1
|
Bian X, Li M, Lou S. Resistance training boosts lactate transporters and synaptic proteins in insulin-resistance mice. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34425. [PMID: 39082040 PMCID: PMC11284409 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This investigation delineates the influence of resistance training on the expression of synaptic plasticity-related proteins in the hippocampi of insulin-resistant mice and explores the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods Six-week-old male C57BL/6 J mice were stratified into a control group and a high-fat diet group to induce insulin resistance over a 12-week period. Subsequently, the mice were further divided into sedentary and resistance training cohorts, with the latter engaging in a 12-week ladder-climbing regimen. Post-intervention, blood, and hippocampal specimens were harvested for analytical evaluation. Results In the insulin-resistant mice, elevated blood lactate levels were observed alongside diminished expression of synaptic plasticity-related proteins, monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), and reduced phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). In contrast, the expression of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 E-binding protein 2 was significantly augmented. Resistance training mitigated insulin resistance, decreased blood lactate levels, and enhanced the expression and phosphorylation of mTOR, regulatory-associated protein of mTOR, MCTs, and synaptic plasticity-related proteins. Conclusions Resistance training mitigates insulin resistance and improves hippocampal synaptic plasticity by normalizing blood lactate levels and enhancing mTOR, MCTs, and synaptic plasticity-related proteins. It may also activate mTORC1 via the PI3K/Akt pathway, promote lactate utilization, and enhance synaptic plasticity proteins, potentially alleviating peripheral insulin resistance. Further research is needed to confirm these mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuepeng Bian
- Department of Rehabilitation, School of International Medical Technology, Shanghai Sanda University, Shanghai, China
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingming Li
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujie Lou
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Garner R, Gopalakrishnan S, McCauley JA, Bednar RA, Gaul SL, Mosser SD, Kiss L, Lynch JJ, Patel S, Fandozzi C, Lagrutta A, Briscoe R, Liverton NJ, Paterson BM, Vornov JJ, Mazhari R. Preclinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of CERC-301, a GluN2B-selective N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00198. [PMID: 27022470 PMCID: PMC4777252 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The preclinical pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of 4‐methylbenzyl (3S, 4R)‐3‐fluoro‐4‐[(Pyrimidin‐2‐ylamino) methyl] piperidine‐1‐carboxylate (CERC‐301), an orally bioavailable selective N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit 2B (GluN2B) antagonist, were characterized to develop a translational approach based on receptor occupancy (RO) to guide CERC‐301 dose selection in clinical trials of major depressive disorder. CERC‐301 demonstrated high‐binding affinity (Ki, 8.1 nmol L−1) specific to GluN2B with an IC50 of 3.6 nmol L−1 and no off‐target activity. CERC‐301 efficacy was demonstrated in the forced swim test with an efficacy dose (ED50) of 0.3–0.7 mg kg−1 (RO, 30–50%); increase in locomotor activity was observed at ED50 of 2 mg kg−1, corresponding to an RO of 75%. The predicted 50% RO concentration (Occ50) in humans was 400 nmol L−1, similar to that predicted for rat, dog, and monkey (300, 200, and 400 nmol L−1, respectively). Safety pharmacology and neurotoxicity studies raised no specific safety concerns. A first‐in‐human study in healthy males demonstrated a dose‐proportional pharmacokinetic profile, with Tmax of ~1 h and t1/2 of 12–17 h. Based on the preclinical and pharmacodynamic data, doses of ≥8 mg in humans are hypothesized to have an acceptable safety profile and result in clinically relevant peak plasma exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Laszlo Kiss
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. West Point Pennsylvania
| | | | - Shil Patel
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. West Point Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | - Blake M Paterson
- Cerecor Inc.Baltimore Maryland; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland
| | - James J Vornov
- Cerecor Inc.Baltimore Maryland; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland
| | - Reza Mazhari
- Cerecor Inc.Baltimore Maryland; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Egunlusi AO, Malan SF, Joubert J. Tricycloundecane Derivatives as PotentialN-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) Receptor and Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel Modulators. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1259-66. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
4
|
Gonzalez J, Jurado-Coronel JC, Ávila MF, Sabogal A, Capani F, Barreto GE. NMDARs in neurological diseases: a potential therapeutic target. Int J Neurosci 2014; 125:315-27. [PMID: 25051426 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2014.940941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate ionotropic glutamate receptor (NMDARs) is a ligand-gated ion channel that plays a critical role in excitatory neurotransmission, brain development, synaptic plasticity associated with memory formation, central sensitization during persistent pain, excitotoxicity and neurodegenerative diseases in the central nervous system (CNS). Within iGluRs, NMDA receptors have been the most actively investigated for their role in neurological diseases, especially neurodegenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. It has been demonstrated that excessive activation of NMDA receptors (NMDARs) plays a key role in mediating some aspects of synaptic dysfunction in several CNS disorders, so extensive research has been directed on the discovery of compounds that are able to reduce NMDARs activity. This review discusses the role of NMDARs on neurological pathologies and the possible therapeutic use of agents that target this receptor. Additionally, we delve into the role of NMDARs in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and the receptor antagonists that have been tested on in vivo models of these pathologies. Finally, we put into consideration the importance of antioxidants to counteract oxidative capacity of the signaling cascade in which NMDARs are involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janneth Gonzalez
