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Bontempi P, Piccolantonio G, Busato A, Conti A, Angelini G, Lopez N, Bani A, Constantin G, Marzola P. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging reveals functional connectivity alteration in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of multiple sclerosis. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 37:e5127. [PMID: 38450807 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.5127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune degenerative disease targeting white matter in the central nervous system. The most common animal model that mimics MS is experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and it plays a crucial role in pharmacological research, from the identification of a therapeutic target to the in vivo validation of efficacy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is largely used to detect MS lesions, and resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI) to investigate alterations in the brain functional connectivity (FC). MRI was mainly used in EAE studies to detect lesions in the spinal cord and brain. The current longitudinal MRI study aims to validate rsfMRI as a biomarker of the disease progression in the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 induced EAE animal model of MS. MR images were acquired 14, 25, and 50 days postimmunization. Seed-based analysis was used to investigate the whole-brain FC with some predefined areas, such as the thalamic regions, cerebellum, motor and somatosensory cortex. When compared with the control group, the EAE group exhibited a slightly altered FC and a decreasing trend in the total number of activated voxels along the disease progression. The most interesting result regards the whole-brain FC with the cerebellum. A hyperconnectivity behavior was found at an early phase and a significant reduced connectivity at a late phase. Moreover, we found a negative correlation between the total number of activated voxels during the late phase and the cumulative disease index. The results obtained provide a clinically relevant experimental platform that may be pivotal for the elucidation of the key mechanisms of accumulation of irreversible disability, as well as the development of innovative therapies for MS. Moreover, the negative correlation between the disease severity and the size of the activated area suggests a possible research pathway to follow for the resolution of the clinico-radiological paradox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Bontempi
- Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giusi Piccolantonio
- Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alice Busato
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Evotec Company, Verona, Italy
| | - Anita Conti
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Lopez
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | - Pasquina Marzola
- Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Biricioiu MR, Sarbu M, Ica R, Vukelić Ž, Clemmer DE, Zamfir AD. Human Cerebellum Gangliosides: A Comprehensive Analysis by Ion Mobility Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:683-695. [PMID: 38518248 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
The human cerebellum is an ultraspecialized region of the brain responsible for cognitive functions and movement coordination. The fine mechanisms through which the process of aging impacts such functions are not well understood; therefore, a rigorous exploration of this brain region at the molecular level is deemed necessary. Gangliosides, sialylated glycosphingolipids, highly and specifically expressed in the human central nervous system, represent possible molecular markers of cerebellum development and aging. In this context, for a comprehensive determination of development- and age-specific components, we have conducted here a comparative profiling and structural determination of the gangliosides expressed in fetal cerebellum in two intrauterine developmental stages and aged cerebellum by ion mobility separation (IMS) mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem MS (MS/MS). Due to the high sensitivity and efficiency of separation provided by IMS MS, no less than 551 chemically distinct species were identified, which represents 4.5 times more gangliosides than ever discovered in this brain region. The detailed assessment of fetal vs aged cerebellum gangliosidome showed marked discrepancies not only in the general number of the species expressed, but also in their sialylation patterns, the modifications of the glycan core, and the composition of the ceramides. All of these characteristics are potential markers of cerebellum development and aging. The structural analysis by collision-induced dissociation (CID) documented the occurrence of GD1b (d18:1/18:0) isomer in the fetal cerebellum in the second gestational trimester, with all probability of GQ1b (t18:1/18:0) in the near-term fetus and of GQ1b (d18:1/18:0) in aged cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Roxana Biricioiu
- Department of Condensed Matter, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Timisoara, 300224, Romania
- Department of Physics, West University of Timisoara, Timisoara 300223, Romania
| | - Mirela Sarbu
- Department of Condensed Matter, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Timisoara, 300224, Romania
| | - Raluca Ica
- Department of Condensed Matter, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Timisoara, 300224, Romania
| | - Željka Vukelić
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - David E Clemmer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Alina D Zamfir
- Department of Condensed Matter, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Timisoara, 300224, Romania
- Institute for Research, Development and Innovation in Natural and Technical Sciences, Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad, Arad 310330, Romania
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Yassine IA, Shehata H, Hamdy S, Abdel-Naseer M, Hassan T, Sherbiny M, Magdy E, Elmazny A, Shalaby N, ElShebawy H. Effect of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on the balance and the white matter integrity in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A long-term follow-up study. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2024; 83:105471. [PMID: 38295628 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2024.105471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is considered as a safe and non-invasive developing technique used as a therapeutic method for patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) who suffer from disturbances in gait and balance. The aim of our study is to evaluate the long-term effect of high frequency rTMS as a therapeutic option for truncal ataxia in RRMS patients and to assess its impact on the integrity of the white matter (WMI), measured in the form of anisotropy metrics using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). METHODS The study was conducted in two phases: phase I; a randomized, single-blind, sham-controlled phase and phase II was a 12 months longitudinal open-label prospective phase. Phase I of the trial involved the randomization of 43 patients with RRMS and truncal ataxia to either real (n = 20) or sham (n = 19) rTMS (2 participants from each treatment group were excluded from the study; one developed a relapse before treatment, 2 declined to participate, and one did not show up). Phase II involved providing 12 actual treatments cycles to all patients; each cycle length is 4 weeks, repeated four times on a trimonthly basis, forming a total of 48 sessions. DTI was used for assessment of the WMI. All patients performed DTI 3 times: Imaging sessions were conducted at the screening visit, at the end of phase I, and after the last session in phase II for the first, second and third sessions respectively. A figure-of-8-shape coil, employing rTMS protocol and located over the cerebellum, was used. rTMS protocol is formed of 20 trains formed of 50 stimuli with 20 s apart (5 Hz of 80 % of resting Motor Threshold "MT"). The Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Time up and go (TUG) test, and 10-m walk test (10MWT) were first evaluated at the start of each cycle and just after the final rTMS session. RESULTS The genuine rTMS group's 10MWT, TUG, and BBS showed substantial improvement (p < 0.01), which is continued to be improved throughout the study Timeline, with a significant difference observed following the final rTMS session (P< 0.001). A longitudinal increase in FA was observed in both the Cerebello-Thalamo-Cortical (CTC) and Cortico-Ponto-Cerebellar (CPC) bilateral, as indicated by means of Fractional Anisotropy (FA) measures (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In ataxic RRMS patients, high frequency rTMS over the cerebellum has a long-term beneficial impact on both balance and WMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Yassine
- Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
| | - H Shehata
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S Hamdy
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - T Hassan
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - E Magdy
- Police Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A Elmazny
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - N Shalaby
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - H ElShebawy
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Lotfi A, Abbasi M, Karami N, Arghavanfar H, Kazeminasab F, Rosenkranz SK. Effects of treadmill training on myelin proteomic markers and cerebellum morphology in a rat model of cuprizone-induced toxic demyelination. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 387:578286. [PMID: 38215583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). If demyelination is persistent, it will result in irreversible axonal injury and loss. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of treadmill training on myelin proteomic markers and cerebellum morphology in a rat model of cuprizone-induced toxic demyelination. METHODS Thirty male rats were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 6 per group), consisting of a healthy control group (Control), a cuprizone (CPZ) group, and three exercise training groups: exercise training before and during the CPZ administration (EX-CPZ-EX), exercise training before the CPZ administration (EX-CPZ), and exercise training during the CPZ administration (CPZ-EX). A rat model of CPZ-induced toxic demyelination consisted of feeding the rats cuprizone pellets (0.2%) for 6 weeks. All exercise groups performed a treadmill training protocol 5 days/week for 6 weeks. Levels of Myelin proteolipid protein (PLP), Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), axonal injury in the cerebellar tissue, and volume, weight, and length of the cerebellum were determined. RESULTS Results indicated a significant decrease in PLP and MOG in the CPZ groups compared to the Control group (****p < 0.0001). There was a significant increase in PLP and MOG and a significant decrease in axonal injury in the EX-CPZ-EX group as compared to other CPZ groups (****p < 0.0001), and CPZ-MS and CPZ-EX were not significantly different from one another. However, there were no significant differences between the groups for the volume, weight, or length of the cerebellum. CONCLUSION Treadmill training improved myelin sheath structural proteins and axonal injury in cerebellar tissue in a rat model of CPZ-induced toxic demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Lotfi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran
| | - Maryam Abbasi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran.
