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Colijn MA, Ismail Z. Presenilin Gene Mutation-associated Psychosis: Phenotypic Characteristics and Clinical Implications. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2024; 38:101-106. [PMID: 38227890 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Although psychotic symptoms have been described in association with rare presenilin ( PSEN ) gene mutations underlying early-onset Alzheimer disease (AD), no contemporary reviews on this topic exist. The purpose of this review is to characterize the psychiatric phenotype (specifically with respect to psychosis) of PSEN1 and PSEN2 variant-associated AD. A PubMed search was completed in July 2023. Only articles that described individuals harboring a PSEN1 or PSEN2 mutation who experienced symptoms of psychosis were included in the review. Thirty-three articles describing 52 individuals were included in the review, as well as one other study that provided limited information pertaining to an additional 21 cases. While visual hallucinations were the most common psychotic symptom, followed by persecutory delusions, auditory hallucinations occurred in ~17% of individuals. In ~33% of the reviewed cases psychotic symptoms were present at or near disease onset, and 9 of these individuals experienced auditory hallucinations and/or delusions in the absence of visual hallucinations (~17% of all cases). In many cases, symptoms developed at a relatively young age. As presenilin gene variant-associated psychosis may resemble a primary psychotic disorder, clinicians should be vigilant with respect to screening for signs/symptoms suggestive of neurodegeneration in first-episode psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Colijn
- Department of Psychiatry, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary
| | - Zahinoor Ismail
- Departments of Psychiatry, Clinical Neurosciences, Community Health Sciences, and Pathology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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2
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Banerjee G, Collinge J, Fox NC, Lashley T, Mead S, Schott JM, Werring DJ, Ryan NS. Clinical considerations in early-onset cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Brain 2023; 146:3991-4014. [PMID: 37280119 PMCID: PMC10545523 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is an important cerebral small vessel disease associated with brain haemorrhage and cognitive change. The commonest form, sporadic amyloid-β CAA, usually affects people in mid- to later life. However, early-onset forms, though uncommon, are increasingly recognized and may result from genetic or iatrogenic causes that warrant specific and focused investigation and management. In this review, we firstly describe the causes of early-onset CAA, including monogenic causes of amyloid-β CAA (APP missense mutations and copy number variants; mutations of PSEN1 and PSEN2) and non-amyloid-β CAA (associated with ITM2B, CST3, GSN, PRNP and TTR mutations), and other unusual sporadic and acquired causes including the newly-recognized iatrogenic subtype. We then provide a structured approach for investigating early-onset CAA, and highlight important management considerations. Improving awareness of these unusual forms of CAA amongst healthcare professionals is essential for facilitating their prompt diagnosis, and an understanding of their underlying pathophysiology may have implications for more common, late-onset, forms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Banerjee
- MRC Prion Unit at University College London (UCL), Institute of Prion Diseases, UCL, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - John Collinge
- MRC Prion Unit at University College London (UCL), Institute of Prion Diseases, UCL, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- The Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Department of Clinical and Movement Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, W1 1PJ, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Simon Mead
- MRC Prion Unit at University College London (UCL), Institute of Prion Diseases, UCL, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Jonathan M Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David J Werring
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Natalie S Ryan
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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3
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Zhang Z, Lin H, Feng Z, Xie H, Liu P, Shu Y, Jia Z, Zhang S. Impaired calcium channel function and pronounced hippocampal atrophy in a schizophrenia patient with cognitive impairment carrying Presenilin-2 Ser130Leu mutation: A case report and literature review. Schizophr Res 2023; 258:78-80. [PMID: 37517367 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Hua Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Zijuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Hongsheng Xie
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Emergency, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Yang Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Zhiyun Jia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, PR China.
| | - Shuting Zhang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, PR China.
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4
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Liang Z, Wu Y, Li C, Liu Z. Clinical and genetic characteristics in a central-southern Chinese cohort of early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1119326. [PMID: 37051054 PMCID: PMC10084792 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1119326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundMutations in the presenilin-1 (PSEN1), presenilin-2 (PSEN2), and amyloid precursor protein (APP) genes have been commonly identified in early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD). Some of the mutations in the three causative genes, especially the PSEN1 gene, result in variable phenotypes and exhibit clinical heterogeneity among EOAD families.MethodsUsing next-generation sequencing (NGS), we performed genetic screening in a Chinese cohort of 18 patients with EOAD, consisting of five familial EOAD and 13 sporadic cases.ResultsWe identified two likely pathogenic PSEN1 mutations (one novel) and a novel APP mutation in three cases of EOAD, where two are familial and one is sporadic, respectively. In addition, we detected a few variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in several genes, including not only the two known variants in PSEN2 (p.H169N and p.V214L) but also genes causal of other types of dementia or previously identified as risk factors for AD, suggesting the possible involvement of multiple genes in the etiopathology of AD. The patients carrying PSEN1 mutations had an earlier mean age at the onset than those with PSEN2 or APP variants. The initial symptoms varied greatly among patients in the EOAD cohort, from progressive memory impairment and epilepsy to uncommon motor symptoms such as involuntary tremors in the upper extremities.ConclusionsIn conclusion, our study provides further evidence of the genetic profile of patients with EOAD from China and expands the mutation spectrum of both PSEN1 and APP. In addition, our results highlight the clinical heterogeneity in patients with EOAD and mutations in PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP and suggest strong effects of genetic variants on clinical phenotypes. Future functional studies are needed to clarify the interaction between AD-causative gene mutations and phenotypic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihou Liang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuanzhou Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Chuanzhou Li
