key member of a core network of brain regions that underpins a range of cognitive functions, including episodic memory, navigation, imagination and planning for the future. It is now also evident that the RSC is consistently compromised in the most common neurological disorders that impair memory. Here we review advances on multiple fronts, most notably in neuroanatomy, animal studies and neuroimaging, that have highlighted the importance of the RSC for cognition, and consider why specifying its precise functions remains problematic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seralynne D Vann
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
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de Olmos S, Bender C, de Olmos JS, Lorenzo A. Neurodegeneration and prolonged immediate early gene expression throughout cortical areas of the rat brain following acute administration of dizocilpine. Neuroscience 2009; 164:1347-59. [PMID: 19772897 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist drugs (NMDA-A), such as dizocilpine (MK801), induce long-lasting behavioral disturbances reminiscent to psychotic disorders in humans. To identify cortical structures affected by NMDA-A, we used a single dose of MK801 (10 mg/kg) that caused low and high neurodegeneration in intact and orchiectomized male rats, respectively. Degenerating somas (neuronal death) and axonal/synaptic endings (terminal degeneration) were depicted by a silver technique, and functionally affected cortical neuronal subpopulations by Egr-1, c-Fos, and FosB/DeltaFosB-immunolabeling. In intact males, MK801 triggered a c-Fos induction that remained high for more than 24 h in selected layers of the retrosplenial, somatosensory and entorhinal cortices. MK801-induced neurodegeneration reached its peak at 72 h. Degenerating somas were restricted to layer IV of the granular subdivision of the retrosplenial cortex, and were accompanied by suppression of Egr-1 immunolabeling. Terminal degeneration extended to selected layers of the retrosplenial, somatosensory and parahippocampal cortices, which are target areas of retrosplenial cortex. Induction of FosB/DeltaFosB by MK801 also extended to the same cortical layers affected by terminal degeneration, likely reflecting the damage of synaptic connectivity. In orchiectomized males, the neurodegenerative and functional effects of MK801 were exacerbated. Degenerative somas in layer IV of the retrosplenial cortex significantly increased, with a parallel enhancement of terminal degeneration and FosB/DeltaFosB-expression in the mentioned cortical structures, but no additional areas were affected. These observations reveal that synaptic dysfunction/degeneration in the retrosplenial, somatosensory and parahippocampal cortices might underlie the long-lasting impairments induced by NMDA-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- S de Olmos
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra (INIMEC-CONICET), Friuli 2434, 5016-Córdoba, Argentina
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Pothuizen HHJ, Davies M, Albasser MM, Aggleton JP, Vann SD. Granular and dysgranular retrosplenial cortices provide qualitatively different contributions to spatial working memory: evidence from immediate-early gene imaging in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:877-88. [PMID: 19712100 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The present study revealed striking task-dependent differences in immediate-early gene activity in the two main subregions (granular and dysgranular) of the retrosplenial cortex. In addition, there were activity differences along the rostro-caudal axis of both subregions. Two groups of rats were trained on a working memory task in a radial-arm maze, one group in the light, the other in the dark. Each working memory group had two sets of yoked controls. Working memory consistently increased retrosplenial immediate-early gene activity (c-fos and zif268 ), although systematic differences occurred in the granular and dysgranular subregions. Both c-fos and zif268 expression increased in granular cortex irrespective of whether the spatial memory task was in the light or dark. In contrast, only in the light did spatial memory increase dysgranular cortex activation. Correlations based on the counts of Fos-positive cells helped to reinforce the particular association between the dysgranular retrosplenial cortex and radial-arm maze performance in the light. These results provide clear evidence for proposed functional differences between the major retrosplenial subregions: the granular cortex contributes to spatial learning and navigation based on both internal and external cues (light and dark), while dysgranular cortex is more selectively involved when distal visual cues control performance (light only).