| | - Nasrin Karami
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran
| | - Hadis Arghavanfar
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kazeminasab
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | - Sara K Rosenkranz
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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Maxwell DL, Orian JM. Cerebellar pathology in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: current status and future directions. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2023; 15:11795735231211508. [PMID: 37942276 PMCID: PMC10629308 DOI: 10.1177/11795735231211508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent decades have witnessed significant progress in understanding mechanisms driving neurodegeneration and disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS), but with a focus on the cerebrum. In contrast, there have been limited studies of cerebellar disease, despite the common occurrence of cerebellar symptoms in this disorder. These rare studies, however, highlight the early cerebellar involvement in disease development and an association between the early occurrence of cerebellar lesions and risk of worse prognosis. In parallel developments, it has become evident that far from being a region specialized in movement control, the cerebellum plays a crucial role in cognitive function, via circuitry connecting the cerebellum to association areas of the cerebrum. This complexity, coupled with challenges in imaging of the cerebellum have been major obstacles in the appreciation of the spatio-temporal evolution of cerebellar damage in MS and correlation with disability and progression. MS studies based on animal models have relied on an induced neuroinflammatory disease known as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), in rodents and non-human primates (NHP). EAE has played a critical role in elucidating mechanisms underpinning tissue damage and been validated for the generation of proof-of-concept for cerebellar pathological processes relevant to MS. Additionally, rodent and NHP studies have formed the cornerstone of current knowledge of functional anatomy and cognitive processes. Here, we propose that improved insight into consequences of cerebellar damage in MS at the functional, cellular and molecular levels would be gained by more extensive characterization of EAE cerebellar pathology combined with the power of experimental paradigms in the field of cognition. Such combinatorial approaches would lead to improved potential for the development of MS sensitive markers and evaluation of candidate therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dain L. Maxwell
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M. Orian
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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Margoni M, Pagani E, Preziosa P, Gueye M, Azzimonti M, Rocca MA, Filippi M. Unraveling the heterogeneous pathological substrates of relapse-onset multiple sclerosis: a multiparametric voxel-wise 3 T MRI study. J Neurol 2023:10.1007/s00415-023-11736-9. [PMID: 37093395 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11736-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In multiple sclerosis (MS), pathological processes affecting brain gray (GM) and white matter (WM) are heterogeneous. OBJECTIVE To apply a multimodal MRI approach to investigate the regional distribution of the different pathological processes occurring in the brain WM and GM of relapse-onset MS patients. METHODS Fifty-seven MS patients (forty-two relapsing remitting [RR], fifteen secondary progressive [SP]) and forty-seven age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) underwent a multimodal 3 T MRI acquisition. Between-group voxel-wise differences of brain WM and GM volumes, magnetization transfer ratio (MTR), T1-weighted(w)/T2w ratio, intracellular volume fraction (ICV_f), and quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) maps were investigated. RESULTS Compared to HC, RRMS showed significant WM, deep GM and cortical atrophy, significantly lower MTR and T1w/T2w ratio of periventricular and infratentorial WM, deep GM and several cortical areas, lower ICV_f in supratentorial and cerebellar WM and in some cortical areas, and lower QSM values in bilateral periventricular WM (p < 0.001). Compared to RRMS, SPMS patients showed significant deep GM and widespread cortical atrophy, significantly lower MTR of periventricular WM, deep GM and cerebellum, lower T1w/T2w ratio of fronto-temporal WM regions, lower ICV_f of some fronto-tempo-occipital WM and cortical areas. They also had increased QSM and T1w/T2w ratio in the pallidum, bilaterally (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION A periventricular pattern of demyelination and widespread GM and WM neuro-axonal loss are detectable in RRMS and are more severe in SPMS. Higher T1w/T2w ratio and QSM in the pallidum, possibly reflecting iron accumulation and neurodegeneration, may represent a relevant MRI marker to differentiate SPMS from RRMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Margoni
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pagani
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Preziosa
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Mor Gueye
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Azzimonti
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
- Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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Frost J, Schmitzer B, Töpperwien M, Eckermann M, Franz J, Stadelmann C, Salditt T. 3d virtual histology reveals pathological alterations of cerebellar granule cells in multiple sclerosis. Neuroscience 2023; 520:18-38. [PMID: 37061161 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigate structural properties of neurons in the granular layer of human cerebellum with respect to their involvement in multiple sclerosis (MS). To this end we analyze data recorded by X-ray phase contrast tomography from tissue samples collected post mortem from a MS and a healthy control group. Using automated segmentation and histogram analysis based on optimal transport theory (OT) we find that the distributions representing nuclear structure in the granular layer move to a more compact nuclear state, i.e. smaller, denser and more heterogeneous nuclei in MS. We have previously made a similar observation for neurons of the dentate gyrus in Alzheimer's disease, suggesting that more compact structure of neuronal nuclei which we attributed to increased levels of heterochromatin, may possibly represent a more general phenomenon of cellular senescence associated with neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Frost
- Institute of X-ray Physics, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schmitzer
- Institute of Computer Science, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mareike Töpperwien
- Institute of X-ray Physics, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Germany; Present address: ESRF, Grenoble, France; Present adress: YXLON GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marina Eckermann
- Institute of X-ray Physics, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Germany; Present address: ESRF, Grenoble, France
| | - Jonas Franz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Universical Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christine Stadelmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, Universical Medical Center Göttingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence 'Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells' (MBExC), Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Salditt
- Institute of X-ray Physics, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence 'Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells' (MBExC), Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Germany
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Early Predictors of Disability and Cognition in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Long-Term Retrospective Analysis. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12020685. [PMID: 36675614 PMCID: PMC9864935 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12020685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted a retrospective analysis on multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with perceived cognitive decline and long disease duration to investigate early predictors of future cognitive impairment (CI) and motor disability. Sixty-five patients complaining of cognitive decline were assessed with an extensive neuropsychological battery at the last clinical follow-up and classified as mildly impaired, severely impaired, and cognitively spared based on the results. Motor disability was assessed with EDSS, MSSS, and ARMSS. Baseline demographic, clinical, and imaging parameters were retrospectively collected and inserted in separate multivariate regression models to investigate the predictive power of future impairment. Twenty-one patients (32.3%) showed no CI, seventeen (26.2%) showed mild CI, and twenty-seven (41.5%) showed severe CI. Older and less educated patients with higher EDSS, longer disease duration, and higher white matter lesion load (WMLL) at diagnosis (particularly with cerebellar involvement) were more likely to develop CI after a mean follow-up from diagnosis of 16.5 ± 6.9 years. DMT exposure was protective. The multivariate regression analyses confirmed WMLL, disease duration, and educational levels as the parameters with significant predictive value for future CI (R2 adjusted: 0.338 p: 0.001). Older patients with progressive phenotype both at diagnosis and T1 were more likely to be not fully ambulatory at T1 (R2 adjusted: 0.796 p: 0.0001). Our results further expand knowledge on early predictors of cognitive decline and evolution over time.
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Pasquini L, Wies Mancini VB, Di Pietro A. Microglia depletion as a therapeutic strategy: friend or foe in multiple sclerosis models? Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:267-272. [PMID: 35900401 PMCID: PMC9396475 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.346538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic central nervous system demyelinating disease whose onset and progression are driven by a combination of immune dysregulation, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors. The activation of microglia and astrocytes is a key player in multiple sclerosis immunopathology, playing specific roles associated with anatomical location and phase of the disease and controlling demyelination and neurodegeneration. Even though reactive microglia can damage tissue and heighten deleterious effects and neurodegeneration, activated microglia also perform neuroprotective functions such as debris phagocytosis and growth factor secretion. Astrocytes can be activated into pro-inflammatory phenotype A1 through a mechanism mediated by activated neuroinflammatory microglia, which could also mediate neurodegeneration. This A1 phenotype inhibits oligodendrocyte proliferation and differentiation and is toxic to both oligodendrocytes and neurons. However, astroglial activation into phenotype A2 may also take place in response to neurodegeneration and as a protective mechanism. A variety of animal models mimicking specific multiple sclerosis features and the associated pathophysiological processes have helped establish the cascades of events that lead to the initiation, progression, and resolution of the disease. The colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor is expressed by myeloid lineage cells such as peripheral monocytes and macrophages and central nervous system microglia. Importantly, as microglia development and survival critically rely on colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor signaling, colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor inhibition can almost completely eliminate microglia from the brain. In this context, the present review discusses the impact of microglial depletion through colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor inhibition on demyelination, neurodegeneration, astroglial activation, and behavior in different multiple sclerosis models, highlighting the diversity of microglial effects on the progression of demyelinating diseases and the strengths and weaknesses of microglial modulation in therapy design.
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Cerebrovascular reactivity in multiple sclerosis is restored with reduced inflammation during immunomodulation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15453. [PMID: 36104366 PMCID: PMC9474533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) reflects the capacity of the brain’s vasculature to increase blood flow following a vasodilatory stimulus. Reactivity is an essential property of the brain’s blood vessels that maintains nutrient supplies in the face of changing demand. In Multiple Sclerosis (MS), CVR may be diminished with brain inflammation and this may contribute to neurodegeneration. We test the hypothesis that CVR is altered with MS neuroinflammation and that it is restored when inflammation is reduced. Using a breath-hold task during functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), we mapped grey matter and white matter CVRs (CVRGM and CVRWM, respectively) in 23 young MS patients, eligible for disease modifying therapy, before and during Interferon beta treatment. Inflammatory activity was inferred from the presence of Gadolinium enhancing lesions at MRI. Eighteen age and gender-matched healthy controls (HC) were also assessed. Enhancing lesions were observed in 12 patients at the start of the study and in 3 patients during treatment. Patients had lower pre-treatment CVRGM (p = 0.04) and CVRWM (p = 0.02) compared to HC. In patients, a lower pre-treatment CVRGM was associated with a lower GM volume (r = 0.60, p = 0.003). On-treatment, there was an increase in CVRGM (p = 0.02) and CVRWM (p = 0.03) that negatively correlated with pre-treatment CVR (GM: r = − 0.58, p = 0.005; WM: r = − 0.60, p = 0.003). CVR increased when enhancing lesions reduced in number (GM: r = − 0.48, p = 0.02, WM: r = − 0.62, p = 0.003). Resolution of inflammation may restore altered cerebrovascular function limiting neurodegeneration in MS. Imaging of cerebrovascular function may thereby inform tissue physiology and improve treatment monitoring.