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhijun Liu
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5
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Simões JL, Sobierai LD, Leal IF, Dos Santos MV, Coiado JV, Bagatini MD. Action of the Purinergic and Cholinergic Anti-inflammatory Pathways on Oxidative Stress in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Neuroscience 2023; 512:110-132. [PMID: 36526078 PMCID: PMC9746135 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has affected more than 20 million people in Brazil and caused a global health emergency. This virus has the potential to affect various parts of the body and compromise metabolic functions. The virus-mediated neural inflammation of the nervous system is due to a storm of cytokines and oxidative stress, which are the clinical features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This neurodegenerative disease is aggravated in cases involving SARS-CoV-2 and its inflammatory biomarkers, accelerating accumulation of β-amyloid peptide, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, and production of reactive oxygen species, which lead to homeostasis imbalance. The cholinergic system, through neurons and the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), modulates various physiological pathways, such as the response to stress, sleep and wakefulness, sensory information, and the cognitive system. Patients with AD have low concentrations of ACh; hence, therapeutic methods are aimed at adjusting the ACh titers available to the body for maintaining functionality. Herein, we focused on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, responsible for the degradation of ACh in the synaptic cleft, and muscarinic and nicotinic receptor agonists of the cholinergic system owing to the therapeutic potential of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in AD associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia L.B. Simões
- Medical School, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Inayá F. Leal
- Medical School, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | | | - João Victor Coiado
- Medical School, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Margarete D. Bagatini
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil,Corresponding author
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6
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Wallon D, Nicolas G. Genetica della malattia di Alzheimer. Neurologia 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(22)47093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
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7
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Liu Y, Xiao X, Liu H, Liao X, Zhou Y, Weng L, Zhou L, Liu X, Bi XY, Xu T, Zhu Y, Yang Q, Zhang S, Hao X, Zhang W, Wang J, Jiao B, Shen L. Clinical characteristics and genotype-phenotype correlation analysis of familial Alzheimer’s disease patients with pathogenic/likely pathogenic amyloid protein precursor mutations. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1013295. [PMID: 36313020 PMCID: PMC9616047 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1013295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease associated with aging, environmental, and genetic factors. Amyloid protein precursor (APP) is a known pathogenic gene for familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD), and now more than 70 APP mutations have been reported, but the genotype-phenotype correlation remains unclear. In this study, we collected clinical data from patients carrying APP mutations defined as pathogenic/likely pathogenic according to the American college of medical genetics and genomics (ACMG) guidelines. Then, we reanalyzed the clinical characteristics and identified genotype-phenotype correlations in APP mutations. Our results indicated that the clinical phenotypes of APP mutations are generally consistent with typical AD despite the fact that they show more non-demented symptoms and neurological symptoms. We also performed genotype-phenotype analysis according to the difference in APP processing caused by the mutations, and we found that there were indeed differences in onset age, behavioral and psychological disorders of dementia (BPSD) and myoclonus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuewen Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinxin Liao
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yafang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Weng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xixi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang-yun Bi
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tianyan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qijie Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sizhe Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoli Hao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Jiao,
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Lu Shen,
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8
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Degenerative dementias: a question of syndrome or disease? NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2022; 37:480-491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Robles Bayón A. Degenerative dementias: A question of syndrome or disease? Neurologia 2022; 37:480-491. [PMID: 31331676 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurologists refer to numerous "syndromes,‿ consisting of specific combinations of clinical manifestations, following a specific progression pattern, and with the support of blood analysis (without genomic-proteomic parameters) and neuroimaging findings (MRI, CT, perfusion SPECT, or 18F-FDG-PET scans). Neurodegenerative "diseases,‿ on the other hand, are defined by specific combinations of clinical signs and histopathological findings; these must be confirmed by a clinical examination and a histology study or evidence of markers of a specific disorder for the diagnosis to be made. However, we currently know that most genetic and histopathological alterations can result in diverse syndromes. The genetic or histopathological aetiology of each syndrome is also heterogeneous, and we may encounter situations with pathophysiological alterations characterising more than one neurodegenerative disease. Sometimes, specific biomarkers are detected in the preclinical stage. DEVELOPMENT We performed a literature review to identify patients whose histopathological or genetic disorder was discordant with that expected for the clinical syndrome observed, as well as patients presenting multiple neurodegenerative diseases, confirming the heterogeneity and overlap between syndromes and diseases. We also observed that the treatments currently prescribed to patients with neurodegenerative diseases are symptomatic. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that the search for disease biomarkers should be restricted to research centres, given the lack of disease-modifying drugs or treatments improving survival. Moreover, syndromes and specific molecular or histopathological alterations should be managed independently of one another, and new "diseases‿ should be defined and adapted to current knowledge and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Robles Bayón
- Unidad de Neurología Cognitiva, Hospital HM Rosaleda, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, España.
