1
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Askin D, Wallace MA, Vacca JP, Reamer RA, Volante RP, Shinkai I. Highly diastereoselective alkylations of chiral amide enolates: new routes to hydroxyethylene dipeptide isostere inhibitors of HIV-1 protease. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00036a004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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2
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Chiba M, Jin L, Neway W, Vacca JP, Tata JR, Chapman K, Lin JH. P450 interaction with HIV protease inhibitors: relationship between metabolic stability, inhibitory potency, and P450 binding spectra. Drug Metab Dispos 2001; 29:1-3. [PMID: 11124221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 60 human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors were examined for the structure-activity relationship between metabolic stability, CYP3A4 inhibitory potency, and substrate-induced binding spectra with a ferric form of P450 in human liver microsomes. A positive relationship was found between CYP3A4 inhibitory potency and metabolic stability; namely, compounds that were more potent for the CYP3A4 inhibition generally were more metabolically stable. In addition, the compounds formed two clusters defined by the distinct type of substrate-induced P450 binding spectra: the compounds with type II binding spectra were more stable metabolically and more potent for the CYP3A4 inhibition than those with type I binding spectra. The structure-activity relationship suggested that the presence and position of heterocyclic nitrogen on the pyridine moiety play an important role in determining the manner of interaction with P450 and the magnitude of CYP3A4 inhibition/metabolic stability in the series of structurally related human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chiba
- Department of Drug Metabolism, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA.
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3
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Wai JS, Egbertson MS, Payne LS, Fisher TE, Embrey MW, Tran LO, Melamed JY, Langford HM, Guare JP, Zhuang L, Grey VE, Vacca JP, Holloway MK, Naylor-Olsen AM, Hazuda DJ, Felock PJ, Wolfe AL, Stillmock KA, Schleif WA, Gabryelski LJ, Young SD. 4-Aryl-2,4-dioxobutanoic acid inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase and viral replication in cells. J Med Chem 2000; 43:4923-6. [PMID: 11150161 DOI: 10.1021/jm000176b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J S Wai
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Molecular Systems, and Antiviral Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA.
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4
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Dorsey BD, McDonough C, McDaniel SL, Levin RB, Newton CL, Hoffman JM, Darke PL, Zugay-Murphy JA, Emini EA, Schleif WA, Olsen DB, Stahlhut MW, Rutkowski CA, Kuo LC, Lin JH, Chen IW, Michelson SR, Holloway MK, Huff JR, Vacca JP. Identification of MK-944a: a second clinical candidate from the hydroxylaminepentanamide isostere series of HIV protease inhibitors. J Med Chem 2000; 43:3386-99. [PMID: 10978186 DOI: 10.1021/jm9903848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent results from human clinical trials have established the critical role of HIV protease inhibitors in the treatment of acquired immune-deficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, the emergence of viral resistance, demanding treatment protocols, and adverse side effects have exposed the urgent need for a second generation of HIV protease inhibitors. The continued exploration of our hydroxylaminepentanamide (HAPA) transition-state isostere series of HIV protease inhibitors, which initially resulted in the identification of Crixivan (indinavir sulfate, MK-639, L-735,524), has now yielded MK-944a (L-756,423). This compound is potent, is selective, and competitively inhibits HIV-1 PR with a K(i) value of 0.049 nM. It stops the spread of the HIV(IIIb)-infected MT4 lymphoid cells at 25.0-50.0 nM, even in the presence of alpha(1) acid glycoprotein, human serum albumin, normal human serum, or fetal bovine serum. MK-944a has a longer half-life in several animal models (rats, dogs, and monkeys) than indinavir sulfate and is currently in advanced human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Dorsey
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Antiviral Research, Drug Metabolism, and Molecular Systems, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA.
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5
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Abstract
The search for the ideal anticoagulant has spanned decades and has resulted in several strategies including the clinical use of heparin, low molecular weight heparins, and the vitamin K antagonist warfarin. Over the past five years, many groups have reported preclinical results with direct-acting thrombin inhibitors and several of these are now moving into clinical trials. In addition, many groups have disclosed the discovery of potent, orally bioavailable factor Xa inhibitors. Several of these compounds are now in early clinical trials and the results are forthcoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Vacca
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 18969, USA.
