1
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Shrimp JH, Janiszewski J, Chen CZ, Xu M, Wilson KM, Kales SC, Sanderson PE, Shinn P, Schneider R, Itkin Z, Guo H, Shen M, Klumpp-Thomas C, Michael SG, Zheng W, Simeonov A, Hall MD. Suite of TMPRSS2 Assays for Screening Drug Repurposing Candidates as Potential Treatments of COVID-19. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1191-1203. [PMID: 35648838 PMCID: PMC9172053 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the causative viral pathogen driving the COVID-19 pandemic that prompted an immediate global response to the development of vaccines and antiviral therapeutics. For antiviral therapeutics, drug repurposing allows for rapid movement of the existing clinical candidates and therapies into human clinical trials to be tested as COVID-19 therapies. One effective antiviral treatment strategy used early in symptom onset is to prevent viral entry. SARS-CoV-2 enters ACE2-expressing cells when the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein on the surface of SARS-CoV-2 binds to ACE2 followed by cleavage at two cut sites by TMPRSS2. Therefore, a molecule capable of inhibiting the protease activity of TMPRSS2 could be a valuable antiviral therapy. Initially, we used a fluorogenic high-throughput screening assay for the biochemical screening of 6030 compounds in NCATS annotated libraries. Then, we developed an orthogonal biochemical assay that uses mass spectrometry detection of product formation to ensure that hits from the primary screen are not assay artifacts from the fluorescent detection of product formation. Finally, we assessed the hits from the biochemical screening in a cell-based SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped particle entry assay. Of the six molecules advanced for further studies, two are approved drugs in Japan (camostat and nafamostat), two have entered clinical trials (PCI-27483 and otamixaban), while the other two molecules are peptidomimetic inhibitors of TMPRSS2 taken from the literature that have not advanced into clinical trials (compounds 92 and 114). This work demonstrates a suite of assays for the discovery and development of new inhibitors of TMPRSS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H. Shrimp
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - John Janiszewski
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Catherine Z. Chen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Miao Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Kelli M. Wilson
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Stephen C. Kales
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Philip E. Sanderson
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Paul Shinn
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Rick Schneider
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Zina Itkin
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Hui Guo
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Min Shen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Carleen Klumpp-Thomas
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Samuel G. Michael
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Matthew D. Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850
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2
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Shrimp JH, Janiszewski J, Chen CZ, Xu M, Wilson KM, Kales SC, Sanderson PE, Shinn P, Itkin Z, Guo H, Shen M, Klumpp-thomas C, Michael SG, Zheng W, Simeonov A, Hall MD. A Suite of TMPRSS2 Assays for Screening Drug Repurposing Candidates as Potential Treatments of COVID-19.. [PMID: 35169799 PMCID: PMC8845423 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.04.479134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the causative viral pathogen driving the COVID-19 pandemic that prompted an immediate global response to the development of vaccines and antiviral therapeutics. For antiviral therapeutics, drug repurposing allowed for rapid movement of existing clinical candidates and therapies into human clinical trials to be tested as COVID-19 therapies. One effective antiviral treatment strategy used early in symptom onset is to prevent viral entry. SARS-CoV-2 enters ACE2-expressing cells when the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein on the surface of SARS-CoV-2 binds to ACE2 followed by cleavage at two cut sites on the spike protein. TMPRSS2 has a protease domain capable of cleaving the two cut sites; therefore, a molecule capable of inhibiting the protease activity of TMPRSS2 could be a valuable antiviral therapy. Initially, we used a fluorogenic high-throughput screening assay for the biochemical screening of 6030 compounds in NCATS annotated libraries. Then, we developed an orthogonal biochemical assay that uses mass spectrometry detection of product formation to ensure that hits from the primary screen are not assay artifacts from the fluorescent detection of product formation. Finally, we assessed the hits from the biochemical screening in a cell-based SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped particle entry assay. Of the six molecules advanced for further studies, two are approved drugs in Japan (camostat and nafamostat), two have entered clinical trials (PCI-27483 and otamixaban), while the other two molecules are peptidomimetic inhibitors of TMPRSS2 taken from the literature that have not advanced into clinical trials (compounds 92 and 114). This work demonstrates a suite of assays for the discovery and development of new inhibitors of TMPRSS2.