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An Update on the Measurement of Motor Cerebellar Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis. THE CEREBELLUM 2022:10.1007/s12311-022-01435-y. [PMID: 35761144 PMCID: PMC9244122 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01435-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive disease that often affects the cerebellum. It is characterised by demyelination, inflammation, and neurodegeneration within the central nervous system. Damage to the cerebellum in MS is associated with increased disability and decreased quality of life. Symptoms include gait and balance problems, motor speech disorder, upper limb dysfunction, and oculomotor difficulties. Monitoring symptoms is crucial for effective management of MS. A combination of clinical, neuroimaging, and task-based measures is generally used to diagnose and monitor MS. This paper reviews the present and new tools used by clinicians and researchers to assess cerebellar impairment in people with MS (pwMS). It also describes recent advances in digital and home-based monitoring for people with MS.
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Rise HH, Brune S, Chien C, Berge T, Bos SD, Andorrà M, Valdeolivas IP, Beyer MK, Sowa P, Scheel M, Brandt AU, Asseyer S, Blennow K, Pedersen ML, Zetterberg H, de Schotten MT, Cellerino M, Uccelli A, Paul F, Villoslada P, Harbo HF, Westlye LT, Høgestøl EA. Brain disconnectome mapping derived from white matter lesions and serum neurofilament light levels in multiple sclerosis: A longitudinal multicenter study. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 35:103099. [PMID: 35772194 PMCID: PMC9253471 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Individual disconnectome maps generated using a template of 7T MRI data. Disconnectome maps conceptualize distal brain network aberrations. Using lesions maps from our MS cohort, we produced individual disconnectome maps. Serum neurofilament light levels were associated with disconnectome maps. Voxel-wise analyses revealed interesting association with serum neurofilament light levels.
Background and Objectives Connectivity-based approaches incorporating the distribution and magnitude of the extended brain network aberrations caused by lesions may offer higher sensitivity for axonal damage in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) than conventional lesion characteristics. Using individual brain disconnectome mapping, we tested the longitudinal associations between putative imaging-based brain network aberrations and levels of serum neurofilament light chain (NfL) as a neuroaxonal injury biomarker. Methods MS patients (n = 312, mean age 42.9 years, 71 % female) and healthy controls (HC) (n = 59, mean age 39.9 years, 78 % female) were prospectively enrolled at four European MS centres, and reassessed after two years (MS, n = 242; HC, n = 30). Post-processing of 3 Tesla (3 T) MRI data was performed at one centre using a harmonized pipeline, and disconnectome maps were calculated using BCBtoolkit based on individual lesion maps. Global disconnectivity (GD) was defined as the average disconnectome probability in each patient’s white matter. Serum NfL concentrations were measured by single molecule array (Simoa). Robust linear mixed models (rLMM) with GD or T2-lesion volume (T2LV) as dependent variables, patient as a random factor, serum NfL, age, sex, timepoint for visit, diagnosis, treatment, and center as fixed factors were run. Results rLMM revealed significant associations between GD and serum NfL (t = 2.94, p = 0.003), age (t = 4.21, p = 2.5 × 10−5), and longitudinal changes in NfL (t = -2.29, p = 0.02), but not for sex (t = 0.63, p = 0.53) or treatments (t = 0.80–0.83, p = 0.41–0.42). Voxel-wise analyses revealed significant associations between dysconnectivity in cerebellar and brainstem regions and serum NfL (t = 7.03, p < 0.001). Discussion In our prospective multi-site MS cohort, rLMMs demonstrated that the extent of global and regional brain disconnectivity is sensitive to a systemic biomarker of axonal damage, serum NfL, in patients with MS. These findings provide a neuroaxonal correlate of advanced disconnectome mapping and provide a platform for further investigations of the functional and potential clinical relevance of brain disconnectome mapping in patients with brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning H Rise
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Synne Brune
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Claudia Chien
- Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin & Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Germany; Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Germany
| | - Tone Berge
- Department of Mechanical, Electronics and Chemical Engineering, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Steffan D Bos
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magí Andorrà
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mona K Beyer
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Piotr Sowa
- Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Scheel
- Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Germany; Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Neuroradiology, Germany
| | - Alexander U Brandt
- Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin & Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Susanna Asseyer
- Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin & Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Mads L Pedersen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michel Thiebaut de Schotten
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France; Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives- UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maria Cellerino
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio Uccelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin & Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Germany; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pablo Villoslada
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hanne F Harbo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars T Westlye
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen, Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar A Høgestøl
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Song Z, Krishnan A, Gaetano L, Tustison NJ, Clayton D, de Crespigny A, Bengtsson T, Jia X, Carano RAD. Deformation-based morphometry identifies deep brain structures protected by ocrelizumab. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 34:102959. [PMID: 35189455 PMCID: PMC8861820 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.102959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advancements in treatments for multiple sclerosis, insidious disease progression remains an area of unmet medical need, for which atrophy-based biomarkers may help better characterize the progressive biology. METHODS We developed and applied a method of longitudinal deformation-based morphometry to provide voxel-level assessments of brain volume changes and identified brain regions that were significantly impacted by disease-modifying therapy. RESULTS Using brain MRI data from two identically designed pivotal trials of relapsing multiple sclerosis (total N = 1483), we identified multiple deep brain regions, including the thalamus and brainstem, where volume loss over time was reduced by ocrelizumab (p < 0.05), a humanized anti-CD20 + monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Additionally, identified brainstem shrinkage, as well as brain ventricle expansion, was associated with a greater risk for confirmed disability progression (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The identification of deep brain structures has a strong implication for developing new biomarkers of brain atrophy reduction to advance drug development for multiple sclerosis, which has an increasing focus on targeting the progressive biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Song
- Personalized Healthcare Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Anithapriya Krishnan
- Personalized Healthcare Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Laura Gaetano
- Product Development Medical Affair, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas J Tustison
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - David Clayton
- Clinical Imaging Group, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Alex de Crespigny
- Clinical Imaging Group, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Thomas Bengtsson
- Personalized Healthcare Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Xiaoming Jia
- Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Richard A D Carano
- Personalized Healthcare Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Patel J, Pires A, Derman A, Fatterpekar G, Charlson RE, Oh C, Kister I. Development and validation of a simple and practical method for differentiating MS from other neuroinflammatory disorders based on lesion distribution on brain MRI. J Clin Neurosci 2022; 101:32-36. [PMID: 35525154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2022.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There is an unmet need to develop practical methods for differentiating multiple sclerosis (MS) from other neuroinflammatory disorders using standard brain MRI. To develop a practical approach for differentiating MS from neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and MOG antibody-associated disorder (MOGAD) with brain MRI, we first identified lesion locations in the brain that are suggestive of MS-associated demyelination ("MS Lesion Checklist") and compared frequencies of brain lesions in the "MS Lesion Checklist" locations in a development sample of patients (n = 82) with clinically definite MS, NMOSD, and MOGAD. Patients with MS were more likely than patients with non-MS to have lesions in 3 locations only: anterior temporal horn (p < 0.0001), periventricular ("Dawson's finger") (p < 0.0001), and cerebellar hemisphere (p = 0.02). These three lesion locations were used as predictor variables in a multivariable regression model for discriminating MS from non-MS. The model had area under the curve (AUC) of 0.853 (95% confidence interval: 0.76-0.945), sensitivity of 87.1%, and specificity of 72.5%. We then used an independent validation sample with equal representation of MS and NMOSD/MOGAD cases (n = 97) to validate our prediction model. In the validation sample, the model was 76.3% accurate in discriminating MS from non-MS. Our simple method for predicting MS versus NMOSD/MOGAD only requires a neuroradiologist or clinician to ascertain the presence of lesions in three locations on conventional MRI sequences. It can therefore be readily applied in the real-world setting for training and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Patel
- NYU MS Comprehensive Care Center, Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - A Pires
- Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Derman
- Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - G Fatterpekar
- Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - R E Charlson
- NYU MS Comprehensive Care Center, Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Oh
- Department of Population Health and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - I Kister
- NYU MS Comprehensive Care Center, Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Palavra F, Viana SD, Henriques S, Dinis J, Martins J, Madeira MH, Santiago R, Petrella L, Sereno J, Castelo-Branco M, Pereira FC, Almeida L, Ambrósio AF, Reis F. Defining milestones for the study of remyelination using the cuprizone mouse model: how early is early? Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 63:103886. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bonacchi R, Meani A, Pagani E, Marchesi O, Filippi M, Rocca MA. The role of cerebellar damage in explaining disability and cognition in multiple sclerosis phenotypes: a multiparametric MRI study. J Neurol 2022; 269:3841-3857. [PMID: 35230471 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebellar involvement is not comprehensively studied from an MRI point of view in multiple sclerosis (MS). We aimed to quantify cerebellar damage and identify predictors of physical disability and cognitive dysfunction in MS patients, and to characterize patients with cerebellar disability. METHODS In this prospective study, 164 (89 relapsing-remitting and 75 progressive) MS patients and 53 healthy controls were enrolled. Subjects underwent 3T MRI with sequences for assessing lesions and atrophy in cerebellum, supratentorial brain, brainstem and cervical cord. Cerebellar peduncle diffusion-tensor metrics were also derived. Random forest models identified MRI predictors of Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score and cognition z-score. Hierarchical clustering was applied on MRI metrics in patients with cerebellar disability. RESULTS In MS patients, predictors of higher EDSS score (out-of-bag-R2 = 0.83) were: lower cord grey matter (GM) and global areas, brain volume, GM volume (GMV), cortical GMV, cerebellum lobules I-IV and vermis GMV; and higher cord GM and brainstem lesion volume (LV). Predictors of lower cognition z-score (out-of-bag-R2 = 0.25) were: higher supratentorial and superior cerebellar peduncle LV; and lower brain, thalamus and basal ganglia volumes, GMV, cerebellum lobule VIIIb and Crus II GMV. In patients with cerebellar disability, we found three clusters with homogenous MRI metrics: patients with high brain lesion volumes (including cerebellar peduncles), those with marked cerebellum GM atrophy and patients with severe cord damage. CONCLUSIONS Damage to cerebellum GM and connecting structures has a relevant role in explaining cognitive dysfunction and physical disability in MS. Data-driven MRI clustering might improve our knowledge of MRI-clinical correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaello Bonacchi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Meani
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pagani
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Olga Marchesi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. .,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. .,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
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17
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Gaitán MI, Paday Formenti ME, Calandri I, Ysrraelit MC, Yañez P, Correale J. The central vein sign is present in most infratentorial multiple sclerosis plaques. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 58:103484. [PMID: 35007822 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE There is growing evidence supporting the presence of the central vein sign (CVS) in the supratentorial brain as an imaging biomarker for multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnosis. Recently, using optimized susceptibility-weighted angiography (SWAN-venule), we detected CVS in 86% of supratentorial white matter lesions (WMLs) in the clinical setting on images obtained in a 3T MRI scanner. Despite the relevance of the infratentorial compartment, CVS prevalence in infratentorial MS plaques has not been investigated in detail. Our objective was to determine the proportion of MS infratentorial lesions showing CVS positivity. MATERIALS AND METHODS We included subjects with MS and other brain diseases showing at least one infratentorial lesion larger than 3 mm on 3D-FLAIR. Patients were scanned in a 3T MRI scanner (GE Medical Systems, discovery-MR750), applying a comprehensive protocol including post-contrast 3D-FLAIR and SWAN-venule sequences. CVS presence was confirmed by two trained raters. RESULTS Thirty MRIs of subjects with MS were analyzed. One hundred and one infratentorial lesions were detected on FLAIR, and 86% were centered by a vein. Fifteen MRIs from the non-MS group were analyzed, 19 lesions were visible ion FLAIR and 16% were positive for the CVS. CONCLUSIONS SWAN-venule detects infratentorial lesions and highlights the central vein in MS plaques at 3T MRI. As occurs in the supratentorial brain, most infratentorial lesions are perivenular.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Inés Gaitán
- Department of Neurology, FLENI. Buenos Aires, Argentina; María Inés Gaitán, Montañeses 2325, ZC, 1428, Buenos Aires City, Argentina.