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6
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Coburn CA, Rush DM, Williams PD, Homnick C, Lyle EA, Lewis SD, Lucas BJ, Di Muzio-Mower JM, Juliano M, Krueger JA, Vastag K, Chen IW, Vacca JP. Bicyclic pyridones as potent, efficacious and orally bioavailable thrombin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:1069-72. [PMID: 10843219 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A new class of conformationally constrained thrombin inhibitors is described. These compounds contain a unique bicyclic pyridone scaffold which serves as a P3P2 dipeptide surrogate. The synthesis and antithrombotic activity of these inhibitors is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Coburn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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7
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Liverton NJ, Butcher JW, Claiborne CF, Claremon DA, Libby BE, Nguyen KT, Pitzenberger SM, Selnick HG, Smith GR, Tebben A, Vacca JP, Varga SL, Agarwal L, Dancheck K, Forsyth AJ, Fletcher DS, Frantz B, Hanlon WA, Harper CF, Hofsess SJ, Kostura M, Lin J, Luell S, O'Neill EA, O'Keefe SJ. Design and synthesis of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable tetrasubstituted imidazole inhibitors of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Med Chem 1999; 42:2180-90. [PMID: 10377223 DOI: 10.1021/jm9805236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel potent and selective diarylimidazole inhibitors of p38 MAP (mitogen-activated protein) kinase are described which have activity in both cell-based assays of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) release and an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis. The SAR leading to the development of selectivity against c-Raf and JNK2alpha1 kinases is presented, with key features being substitution of the 4-aryl ring with m-trifluoromethyl and substitution of the 5-heteroaryl ring with a 2-amino substituent. Cell-based activity was significantly enhanced by incorporation of a 4-piperidinyl moiety at the 2-position of the imidazole which also enhanced aqueous solubility. In general, oral bioavailability of this class of compounds was found to be poor unless the imidazole was methylated on nitrogen. This work led to identification of 48, a potent (p38 MAP kinase inhibition IC50 0.24 nM) and selective p38 MAP kinase inhibitor which inhibits lipopolysaccharide-stimulated release of TNF-alpha from human blood with an IC50 2.2 nM, shows good oral bioavailability in rat and rhesus monkey, and demonstrates significant improvement in measures of disease progression in a rat adjuvant-induced arthritis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Liverton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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8
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Cook JJ, Gardell SJ, Holahan MA, Sitko GR, Stump GL, Wallace AA, Gilberto DB, Hare TR, Krueger JA, Dyer DL, Sanderson PE, Vacca JP, Shafer JA, Lynch JJ. Antithrombotic efficacy of thrombin inhibitor L-374,087: intravenous activity in a primate model of venous thrombus extension and oral activity in a canine model of primary venous and coronary artery thrombosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999; 289:503-10. [PMID: 10087043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The small molecule direct thrombin inhibitor L-374,087 was characterized across species in an in vitro activated partial thromboplastin clotting time (aPTT) assay and in vivo in rhesus monkey and dog thrombosis models. In vitro in rhesus, dog, and human plasma, L-374,087 concentrations eliciting 2-fold increases in aPTT were 0.25, 1.9, and 0.28 microM, respectively. In anesthetized rhesus monkeys, 300 microgram/kg bolus plus 12 microgram/kg/min and 300 microgram/kg bolus plus 30 microgram/kg/min L-374,087 i.v. infusions significantly reduced jugular vein thrombus extension, with both regimens limiting venous thrombus extension to 2-fold that of baseline thrombus mass compared with a 5-fold extension observed in the vehicle control group. Antithrombotic efficacy in the rhesus with the lower-dose regimen was achieved with 2.3- to 2.4-fold increases in aPTT and prothrombin time. In a conscious instrumented dog model of electrolytic vessel injury, the oral administration of two 10 mg/kg L-374,087 doses 12 h apart significantly reduced jugular vein thrombus mass, reduced the incidence of and delayed time to occlusive coronary artery thrombosis, and significantly reduced coronary artery thrombus mass and ensuing posterolateral myocardial infarct size. Antithrombotic efficacy in the dog was achieved with 1.6- to 2.0-fold increases in aPTT at 1 to 6 h after oral dosing with L-374,087. These results indicate significant antithrombotic efficacy against both venous and coronary arterial thrombosis with L-374,087 with only moderate elevations in aPTT or prothrombin time. The oral efficacy of L-374,087 characterizes this compound as a prototype for the further development of orally active direct thrombin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Cook