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3
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Williams E, Bagarova J, Kerr G, Xia DD, Place ES, Dey D, Shen Y, Bocobo GA, Mohedas AH, Huang X, Sanderson PE, Lee A, Zheng W, Economides AN, Smith JC, Yu PB, Bullock AN. Saracatinib is an efficacious clinical candidate for fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. JCI Insight 2021; 6:95042. [PMID: 33705358 PMCID: PMC8119212 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.95042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, no effective therapies exist for fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), a rare congenital syndrome in which heterotopic bone is formed in soft tissues owing to dysregulated activity of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor kinase ALK2 (also known as ACVR1). From a screen of known biologically active compounds, we identified saracatinib as a potent ALK2 kinase inhibitor. In enzymatic and cell-based assays, saracatinib preferentially inhibited ALK2, compared with other receptors of the BMP/TGF-β signaling pathway, and induced dorsalization in zebrafish embryos consistent with BMP antagonism. We further tested the efficacy of saracatinib using an inducible ACVR1Q207D-transgenic mouse line, which provides a model of heterotopic ossification (HO), as well as an inducible ACVR1R206H-knockin mouse, which serves as a genetically and physiologically faithful FOP model. In both models, saracatinib was well tolerated and potently inhibited the development of HO, even when administered transiently following soft tissue injury. Together, these data suggest that saracatinib is an efficacious clinical candidate for repositioning in FOP treatment, offering an accelerated path to clinical proof-of-efficacy studies and potentially significant benefits to individuals with this devastating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Williams
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jana Bagarova
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Georgina Kerr
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dong-Dong Xia
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elsie S Place
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Devaveena Dey
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yue Shen
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Geoffrey A Bocobo
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Agustin H Mohedas
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiuli Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Philip E Sanderson
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Arthur Lee
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - James C Smith
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul B Yu
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alex N Bullock
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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4
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Shrimp J, Kales SC, Sanderson PE, Simeonov A, Shen M, Hall MD. An Enzymatic TMPRSS2 Assay for Assessment of Clinical Candidates and Discovery of Inhibitors as Potential Treatment of COVID-19. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:997-1007. [PMID: 33062952 PMCID: PMC7507803 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the viral pathogen causing the COVID19 global pandemic. Consequently, much research has gone into the development of preclinical assays for the discovery of new or repurposing of FDA-approved therapies. Preventing viral entry into a host cell would be an effective antiviral strategy. One mechanism for SARS-CoV-2 entry occurs when the spike protein on the surface of SARS-CoV-2 binds to an ACE2 receptor followed by cleavage at two cut sites ("priming") that causes a conformational change allowing for viral and host membrane fusion. TMPRSS2 has an extracellular protease domain capable of cleaving the spike protein to initiate membrane fusion. A validated inhibitor of TMPRSS2 protease activity would be a valuable tool for studying the impact TMPRSS2 has in viral entry and potentially be an effective antiviral therapeutic. To enable inhibitor discovery and profiling of FDA-approved therapeutics, we describe an assay for the biochemical screening of recombinant TMPRSS2 suitable for high throughput application. We demonstrate effectiveness to quantify inhibition down to subnanomolar concentrations by assessing the inhibition of camostat, nafamostat, and gabexate, clinically approved agents in Japan. Also, we profiled a camostat metabolite, FOY-251, and bromhexine hydrochloride, an FDA-approved mucolytic cough suppressant. The rank order potency for the compounds tested are nafamostat (IC50 = 0.27 nM), camostat (IC50 = 6.2 nM), FOY-251 (IC50 = 33.3 nM), and gabexate (IC50 = 130 nM). Bromhexine hydrochloride showed no inhibition of TMPRSS2. Further profiling of camostat, nafamostat, and gabexate against a panel of recombinant proteases provides insight into selectivity and potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan
H. Shrimp
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Stephen C. Kales
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Philip E. Sanderson
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Min Shen
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Matthew D. Hall
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
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5
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Krishnan K, Ziniel P, Li H, Huang X, Hupalo D, Gombakomba N, Guerrero SM, Dotrang T, Lu X, Caridha D, Sternberg AR, Hughes E, Sun W, Bargieri DY, Roepe PD, Sciotti RJ, Wilkerson MD, Dalgard CL, Tawa GJ, Wang AQ, Xu X, Zheng W, Sanderson PE, Huang W, Williamson KC. Torin 2 Derivative, NCATS-SM3710, Has Potent Multistage Antimalarial Activity through Inhibition of P. falciparum Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase ( Pf PI4KIIIβ). ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:948-964. [PMID: 33073193 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a constant threat to malaria control efforts making it important to maintain a good pipeline of new drug candidates. Of particular need are compounds that also block transmission by targeting sexual stage parasites. Mature sexual stages are relatively resistant to all currently used antimalarials except the 8-aminoquinolines that are not commonly used due to potential side effects. Here, we synthesized a new Torin 2 derivative, NCATS-SM3710 with increased aqueous solubility and specificity for Plasmodium and demonstrate potent in vivo activity against all P. berghei life cycle stages. NCATS-SM3710 also has low nanomolar EC50s against in vitro cultured asexual P. falciparum parasites (0.38 ± 0.04 nM) and late stage gametocytes (5.77 ± 1 nM). Two independent NCATS-SM3710/Torin 2 resistant P. falciparum parasite lines produced by growth in sublethal Torin 2 concentrations both had genetic changes in PF3D7_0509800, annotated as a phosphatidylinositol 4 kinase (Pf PI4KIIIβ). One line had a point mutation in the putative active site (V1357G), and the other line had a duplication of a locus containing Pf PI4KIIIβ. Both lines were also resistant to other Pf PI4K inhibitors. In addition NCATS-SM3710 inhibited purified Pf PI4KIIIβ with an IC50 of 2.0 ± 0.30 nM. Together the results demonstrate that Pf PI4KIIIβ is the target of Torin 2 and NCATS-SM3710 and provide new options for potent multistage drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Krishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Peter Ziniel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Hao Li
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Xiuli Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Daniel Hupalo
- Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Nita Gombakomba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Sandra Mendoza Guerrero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Thoai Dotrang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Xiao Lu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Diana Caridha
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Anna R Sternberg
- Departments of Chemistry and of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Emma Hughes
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Wei Sun
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Daniel Y Bargieri
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508, Brazil
| | - Paul D Roepe
- Departments of Chemistry and of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Richard J Sciotti
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Matthew D Wilkerson
- Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Clifton L Dalgard
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States.,The American Genome Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Gregory J Tawa
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Amy Q Wang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Xin Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Philip E Sanderson
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Wenwei Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kim C Williamson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
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6
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Shrimp JH, Kales SC, Sanderson PE, Simeonov A, Shen M, Hall MD. An Enzymatic TMPRSS2 Assay for Assessment of Clinical Candidates and Discovery of Inhibitors as Potential Treatment of COVID-19. bioRxiv 2020. [PMID: 32596694 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.23.167544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the viral pathogen causing the COVID19 global pandemic. Consequently, much research has gone into the development of pre-clinical assays for the discovery of new or repurposing of FDA-approved therapies. Preventing viral entry into a host cell would be an effective antiviral strategy. One mechanism for SARS-CoV-2 entry occurs when the spike protein on the surface of SARS-CoV-2 binds to an ACE2 receptor followed by cleavage at two cut sites ("priming") that causes a conformational change allowing for viral and host membrane fusion. TMPRSS2 has an extracellular protease domain capable of cleaving the spike protein to initiate membrane fusion. A validated inhibitor of TMPRSS2 protease activity would be a valuable tool for studying the impact TMPRSS2 has in viral entry and potentially be an effective antiviral therapeutic. To enable inhibitor discovery and profiling of FDA-approved therapeutics, we describe an assay for the biochemical screening of recombinant TMPRSS2 suitable for high throughput application. We demonstrate effectiveness to quantify inhibition down to subnanomolar concentrations by assessing the inhibition of camostat, nafamostat and gabexate, clinically approved agents in Japan. Also, we profiled a camostat metabolite, FOY-251, and bromhexine hydrochloride, an FDA-approved mucolytic cough suppressant. The rank order potency for the compounds tested are: nafamostat (IC 50 = 0.27 nM), camostat (IC 50 = 6.2 nM), FOY-251 (IC 50 = 33.3 nM) and gabexate (IC 50 = 130 nM). Bromhexine hydrochloride showed no inhibition of TMPRSS2. Further profiling of camostat, nafamostat and gabexate against a panel of recombinant proteases provides insight into selectivity and potency.
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7
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Li H, Sun W, Huang X, Lu X, Patel PR, Kim M, Orr MJ, Fisher RM, Tanaka TQ, McKew JC, Simeonov A, Sanderson PE, Zheng W, Williamson KC, Huang W. Efficient Synthesis of 1,9-Substituted Benzo[h][1,6]naphthyridin-2(1H)-ones and Evaluation of their Plasmodium falciparum Gametocytocidal Activities. ACS Comb Sci 2017; 19:748-754. [PMID: 29024590 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.7b00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel three-component, two-step, one-pot nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr)-intramolecular cyclization-Suzuki coupling reaction was developed for the synthesis of benzo[h][1,6]naphthyridin-2(1H)-ones (Torins). On the basis of the new efficiently convergent synthetic route, a library of Torin analogs was synthesized. The antimalarial activities of these compounds were evaluated against asexual parasites using a growth inhibition assay and gametocytes using a viability assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Wei Sun
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Xiuli Huang
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Xiao Lu
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Paresma R. Patel
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Myunghoon Kim
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Meghan J. Orr
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Richard M. Fisher
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Takeshi Q Tanaka
- Laboratory
of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and
Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - John C. McKew
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Philip E. Sanderson
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Wei Zheng