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10
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Future of Alzheimer’s Disease: Nanotechnology-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutic Approach. BIONANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-022-00998-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Dong L, Liu C, Sha L, Mao C, Li J, Huang X, Wang J, Chu S, Peng B, Cui L, Xu Q, Gao J. PSEN2 Mutation Spectrum and Novel Functionally Validated Mutations in Alzheimer’s Disease: Data from PUMCH Dementia Cohort. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 87:1549-1556. [PMID: 35491795 PMCID: PMC9277672 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: The established causative mutations in the APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 can explain less than 1%,Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. Of the identified variants, the PSEN2 mutations are even less common. Objective: With the genetic study from the dementia cohort of Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), we aim to illustrate the PSEN2 mutation spectrum and novel functionally validated mutations in Chinese AD patients. Methods: 702 AD participants, aged 30–85, were identified in PUMCH dementia cohort. They all received history inquiry, physical examination, biochemical test, cognitive evaluation, brain CT/MRI, and next-generation DNA sequencing. Functional analysis was achieved by transfection of the HEK293 cells with plasmids harboring the wild-type PSEN2 or candidate mutations. Results: Nine PSEN2 rare variants were found, including two reported (M239T, R62C) and seven novel variants (N141S, I368F, L396I, G117X, I146T, S147N, H220Y). The HEK293 cells transfected with the PSEN2 N141S, M239T, I368F plasmids showed higher Aβ 42 and Aβ 42/Aβ 40 levels relative to the wild-type PSEN2. The PSEN2 L396I, G117X, S147N, H220Y, and R62C did not alter Aβ 42, Aβ 40 levels, or Aβ 42/Aβ 40 ratio. 1.9%,(13/702) subjects harbored rare PSEN2 variants. 0.4%,(3/702) subjects carried pathogenic/likely pathogenic PSEN2 mutations. The three subjects with the functionally validated PSEN2 mutations were all familial early-onset AD patients. The common symptoms included amnesia and mental symptom. Additionally, the M239T mutation carrier presented with dressing apraxia, visuospatial agraphia, dyscalculia and visual mislocalization. Conclusion: The PSEN2 N141S, M239T, and I368F are functionally validated mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liling Dong
- Neurology Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Caiyan Liu
- Neurology Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Longze Sha
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chenhui Mao
- Neurology Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Neurology Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinying Huang
- Neurology Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Neurology Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Chu
- Neurology Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Peng
- Neurology Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liying Cui
- Neurology Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Neurology Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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12
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Pavisic IM, Nicholas JM, Pertzov Y, O'Connor A, Liang Y, Collins JD, Lu K, Weston PSJ, Ryan NS, Husain M, Fox NC, Crutch SJ. Visual short-term memory impairments in presymptomatic familial Alzheimer's disease: A longitudinal observational study. Neuropsychologia 2021; 162:108028. [PMID: 34560142 PMCID: PMC8589962 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Visual short-term memory (VSTM) deficits including VSTM binding have been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) from preclinical to dementia stages, cross-sectionally. Yet, longitudinal investigations are lacking. The objective of this study was to evaluate VSTM function longitudinally and in relation to expected symptom onset in a cohort of familial Alzheimer's disease. Ninety-nine individuals (23 presymptomatic; 9 symptomatic and 67 controls) were included in an extension cross-sectional study and a sub-sample of 48 (23 presymptomatic carriers, 6 symptomatic and 19 controls), attending two to five visits with a median interval of 1.3 years, included in the longitudinal study. Participants completed the “What was where?” relational binding task (which measures memory for object identification, localisation and object-location binding under different conditions of memory load and delay), neuropsychology assessments and genetic testing. Compared to controls, presymptomatic carriers within 8.5 years of estimated symptom onset showed a faster rate of decline in localisation performance in long-delay conditions (4s) and in traditional neuropsychology measures of verbal episodic memory. This study represents the first longitudinal VSTM investigation and shows that changes in memory resolution may be sensitive to tracking cognitive decline in preclinical AD at least as early as changes in the more traditional verbal episodic memory tasks. VSTM function was investigated in presymptomatic and symptomatic FAD carriers. PMCs showed faster decline in VSTM function (target localisation) than controls. Target localisation accuracy decreased with proximity to expected symptom onset. “What was where?” may be sensitive to tracking preclinical cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanna M Pavisic
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK.
| | - Jennifer M Nicholas
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Yoni Pertzov
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Antoinette O'Connor
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK
| | - Yuying Liang
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jessica D Collins
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Kirsty Lu
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Philip S J Weston
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Natalie S Ryan
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK
| | - Masud Husain
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK
| | - Sebastian J Crutch
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK.
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Hanafy AS, Dietrich D, Fricker G, Lamprecht A. Blood-brain barrier models: Rationale for selection. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113859. [PMID: 34246710 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Brain delivery is a broad research area, the outcomes of which are far hindered by the limited permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Over the last century, research has been revealing the BBB complexity and the crosstalk between its cellular and molecular components. Pathologically, BBB alterations may precede as well as be concomitant or lead to brain diseases. To simulate the BBB and investigate options for drug delivery, several in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo, in situ and in silico models are used. Hundreds of drug delivery vehicles successfully pass preclinical trials but fail in clinical settings. Inadequate selection of BBB models is believed to remarkably impact the data reliability leading to unsatisfactory results in clinical trials. In this review, we suggest a rationale for BBB model selection with respect to the addressed research question and downstream applications. The essential considerations of an optimal BBB model are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Sayed Hanafy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Dirk Dietrich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gert Fricker
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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14