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21
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Clark BJ, Taube JS. Deficits in landmark navigation and path integration after lesions of the interpeduncular nucleus. Behav Neurosci 2009; 123:490-503. [PMID: 19485555 DOI: 10.1037/a0015477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Experiments were designed to determine the role of the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) in 3 forms of navigation: beacon, landmark, and path integration. In beacon navigation, animals reach goals using cues directly associated with them, whereas in landmark navigation animals use external cues to determine a direction and distance to goals. Path integration refers to the use of self-movement cues to obtain a trajectory to a goal. IPN-lesioned rats were tested in a food-carrying task in which they searched for food in an open field, and returned to a refuge after finding the food. Landmark navigation was evaluated during trials performed under lighted conditions and path integration was tested under darkened conditions, thus eliminating external cues. We report that IPN lesions increased the number of errors and reduced heading accuracy under both lighted and darkened conditions. Tests using a Morris water maze procedure indicated that IPN lesions produced moderate impairments in the landmark version of the water task, but left beacon navigation intact. These findings suggest that the IPN plays a fundamental role in landmark navigation and path integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Clark
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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22
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Damage to the retrosplenial cortex produces specific impairments in spatial working memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2009; 91:408-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2008.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Clark BJ, Sarma A, Taube JS. Head direction cell instability in the anterior dorsal thalamus after lesions of the interpeduncular nucleus. J Neurosci 2009; 29:493-507. [PMID: 19144850 PMCID: PMC2768376 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2811-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 11/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has identified a population of cells throughout the limbic system that discharge as a function of the animal's head direction (HD). Altering normal motor cues can alter the HD cell responses and disrupt the updating of their preferred firing directions, thus suggesting that motor cues contribute to processing the HD signal. A pathway that conveys motor information may stem from the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN), a brain region that has reciprocal connections with HD cell circuitry. To test this hypothesis, we produced electrolytic or neurotoxic lesions of the IPN and recorded HD cells in the anterior dorsal thalamus (ADN) of rats. Direction-specific firing remained present in the ADN after lesions of the IPN, but measures of HD cell properties showed that cells had reduced peak firing rates, large directional firing ranges, and firing that predicted the animal's future heading more than in intact controls. Furthermore, preferred firing directions were moderately less influenced by rotation of a salient visual landmark. Finally, the preferred directions of cells in lesioned rats exhibited large shifts when the animals foraged for scattered food pellets in a darkened environment and when locomoting from a familiar environment to a novel one. We propose that the IPN contributes motor information about the animal's movements to the HD cell circuitry. Furthermore, these results suggest that the IPN plays a broad role in the discharge properties and stability of direction-specific activity in the HD cell circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Clark
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Asha Sarma
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Jeffrey S. Taube
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
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24
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Retrosplenial cortex lesion affected segregation of spatial information in place avoidance task in the rat. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2009; 91:41-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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25
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Pothuizen HHJ, Aggleton JP, Vann SD. Do rats with retrosplenial cortex lesions lack direction? Eur J Neurosci 2008; 28:2486-98. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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26
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Epstein RA. Parahippocampal and retrosplenial contributions to human spatial navigation. Trends Cogn Sci 2008; 12:388-96. [PMID: 18760955 PMCID: PMC2858632 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 610] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spatial navigation is a core cognitive ability in humans and animals. Neuroimaging studies have identified two functionally defined brain regions that activate during navigational tasks and also during passive viewing of navigationally relevant stimuli such as environmental scenes: the parahippocampal place area (PPA) and the retrosplenial complex (RSC). Recent findings indicate that the PPA and RSC have distinct and complementary roles in spatial navigation, with the PPA more concerned with representation of the local visual scene and RSC more concerned with situating the scene within the broader spatial environment. These findings are a first step towards understanding the separate components of the cortical network that mediates spatial navigation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell A Epstein
- Department of Psychology and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, 3720 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6241, USA.
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27
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Aggleton JP. EPS Mid-Career Award 2006. Understanding anterograde amnesia: disconnections and hidden lesions. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2008; 61:1441-71. [PMID: 18671169 DOI: 10.1080/17470210802215335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Three emerging strands of evidence are helping to resolve the causes of the anterograde amnesia associated with damage to the diencephalon. First, new anatomical studies have refined our understanding of the links between diencephalic and temporal brain regions associated with amnesia. These studies direct attention to the limited numbers of routes linking the two regions. Second, neuropsychological studies of patients with colloid cysts confirm the importance of at least one of these routes, the fornix, for episodic memory. By combining these anatomical and neuropsychological data strong evidence emerges for the view that damage to hippocampal-mammillary body-anterior thalamic interactions is sufficient to induce amnesia. A third development is the possibility that the retrosplenial cortex provides an integrating link in this functional system. Furthermore, recent evidence indicates that the retrosplenial cortex may suffer "covert" pathology (i.e., it is functionally lesioned) following damage to the anterior thalamic nuclei or hippocampus. This shared indirect "lesion" effect on the retrosplenial cortex not only broadens our concept of the neural basis of amnesia but may also help to explain the many similarities between temporal lobe and diencephalic amnesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Aggleton
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 3AT, UK.