| | | | | | | | - Paulina Yañez
- Department of Radiology, FLENI. Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Wies Mancini VSB, Di Pietro AA, de Olmos S, Silva Pinto P, Vence M, Marder M, Igaz LM, Marcora MS, Pasquini JM, Correale JD, Pasquini LA. Colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor inhibition attenuates microgliosis and myelin loss but exacerbates neurodegeneration in the chronic cuprizone model. J Neurochem 2021; 160:643-661. [PMID: 34935149 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), especially in its progressive phase, involves early axonal and neuronal damage resulting from a combination of inflammatory mediators, demyelination, and loss of trophic support. During progressive disease stages, a microenvironment is created within the central nervous system (CNS) favoring the arrival and retention of inflammatory cells. Active demyelination and neurodegeneration have also been linked to microglia (MG) and astrocyte (AST)-activation in early lesions. While reactive MG can damage tissue, exacerbate deleterious effects, and contribute to neurodegeneration, it should be noted that activated MG possess neuroprotective functions as well, including debris phagocytosis and growth factor secretion. The progressive form of MS can be modelled by the prolonged administration to cuprizone (CPZ) in adult mice, as CPZ induces highly reproducible demyelination of different brain regions through oligodendrocyte (OLG) apoptosis, accompanied by MG and AST activation and axonal damage. Therefore, our goal was to evaluate the effects of a reduction in microglial activation through orally administered brain-penetrant colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) inhibitor BLZ945 (BLZ) on neurodegeneration and its correlation with demyelination, astroglial activation and behavior in a chronic CPZ-induced demyelination model. Our results show that BLZ treatment successfully reduced the microglial population and myelin loss. However, no correlation was found between myelin preservation and neurodegeneration, as axonal degeneration was more prominent upon BLZ treatment. Concomitantly, BLZ failed to significantly offset CPZ-induced astroglial activation and behavioral alterations. These results should be taken into account when proposing the modulation of microglial activation in the design of therapies relevant for demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria S B Wies Mancini
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anabella A Di Pietro
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Soledad de Olmos
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra (INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pablo Silva Pinto
- IFIBIO Houssay, Grupo de Neurociencia de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marianela Vence
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariel Marder
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lionel M Igaz
- IFIBIO Houssay, Grupo de Neurociencia de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María S Marcora
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juana M Pasquini
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Laura A Pasquini
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Cerebellar Contributions to Motor Impairments in People with Multiple Sclerosis. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 21:1052-1060. [PMID: 34657272 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although Charcot characterized classic cerebellar symptoms in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) in 1877, the impact of cerebellar dysfunction on MS symptoms has predominately been evaluated in the last two decades. Recent studies have clearly demonstrated the association between cerebellar pathology, including atrophy and reduced fractional anisotropy in the peduncles, and motor impairments, such as reduced gait velocity and time to complete walking tasks. However, future studies using novel imaging techniques are needed to elucidate all potential pathophysiology that is associated with disability in PwMS. Additionally, future studies are required to determine the most effective treatments for motor impairments in PwMS, including the specific type and duration of exercise interventions, and potential means to amplify their effects, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). This mini-review critically discusses the distinct role of cerebellar dysfunction in motor impairments in PwMS, potential treatments, and directions for future studies.
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Oligodendrocyte-Specific Deletion of FGFR1 Reduces Cerebellar Inflammation and Neurodegeneration in MOG 35-55-Induced EAE. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179495. [PMID: 34502405 PMCID: PMC8431355 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and degenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). MS commonly affects the cerebellum causing acute and chronic symptoms. Cerebellar signs significantly contribute to clinical disability, and symptoms such as tremor, ataxia, and dysarthria are difficult to treat. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) are involved in demyelinating pathologies such as MS. In autopsy tissue from patients with MS, increased expression of FGF1, FGF2, FGF9, and FGFR1 was found in lesion areas. Recent research using mouse models has focused on regions such as the spinal cord, and data on the expression of FGF/FGFR in the cerebellum are not available. In recent EAE studies, we detected that oligodendrocyte-specific deletion of FGFRs results in a milder disease course, less cellular infiltrates, and reduced neurodegeneration in the spinal cord. The objective of this study was to characterize the role of FGFR1 in oligodendrocytes in the cerebellum. Conditional deletion of FGFR1 in oligodendrocytes (Fgfr1ind−/−) was achieved by tamoxifen application, EAE was induced using the MOG35-55 peptide. The cerebellum was analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry, and western blot. At day 62 p.i., Fgfr1ind−/− mice showed less myelin and axonal degeneration compared to FGFR1-competent mice. Infiltration of CD3(+) T cells, Mac3(+) cells, B220(+) B cells and IgG(+) plasma cells in cerebellar white matter lesions (WML) was less in Fgfr1ind−/−mice. There were no effects on the number of OPC or mature oligodendrocytes in white matter lesion (WML). Expression of FGF2 and FGF9 associated with less myelin and axonal degeneration, and of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and CD200 was downregulated in Fgfr1ind−/− mice. The FGF/FGFR signaling protein pAkt, BDNF, and TrkB were increased in Fgfr1ind−/− mice. These data suggest that cell-specific deletion of FGFR1 in oligodendrocytes has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in the cerebellum in the EAE disease model of MS.
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21
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Parmar K, Fonov VS, Naegelin Y, Amann M, Wuerfel J, Collins DL, Gaetano L, Magon S, Sprenger T, Kappos L, Granziera C, Tsagkas C. Regional Cerebellar Volume Loss Predicts Future Disability in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 21:632-646. [PMID: 34417983 PMCID: PMC9325849 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS) are well described; however, the exact contribution of cerebellar damage to MS disability has not been fully explored. Longer-term observational periods are necessary to better understand the dynamics of pathological changes within the cerebellum and their clinical consequences. Cerebellar lobe and single lobule volumes were automatically segmented on 664 3D-T1-weighted MPRAGE scans (acquired at a single 1.5 T scanner) of 163 MS patients (111 women; mean age: 47.1 years; 125 relapsing–remitting (RR) and 38 secondary progressive (SP) MS, median EDSS: 3.0) imaged annually over 4 years. Clinical scores (EDSS, 9HPT, 25FWT, PASAT, SDMT) were determined per patient per year with a maximum clinical follow-up of 11 years. Linear mixed-effect models were applied to assess the association between cerebellar volumes and clinical scores and whether cerebellar atrophy measures may predict future disability progression. SPMS patients exhibited faster posterior superior lobe volume loss over time compared to RRMS, which was related to increase of EDSS over time. In RRMS, cerebellar volumes were significant predictors of motor scores (e.g. average EDSS, T25FWT and 9HPT) and SDMT. Atrophy of motor-associated lobules (IV-VI + VIII) was a significant predictor of future deterioration of the 9HPT of the non-dominant hand. In SPMS, the atrophy rate of the posterior superior lobe (VI + Crus I) was a significant predictor of future PASAT performance deterioration. Regional cerebellar volume reduction is associated with motor and cognitive disability in MS and may serve as a predictor for future disease progression, especially of dexterity and impaired processing speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Parmar
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden, Switzerland.