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
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9
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Sanderson PE, Lyle TA, Cutrona KJ, Dyer DL, Dorsey BD, McDonough CM, Naylor-Olsen AM, Chen IW, Chen Z, Cook JJ, Cooper CM, Gardell SJ, Hare TR, Krueger JA, Lewis SD, Lin JH, Lucas BJ, Lyle EA, Lynch JJ, Stranieri MT, Vastag K, Yan Y, Shafer JA, Vacca JP. Efficacious, orally bioavailable thrombin inhibitors based on 3-aminopyridinone or 3-aminopyrazinone acetamide peptidomimetic templates. J Med Chem 1998; 41:4466-74. [PMID: 9804686 DOI: 10.1021/jm980368v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have addressed the key deficiency of noncovalent pyridinone acetamide thrombin inhibitor L-374,087 (1), namely, its modest half-lives in animals, by making a chemically stable 3-alkylaminopyrazinone bioisostere for its 3-sulfonylaminopyridinone core. Compound 3 (L-375,378), the closest aminopyrazinone analogue of 1, has comparable selectivity and slightly decreased efficacy but significantly improved pharmacokinetics in rats, dogs, and monkeys to 1. We have developed an efficient and versatile synthesis of 3, and this compound has been chosen for further preclinical and clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Sanderson
- Departments of Antiviral Research, Biological Chemistry, Drug Metabolism, Medicinal Chemistry, Molecular Design and Diversity, Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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10
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Lin JH, Ostovic D, Vacca JP. The integration of medicinal chemistry, drug metabolism, and pharmaceutical research and development in drug discovery and development. The story of Crixivan, an HIV protease inhibitor. Pharm Biotechnol 1998; 11:233-55. [PMID: 9760683 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47384-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J H Lin
- Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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11
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Tucker TJ, Brady SF, Lumma WC, Lewis SD, Gardell SJ, Naylor-Olsen AM, Yan Y, Sisko JT, Stauffer KJ, Lucas BJ, Lynch JJ, Cook JJ, Stranieri MT, Holahan MA, Lyle EA, Baskin EP, Chen IW, Dancheck KB, Krueger JA, Cooper CM, Vacca JP. Design and synthesis of a series of potent and orally bioavailable noncovalent thrombin inhibitors that utilize nonbasic groups in the P1 position. J Med Chem 1998; 41:3210-9. [PMID: 9703466 DOI: 10.1021/jm9801713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As part of an ongoing effort to prepare therapeutically useful orally active thrombin inhibitors, we have synthesized a series of compounds that utilize nonbasic groups in the P1 position. The work is based on our previously reported lead structure, compound 1, which was discovered via a resin-based approach to varying P1. By minimizing the size and lipophilicity of the P3 group and by incorporating hydrogen-bonding groups on the N-terminus or on the 2-position of the P1 aromatic ring, we have prepared a number of derivatives in this series that exhibit subnanomolar enzyme potency combined with good in vivo antithrombotic and bioavailability profiles. The oxyacetic amide compound 14b exhibited the best overall profile of in vitro and in vivo activity, and crystallographic studies indicate a unique mode of binding in the thrombin active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Tucker
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Biological Chemistry, Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, and Molecular Design and Diversity, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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12
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Chiba M, Nishime JA, Chen IW, Vastag KJ, Sahly YS, Kim BM, Dorsey BD, Vacca JP, Lin JH. Metabolite-P450 complex formation by methylenedioxyphenyl HIV protease inhibitors in rat and human liver microsomes. Biochem Pharmacol 1998; 56:223-30. [PMID: 9698076 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(98)00139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
P450 complex formation and the unusual pharmacokinetics of methylenedioxyphenyl HIV protease inhibitors were examined by in vitro studies using human and rat liver microsomes and by in vivo oral dosing studies. In vitro spectral studies indicated that the formation of a P450 complex having absorbance maxima at 425 and 456 nm was time and concentration dependent; 27-60% of the total P450 was complexed in dexamethasone-induced rat liver microsomes after a 30-min incubation with 100 microM HIV protease inhibitors. Methoxy substitution on the phenyl ring of the methylenedioxyphenyl moiety increased formation of the P450 complex, whereas chlorine substitution markedly decreased the P450 complexation. Kinetic studies on the P450 complex formation indicated that both methoxy and chlorine substitution affected the maximum complex formation rate (Vmax), while