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kim C. Williamson
- Department
of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
- Microbiology
and Immunology Department, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Wenwei Huang
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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8
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Sun W, He S, Martínez-Romero C, Kouznetsova J, Tawa G, Xu M, Shinn P, Fisher E, Long Y, Motabar O, Yang S, Sanderson PE, Williamson PR, García-Sastre A, Qiu X, Zheng W. Synergistic drug combination effectively blocks Ebola virus infection. Antiviral Res 2017; 137:165-172. [PMID: 27890675 PMCID: PMC5182099 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although a group of FDA-approved drugs were previously identified with activity against Ebola virus (EBOV), most of them are not clinically useful because their human blood concentrations are not high enough to inhibit EBOV infection. We screened 795 unique three-drug combinations in an EBOV entry assay. Two sets of three-drug combinations, toremifene-mefloquine-posaconazole and toremifene-clarithromycin-posaconazole, were identified that effectively blocked EBOV entry and were further validated for inhibition of live EBOV infection. The individual drug concentrations in the combinations were reduced to clinically relevant levels. We identified mechanisms of action of these drugs: functional inhibitions of Niemann-Pick C1, acid sphingomyelinase, and lysosomal calcium release. Our findings identify the drug combinations with potential to treat EBOV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Shihua He
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Carles Martínez-Romero
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jennifer Kouznetsova
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Gregory Tawa
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Miao Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Paul Shinn
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Ethan Fisher
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Yan Long
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Omid Motabar
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Shu Yang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Philip E. Sanderson
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter R. Williamson
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Xiangguo Qiu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
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9
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Patel PR, Sun W, Kim M, Huang X, Sanderson PE, Tanaka TQ, McKew JC, Simeonov A, Williamson KC, Zheng W, Huang W. In vitro evaluation of imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-2-ones as gametocytocidal antimalarial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2907-2911. [PMID: 27156776 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Novel imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-2-ones were synthesized and evaluated in asexual blood stage and late stage gametocyte assays of Plasmodium falciparum, a major causative agent of malaria. The design of these compounds is based on a recently identified lead compound from a high throughput screen. A concise synthesis was developed that allowed for generation of analogues with substitution around both the quinoline and imidazolidinone rings. Through structure-activity relationship studies, a number of potent compounds were identified that possessed excellent antimalarial activity against both the asexual and sexual stages with minimal cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. This is the first Letter describing SAR and gametocytocidal activity of imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-2-ones, a new lead series for malaria treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paresma R Patel
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Wei Sun
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Myunghoon Kim
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Xiuli Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Philip E Sanderson
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Takeshi Q Tanaka
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, United States
| | - John C McKew
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Kim C Williamson
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, United States
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Wenwei Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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10
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Layton ME, Kelly MJ, Rodzinak KJ, Sanderson PE, Young SD, Bednar RA, DiLella AG, Mcdonald TP, Wang H, Mosser SD, Fay JF, Cunningham ME, Reiss DR, Fandozzi C, Trainor N, Liang A, Lis EV, Seabrook GR, Urban MO, Yergey J, Koblan KS. Discovery of 3-substituted aminocyclopentanes as potent and orally bioavailable NR2B subtype-selective NMDA antagonists. ACS Chem Neurosci 2011; 2:352-62. [PMID: 22816022 DOI: 10.1021/cn200013d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of 3-substituted aminocyclopentanes has been identified as highly potent and selective NR2B receptor antagonists. Incorporation of a 1,2,4-oxadiazole linker and substitution of the pendant phenyl ring led to the discovery of orally bioavailable analogues that showed efficient NR2B receptor occupancy in rats. Unlike nonselective NMDA antagonists, the NR2B-selective antagonist 22 showed no adverse affects on motor coordination in the rotarod assay at high dose. Compound 22 was efficacious following oral administration in a spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain and in an acute model of Parkinson's disease in a dose dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Layton
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Michael J. Kelly
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Kevin J. Rodzinak
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Philip E. Sanderson
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Steven D. Young
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Rodney A. Bednar
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Anthony G. DiLella
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Terrence P. Mcdonald
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Hao Wang
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Scott D. Mosser
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - John F. Fay
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Michael E. Cunningham