| | - Vladimir S Fonov
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, CA, USA
| | - Yvonne Naegelin
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Amann
- Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG), Basel, Switzerland.,Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (Qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Wuerfel
- Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG), Basel, Switzerland.,Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (Qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - D Louis Collins
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, CA, USA
| | - Laura Gaetano
- Neuroscience/Digital Medicine, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Magon
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Till Sprenger
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, DKD HELIOS Klinik Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Granziera
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Charidimos Tsagkas
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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22
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Conti L, Preziosa P, Meani A, Pagani E, Valsasina P, Marchesi O, Vizzino C, Rocca MA, Filippi M. Unraveling the substrates of cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: A multiparametric structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28:3749-3759. [PMID: 34255918 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment frequently affects multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. However, its neuroanatomical correlates still need to be fully explored. We investigated the contribution of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities in explaining cognitive impairment in MS. METHODS Brain dual-echo, diffusion tensor, 3D T1-weighted and resting-state (RS) MRI sequences were acquired from 276 MS patients and 102 healthy controls. Using random forest analysis, the contribution of regional white matter (WM) lesions, WM fractional anisotropy (FA) abnormalities, gray matter (GM) atrophy and RS functional connectivity (FC) alterations to cognitive impairment in MS patients was investigated. RESULTS Eighty-four MS patients (30.4%) were cognitively impaired. The best MRI predictors of cognitive impairment (relative importance [%]) (out-of-bag area under the curve [AUC] = 0.795) were (a) WM lesions in the right superior longitudinal fasciculus (100%), left anterior thalamic radiation (93.4%), left posterior corona radiata (78.5%), left medial lemniscus (74.2%), left inferior longitudinal fasciculus (70.4%), left optic radiation (68.7%), right middle cerebellar peduncle (60.6%) and right optic radiation (53.5%); (b) decreased FA in the splenium of the corpus callosum (64.3%), left optic radiation (61.0%), body of the corpus callosum (51.9%) and fornix (50.9%); and (c) atrophy of the left precuneus (91.4%), right cerebellum crus I (84.4%), right caudate nucleus (78.6%), left thalamus (76.2%) and left supplementary motor area (59.8%). The relevance of these MRI measures in explaining cognitive impairment was confirmed in a cross-validation analysis (AUC =0.765). CONCLUSION Structural damage in strategic WM and GM regions explains cognitive impairment in MS patients more than RS FC abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Conti
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Preziosa
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Meani
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pagani
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Valsasina
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Olga Marchesi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Vizzino
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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23
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Hidalgo de la Cruz M, Valsasina P, Meani A, Gallo A, Gobbi C, Bisecco A, Tedeschi G, Zecca C, Rocca MA, Filippi M. Differential association of cortical, subcortical and spinal cord damage with multiple sclerosis disability milestones: A multiparametric MRI study. Mult Scler 2021; 28:406-417. [PMID: 34124963 DOI: 10.1177/13524585211020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In multiple sclerosis (MS), cortical, subcortical and infratentorial structural damage may have a differential contribution to clinical disability according to disease phases. PURPOSE To determine the relative contributions of cortical, deep (D) grey matter (GM), cerebellar and cervical cord damage to MS disability milestones. METHODS Multi-centre 3T brain and cervical cord T2- and three-dimensional (3D) T1-weighted images were acquired from 198 MS patients (139 relapsing-remitting (RR) MS, 59 progressive (P) MS) and 67 healthy controls. Brain/cord lesion burden, cortical thickness (CTh), DGM and cerebellar volumetry and cord cross-sectional area (CSA) were quantified. Random forest analyses identified predictors of expanded disability status scale (EDSS) disability milestones (EDSS = 3.0, 4.0 and 6.0). RESULTS MS patients had widespread atrophy in all investigated compartments versus controls (p-range: ⩽0.001-0.05). Informative determinants of EDSS = 3.0 were cord CSA, brain lesion volume, frontal CTh and thalamic and cerebellar atrophy (out-of-bag (OOB) accuracy = 0.84, p-range: ⩽0.001-0.05). EDSS = 4.0 was mainly predicted by cerebellar and cord atrophy, frontal and sensorimotor CTh and cord lesion number (OOB accuracy = 0.84, p-range: ⩽0.001-0.04). Cervical cord CSA (p = 0.001) and cord lesion number (p = 0.003) predicted EDSS = 6.0 (OOB accuracy = 0.77). CONCLUSION Brain lesion burden, cortical and thalamic atrophy were the main determinants of EDSS = 3.0 and 4.0, while cord damage played a major contribution to EDSS = 6.0.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Valsasina
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Meani
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, and 3T-MRI Research Center, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Gobbi
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital, Lugano, Switzerland; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Alvino Bisecco
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, and 3T-MRI Research Center, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Tedeschi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, and 3T-MRI Research Center, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Zecca
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital, Lugano, Switzerland; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/Neurology and Neurorehabilitation Units, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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24
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Schoonheim MM, Douw L, Broeders TA, Eijlers AJ, Meijer KA, Geurts JJ. The cerebellum and its network: Disrupted static and dynamic functional connectivity patterns and cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2021; 27:2031-2039. [PMID: 33683158 PMCID: PMC8564243 DOI: 10.1177/1352458521999274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: The impact of cerebellar damage and (dys)function on cognition remains
understudied in multiple sclerosis. Objective: To assess the cognitive relevance of cerebellar structural damage and
functional connectivity (FC) in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
(RRMS) and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS). Methods: This study included 149 patients with early RRMS, 81 late RRMS, 48 SPMS and
82 controls. Cerebellar cortical imaging included fractional anisotropy,
grey matter volume and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI). Cerebellar FC was assessed with literature-based resting-state
networks, using static connectivity (that is, conventional correlations),
and dynamic connectivity (that is, fluctuations in FC strength). Measures
were compared between groups and related to disability and cognition. Results: Cognitive impairment (CI) and cerebellar damage were worst in SPMS. Only SPMS
showed cerebellar connectivity changes, compared to early RRMS and controls.
Lower static FC was seen in fronto-parietal and default-mode networks.
Higher dynamic FC was seen in dorsal and ventral attention, default-mode and
deep grey matter networks. Cerebellar atrophy and higher dynamic FC together
explained 32% of disability and 24% of cognitive variance. Higher dynamic FC
was related to working and verbal memory and to information processing
speed. Conclusion: Cerebellar damage and cerebellar connectivity changes were most prominent in
SPMS and related to worse CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno M Schoonheim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Douw
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tommy Aa Broeders
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anand Jc Eijlers
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kim A Meijer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Jg Geurts
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Schmahmann JD. Emotional disorders and the cerebellum: Neurobiological substrates, neuropsychiatry, and therapeutic implications. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 183:109-154. [PMID: 34389114 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822290-4.00016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The notion that the cerebellum is devoted exclusively to motor control has been replaced by a more sophisticated understanding of its role in neurological function, one that includes cognition and emotion. Early clinical reports, as well as physiological and behavioral studies in animal models, raised the possibility of a nonmotor role for the cerebellum. Anatomical studies demonstrate cerebellar connectivity with the distributed neural circuits linked with autonomic, sensorimotor, vestibular, associative, and limbic/paralimbic brain areas. Identification of the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome in adults and children underscored the clinical relevance of the role of the cerebellum in cognition and emotion. It opened new avenues of investigation into higher-order deficits that accompany the ataxias and other cerebellar diseases, as well as the contribution of cerebellar dysfunction to neuropsychiatric and neurocognitive disorders. Brain imaging studies have demonstrated the complexity of cerebellar functional topography, revealing a double representation of the sensorimotor cerebellum in the anterior lobe and lobule VIII and a triple cognitive representation in the cerebellar posterior lobe, as well as representation in the cerebellum of the intrinsic connectivity networks identified in the cerebral hemispheres. This paradigm shift in thinking about the cerebellum has been advanced by the theories of dysmetria of thought and the universal cerebellar transform, harmonizing the dual anatomic realities of homogeneously repeating cerebellar cortical microcircuitry set against the heterogeneous and topographically arranged cerebellar connections with extracerebellar structures. This new appreciation of cerebellar incorporation into circuits that subserve cognition and emotion mandates a deeper understanding of the cerebellum by practitioners in behavioral neurology and neuropsychiatry because it impacts the understanding and diagnosis of disorders of emotion and intellect and has potential for novel cerebellar-based approaches to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Schmahmann
- Ataxia Center, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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26
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Dekker I, Schoonheim MM, Venkatraghavan V, Eijlers AJC, Brouwer I, Bron EE, Klein S, Wattjes MP, Wink AM, Geurts JJG, Uitdehaag BMJ, Oxtoby NP, Alexander DC, Vrenken H, Killestein J, Barkhof F, Wottschel V. The sequence of structural, functional and cognitive changes in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 29:102550. [PMID: 33418173 PMCID: PMC7804841 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As disease progression remains poorly understood in multiple sclerosis (MS), we aim to investigate the sequence in which different disease milestones occur using a novel data-driven approach. METHODS We analysed a cohort of 295 relapse-onset MS patients and 96 healthy controls, and considered 28 features, capturing information on T2-lesion load, regional brain and spinal cord volumes, resting-state functional centrality ("hubness"), microstructural tissue integrity of major white matter (WM) tracts and performance on multiple cognitive tests. We used a discriminative event-based model to estimate the sequence of biomarker abnormality in MS progression in general, as well as specific models for worsening physical disability and cognitive impairment. RESULTS We demonstrated that grey matter (GM) atrophy of the cerebellum, thalamus, and changes in corticospinal tracts are early events in MS pathology, whereas other WM tracts as well as the cognitive domains of working memory, attention, and executive function are consistently late events. The models for disability and cognition show early functional changes of the default-mode network and earlier changes in spinal cord volume compared to the general MS population. Overall, GM atrophy seems crucial due to its early involvement in the disease course, whereas WM tract integrity appears to be affected relatively late despite the early onset of WM lesions. CONCLUSION Data-driven modelling revealed the relative occurrence of both imaging and non-imaging events as MS progresses, providing insights into disease propagation mechanisms, and allowing fine-grained staging of patients for monitoring purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Dekker
- Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Neurology, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Menno M Schoonheim
- Anatomy and Neurosciences, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vikram Venkatraghavan
- Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Departments of Medical Informatics and Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anand J C Eijlers
- Anatomy and Neurosciences, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iman Brouwer
- Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther E Bron
- Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Departments of Medical Informatics and Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Klein
- Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Departments of Medical Informatics and Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mike P Wattjes
- Dept. of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alle Meije Wink
- Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J G Geurts
- Anatomy and Neurosciences, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard M J Uitdehaag
- Neurology, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neil P Oxtoby
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, UCL, London, UK
| | - Daniel C Alexander
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, UCL, London, UK
| | - Hugo Vrenken
- Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joep Killestein
- Neurology, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Viktor Wottschel
- Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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27
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Margoni M, Poggiali D, Zywicki S, Rubin M, Lazzarotto A, Franciotta S, Anglani MG, Causin F, Rinaldi F, Perini P, Filippi M, Gallo P. Early red nucleus atrophy in relapse-onset multiple sclerosis. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 42:154-160. [PMID: 33047810 PMCID: PMC7721227 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
No study has investigated red nucleus (RN) atrophy in multiple sclerosis (MS) despite cerebellum and its connections are elective sites of MS‐related pathology. In this study, we explore RN atrophy in early MS phases and its association with cerebellar damage (focal lesions and atrophy) and physical disability. Thirty‐seven relapse‐onset MS (RMS) patients having mean age of 35.6 ± 8.5 (18–56) years and mean disease duration of 1.1 ± 1.5 (0–5) years, and 36 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls (HC) were studied. Cerebellar and RN lesions and volumes were analyzed on 3 T‐MRI images. RMS did not differ from HC in cerebellar lobe volumes but significantly differed in both right (107.84 ± 13.95 mm3 vs. 99.37 ± 11.53 mm3, p = .019) and left (109.71 ± 14.94 mm3 vs. 100.47 ± 15.78 mm3, p = .020) RN volumes. Cerebellar white matter lesion volume (WMLV) inversely correlated with both right and left RN volumes (r = −.333, p = .004 and r = −.298, p = .010, respectively), while no correlation was detected between RN volumes and mean cortical thickness, cerebellar gray matter lesion volume, and supratentorial WMLV (right RN: r = −.147, p = .216; left RN: r = −.153, p = .196). Right, but not left, RN volume inversely correlated with midbrain WMLV (r = −.310, p = .008), while no correlation was observed between whole brainstem WMLV and either RN volumes (right RN: r = −.164, p = .164; left RN: r = −.64, p = .588). Finally, left RN volume correlated with vermis VIIb (r = .297, p = .011) and right interposed nucleus (r = .249, p = .034) volumes. We observed RN atrophy in early RMS, likely resulting from anterograde axonal degeneration starting in cerebellar and midbrain WML. RN atrophy seems a promising marker of neurodegeneration and/or cerebellar damage in RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Margoni
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre of the Veneto Region (CeSMuV), University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Padova Neuroscience Centre (PNC), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Davide Poggiali
- Padova Neuroscience Centre (PNC), University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Department of Mathematics, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Sofia Zywicki
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre of the Veneto Region (CeSMuV), University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Martina Rubin
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre of the Veneto Region (CeSMuV), University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Lazzarotto
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre of the Veneto Region (CeSMuV), University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Franciotta
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre of the Veneto Region (CeSMuV), University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesca Rinaldi
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre of the Veneto Region (CeSMuV), University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Paola Perini
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre of the Veneto Region (CeSMuV), University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Gallo
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre of the Veneto Region (CeSMuV), University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Medical School, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Palesi F, Lorenzi RM, Casellato C, Ritter P, Jirsa V, Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott CA, D’Angelo E. The Importance of Cerebellar Connectivity on Simulated Brain Dynamics. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:240. [PMID: 32848628 PMCID: PMC7411185 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain shows a complex multiscale organization that prevents a direct understanding of how structure, function and dynamics are correlated. To date, advances in neural modeling offer a unique opportunity for simulating global brain dynamics by embedding empirical data on different scales in a mathematical framework. The Virtual Brain (TVB) is an advanced data-driven model allowing to simulate brain dynamics starting from individual subjects' structural and functional connectivity obtained, for example, from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The use of TVB has been limited so far to cerebral connectivity but here, for the first time, we have introduced cerebellar nodes and interconnecting tracts to demonstrate the impact of cerebro-cerebellar loops on brain dynamics. Indeed, the matching between the empirical and simulated functional connectome was significantly improved when including the cerebro-cerebellar loops. This positive result should be considered as a first step, since issues remain open about the best strategy to reconstruct effective structural connectivity and the nature of the neural mass or mean-field models generating local activity in the nodes. For example, signal processing is known to differ remarkably between cortical and cerebellar microcircuits. Tackling these challenges is expected to further improve the predictive power of functional brain activity simulations, using TVB or other similar tools, in explaining not just global brain dynamics but also the role of cerebellum in determining brain states in physiological conditions and in the numerous pathologies affecting the cerebro-cerebellar loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvia Palesi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Brain Connectivity Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Casellato
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Petra Ritter
- Brain Simulation Section, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viktor Jirsa
- Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes – Inserm UMR1106, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Claudia A.M. Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Brain Connectivity Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Egidio D’Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Brain Connectivity Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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29
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Ruggieri S, Bharti K, Prosperini L, Giannì C, Petsas N, Tommasin S, Giglio LD, Pozzilli C, Pantano P. A Comprehensive Approach to Disentangle the Effect of Cerebellar Damage on Physical Disability in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2020; 11:529. [PMID: 32695059 PMCID: PMC7338682 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar damage occurs frequently in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, with a wide exhibition of symptoms particularly as impairments of balance and gait. Recent studies implementing new postprocessing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques showed how cerebellar subregional atrophy provides an explanation of disability in MS. The aim of this work was to evaluate the relationship between quantitative measures of physical disability, cerebellar subregional atrophy, and cerebellar peduncle disruption. Forty-nine MS patients and 32 healthy subjects as controls (HS) underwent a 3-Tesla MRI including 3D T1-weighted and diffusion tensor imaging. Patients underwent static posturography to calculate the body's center of pressure (COP) displacement, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and 25-ft walking test (25-FWT). Cerebellar lobular volumes were automatically calculated using the Spatially Unbiased Infratentorial Toolbox. Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) in FSL was used to process diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) Fit-generated fractional anisotropy (FA) maps to assess structural connectivity of cerebellar peduncles. Stepwise multivariate linear regression analyses were used to explore relationships between variables. Cerebellar volumes (anterior and posterior, as well as lobular volumes from I to X) were significantly lower in patients with MS than HS (p < 0.05). FA in all cerebellar peduncles was lower in MS patients than in HS (p < 0.05). EDSS and 25-FWT showed an association with atrophy of lobule VIIIb (β = −0.37, p < 0.01, and β = −0.45, p < 0.001, respectively) COP measures inversely correlated with volume of lobules I–IV (β = −0.37, p < 0.01, and β = −0.36, p < 0.01). Lower FA in the three cerebellar peduncles of MS patients positively correlated with cerebellar lobular volumes. Our findings show how sensorimotor cerebellum atrophy and disruption of both afferent and efferent cerebellar connections contribute to physical disability in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Ruggieri
- Department of Human Neurosciences, "Sapienza" Rome University, Rome, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Komal Bharti
- Department of Human Neurosciences, "Sapienza" Rome University, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Prosperini
- Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Costanza Giannì
- Department of Human Neurosciences, "Sapienza" Rome University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Tommasin
- Department of Human Neurosciences, "Sapienza" Rome University, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura De Giglio
- Department of Human Neurosciences, "Sapienza" Rome University, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Pozzilli
- Department of Human Neurosciences, "Sapienza" Rome University, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Pantano
- Department of Human Neurosciences, "Sapienza" Rome University, Rome, Italy.,Department of Radiology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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30
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Sen MK, Almuslehi MSM, Coorssen JR, Mahns DA, Shortland PJ. Behavioural and histological changes in cuprizone-fed mice. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:508-523. [PMID: 32014578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding cuprizone (CPZ) to mice causes demyelination and reactive gliosis in the central nervous system (CNS), hallmarks of some neurodegenerative diseases like multiple sclerosis. However, relatively little is known regarding the behavioural deficits associated with CPZ-feeding and much of what is known is contradictory. This study investigated whether 37 days oral feeding of 0.2% CPZ to young adult mice evoked sensorimotor behavioural changes. Behavioural tests included measurements of nociceptive withdrawal reflex responses and locomotor tests. Additionally, these were compared to histological analysis of the relevant CNS regions by analysis of neuronal and glial cell components. CPZ-fed mice exhibited more foot slips in walking ladder and beam tests compared to controls. In contrast, no changes in nociceptive thresholds to thermal or mechanical stimuli occurred between groups. Histological analysis showed demyelination throughout the CNS, which was most prominent in white matter tracts in the cerebrum but was also elevated in areas such as the hippocampus, basal ganglia and diencephalon. Profound demyelination and gliosis was seen in the deep cerebellar nuclei and brain stem regions associated with the vestibular system. However, in the spinal cord changes were minimal. No loss of oligodendrocytes, neurons or motoneurons occurred but a significant increase in astrocyte staining ensued throughout the white matter of the spinal cord. The results suggest that CPZ differentially affects oligodendrocytes throughout the CNS and induces subtle motor changes such as ataxia. This is associated with deficits in CNS regions associated with motor and balance functions such as the cerebellum and brain stem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monokesh K Sen
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mohammed S M Almuslehi
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Diyala University, Diyala, Iraq
| | - Jens R Coorssen
- Departments of Health Sciences and Biological Sciences, Faculties of Applied Health Sciences and Mathematics & Science, Brock University, Ontario, Canada
| | - David A Mahns
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter J Shortland
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.