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Perrone F, Cacace R, van der Zee J, Van Broeckhoven C. Emerging genetic complexity and rare genetic variants in neurodegenerative brain diseases. Genome Med 2021; 13:59. [PMID: 33853652 PMCID: PMC8048219 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00878-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the molecular etiology of neurodegenerative brain diseases (NBD) has substantially increased over the past three decades. Early genetic studies of NBD families identified rare and highly penetrant deleterious mutations in causal genes that segregate with disease. Large genome-wide association studies uncovered common genetic variants that influenced disease risk. Major developments in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies accelerated gene discoveries at an unprecedented rate and revealed novel pathways underlying NBD pathogenesis. NGS technology exposed large numbers of rare genetic variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in coding regions, highlighting the genetic complexity of NBD. Since experimental studies of these coding rare VUS are largely lacking, the potential contributions of VUS to NBD etiology remain unknown. In this review, we summarize novel findings in NBD genetic etiology driven by NGS and the impact of rare VUS on NBD etiology. We consider different mechanisms by which rare VUS can act and influence NBD pathophysiology and discuss why a better understanding of rare VUS is instrumental for deriving novel insights into the molecular complexity and heterogeneity of NBD. New knowledge might open avenues for effective personalized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Perrone
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp – CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rita Cacace
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp – CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Julie van der Zee
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp – CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp – CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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15
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Koriath CAM, Kenny J, Ryan NS, Rohrer JD, Schott JM, Houlden H, Fox NC, Tabrizi SJ, Mead S. Genetic testing in dementia - utility and clinical strategies. Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 17:23-36. [PMID: 33168964 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-00416-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Techniques for clinical genetic testing in dementia disorders have advanced rapidly but remain to be more widely implemented in practice. A positive genetic test offers a precise molecular diagnosis, can help members of an affected family to determine personal risk, provides a basis for reproductive choices and can offer options for clinical trials. The likelihood of identifying a specific genetic cause of dementia depends on the clinical condition, the age at onset and family history. Attempts to match phenotypes to single genes are mostly inadvisable owing to clinical overlap between the dementias, genetic heterogeneity, pleiotropy and concurrent mutations. Currently, the appropriate genetic test in most cases of dementia is a next-generation sequencing gene panel, though some conditions necessitate specific types of test such as repeat expansion testing. Whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing are becoming financially feasible but raise or exacerbate complex issues such as variants of uncertain significance, secondary findings and the potential for re-analysis in light of new information. However, the capacity for data analysis and counselling is already restricting the provision of genetic testing. Patients and their relatives need to be given reliable information to enable them to make informed choices about tests, treatments and data sharing; the ability of patients with dementia to make decisions must be considered when providing this information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Kenny
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, London, UK
| | - Natalie S Ryan
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jonathan M Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sarah J Tabrizi
- Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Simon Mead
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK.
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16
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Pavisic IM, Nicholas JM, O'Connor A, Rice H, Lu K, Fox NC, Ryan NS. Disease duration in autosomal dominant familial Alzheimer disease: A survival analysis. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2020; 6:e507. [PMID: 33225064 PMCID: PMC7673285 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective To use survival modeling to estimate disease duration in autosomal dominant familial Alzheimer disease (ADAD) and ascertain whether factors influencing age at onset also affect survival. Methods Symptomatic mutation carriers (201 presenilin 1 [PSEN1] and 55 amyloid precursor protein [APP]) from ADAD families referred to the Dementia Research Centre, between 1987 and 2019, were included. Survival was assessed with respect to age at onset, year of birth, APOE ε4 status, cognitive presentation, and sex using multilevel mixed-effects Weibull survival models. The contribution of mutation and family to variance in age at onset and duration was also assessed. Results Estimated mean survival was 11.6 (10.4–12.9) years and was similar for APP and PSEN1 mutations. Sixty-seven percent of the variance in age at onset was explained by mutation and 72% by mutation and family together. In contrast, only 6% of the variance in disease duration was explained by mutation specificity and 18% by family membership. Irrespective of gene, survival appeared longer for successive generations and in individuals with atypical presentations. Older age at onset was associated with longer duration within PSEN1 and shorter duration within APP mutation carriers. No differences in survival time were found between sexes or between mutations located before or beyond codon 200 within PSEN1. Conclusions Survival is influenced by mutation to a much lesser extent than age at onset. Survival time has increased over time and is longer in atypical presentations. These insights may inform the interpretation of disease-modifying therapy trials in ADAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanna M Pavisic
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (I.M.P., J.M.N., A.O., H.R., K.L., N.C.F., N.S.R.), Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London (I.M.P., A.O., H.R., N.C.F., N.S.R.); and Department of Medial Statistics (J.M.N.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer M Nicholas
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (I.M.P., J.M.N., A.O., H.R., K.L., N.C.F., N.S.R.), Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London (I.M.P., A.O., H.R., N.C.F., N.S.R.); and Department of Medial Statistics (J.M.N.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Antoinette O'Connor
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (I.M.P., J.M.N., A.O., H.R., K.L., N.C.F., N.S.R.), Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London (I.M.P., A.O., H.R., N.C.F., N.S.R.); and Department of Medial Statistics (J.M.N.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Rice
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (I.M.P., J.M.N., A.O., H.R., K.L., N.C.F., N.S.R.), Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London (I.M.P., A.O., H.R., N.C.F., N.S.R.); and Department of Medial Statistics (J.M.N.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Lu
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (I.M.P., J.M.N., A.O., H.R., K.L., N.C.F., N.S.R.), Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London (I.M.P., A.O., H.R., N.C.F., N.S.R.); and Department of Medial Statistics (J.M.N.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Nick C Fox
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (I.M.P., J.M.N., A.O., H.R., K.L., N.C.F., N.S.R.), Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London (I.M.P., A.O., H.R., N.C.F., N.S.R.); and Department of Medial Statistics (J.M.N.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie S Ryan
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (I.M.P., J.M.N., A.O., H.R., K.L., N.C.F., N.S.R.), Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London (I.M.P., A.O., H.R., N.C.F., N.S.R.); and Department of Medial Statistics (J.M.N.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