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Duane R. Reiss
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Christine Fandozzi
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Nicole Trainor
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Annie Liang
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Edward V. Lis
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Guy R. Seabrook
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Mark O. Urban
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - James Yergey
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Kenneth S. Koblan
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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11
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Cook JJ, Gardell SJ, Holahan MA, Sitko GR, Stump GL, Wallace AA, Gilberto DB, Hare TR, Krueger JA, Dyer DL, Sanderson PE, Vacca JP, Shafer JA, Lynch JJ. Antithrombotic efficacy of thrombin inhibitor L-374,087: intravenous activity in a primate model of venous thrombus extension and oral activity in a canine model of primary venous and coronary artery thrombosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999; 289:503-10. [PMID: 10087043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The small molecule direct thrombin inhibitor L-374,087 was characterized across species in an in vitro activated partial thromboplastin clotting time (aPTT) assay and in vivo in rhesus monkey and dog thrombosis models. In vitro in rhesus, dog, and human plasma, L-374,087 concentrations eliciting 2-fold increases in aPTT were 0.25, 1.9, and 0.28 microM, respectively. In anesthetized rhesus monkeys, 300 microgram/kg bolus plus 12 microgram/kg/min and 300 microgram/kg bolus plus 30 microgram/kg/min L-374,087 i.v. infusions significantly reduced jugular vein thrombus extension, with both regimens limiting venous thrombus extension to 2-fold that of baseline thrombus mass compared with a 5-fold extension observed in the vehicle control group. Antithrombotic efficacy in the rhesus with the lower-dose regimen was achieved with 2.3- to 2.4-fold increases in aPTT and prothrombin time. In a conscious instrumented dog model of electrolytic vessel injury, the oral administration of two 10 mg/kg L-374,087 doses 12 h apart significantly reduced jugular vein thrombus mass, reduced the incidence of and delayed time to occlusive coronary artery thrombosis, and significantly reduced coronary artery thrombus mass and ensuing posterolateral myocardial infarct size. Antithrombotic efficacy in the dog was achieved with 1.6- to 2.0-fold increases in aPTT at 1 to 6 h after oral dosing with L-374,087. These results indicate significant antithrombotic efficacy against both venous and coronary arterial thrombosis with L-374,087 with only moderate elevations in aPTT or prothrombin time. The oral efficacy of L-374,087 characterizes this compound as a prototype for the further development of orally active direct thrombin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Cook
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Abstract
Thrombin and factor Xa (fXa) are the only serine proteases for which small, potent, selective, noncovalent inhibitors have been developed, which are ultimately intended as drug development candidates (in this case as anticoagulants). Noncovalent inhibitors may be more selective and chemically and metabolically less reactive than covalent inhibitors. In addition, noncovalent inhibitors are more likely to have fast-binding kinetics which is particularly important in the development of thrombin inhibitors. TAME derived noncovalent thrombin inhibitors argatroban, napsagatran, and UK 156,406 have entered clinical trials as anticoagulants, the latter as an orally active agent. Serine trap deletion from substrate-like peptides led to the development of inogatran and melagatran, both of which have entered clinical trials as intravenous agents. The use of 3-aminopyridinone and pyrazinone acetamide peptidomimetic templates has resulted in the development of L-375,378 which has been chosen for clinical development as an orally active anticoagulant. Recently, compounds which do not have the conventional hydrogen bonding capabilities of peptides have begun to appear in the thrombin literature. Publications on noncovalent fXa inhibitors cover this type of peptidomimetic almost exclusively.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Sanderson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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13
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Pasternak A, Pan Y, Marino D, Sanderson PE, Mosley R, Rohrer SP, Birzin ET, Huskey SE, Jacks T, Schleim KD, Cheng K, Schaeffer JM, Patchett AA, Yang L. Potent, orally bioavailable somatostatin agonists: good absorption achieved by urea backbone cyclization. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:491-6. [PMID: 10091708 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Backbone cyclization of urea-based somatostatin agonists resulted in novel, orally bioavailable agonists. Binding assays confirmed that the resulting conformationally constrained cyclic ureas retained the potency of their acyclic counterparts. SAR studies subsequently led to highly potent analogs, selective for receptor subtype 2, and having good oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pasternak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and Biochemistry & Physiology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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14
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Sanderson PE, Lyle TA, Cutrona KJ, Dyer DL, Dorsey BD, McDonough CM, Naylor-Olsen AM, Chen IW, Chen Z, Cook JJ, Cooper CM, Gardell SJ, Hare TR, Krueger JA, Lewis SD, Lin JH, Lucas BJ, Lyle EA, Lynch JJ, Stranieri MT, Vastag K, Yan Y, Shafer JA, Vacca JP. Efficacious, orally bioavailable thrombin inhibitors based on 3-aminopyridinone or 3-aminopyrazinone acetamide peptidomimetic templates. J Med Chem 1998; 41:4466-74. [PMID: 9804686 DOI: 10.1021/jm980368v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have addressed the key deficiency of noncovalent pyridinone acetamide thrombin inhibitor L-374,087 (1), namely, its modest half-lives in animals, by making a chemically stable 3-alkylaminopyrazinone bioisostere for its 3-sulfonylaminopyridinone core. Compound 3 (L-375,378), the closest aminopyrazinone analogue of 1, has comparable selectivity and slightly decreased efficacy but significantly improved pharmacokinetics in rats, dogs, and monkeys to 1. We have developed an efficient and versatile synthesis of 3, and this compound has been chosen for further preclinical and clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Sanderson