it had little effect on Km values (approximately 10 microM). This complexation in human liver microsomes was inhibited markedly by an anti-CYP3A1 antibody. Furthermore, the P450 complex formation resulted in a time-dependent loss of CYP3A-catalyzed marker activities (testosterone 2beta/6beta-hydroxylase) in both rat and human liver microsomes. Collectively, these results point to the involvement of CYP3A isoforms in P450 complexation by methylenedioxyphenyl HIV protease inhibitors. Additionally, after oral administration to rats, one of these HIV protease inhibitors (Compound I), which complexed P450 to the greatest extent, showed no elimination over a period of 500 min after administration of the highest dose. It is suggested that formation of a quasi-irreversible metabolite-CYP3A complex with methylenedioxyphenyl HIV protease inhibitors was responsible for the CYP3A-selective time-dependent loss of catalytic function and the unusual dose-dependent pharmacokinetics after oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chiba
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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13
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Isaacs RC, Cutrona KJ, Newton CL, Sanderson PE, Solinsky MG, Baskin EP, Chen IW, Cooper CM, Cook JJ, Gardell SJ, Lewis SD, Lucas RJ, Lyle EA, Lynch JJ, Naylor-Olsen AM, Stranieri MT, Vastag K, Vacca JP. C6 modification of the pyridinone core of thrombin inhibitor L-374,087 as a means of enhancing its oral absorption. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:1719-24. [PMID: 9873422 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1 (L-374,087) is a potent, selective, efficacious, and orally bioavailable thrombin inhibitor that contains a core 3-amino-2-pyridinone moiety. Replacement of the C6 pyridinone methyl group of 1 by a propyl group gave 5 (L-375,052), which retained all the excellent properties of 1, and also yielded higher plasma levels after oral dosing in dogs and rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Isaacs
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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14
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Naylor-Olsen AM, Ponticello GS, Lewis SD, Mulichak AM, Chen Z, Habecker CN, Phillips BT, Sanders WM, Tucker TJ, Shafer JA, Vacca JP. Identification and SAR for a selective, nonpeptidyl thrombin inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:1697-702. [PMID: 9873418 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel, nonpeptidyl thrombin inhibitor, L-636,619 (1), was identified via topological similarity searching over the Merck Corporate Sample Database. X-ray crystallographic studies determined the geometry for ligand binding to the enzyme. Chemical modification of the P1 and P3 segments of the ligand resulted in enhanced potency and improvement in the chemical stability of the lead. Analog 9 proved to be the most interesting lead from this structurally novel series.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Naylor-Olsen
- Department of Molecular Design and Diversity, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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15
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Sanderson PE, Cutrona KJ, Dorsey BD, Dyer DL, McDonough CM, Naylor-Olsen AM, Chen IW, Chen Z, Cook JJ, Gardell SJ, Krueger JA, Lewis SD, Lin JH, Lucas BJ, Lyle EA, Lynch JJ, Stranieri MT, Vastag K, Shafer JA, Vacca JP. L-374,087, an efficacious, orally bioavailable, pyridinone acetamide thrombin inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:817-22. [PMID: 9871547 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Replacement of the amidinopiperidine P1 group of 3-benzylsulfonylamino-6-methyl-2-pyridinone acetamide thrombin inhibitor L-373,890 (2) with a mildly basic 5-linked 2-amino-6-methylpyridine results in an equipotent compound L-374,087 (5, Ki = 0.5 nM). Compound 5 is highly selective for thrombin over trypsin, is efficacious in the rat ferric chloride model of arterial thrombosis and is orally bioavailable in dogs and cynomolgus monkeys. The structural basis for the critical importance of both methyl groups in 5 was confirmed by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Sanderson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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16
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Lumma WC, Witherup KM, Tucker TJ, Brady SF, Sisko JT, Naylor-Olsen AM, Lewis SD, Lucas BJ, Vacca JP. Design of novel, potent, noncovalent inhibitors of thrombin with nonbasic P-1 substructures: rapid structure-activity studies by solid-phase synthesis. J Med Chem 1998; 41:1011-3. [PMID: 9544200 DOI: 10.1021/jm9706933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Study of surface representations of the inhibitor-bound thrombin P-1 pocket revealed a lipophilic recess in this pocket which is not occupied by any known inhibitor. Solid-phase synthesis was used to generate benzylamides of D-diphenylAlaPro by aminolysis of Boc dipeptide Kaiser resin. The resulting amides inhibited thrombin in the range IC50 = 3-13,000 nM, and the structure-activity relationships and molecular modeling suggest a unique fit of the benzyl side chain into P-1 with the meta substituent occupying the recess.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Lumma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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17