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Peng Y, Gao P, Shi L, Chen L, Liu J, Long J. Central and Peripheral Metabolic Defects Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease: Targeting Mitochondria for Diagnosis and Prevention. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:1188-1236. [PMID: 32050773 PMCID: PMC7196371 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Epidemiological studies indicate that metabolic disorders are associated with an increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Metabolic remodeling occurs in the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery, even in the early stages of AD. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been widely accepted as a molecular mechanism underlying metabolic disorders. Therefore, focusing on early metabolic changes, especially from the perspective of mitochondria, could be of interest for early AD diagnosis and intervention. Recent Advances: We and others have identified that the levels of several metabolites are fluctuated in the periphery before their accumulation in the CNS, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. Mitochondrial remodeling is likely one of the earliest signs of AD, linking nutritional imbalance to cognitive deficits. Notably, by improving mitochondrial function, mitochondrial nutrients efficiently rescue cellular metabolic dysfunction in the CNS and periphery in individuals with AD. Critical Issues: Peripheral metabolic disorders should be intensively explored and evaluated for the early diagnosis of AD. The circulating metabolites derived from mitochondrial remodeling represent novel potential diagnostic biomarkers for AD that are more readily detected than CNS-oriented biomarkers. Moreover, mitochondrial nutrients provide a promising approach to preventing and delaying AD progression. Future Directions: Abnormal mitochondrial metabolism in the CNS and periphery is involved in AD pathogenesis. More clinical studies provide evidence for the suitability and reliability of circulating metabolites and cytokines for the early diagnosis of AD. Targeting mitochondria to rewire cellular metabolism is a promising approach to preventing AD and ameliorating AD-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Peng
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology & Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peipei Gao
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology & Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Le Shi
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology & Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology & Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology & Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiangang Long
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology & Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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18
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Involvement of a Na +-coupled Oligopeptide Transport System for β-amyloid Peptide (Aβ 1-42) in Brain Cells. Pharm Res 2020; 37:98. [PMID: 32419062 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02835-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A Na+-coupled transport system in mammalian cells is responsible for the uptake of oligopeptides consisting of 5 or more amino acids. Here we investigated if this transport system is expressed in brain cells and transports the 42-amino-acid β-amyloid peptide (Aβ1-42). METHODS The human and mouse neuronal cell lines SK-N-SH and HT22, human microglial cell line HMC-3, and human blood-brain barrier endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3 were used to monitor the uptake of [3H]-deltorphin II (a heptapeptide) and fluorescence-labeled Aβ1-42. RESULTS All four cell lines exhibited Na+-coupled uptake of deltorphin II. Aβ1-42 competed with deltorphin II for the uptake. Uptake of fluorescence-labeled Aβ1-42 was detectable in these cell lines, and the uptake was Na+-dependent and inhibitable by deltorphin II. The Na+-coupled uptake disappeared at high concentrations of Aβ1-42 due to oligomerization of the peptide. Exposure of the cells to excess iron abolished the uptake. In hCMEC/D3 cells cultured on Transwell filters, the uptake was localized preferentially to the abluminal membrane. CONCLUSION A Na+-coupled transport system mediates the uptake of Aβ1-42 monomers in neuronal and microglial cells. The same system is also responsible for the uptake of Aβ1-42 from brain into blood-brain barrier endothelial cells. These findings have relevance to Alzheimer's disease.
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19
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Ghidoni R, Squitti R, Siotto M, Benussi L. Innovative Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease: Focus on the Hidden Disease Biomarkers. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:1507-1518. [PMID: 29504534 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The criteria for the clinical diagnosis of AD include the analysis of biomarkers of the underlying brain disease pathology; a set of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tests, amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ42), total-tau (t-tau), and phosphorylated tau (p-tau), are available and their performance in a clinical setting has been assessed in several studies. Thus, in dementia research, great advances have been made in the discovery of putative biomarkers; however, disappointingly, few of them have been translated into clinically applicable assays. To find biomarkers able to reliably detect AD pathology already at prodromal stages and in blood is even more important. Recent technical breakthroughs have provided ultrasensitive methods that allow the detection of brain-specific proteins in blood. In the present review, we will focus on the usefulness of ultrasensitive technologies for biomarker discovery and trace elements detection; moreover, we will review studies on circulating nano-compartments, a promising novel source of material for molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ghidoni
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Rosanna Squitti
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Benussi
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
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20
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Zhang S, Pan X, Wei C, Wang L, Cheng Y, Hu Z, Dong W, Liu M, Wu B. Associations of Anemia With Outcomes in Patients With Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Meta-Analysis. Front Neurol 2019; 10:406. [PMID: 31105636 PMCID: PMC6494942 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a highly lethal disease without effective therapeutic interventions. Anemia is prevalent in neurocritical disease and correlated with higher mortality in the intensive care unit. However, there is a lack of evidence concerning the association between anemia and the clinical outcomes of ICH. Object: We aimed to assess the association between anemia and outcomes in patients with ICH. Methods: We systematically searched the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science from inception to November 2017. Eligible studies were cohort studies exploring the association between anemia and mortality or functional outcomes in patient with ICH. A Meta-analysis was performed, and heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 index. Sensitivity analyses were performed to account for heterogeneity and risk of bias. Effect estimates were combined using random effects model for mortality and poor outcomes. Results: We identified seven cohort studies with 7,328 ICH patients, including 1,546 patients with anemia. The meta-analysis revealed that anemia was associated with higher mortality {OR = 1.72 for 30-day mortality (95% CI 1.37 to 2.15; I2 = 64%; low-quality evidence); OR = 2.05 for 12-month mortality (95% CI 1.42 to 2.97; I2 = 82%; low-quality evidence)} and an increased risk of poor outcome in patients with ICH {OR = 2.29 for 3-month outcome (95% CI 1.16 to 4.51; I2 = 91%; very low-quality evidence); OR = 3.42 for 12-month outcome (95% CI 0.50 to 23.23; I2 = 96%; very low-quality evidence)}. Conclusions: Anemia on admission was associated with higher mortality and an increased risk of poor outcome in patients with ICH. However, the results were limited by the high heterogeneity of included studies. Prospective, multi-center or population-based, large sample cohort studies are needed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Zhang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohua Pan
- Department of Neurology, Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, China
| | - Chenchen Wei
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yajun Cheng
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi Hu