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31
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Le M, Malpas C, Sharmin S, Horáková D, Havrdova E, Trojano M, Izquierdo G, Eichau S, Ozakbas S, Lugaresi A, Prat A, Girard M, Duquette P, Larochelle C, Alroughani R, Bergamaschi R, Sola P, Ferraro D, Grammond P, Grand' Maison F, Terzi M, Boz C, Hupperts R, Butzkueven H, Pucci E, Granella F, Van Pesch V, Soysal A, Yamout BI, Lechner-Scott J, Spitaleri DLA, Ampapa R, Turkoglu R, Iuliano G, Ramo-Tello C, Sanchez-Menoyo JL, Sidhom Y, Gouider R, Shaygannejad V, Prevost J, Altintas A, Fragoso YD, McCombe PA, Petersen T, Slee M, Barnett MH, Vucic S, Van Der Walt A, Kalincik T. Disability outcomes of early cerebellar and brainstem symptoms in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2020; 27:755-766. [PMID: 32538713 DOI: 10.1177/1352458520926955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebellar and brainstem symptoms are common in early stages of multiple sclerosis (MS) yet their prognostic values remain unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate long-term disability outcomes in patients with early cerebellar and brainstem symptoms. METHODS This study used data from MSBase registry. Patients with early cerebellar/brainstem presentations were identified as those with cerebellar/brainstem relapse(s) or functional system score ⩾ 2 in the initial 2 years. Early pyramidal presentation was chosen as a comparator. Andersen-Gill models were used to compare cumulative hazards of (1) disability progression events and (2) relapses between patients with and without early cerebellar/brainstem symptoms. Mixed effect models were used to estimate the associations between early cerebellar/brainstem presentations and expanded disability status scale (EDSS) scores. RESULTS The study cohort consisted of 10,513 eligible patients, including 2723 and 3915 patients with early cerebellar and brainstem symptoms, respectively. Early cerebellar presentation was associated with greater hazard of progression events (HR = 1.37, p < 0.001) and EDSS (β = 0.16, p < 0.001). Patients with early brainstem symptoms had lower hazard of progression events (HR = 0.89, p = 0.01) and EDSS (β = -0.06, p < 0.001). Neither presentation was associated with changes in relapse risk. CONCLUSION Early cerebellar presentation is associated with unfavourable outcomes, while early brainstem presentation is associated with favourable prognosis. These presentations may be used as MS prognostic markers and guide therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Le
- CORe, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Charles Malpas
- CORe, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sifat Sharmin
- CORe, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dana Horáková
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Havrdova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Trojano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Sara Eichau
- Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Alessandra Lugaresi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna, Italy/Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Centre hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marc Girard
- Centre hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Duquette
- Centre hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Raed Alroughani
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Amiri Hospital, Sharq, Kuwait
| | | | - Patrizia Sola
- Department of Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Diana Ferraro
- Department of Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | | | | | - Murat Terzi
- Faculty of Medicine, 19 Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Cavit Boz
- Farabi Hospital, KTU Faculty of Medicine, Trabzon, Turkey
| | | | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eugenio Pucci
- UOC Neurologia, Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy
| | - Franco Granella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Aysun Soysal
- Bakirkoy Education and Research Hospital for Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bassem I Yamout
- Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle Australia, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniele LA Spitaleri
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale, San Giuseppe Moscati - Avellino, Avellino, Italy
| | | | - Recai Turkoglu
- Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Youssef Sidhom
- Department of Neurology, Razi Hospital, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Gouider
- Department of Neurology, Razi Hospital, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Vahid Shaygannejad
- Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran, Islamic Republic of
| | | | - Ayse Altintas
- School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Mark Slee
- Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael H Barnett
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Anneke Van Der Walt
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tomas Kalincik
- CORe, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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32
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Pasqua G, Tommasin S, Bharti K, Ruggieri S, Petsas N, Piervincenzi C, Pozzilli C, Pantano P. Resting-state functional connectivity of anterior and posterior cerebellar lobes is altered in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2020; 27:539-548. [PMID: 32463319 DOI: 10.1177/1352458520922770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Damage to the cerebellar sensorimotor and cognitive domains may underlie physical and cognitive disability. OBJECTIVE To investigate resting-state functional connectivity (FC) of sensorimotor and cognitive cerebellum, and clinical correlates in multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS A total of 119 patients with MS and 42 healthy subjects underwent multimodal 3T-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Patients were evaluated using the Expanded Disability Status Scale and Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite Scale. After parcellation of sensorimotor (lobules I-V + VIII) and cognitive cerebellum (lobules VI, VII, IX, X), we calculated cerebellar resting-state FC using a seed-based approach. RESULTS In patients with MS, the sensorimotor cerebellum showed increased FC mainly with cerebellar, thalamic, and cortical (frontal, parietal, temporal) areas and decreased FC with insular areas; the cognitive cerebellum showed increased FC mainly with thalamic and cortical (temporal-occipital) areas, and decreased FC with frontal-insular areas. Both sensorimotor and cognitive cerebellar FC negatively correlated with disability, and positively with cognitive scores. Cerebellar structural damage only partially influenced results. CONCLUSION The two neocerebellar circuits showed altered FC with subcortical and cortical areas. The association between increased sensorimotor and cognitive cerebellar FC and low levels of physical and cognitive disability suggests that altered FC might modulate the effects of cerebellar structural damage on clinical condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Pasqua
- Medicine and Health Science Department, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy/Human Neuroscience Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Tommasin
- Human Neuroscience Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Komal Bharti
- Human Neuroscience Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Ruggieri
- Human Neuroscience Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Carlo Pozzilli
- Human Neuroscience Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy/Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Ospedaliera Sant'Andrea, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Pantano
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy/IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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33
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Lin YC, Hsu CCH, Wang PN, Lin CP, Chang LH. The Relationship Between Zebrin Expression and Cerebellar Functions: Insights From Neuroimaging Studies. Front Neurol 2020; 11:315. [PMID: 32390933 PMCID: PMC7189018 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum has long been known to play an important role in motor and balance control, and accumulating evidence has revealed that it is also involved in multiple cognitive functions. However, the evidence from neuroimaging studies and clinical observations is not well-integrated at the anatomical or molecular level. The goal of this review is to summarize and link different aspects of the cerebellum, including molecular patterning, functional topography images, and clinical cerebellar disorders. More specifically, we explored the potential relationships between the cerebrocerebellar connections and the expression of particular molecules and, in particular, zebrin stripe (a Purkinje cell-specific antibody molecular marker, which is a glycolytic enzyme expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells). We hypothesized that the zebrin patterns contribute to cerebellar functional maps—especially when cerebrocerebellar circuit changes exist in cerebellar-related diseases. The zebrin stripe receives input from climbing fibers and project to different parts of the cerebral cortex through its cerebrocerebellar connection. Since zebrin-positive cerebellar Purkinje cells are resistant to excitotoxicity and cell injury while zebrin-negative zones are more prone to damage, we suggest that motor control dysfunction symptoms such as ataxia and dysmetria present earlier and are easier to observe than non-ataxia symptoms due to zebrin-negative cell damage by cerebrocerebellar connections. In summary, we emphasize that the molecular zebrin patterns provide the basis for a new viewpoint from which to investigate cerebellar functions and clinico-neuroanatomic correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Cheng Lin
- Taipei Municipal Gan-Dau Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chin Heather Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ning Wang
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Po Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hung Chang
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Education Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Margoni M, Franciotta S, Poggiali D, Riccardi A, Rinaldi F, Nosadini M, Sartori S, Anglani MG, Causin F, Perini P, Gallo P. Cerebellar gray matter lesions are common in pediatric multiple sclerosis at clinical onset. J Neurol 2020; 267:1824-1829. [PMID: 32140864 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-09776-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No data are available on the occurrence of gray matter lesions (GML) in the cerebellum of pediatric multiple sclerosis (pedMS). OBJECTIVES We analyzed frequency, number and topography of GML, and their correlation with cerebellar-related disability in pedMS at clinical onset. METHODS Fifteen adolescents with pedMS (12F/3M; mean age 14.9 ± 2.2, range 11-17) were studied. Neurological and cognitive evaluations were done by means of EDSS, Trail Making Test-Part B (TMT-B) and Symbol Digit Modalities Test-oral version (SDMT). Cerebellar GML were investigated with double inversion recovery (DIR) and phase-sensitive inversion recovery (PSIR) sequences obtained with a 3 T-MRI scan. RESULTS All patients had white matter lesions (WML) and/or GML in the cerebellum. A significantly higher GML number was observed on PSIR compared to DIR (mean 2.3 ± 2.3 vs 1.1 ± 1.6; median 2.0 (IQR 1.0-2.0) vs 1.0 (IQR 0.0-1.5); p = 0.004). GML were observed in 14/15 (93.3%) patients and were more frequent in the posterior than in the anterior lobe (mean 1.8 ± 2.2 vs 0.47 ± 0.74; median 2.0 (IQR 0.5-2.0) vs 0.0 (IQR 0.0-1.0); p = 0.044). No correlation was found between lesion number or topography and EDSS (r = 0.12, p = 0.69), TMT-B and SDMT. CONCLUSION At clinical onset, cerebellar GML are common in pedMS, are very often asymptomatic, do not correlate with physical and cognitive disability, and more frequently affect the posterior lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Margoni