- 1Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Layton ME, Kelly MJ, Rodzinak KJ, Sanderson PE, Young SD, Bednar RA, DiLella AG, Mcdonald TP, Wang H, Mosser SD, Fay JF, Cunningham ME, Reiss DR, Fandozzi C, Trainor N, Liang A, Lis EV, Seabrook GR, Urban MO, Yergey J, Koblan KS. Discovery of 3-substituted aminocyclopentanes as potent and orally bioavailable NR2B subtype-selective NMDA antagonists. ACS Chem Neurosci 2011; 2:352-62. [PMID: 22816022 DOI: 10.1021/cn200013d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of 3-substituted aminocyclopentanes has been identified as highly potent and selective NR2B receptor antagonists. Incorporation of a 1,2,4-oxadiazole linker and substitution of the pendant phenyl ring led to the discovery of orally bioavailable analogues that showed efficient NR2B receptor occupancy in rats. Unlike nonselective NMDA antagonists, the NR2B-selective antagonist 22 showed no adverse affects on motor coordination in the rotarod assay at high dose. Compound 22 was efficacious following oral administration in a spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain and in an acute model of Parkinson's disease in a dose dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Layton
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Michael J. Kelly
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Kevin J. Rodzinak
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Philip E. Sanderson
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Steven D. Young
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Rodney A. Bednar
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Anthony G. DiLella
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Terrence P. Mcdonald
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Hao Wang
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Scott D. Mosser
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - John F. Fay
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Michael E. Cunningham
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Duane R. Reiss
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Christine Fandozzi
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Nicole Trainor
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Annie Liang
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Edward V. Lis
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Guy R. Seabrook
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Mark O. Urban
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - James Yergey
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Kenneth S. Koblan
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ma YY, Yu P, Guo CY, Cui CL. Effects of ifenprodil on morphine-induced conditioned place preference and spatial learning and memory in rats. Neurochem Res 2010; 36:383-91. [PMID: 21152977 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0342-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction, as well as learning and memory, share common mechanisms in terms of neural circuits and intracellular signaling pathways. In the present study, the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, particularly those containing NR2B subunits, in morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and Morris water maze (MWM) learning and memory task was investigated. CPP was used as a paradigm for assessing the rewarding effect of morphine, and MWM was used to measure spatial learning and memory in male Sprague-Dawley rats. We found that ifenprodil, an antagonist highly selective for NR2B-containing NMDA receptors, dose-dependently blocked the development, maintenance and reinstatement of morphine-induced CPP, without evident impairment of the acquisition and retrieval of spatial memory in the MWM task. However, the consolidation of spatial memory was disrupted by a high dose (10 mg/kg) of ifenprodil. These results clearly demonstrate that NR2B-containing NMDA receptors are actively involved in addiction memory induced by morphine conditioning, but not in the acquisition and retrieval of spatial learning and memory. In conclusion, NR2B-containing NMDA receptors can be considered potential targets for the treatment of opiate addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Ying Ma
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wee XK, Ng KS, Leung HW, Cheong YP, Kong KH, Ng FM, Soh W, Lam Y, Low CM. Mapping the high-affinity binding domain of 5-substituted benzimidazoles to the proximal N-terminus of the GluN2B subunit of the NMDA receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 159:449-61. [PMID: 20082612 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors represent an attractive drug target for the treatment of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders associated with glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. The aim of this study was to map the binding domain of high affinity 5-substituted benzimidazole derivatives [N-{2-[(4-benzylpiperidin-1-yl)methyl]benzimidazol-5-yl}methanesulphonamide (XK1) and N-[2-(4-phenoxybenzyl)benzimidazol-5-yl]methanesulphonamide (XK2)] on the GluN2B subunit of the NMDA receptor. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The pharmacological antagonistic profiles of XK1 and XK2 were assessed using in vitro rat primary cerebrocortical neurones and two-electrode voltage clamp on Xenopus oocytes expressing heterologous GluN1/GluN2B receptors. Direct ligand binding was determined using the recombinant amino-terminal domain (ATD) of GluN2B. KEY RESULTS XK1 and XK2 effectively protected against NMDA-induced excitotoxicity in rat primary cortical neurones. Low concentrations of XK1 (10 nM) and XK2 (1 nM) significantly reversed neuronal death. Both compounds failed to inhibit currents measured from oocytes heterologously expressing GluN1-1a subunit co-assembled with the ATD-deleted GluN2B subunit. XK1 and XK2 showed specific binding to recombinant protein of GluN2B ATD with low nanomolar affinities. Several residues in the recombinant ATD of GluN2B were identified to be critical for conferring XK1 and XK2 sensitivity. The inhibitory effects of XK1 and XK2 were pH-sensitive, being increased at acidic pH. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results demonstrate that XK1 and XK2 are effective neuroprotective agents in vitro and indicate that 5-substituted benzimidazole derivatives inhibit GluN1/GluN2B receptors via direct binding to the ATD of the GluN2B subunit. These compounds represent valuable alternatives to the classical antagonist ifenprodil as pharmacological tools for studying GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X-K Wee
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
McIntyre CJ, McCauley JA, Bednar B, Bednar RA, Butcher JW, Claremon DA, Cunningham ME, Freidinger RM, Gaul SL, Homnick CF, Koblan KS, Mosser SD, Romano JJ, Liverton NJ. Synthesis and evaluation of novel tricyclic benzo[4.5]cyclohepta[1.2]pyridine derivatives as NMDA/NR2B antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5132-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
9
|
Mony L, Kew JNC, Gunthorpe MJ, Paoletti P. Allosteric modulators of NR2B-containing NMDA receptors: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:1301-17. [PMID: 19594762 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ion channels gated by glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). They are widespread in the CNS and are involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes including synaptic plasticity, chronic pain and psychosis. Aberrant NMDAR activity also plays an important role in the neuronal loss associated with ischaemic insults and major degenerative disorders including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. Agents that target and alter NMDAR function may, thus, have therapeutic benefit. Interestingly, NMDARs are endowed with multiple extracellular regulatory sites that recognize ions or small molecule ligands, some of which are likely to regulate receptor function in vivo. These allosteric sites, which differ from agonist-binding and channel-permeation sites, provide means to modulate, either positively or negatively, NMDAR activity. The present review focuses on allosteric modulation of NMDARs containing the NR2B subunit. Indeed, the NR2B subunit confers a particularly rich pharmacology with distinct recognition sites for exogenous and endogenous allosteric ligands. Moreover, NR2B-containing receptors, compared with other NMDAR subtypes, appear to contribute preferentially to pathological processes linked to overexcitation of glutamatergic pathways. The actions of extracellular H+, Mg2+, Zn2+, of polyamines and neurosteroids, and of the synthetic compounds ifenprodil and derivatives ('prodils') are presented. Particular emphasis is put upon the structural determinants and molecular mechanisms that underlie the effects exerted by these agents. A better understanding of how NR2B-containing NMDARs (and NMDARs in general) operate and how they can be modulated should help define new strategies to counteract the deleterious effects of dysregulated NMDAR activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Mony
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chimirri A, De Luca L, Ferro S, De Sarro G, Ciranna L, Gitto R. Combined Strategies for the Discovery of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor Antagonists. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:917-22. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
11
|
Ng FM, Geballe MT, Snyder JP, Traynelis SF, Low CM. Structural insights into phenylethanolamines high-affinity binding site in NR2B from binding and molecular modeling studies. Mol Brain 2008; 1:16. [PMID: 19017396 PMCID: PMC2603005 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-1-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenylethanolamines selectively bind to NR2B subunit-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate-subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors and negatively modulate receptor activity. To investigate the structural and functional properties of the ifenprodil binding domain on the NR2B protein, we have purified a soluble recombinant rat NR2B protein fragment comprising the first ~400 amino acid amino-terminal domain (ATD2B) expressed in E. coli. Spectral measurements on refolded ATD2B protein demonstrated specific binding to ifenprodil. We have used site-directed mutagenesis, circular dichroism spectroscopy and molecular modeling to obtain structural information on the interactions between critical amino acid residues and ifenprodil of our soluble refolded ATD2B proteins. Ligand-induced changes in protein structure were inferred from changes in the circular dichroism spectrum, and the concentration dependence of these changes was used to determine binding constants for ifenprodil and its analogues. RESULTS Ligand binding of ifenprodil, RO25,6981 and haloperidol on soluble recombinant ATD2B determined from circular dichroism spectroscopy yielded low-to-high micromolar equilibrium constants which concurred with functional IC₅₀ measurement determined in heterologously expressed NR1/NR2B receptors in Xenopus oocytes. Amino acid residue substitutions of Asp101, Ile150 and Phe176 with alanine residue within the ATD2B protein altered the recombinant protein dissociation constants for ifenprodil, mirroring the pattern of their functional phenotypes. Molecular modeling of ATD2B as a clam-shell-like structure places these critical residues near a putative ligand binding site. CONCLUSION We report for the first time biochemical measurements show that the functional measurements actually reflect binding to the ATD of NR2B subunit. Insights gained from this study help advance the theory that ifenprodil is a ligand for the ATD of NR2B subunit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fui-Mee Ng