- Department of Neurological Intensive Care Unit, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Department of Neurological Intensive Care Unit, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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21
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Sweeney MD, Zhao Z, Montagne A, Nelson AR, Zlokovic BV. Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:21-78. [PMID: 30280653 PMCID: PMC6335099 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00050.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1157] [Impact Index Per Article: 231.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevents neurotoxic plasma components, blood cells, and pathogens from entering the brain. At the same time, the BBB regulates transport of molecules into and out of the central nervous system (CNS), which maintains tightly controlled chemical composition of the neuronal milieu that is required for proper neuronal functioning. In this review, we first examine molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the establishment of the BBB. Then, we focus on BBB transport physiology, endothelial and pericyte transporters, and perivascular and paravascular transport. Next, we discuss rare human monogenic neurological disorders with the primary genetic defect in BBB-associated cells demonstrating the link between BBB breakdown and neurodegeneration. Then, we review the effects of genes underlying inheritance and/or increased susceptibility for Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) on BBB in relation to other pathologies and neurological deficits. We next examine how BBB dysfunction relates to neurological deficits and other pathologies in the majority of sporadic AD, PD, and ALS cases, multiple sclerosis, other neurodegenerative disorders, and acute CNS disorders such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and epilepsy. Lastly, we discuss BBB-based therapeutic opportunities. We conclude with lessons learned and future directions, with emphasis on technological advances to investigate the BBB functions in the living human brain, and at the molecular and cellular level, and address key unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie D Sweeney
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California ; and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California ; and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Axel Montagne
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California ; and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Amy R Nelson
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California ; and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California ; and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
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22
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Khoury R, Patel K, Gold J, Hinds S, Grossberg GT. Recent Progress in the Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's Disease. Drugs Aging 2018; 34:811-820. [PMID: 29116600 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-017-0499-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common major neurocognitive disorder with substantial social and economic impacts. This article is an update on current pharmacotherapy, advancements in biomarker use, and drugs in the pipeline for this disease. To date, no new drug has qualified to be added to the current therapeutic arsenal comprising cholinesterase inhibitors and the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine. Drugs in the pipeline include symptomatic therapies that are neurotransmitter-based, but mostly disease-modifying therapies. The latter have yielded disappointing results by focusing mainly on the two pathophysiological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease: Aβ amyloid deposits and tau protein aggregates forming neurofibrillary tangles. These unsuccessful trials may have resulted from studying these drugs 'too late' relative to Alzheimer's disease onset, in addition to focusing only on the amyloid cascade. In fact, Alzheimer's disease is a complex multifactorial disease. Combining different biomarkers might enhance our ability to identify those patients most at risk of developing the disease, and better predict their conversion rates. Furthermore, adopting an integrative treatment approach by targeting additional pathophysiological pathways in Alzheimer's disease such as inflammation and oxidative stress could be the key to better outcomes in Alzheimer's disease pharmacotherapy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Khoury
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, St. Louis University School of Medicine, 1438 S Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.
| | - Kush Patel
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, St. Louis University School of Medicine, 1438 S Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Jake Gold
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, St. Louis University School of Medicine, 1438 S Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Stephanie Hinds
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, St. Louis University School of Medicine, 1438 S Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - George T Grossberg
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, St. Louis University School of Medicine, 1438 S Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
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Marín-Muñoz J, Noguera-Perea MF, Gómez-Tortosa E, López-Motos D, Antequera-Torres M, Martínez-Herrada B, Manzanares-Sánchez S, Vivancos-Moreau L, Legaz-García A, Rábano-Gutiérrez Del Arroyo A, Antúnez-Almagro C. Novel Mutation (Gly212Val) in the PS2 Gene Associated with Early-Onset Familial Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 53:73-8. [PMID: 27128372 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the presenilin 2 gene (PS2) are an extremely rare cause of early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease (AD), accounting for only 5% of these families. These cases represent a particular model of AD, and the scarcity of reports on their clinical phenotypes makes them of great interest. We report a family with early-onset autosomal dominant AD in four members, where the two living siblings were found to carry the novel PS2 mutation Gly212Val (exon 7, transmembrane domain IV) with highly predicted pathogenicity. Age at onset ranged from 60 to 65 years and three of the cases died between ages 74 and 76 years. Clinical phenotype was quite homogeneous among affected members of the family, and overall features, including cognitive decline, tau/p-tau and amyloid-β cerebrospinal fluid markers, neuroimaging, and neuropathology were consistent with typical AD. Lewy bodies were present but restricted to the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Marín-Muñoz
- Dementia Care Unit, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, IMIB (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria), Murcia, Spain
| | - Ma Fuensanta Noguera-Perea
- Dementia Care Unit, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, IMIB (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria), Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Martirio Antequera-Torres
- Dementia Care Unit, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, IMIB (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria), Murcia, Spain
| | - Begoña Martínez-Herrada
- Dementia Care Unit, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, IMIB (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria), Murcia, Spain
| | - Salvadora Manzanares-Sánchez
- Dementia Care Unit, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, IMIB (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria), Murcia, Spain
| | - Laura Vivancos-Moreau
- Dementia Care Unit, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, IMIB (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria), Murcia, Spain
| | - Agustina Legaz-García
- Dementia Care Unit, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, IMIB (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria), Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Antúnez-Almagro
- Dementia Care Unit, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, IMIB (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria), Murcia, Spain
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Presenilin 2 deficiency facilitates Aβ-induced neuroinflammation and injury by upregulating P2X7 expression. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:189-201. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-0347-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Aguayo-Ortiz