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre of the Veneto Region (CeSMuV), University Hospital of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy. .,Padova Neuroscience Centre (PNC), University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Silvia Franciotta
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre of the Veneto Region (CeSMuV), University Hospital of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Davide Poggiali
- Padova Neuroscience Centre (PNC), University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Department of Mathematics, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Alice Riccardi
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre of the Veneto Region (CeSMuV), University Hospital of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Rinaldi
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre of the Veneto Region (CeSMuV), University Hospital of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Paola Perini
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre of the Veneto Region (CeSMuV), University Hospital of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Gallo
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre of the Veneto Region (CeSMuV), University Hospital of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Medical School, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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35
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CSF β-amyloid predicts early cerebellar atrophy and is associated with a poor prognosis in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 37:101462. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.101462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
Cognitive impairment is increasingly recognized to be a core feature of multiple sclerosis (MS), with important implications for the everyday life of individuals with MS and for disease management. Unfortunately, the exact mechanisms that underlie this cognitive impairment are poorly understood and there are no effective therapeutic options for this aspect of the disease. During MS, focal brain inflammatory lesions, together with pathological changes of both CNS grey matter and normal-appearing white matter, can interfere with cognitive functions. Moreover, inflammation may alter the crosstalk between the immune and the nervous systems, modulating the induction of synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission. In this Review, we examine the CNS structures and cognitive domains that are affected by the disease, with a specific focus on hippocampal involvement in MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an experimental model of MS. We also discuss the hypothesis that, during MS, immune-mediated alterations of synapses' ability to express long-term plastic changes may contribute to the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment by interfering with the dynamics of neuronal networks.
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37
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Sen MK, Mahns DA, Coorssen JR, Shortland PJ. Behavioural phenotypes in the cuprizone model of central nervous system demyelination. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:23-46. [PMID: 31442519 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The feeding of cuprizone (CPZ) to animals has been extensively used to model the processes of demyelination and remyelination, with many papers adopting a narrative linked to demyelinating conditions like multiple sclerosis (MS), the aetiology of which is unknown. However, no current animal model faithfully replicates the myriad of symptoms seen in the clinical condition of MS. CPZ ingestion causes mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress and subsequent apoptosis of oligodendrocytes leads to central nervous system demyelination and glial cell activation. Although there are a wide variety of behavioural tests available for characterizing the functional deficits in animal models of disease, including that of CPZ-induced deficits, they have focused on a narrow subset of outcomes such as motor performance, cognition, and anxiety. The literature has not been systematically reviewed in relation to these or other symptoms associated with clinical MS. This paper reviews these tests and makes recommendations as to which are the most important in order to better understand the role of this model in examining aspects of demyelinating diseases like MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monokesh K Sen
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David A Mahns
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jens R Coorssen
- Departments of Health Sciences and Biological Sciences, Faculties of Applied Health Sciences and Mathematics & Science, Brock University, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Peter J Shortland
- Science and Health, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia.
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38
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Oliveira-Junior MS, Pereira EP, de Amorim VCM, Reis LTC, do Nascimento RP, da Silva VDA, Costa SL. Lupeol inhibits LPS-induced neuroinflammation in cerebellar cultures and induces neuroprotection associated to the modulation of astrocyte response and expression of neurotrophic and inflammatory factors. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 70:302-312. [PMID: 30852286 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), neuroinflammation, especially that modulated by the cell response of astrocytes and microglia, is associated with damage to neurons in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and, Multiple Sclerosis. Lupeol is a dietary triterpene that has demonstrated biological activities as antioxidant. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of lupeol in an in vitro model of neuroinflammation in primary cerebellar cultures. Cultures were obtained from 6-day-old Wistar rats, subjected to inflammatory damage with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 μg/mL) and treated with lupeol (0.1 μM). We observed, after a 48-hour treatment, through Fluorjade-B staining and immunocytochemistry (ICQ) for βIII-tubulin, that lupeol induced neuroprotection in cultures submitted to inflammatory damage. On the other hand, through ICQ for GFAP, it was possible to observe that lupeol modulated the astrocyte morphology for Bergmann glia-like phenotype and, especially for velate astrocyte-like phenotype, both phenotypes associated with the neuroprotective profile. Moreover, RT-qPCR analysis showed that lupeol induced the down-regulation of the mRNA expression for proinflammatory markers TNF, iNOS and NLRP3, as well as the production of nitric oxide (method of Greiss), which were up-regulated by LPS, and also induced up-regulation of the mRNA expression for arginase and IL-6 mRNA. In addition, lupeol induced up-regulation of mRNA expression for neurotrophins GDNF and NGF and also for the sonic hedgehog-Gli pathway. Together, these results lead to the conclusion that lupeol inhibits neuroinflammation in cerebellar cultures and induces neuroprotection associated with the modulation of astrocyte response and expression of neurotrophic and inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica Patricia Pereira
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Luã Tainã Costa Reis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Silvia Lima Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil.
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39
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Filippi M, Brück W, Chard D, Fazekas F, Geurts JJG, Enzinger C, Hametner S, Kuhlmann T, Preziosa P, Rovira À, Schmierer K, Stadelmann C, Rocca MA. Association between pathological and MRI findings in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 2019; 18:198-210. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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40
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Castellazzi G, Debernard L, Melzer TR, Dalrymple-Alford JC, D'Angelo E, Miller DH, Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott CAM, Mason DF. Functional Connectivity Alterations Reveal Complex Mechanisms Based on Clinical and Radiological Status in Mild Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2018; 9:690. [PMID: 30177910 PMCID: PMC6109785 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resting state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) has provided important insights into functional reorganization in subjects with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) at different stage of disease. In this cross-sectional study we first assessed, by means of rs-fMRI, the impact of overall T2 lesion load (T2LL) and MS severity score (MSSS) on resting state networks (RSNs) in 62 relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) patients with mild disability (MSSS < 3). Independent Component Analysis (ICA) followed by dual regression analysis confirmed functional connectivity (FC) alterations of many RSNs in RRMS subjects compared to healthy controls. The anterior default mode network (DMNa) and the superior precuneus network (PNsup) showed the largest areas of decreased FC, while the sensory motor networks area M1 (SMNm1) and the medial visual network (MVN) showed the largest areas of increased FC. In order to better understand the nature of these alterations as well as the mechanisms of functional alterations in MS we proposed a method, based on linear regression, that takes into account FC changes and their correlation with T2LL and MSSS. Depending on the sign of the correlation between FC and T2LL, and furthermore the sign of the correlation with MSSS, we suggested the following possible underlying mechanisms to interpret altered FC: (1) FC reduction driven by MS lesions, (2) "true" functional compensatory mechanism, (3a) functional compensation attempt, (3b) "false" functional compensation, (4a) neurodegeneration, (4b) pre-symptomatic condition (damage precedes MS clinical manifestation). Our data shows areas satisfying 4 of these 6 conditions (i.e., 1,2,3b,4b), supporting the suggestion that increased FC has a complex nature that may exceed the simplistic assumption of an underlying compensatory mechanism attempting to limit the brain damage caused by MS progression. Exploring differences between RRMS subjects with short disease duration (MSshort) and RRMS with similar disability but longer disease duration (MSlong), we found that MSshort and MSlong were characterized by clearly distinct pattern of FC, involving predominantly sensory and cognitive networks respectively. Overall, these results suggest that the analysis of FC alterations in multiple large-scale networks in relation to radiological (T2LL) and clinical (MSSS, disease duration) status may provide new insights into the pathophysiology of relapse onset MS evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Castellazzi
- NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Laetitia Debernard
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Tracy R Melzer
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John C Dalrymple-Alford
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Brain Connectivity Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - David H Miller
- NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Claudia A M Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott
- NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Brain MRI 3T Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Deborah F Mason
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Neurology, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
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