- Departments of Antiviral Research, Biological Chemistry, Drug Metabolism, Medicinal Chemistry, Molecular Design and Diversity, Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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15
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Sanderson PE, Naylor-Olsen AM. Thrombin inhibitor design. Curr Med Chem 1998; 5:289-304. [PMID: 9668196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, iv formulated direct thrombin inhibitors have been shown to be safe and efficacious alternatives to heparin. These results have fueled the hopes for an orally active compound. Such a compound could be a significant advance over warfarin if it had predictable pharmacokinetics and a duration of action sufficient for once or twice a day dosing. In order to develop an orally active compound which meets these criteria, the deficiencies of the prototype inhibitor efegatran have had to be addressed. First, using a combination of structure based design and empirical structure optimization, more selective compounds have been identified by modifying the P1 group or by incorporating different peptidomimetic P2/P3 scaffolds. Secondly, this optimization has resulted in the development of potent and selective non-covalent inhibitors, thus bypassing the liabilities of the serine trap. Thirdly, oral bioavailability has been achieved while maintaining selectivity and efficacy through the incorporation of progressively less basic P1 groups. The duration of action of these compounds remains to be optimized. Other advances in thrombin inhibitor design have included the development of uncharged P1 groups and the discovery of two non-peptide templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Sanderson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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16
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Isaacs RC, Cutrona KJ, Newton CL, Sanderson PE, Solinsky MG, Baskin EP, Chen IW, Cooper CM, Cook JJ, Gardell SJ, Lewis SD, Lucas RJ, Lyle EA, Lynch JJ, Naylor-Olsen AM, Stranieri MT, Vastag K, Vacca JP. C6 modification of the pyridinone core of thrombin inhibitor L-374,087 as a means of enhancing its oral absorption. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:1719-24. [PMID: 9873422 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1 (L-374,087) is a potent, selective, efficacious, and orally bioavailable thrombin inhibitor that contains a core 3-amino-2-pyridinone moiety. Replacement of the C6 pyridinone methyl group of 1 by a propyl group gave 5 (L-375,052), which retained all the excellent properties of 1, and also yielded higher plasma levels after oral dosing in dogs and rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Isaacs
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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17
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Gardell SJ, Sanderson PE. Novel anticoagulants based on direct inhibition of thrombin and factor Xa. Coron Artery Dis 1998; 9:75-81. [PMID: 9647407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S J Gardell
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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18
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Morgan AS, Sanderson PE, Borch RF, Tew KD, Niitsu Y, Takayama T, Von Hoff DD, Izbicka E, Mangold G, Paul C, Broberg U, Mannervik B, Henner WD, Kauvar LM. Tumor efficacy and bone marrow-sparing properties of TER286, a cytotoxin activated by glutathione S-transferase. Cancer Res 1998; 58:2568-75. [PMID: 9635580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
TER286 is a latent drug activated by human glutathione S-transferase (GST) isoforms P1-1 and A1-1 to produce a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent. M7609 human colon carcinoma, selected for resistance to doxorubicin, and MCF-7 human breast carcinoma, selected for resistance to cyclophosphamide, both showed increased sensitivity to TER286 over their parental lines in parallel with increased expression of GST P1-1. In primary human tumor clonogenic assays, the spectrum of cytotoxic activity observed for TER286 was both broad and unusual when compared to a variety of current drugs. In murine xenografts of M7609 engineered to have high, medium, or low GST P1-1, responses to TER286 were positively correlated with the level of P1-1. Cytotoxicity was also observed in several other cell culture and xenograft models. In xenografts of the MX-1 human breast carcinoma, tumor growth inhibition or regression was observed in nearly all of the animals treated with an aggressive regimen of five daily doses. This schedule resulted in a 24-h posttreatment decline in bone marrow progenitors to 60% of control and was no worse than for a single dose of TER286. These studies have motivated election of TER286 as a clinical candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Morgan
- Terrapin Technologies, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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19
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Abstract
The use of cytotoxic chemotherapy for cancer therapy has been very successful in the treatment and often cure of patients with particular neoplasms, such as testicular carcinomas and some lymphomas. In addition, the use of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients whose primary tumor has been surgically removed contributes significantly to cure rates in some of the more common malignancies such as breast carcinoma and colon cancer. Nonetheless, for most patients with metastatic malignancies, current antineoplastic drugs provide only brief remissions with few or no long term cures. In addition, the side effects of therapy lead to substantial morbidity in nearly all patients. Insights derived from model system studies on two glutathione based lead compounds, TER286 and TER199, suggest new clinical strategies and raise interesting basic research questions regarding the cell biology foundations of cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Kauvar
- Terrapin Technologies, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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20