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tárnok K, Czöndör K, Jelitai M, Czirók A, Schlett K. NMDA receptor NR2B subunit over-expression increases cerebellar granule cell migratory activity. J Neurochem 2007; 104:818-29. [PMID: 18005003 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate acting on NMDA receptors (NMDARs) is known to influence cerebellar granule cell migration. Subunit composition of NMDARs in granule cells changes characteristically during development: NR2B subunit containing receptors are abundant during migration towards the internal granule cell layer but are gradually replaced by NR2A and/or NR2C subunits once the final position is reached. Cerebellar granule cell migration was investigated using mutant mouse lines either with a deletion of the NR2C gene (NR2C(-/-) mice) or expressing NR2B instead of the NR2C subunit (NR2C-2B mice). BrdU-labeling revealed that over-expression of NR2B increased granule cell translocation in vivo, while the lack of NR2C subunit did not have any detectable effects on cell migration. Cellular composition of wild-type and mutant dissociated cerebellar granule cell cultures isolated from 10-day-old cerebella were similar, but NR2C-2B cultures had elevated level of NR2B subunits and intracellular Ca2+ imaging revealed higher sensitivity towards the addition of NR2B-selective antagonist in vitro. Time-lapse videomicroscopic observations revealed that average migratory velocity and the proportion of translocating cell bodies were significantly higher in NR2C-2B than in wild-type cultures. Our results provide evidence that NR2B-containing NMDARs can have specialized roles during granule cell migration and can increase migratory speed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krisztián Tárnok
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nguyen KT, Claiborne CF, McCauley JA, Libby BE, Claremon DA, Bednar RA, Mosser SD, Gaul SL, Connolly TM, Condra CL, Bednar B, Stump GL, Lynch JJ, Koblan KS, Liverton NJ. Cyclic benzamidines as orally efficacious NR2B-selective NMDA receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:3997-4000. [PMID: 17498948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of cyclic benzamidines was synthesized and shown to exhibit NR2B-subtype selective NMDA antagonist activity. Compound 29 is orally active in a carrageenan-induced rat hyperalgesia model of pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Nguyen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liverton NJ, Bednar RA, Bednar B, Butcher JW, Claiborne CF, Claremon DA, Cunningham M, DiLella AG, Gaul SL, Libby BE, Lyle EA, Lynch JJ, McCauley JA, Mosser SD, Nguyen KT, Stump GL, Sun H, Wang H, Yergey J, Koblan KS. Identification and characterization of 4-methylbenzyl 4-[(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)methyl]piperidine-1-carboxylate, an orally bioavailable, brain penetrant NR2B selective N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist. J Med Chem 2007; 50:807-19. [PMID: 17249648 DOI: 10.1021/jm060983w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a novel series of NR2B subtype selective N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists is reported. Initial optimization of a high-throughput screening lead afforded an aminopyridine derivative 13 with significant NR2B antagonist potency but limited selectivity over hERG-channel and other off-target activities. Further structure-activity studies on the aminoheterocycle moiety and optimization of the carbamate led to the highly potent 2-aminopyrimidine derivative 20j with a significantly improved off-target activity profile and oral bioavailability in multiple species coupled with good brain penetration. Compound 20j demonstrated efficacy in in vivo rodent models of antinociception, allodynia, and Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel J Liverton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ma YY, Guo CY, Yu P, Lee DYW, Han JS, Cui CL. The role of NR2B containing NMDA receptor in place preference conditioned with morphine and natural reinforcers in rats. Exp Neurol 2006; 200:343-55. [PMID: 16631172 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.02.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Revised: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is implicated in drug addiction and antagonists of the NMDA receptor complex can inhibit the development and expression of conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by several addictive drugs, implying that this class of compounds might be considered as candidate for the treatment of substance abuse. To explore this possibility, it is important to evaluate whether the inhibitory effect of NMDA receptor antagonists would be confined to behaviors produced by drugs of abuse only, but not by natural reinforcers. According to the quantitative changes of NMDA receptor subunits, including NR1, NR2A, and NR2B, induced by diverse types of reinforcers, we chose NR2B subunit as the target of research. Experimental results showed that (1) an augmented expression of NR2B subunit was revealed by Western blotting in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the hippocampus in rats with CPP induced by morphine, but not by natural rewards such as food, novel environment and social interaction. (2) Ifenprodil, an antagonist highly selective for NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor, produced a dose-dependent reduction in CPP induced by morphine and novel environment, but not that by food consumption and social interaction. Taking together, these findings suggested that NR2B containing NMDA receptor may be more involved with morphine reward rather than natural rewards, and that antagonism of NR2B may have a potential for the treatment of morphine abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Ying Ma
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, The Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|