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad de México 04510 México
| | - Laura Dominguez
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad de México 04510 México
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Bagyinszky E, Park SA, Kim HJ, Choi SH, An SSA, Kim SY. PSEN1 L226F mutation in a patient with early-onset Alzheimer's disease in Korea. Clin Interv Aging 2016; 11:1433-1440. [PMID: 27785004 PMCID: PMC5066688 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s111821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report a first 226leucine (Leu) mutation to phenylalanine (Phe) in (PSEN1, CTC>TTC, L226F) in Asia from a Korean early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) patient. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-single strand conformation polymorphism, sequencing, and in silico predictions were performed. Previously, L226F was reported in EOAD patients by Zekanowski et al and Gómez-Tortosa et al. Disease phenotypes appeared in their thirties, and family history was positive in both cases. In our patient, age of onset was similar (37 years of age), but the mutation seemed to be de novo, since no affected family member was found. This leucine to phenylalanine substitution may cause additional stresses inside the transmembrane region due to large aromatic side chain and increased hydrophobic interactions with hydrocarbon chains in the membrane and its binding partners. Clinical phenotype of the mutation was aggressive progression into neurodegeneration, resulting in rapid cognitive decline. One of the patients was initially diagnosed with frontotemporal dementia, but the diagnosis was revised to AD upon postmortem studies in which Aβ plaques were seen. A second mutation, L226R, was found for the L226 residue. Similar to L226F, the patient with L226R also developed the first symptoms in his 30s, but EOAD was diagnosed in his 40s. These findings suggested that L226 might be an important residue in PSEN1, since mutations could result in neurodegenerative disease phenotypes at relatively young ages. There are mutations, such as L226F, which may not present clear clinical symptoms for the definitive diagnosis between frontotemporal dementia and AD. In addition, the similarities in the phenotypes could also be possible between AD and frontotemporal dementia, suggesting difficulties in differential diagnosis of various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si
| | - Sun Ah Park
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon
| | - Hyung Jun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon
| | - Seong Hye Choi
- Department of Neurology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si
| | - Sang Yun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine & Neurocognitive Behavior Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
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Restricted Location of PSEN2/γ-Secretase Determines Substrate Specificity and Generates an Intracellular Aβ Pool. Cell 2016; 166:193-208. [PMID: 27293189 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
γ-Secretases are a family of intramembrane-cleaving proteases involved in various signaling pathways and diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cells co-express differing γ-secretase complexes, including two homologous presenilins (PSENs). We examined the significance of this heterogeneity and identified a unique motif in PSEN2 that directs this γ-secretase to late endosomes/lysosomes via a phosphorylation-dependent interaction with the AP-1 adaptor complex. Accordingly, PSEN2 selectively cleaves late endosomal/lysosomal localized substrates and generates the prominent pool of intracellular Aβ that contains longer Aβ; familial AD (FAD)-associated mutations in PSEN2 increased the levels of longer Aβ further. Moreover, a subset of FAD mutants in PSEN1, normally more broadly distributed in the cell, phenocopies PSEN2 and shifts its localization to late endosomes/lysosomes. Thus, localization of γ-secretases determines substrate specificity, while FAD-causing mutations strongly enhance accumulation of aggregation-prone Aβ42 in intracellular acidic compartments. The findings reveal potentially important roles for specific intracellular, localized reactions contributing to AD pathogenesis.
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Suzuki A, Shibata N, Kasanuki K, Nagata T, Shinagawa S, Kobayashi N, Ohnuma T, Takeshita Y, Kawai E, Takayama T, Nishioka K, Motoi Y, Hattori N, Nakayama K, Yamada H, Arai H. Genetic Association between Presenilin 2 Polymorphisms and Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia of Lewy Body Type in a Japanese Population. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2016; 6:90-7. [PMID: 27065294 PMCID: PMC4821141 DOI: 10.1159/000444080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Mutations in the presenilin 2 (PSEN2) gene cause familial Alzheimer's disease (AD). Common polymorphisms affect gene activity and increase the risk of AD. Nonsynonymous polymorphisms in the PSEN2 gene showed Lewy body dementia (LBD) phenotypes clinically. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether PSEN2 gene polymorphisms were associated with AD or LBD. Methods Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the gene were analyzed using a case-control study design comprising 288 AD patients, 76 LBD patients, and 105 age-matched controls. Results Linkage disequilibrium (LD) examination showed strong LD from rs1295645 to rs8383 on the gene in our cases from Japan. There were no associations between the SNPs studied here and AD onset, and haplotypic analyses did not detect genetic associations between AD and the PSEN2 gene. Although the number of the cases was small, the SNPs studied did not modify the risk of developing LBD in a Japanese population. Conclusion The common SNPs of the PSEN2 gene did not affect the risk of AD or LBD in a Japanese population. Because genetic variability of the PSEN2 gene is associated with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in AD and LBD, further detailed analyses considering BPSD of both diseases would be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Suzuki
- Departments of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuto Shibata
- Departments of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Kasanuki
- Departments of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Nagata
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of DNA Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of DNA Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunichiro Shinagawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of DNA Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of DNA Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Ohnuma
- Departments of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Takeshita
- Departments of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Kawai
- Departments of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Takayama
- Departments of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenya Nishioka
- Departments of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Motoi
- Departments of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Departments of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakayama
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of DNA Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Yamada
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of DNA Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Heii Arai
- Departments of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a fatal progressive disease and the most common form of dementia without effective treatments. Previous studies support that the disruption of endoplasmic reticulum Ca through overactivation of ryanodine receptors plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. Normalization of intracellular Ca homeostasis could be an effective strategy for AD therapies. Dantrolene, an antagonist of ryanodine receptors and an FDA-approved drug for clinical treatment of malignant hyperthermia and muscle spasms, exhibits neuroprotective effects in multiple models of neurodegenerative disorders. Recent preclinical studies consistently support the therapeutic effects of dantrolene in various types of AD animal models and were summarized in the current review.