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28
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Cardoso A, Madeira MD, Paula-Barbosa MM, Lukoyanov NV. Retrosplenial granular b cortex in normal and epileptic rats: A stereological study. Brain Res 2008; 1218:206-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Evidence for direct projections from the basal nucleus of the amygdala to retrosplenial cortex in the Macaque monkey. Exp Brain Res 2007; 186:47-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-007-1203-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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30
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Abstract
We have investigated the cortical efferent projections of the macaque monkey retrosplenial and posterior cingulate cortices by using (3)H-amino acids as anterograde tracers. All the injections produced extensive local connections to other portions of this region. There were also a number of extrinsic efferent cortical connections, many of which have not hitherto been reported. Major projections from the retrosplenial cortex were directed to the frontal lobe, with heaviest terminations in areas 46, 9, 10, and 11. There were also very substantial projections to the entorhinal cortex, presubiculum, and parasubiculum of the hippocampal formation, as well as to areas TH and TF of the parahippocampal cortex. Some injections led to labeling of area V4, the dorsal bank of the superior temporal sulcus, and area 7a of the parietal cortex. Projections from the posterior cingulate cortex innervated all these same regions, although the density of termination was different from the retrosplenial projections. The posterior cingulate cortex gave rise to additional projections to parietal area DP and to the cortex along the convexity of the superior temporal gyrus. The ventral portion of the posterior cingulate cortex (area 23v) gave rise to much denser efferent projections to the hippocampal formation than the dorsal portions (areas 23e and i). These connections are discussed in relation to the clinical syndromes of retrosplenial amnesia and topographic disorientation in humans commonly caused by lesions in the caudoventral portions of the retrosplenial and posterior cingulate cortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kobayashi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
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31
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Conejo NM, González-Pardo H, Vallejo G, Arias JL. Changes in brain oxidative metabolism induced by water maze training. Neuroscience 2007; 145:403-12. [PMID: 17222984 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Revised: 11/23/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the hippocampus has been shown to be essential for spatial memory, the contribution of associated brain regions is not well established. Wistar rats were trained to find a hidden escape platform in the water maze during eight days. Following training, the oxidative metabolism in different brain regions was evaluated using cytochrome oxidase histochemistry. Metabolic activations were found in the prelimbic cortex, cornu ammonis (CA) 1 subfield of the dorsal hippocampus and the anterior thalamic nuclei, relative to yoked swim controls and naïve rats. In addition, many cross-correlations in brain metabolism were observed among the latter regions. These results support the implication of a hippocampal-prefrontal-thalamic system to spatial memory in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Conejo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoó, s/n E-33003, Oviedo, Spain.
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Cain DP, Humpartzoomian R, Boon F. Retrosplenial cortex lesions impair water maze strategies learning or spatial place learning depending on prior experience of the rat. Behav Brain Res 2006; 170:316-25. [PMID: 16621053 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
There has been debate whether lesions strictly limited to retrosplenial (RS) cortex impair spatial navigation, and how robust and reliable any such impairment is. The present study used a detailed behavioral analysis with naive or strategies-pretrained rats given RS lesions and trained in a water maze (WM). Naive RS lesioned rats failed to acquire the required WM strategies throughout training. Strategies-pretrained RS lesioned rats were specifically impaired in spatial place memory without a WM strategies impairment. Additional training overcame the spatial memory impairment. Thus the behavioral consequences of the lesion depend on the specific previous experience of the animal. The use of appropriate training and testing techniques has revealed experience-dependant dissociable impairments in WM strategies learning and in spatial memory, indicating that RS cortex is involved in both forms of learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald P Cain
- Department of Psychology and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada N6A 5C2.
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Vann SD, Aggleton JP. Selective dysgranular retrosplenial cortex lesions in rats disrupt allocentric performance of the radial-arm maze task. Behav Neurosci 2006; 119:1682-6. [PMID: 16420172 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.119.6.1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study provides the 1st report on the effects of selective lesions of the dysgranular portion of the retrosplenial cortex in rats. Excitotoxic lesions of the dysgranular area were sufficient to impair behavior in the radial-arm maze by biasing the strategy used to solve the task. In particular, rats with dysgranular retrosplenial lesions were less reliant on distal visual cues to control performance of a working memory task in the radial-arm maze. Instead, they were more reliant on using a motor turning strategy to solve the task. This change in strategy is consistent with anatomical data showing that the dysgranular region is the primary recipient of visual inputs to the rat retrosplenial cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seralynne D Vann
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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34
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Futter JE, Davies M, Bilkey DK, Aggleton JP. The effects of cytotoxic perirhinal cortex lesions on spatial learning by rats: A comparison of the dark Agouti and Sprague-Dawley strains. Behav Neurosci 2006; 120:150-61. [PMID: 16492125 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.120.1.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The effects of perirhinal cortex lesions in rats on spatial memory might depend on the choice of strain. The present study, therefore, compared perirhinal lesions in Sprague-Dawley rats (associated with deficits) with Dark Agouti rats (associated with null effects). Tests of reference memory and working memory in the water maze failed to provide evidence that perirhinal lesions disrupt overall levels of performance (irrespective of strain) or that these lesions have differential effects on the rates of spatial learning in these 2 strains. Strain differences were, however, found, as the Dark Agouti strain was often superior. Furthermore, the perirhinal lesions did have differential effects in the 2 strains, but these did not appear to relate directly to changes in spatial learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Futter
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
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