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Sanderson PE, Cutrona KJ, Dorsey BD, Dyer DL, McDonough CM, Naylor-Olsen AM, Chen IW, Chen Z, Cook JJ, Gardell SJ, Krueger JA, Lewis SD, Lin JH, Lucas BJ, Lyle EA, Lynch JJ, Stranieri MT, Vastag K, Shafer JA, Vacca JP. L-374,087, an efficacious, orally bioavailable, pyridinone acetamide thrombin inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:817-22. [PMID: 9871547 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Replacement of the amidinopiperidine P1 group of 3-benzylsulfonylamino-6-methyl-2-pyridinone acetamide thrombin inhibitor L-373,890 (2) with a mildly basic 5-linked 2-amino-6-methylpyridine results in an equipotent compound L-374,087 (5, Ki = 0.5 nM). Compound 5 is highly selective for thrombin over trypsin, is efficacious in the rat ferric chloride model of arterial thrombosis and is orally bioavailable in dogs and cynomolgus monkeys. The structural basis for the critical importance of both methyl groups in 5 was confirmed by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Sanderson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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21
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Lewis SD, Lucas BJ, Brady SF, Sisko JT, Cutrona KJ, Sanderson PE, Freidinger RM, Mao SS, Gardell SJ, Shafer JA. Characterization of the two-step pathway for inhibition of thrombin by alpha-ketoamide transition state analogs. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:4843-54. [PMID: 9478925 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.9.4843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of thrombin with several potent and selective alpha-ketoamide transition state analogs was characterized. L-370, 518 (H-N-Me-D-Phe-Pro-t-4-aminocyclohexylglycyl N-methylcarboxamide) a potent (Ki = 90 pM) and selective (>10(4)-fold versus trypsin) ketoamide thrombin inhibitor was shown to bind thrombin via a two-step reaction wherein the initially formed thrombin-inhibitor complex (EI1) rearranges to a more stable, final complex (EI2). A novel sequential stopped-flow analysis showed that k-1, the rate constant for dissociation of EI1, was comparable to k2, the rate constant for conversion of EI1 to EI2 (0.049 and 0.035 s-1, respectively) indicating that formation of the initial complex EI1 is partially rate controlling. Replacement of the N-terminal methylamino group in L-370,518 with a hydrogen (L-372,051) resulted in a 44-fold loss in potency (Ki = 4 nM) largely due to an increase in k-1. Consequently in the reaction of L-372,051 with thrombin formation of EI1 was not rate controlling. Replacement of the P1' N-methylcarboxamide group of L-370,518 with an azetidylcarboxamido (L-372,228) produced a 58-fold increase in the value of the equilibrium constant (K-1) for dissociation of EI1. Nevertheless, L-372,228 was a 2-fold more potent thrombin inhibitor (Ki = 40 pM) than L-370,518 due to its 16-fold higher k2 and 10-fold lower k-2 values. The desketoamide analogs of L-370,518 and L-372,051, namely L-371,912 and L-372,011, inhibited thrombin via a one-step process. The Ki value for L-371,912 and the K-1 value for its alpha-ketoamide analog, L-370,518, were similar (5 and 14 nM, respectively). Likewise, the Ki value for L-372,011 and the K-1 value for its alpha-ketoamide analog, L-372,051, were similar (330 and 285 nM, respectively). These observations are consistent with the view that the alpha-ketoamides L-370,518 and L-372,051 form initial complexes with thrombin that are similar to the complexes formed by their desketoamide analogs, and in a second step the alpha-ketoamides react with the active site serine residue of thrombin to form a more stable hemiketal adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Lewis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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22
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Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase (GST) isozymes have been shown to be elevated in many human cancer types as compared to normal tissues. TER286, one in a class of glutathione-based GST-activated cytotoxins, was tested in a soft agar cloning assay to determine its in vitro activity against primary human tumor colony-forming units. Breast and lung specimens from patients who had received prior therapy and those who were previously untreated were exposed to TER286 at concentrations of 1, 10 and 50 microM using both 1 h and continuous exposures. Overall in vitro responses (50% or less survival compared to untreated controls) were observed in 0% (0/14), 14% (2/14) and 29% (4/14), respectively, in specimens exposed to TER286 for 1 h, and in 5% (2/41), 10% (4/41) and 61% (25/41), respectively, in specimens exposed to TER286 continuously. TER286 has cytotoxic activity against both breast and lung cancer colony-forming units, and demonstrates a concentration-response effect. At 50 microM, there is a significant difference between 1 h and continuous exposures in head-to-head comparisons. These data suggest that TER286 can be activated in human tumor colony-forming units and should be pursued as a treatment candidate for patients whose tumors are resistant to drug treatment based on up-regulation of GST.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Izbicka
- Institute for Drug Development, Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
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23
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Grunberg SM, Lane M, Lester EP, Sridhar KS, Mortimer J, Murphy W, Sanderson PE. Randomized double-blind comparison of three dose levels of intravenous ondansetron in the prevention of cisplatin-induced emesis. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1993; 32:268-72. [PMID: 8324868 DOI: 10.1007/bf00686171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The selective 5-hydroxytryptamine3 (5HT3) antagonist ondansetron has been shown to be an effective antiemetic in patients receiving cisplatin chemotherapy. This double-blind study compared the efficacy and safety of three doses of intravenous ondansetron in the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with high-dose (> or = 100 mg/m2) cisplatin chemotherapy. A total of 125 patients were randomized (1:1:1) to receive 0.015, 0.15, or 0.30 mg/kg every 4 h for a total of 3 doses. All patients were monitored for emetic episodes, adverse events, and laboratory safety parameters for 24 h following cisplatin administration. The 0.15-mg/kg dose was superior to the 0.015-mg/kg dose with respect to the median number of emetic episodes (P = 0.033) and complete response (no emetic episodes, P = 0.005). No statistically significant difference was found between the 0.15 and the 0.30-mg/kg groups. The most common adverse event was headache. Three 0.15-mg/kg doses of intravenous ondansetron are safe, effective, and adequate for the control of cisplatin-induced emesis.