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Zhang S, Lei C, Liu P, Zhang M, Tao W, Liu H, Liu M. Association between variant amyloid deposits and motor deficits in FAD-associated presenilin-1 mutations: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 56:180-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Shea YF, Chu LW, Chan AOK, Ha J, Li Y, Song YQ. A systematic review of familial Alzheimer's disease: Differences in presentation of clinical features among three mutated genes and potential ethnic differences. J Formos Med Assoc 2015; 115:67-75. [PMID: 26337232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There are great diversities of clinical phenotypes among the various familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) families. We aimed to systematically review all the previously reported cases of FAD and to perform comparisons between Asian and white patients. In this regard, we collected individual-level data from 658 pedigrees. We found that patients with presenilin 1 (PSEN1) mutations had the earliest age of onset (AOO; 43.3 ± 8.6 years, p < 0.001) and were more commonly affected by seizures, spastic paraparesis, myoclonus, and cerebellar signs (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.003, and p = 0.002, respectively). Patients with PSEN2 mutations have a delayed AOO with longest disease duration and presented more frequently with disorientation (p = 0.03). Patients with amyloid precursor protein (APP) mutations presented more frequently with aggression (p = 0.02) and those with APP duplication presented more frequently with apraxia (p = 0.03). PSEN1 mutations before codon 200 had an earlier AOO than those having mutations after codon 200 (41.4 ± 8.0 years vs. 44.7 ± 8.7 years, p < 0.001). Because 42.9% of the mutations reported are novel, the mutation spectrum and clinical features in Asian FAD families could be different from that of whites. Asian patients with PSEN1 mutations presented more frequently with disorientation (p = 0.02) and personality change (p = 0.01) but less frequently with atypical clinical features. Asian patients with APP mutations presented less frequently with aphasia (p = 0.02). Thus, clinical features could be modified by underlying mutations, and Asian FAD patients may have different clinical features when compared with whites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yat-Fung Shea
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Leung-Wing Chu
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Alzheimer's Disease Research Network, Strategic Research Theme on Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Angel On-Kei Chan
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Pathology and Clinical Biochemistry, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Joyce Ha
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yan Li
- Center for Transport Phenomena, Energy Research Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Qiang Song
- Department of Biochemistry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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Kaja S, Sumien N, Shah VV, Puthawala I, Maynard AN, Khullar N, Payne AJ, Forster MJ, Koulen P. Loss of Spatial Memory, Learning, and Motor Function During Normal Aging Is Accompanied by Changes in Brain Presenilin 1 and 2 Expression Levels. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 52:545-54. [PMID: 25204494 PMCID: PMC4362879 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8877-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in presenilin (PS) proteins cause familial Alzheimer's disease. We herein tested the hypothesis that the expression levels of PS proteins are differentially affected during healthy aging, in the absence of pathological mutations. We used a preclinical model for aging to identify associations between PS expression and quantitative behavioral parameters for spatial memory and learning and motor function. We identified significant changes of PS protein expression in both cerebellum and forebrain that correlated with the performance in behavioral paradigms for motor function and memory and learning. Overall, PS1 levels were decreased, while PS2 levels were increased in aged mice compared with young controls. Our study presents novel evidence for the differential expression of PS proteins in a nongenetic model for aging, resulting in an overall increase of the PS2 to PS1 ratio. Our findings provide a novel mechanistic basis for molecular and functional changes during normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kaja
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri – Kansas City, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO 64108
| | - Natalie Sumien
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Vidhi V. Shah
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri – Kansas City, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO 64108
| | - Imran Puthawala
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri – Kansas City, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO 64108
| | - Alexandra N. Maynard
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri – Kansas City, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO 64108
| | - Nitasha Khullar
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri – Kansas City, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO 64108
| | - Andrew J. Payne
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri – Kansas City, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO 64108
| | - Michael J. Forster
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Peter Koulen
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri – Kansas City, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO 64108
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri – Kansas City, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO 64108
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Identification of PSEN2 mutation p.N141I in Argentine pedigrees with early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2674-7.e1. [PMID: 26166204 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Presenilin 2 gene (PSEN2) mutations account for <5% of all early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (EOFAD) cases and only 13 have strong evidence for pathogenicity. We aimed to investigate the presence of PSEN2 mutation p.N141I and characterize the clinical phenotypes in 2 Argentine pedigrees (AR2 and AR3) with clinical symptoms of EOFAD. Detailed clinical assessments and genetic screening for PSEN2 and APOE genes were carried out in 19 individuals of AR2 and AR3 families. The p.N141I mutation was identified in all affected subjects and was associated with prominent early onset, rapidly progressive dementia, neurologic, and behavioral symptoms. AR2 and AR3 families share the same Volga German ancestry as all the families reported presenting this mutation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of PSEN2 mutation p.N141I in Argentina and even more, in South America. Our contribution increases the total number of described families carrying this mutation and help to improve the characterization of clinical phenotype in EOFAD associated to PSEN2 mutations.
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