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Dershwitz M, Di Biase PM, Rosow CE, Wilson RS, Sanderson PE, Joslyn AF. Ondansetron does not affect alfentanil-induced ventilatory depression or sedation. Anesthesiology 1992; 77:447-52. [PMID: 1387767 DOI: 10.1097/00000542-199209000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ondansetron is a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor antagonist effective as an antiemetic in patients experiencing post-operative or cancer chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Currently, no information is available regarding the interaction of ondansetron with opioids, although a serotonin antagonist might be expected to modify some opioid actions. This study was designed to measure the effects of ondansetron on alfentanil-induced ventilatory depression and sedation in healthy male volunteers. Ventilatory drive (measured as the end-tidal CO2 necessary to produce a minute ventilation of 15 l/min) was determined in 29 subjects using a modification of the Read rebreathing technique. Sedation was measured by asking the subjects to complete visual analog scales. Alfentanil was administered as a bolus (5 micrograms/kg) followed by a continuous infusion (0.25-0.75 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) for at least 90 min. Study medication (ondansetron 8 or 16 mg or vehicle placebo) was then administered in a randomized, double-blind manner, and the alfentanil was infused for an additional 15 min. Measurements of ventilatory drive and sedation were made at baseline, during alfentanil infusion, after study medication, and at 30-min intervals after alfentanil was discontinued. Alfentanil produced significant ventilatory depression (P less than 0.001) and sedation (P less than 0.001) in all three groups. Neither placebo nor ondansetron produced further change in the intensity of either alfentanil effect. After discontinuation of the opioid, both ventilatory depression and sedation decreased, and the rate of recovery was not significantly different between groups. The data indicate that alfentanil-induced sedation and ventilatory depression are not significantly affected by the subsequent administration of ondansetron.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dershwitz
- Department of Anesthesia, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114
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Abstract
The efficacy of ondansetron, a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in surgical patients was studied. Fifty women were randomized in a double-blind manner to receive either two 8 mg doses of intravenous ondansetron or two doses of placebo vehicle: the first given just before general anesthesia induction and the second 8 hours later. During the first 24 postoperative hours, the number of emetic episodes was recorded and the subjects rated their nausea on a scale from 0 to 10. Ondansetron-treated subjects had fewer emetic episodes (p less than 0.001) and lower subjective nausea scores (p less than 0.001). The number of complete responders (no emetic episodes and no rescue therapy) was 1 of 24 (4%) and 15 of 26 (58%) in the placebo and ondansetron groups, respectively (p less than 0.001). Ondansetron is clearly more effective than placebo in the prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting. The adverse event profile for ondansetron was similar to that of placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dershwitz
- Department of Anesthesia, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114
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Abstract
Intravenous ondansetron was administered at doses from 0.01 to 0.48 mg/kg every 4 h for three doses to patients receiving cisplatin 60-120 mg/m2 for the first time. Plasma samples were collected from 28 patients at baseline and at suitable times post-dose for pharmacokinetic analysis, and were assayed for ondansetron by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Plasma trough level was defined as the level before the third dose and 4 h area-under-the-curve (AUC4) was calculated with the linear trapezoidal method. Despite wide inter-patient variation, a correlation was seen between both trough level (r = 0.737, P less than 0.0001) and AUC4 (r = 0.903, P less than 0.001) related to dose. Trough level was also predictive of AUC4 (r = 0.824, P less than 0.0001). Frequency of complete protection (no emetic episodes) was equivalent throughout the AUC4 range, suggesting anti-emetic activity even at low AUC4. However, a trend toward better protection against failure (5 or more episodes) was seen when higher values of AUC4 were achieved, suggesting more consistent anti-emetic activity at moderate to high AUC4.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Grunberg
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Southern California Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles 90033
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