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Brady SF, Stauffer KJ, Lumma WC, Smith GM, Ramjit HG, Lewis SD, Lucas BJ, Gardell SJ, Lyle EA, Appleby SD, Cook JJ, Holahan MA, Stranieri MT, Lynch JJ, Lin JH, Chen IW, Vastag K, Naylor-Olsen AM, Vacca JP. Discovery and development of the novel potent orally active thrombin inhibitor N-(9-hydroxy-9-fluorenecarboxy)prolyl trans-4-aminocyclohexylmethyl amide (L-372,460): coapplication of structure-based design and rapid multiple analogue synthesis on solid support. J Med Chem 1998; 41:401-6. [PMID: 9464370 DOI: 10.1021/jm9705014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Early studies in these laboratories of peptidomimetic structures containing a basic P1 moiety led to the highly potent and selective thrombin inhibitors 2 (Ki = 5.0 nM) and 3 (Ki = 0.1 nM). However, neither attains significant blood levels upon oral administration to rats and dogs. With the aim of improving pharmacokinetic properties via a more diverse database, we devised a resin-based route for the synthesis of analogues of these structures in which the P3 residue is replaced with a range of lipophilic carboxylic amides. Assembly proceeds from the common P2-P1 template 7 linked via an acid-labile carbamate to a polystyrene support. Application of the methodology in a repetitive fashion afforded several interesting analogues out of a collection of some 200 compounds. Among the most potent of the group, N-(9-hydroxy-9-fluorenecarboxy)-prolyl trans-4-aminocyclohexylmethyl amide (L-372,460 8, Ki = 1.5 nM), in addition to being fully efficacious in a rat model of arterial thrombosis at an infusion rate of 10 micrograms/kg/min, exhibits oral bioavailability of 74% in dogs, and oral bioavailability of 39% in monkeys with a serum half-life of just under 4 h. On the basis of its favorable biological properties, inhibitor 8 has been subject to further evaluation as a possible treatment for thrombogenic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Brady
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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18
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Feng DM, Gardell SJ, Lewis SD, Bock MG, Chen Z, Freidinger RM, Naylor-Olsen AM, Ramjit HG, Woltmann R, Baskin EP, Lynch JJ, Lucas R, Shafer JA, Dancheck KB, Chen IW, Mao SS, Krueger JA, Hare TR, Mulichak AM, Vacca JP. Discovery of a novel, selective, and orally bioavailable class of thrombin inhibitors incorporating aminopyridyl moieties at the P1 position. J Med Chem 1997; 40:3726-33. [PMID: 9371237 DOI: 10.1021/jm970493r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel class of thrombin inhibitors incorporating aminopyridyl moieties at the P1 position has been discovered. Four of these thrombin inhibitors (13b,c,e and 14d) showed nanomolar potency (Ki 0.8-12 nM), 300-1500-fold selectivity for thrombin compared with trypsin, and good oral bioavailability (F = 40-76%) in rats or dogs. The neutral P1 was expected to increase metabolic stability and oral absorption. Identification of this novel aminopyridyl group at P1 was a key step in our search for a clinical candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Feng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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19
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Tucker TJ, Lumma WC, Lewis SD, Gardell SJ, Lucas BJ, Sisko JT, Lynch JJ, Lyle EA, Baskin EP, Woltmann RF, Appleby SD, Chen IW, Dancheck KB, Naylor-Olsen AM, Krueger JA, Cooper CM, Vacca JP. Synthesis of a series of potent and orally bioavailable thrombin inhibitors that utilize 3,3-disubstituted propionic acid derivatives in the P3 position. J Med Chem 1997; 40:3687-93. [PMID: 9357536 DOI: 10.1021/jm970397q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
As part of an effort to prepare efficacious and orally bioavailable analogs of the previously reported thrombin inhibitors 1a, b, we have synthesized a series of compounds that utilize 3,3-disubstituted propionic acid derivatives as P3 ligands. By removing the N-terminal amino group, the general oral bioavailability of this class of compounds was enhanced without excessively increasing the lipophilicity of the compounds. The overall properties of the molecules could be drastically altered depending on the nature of the groups substituted onto the 3-position of the P3 propionic acid moiety. A number of the compounds exhibited good oral bioavailability in rats and dogs, and numerous compounds were efficacious in a rat FeCl3-induced model of arterial thrombosis. Compound 7, the 3,3-diphenylpropionic acid derivative, showed the best overall profile of in vivo and in vitro activity. Molecular modeling studies suggest that these compounds bind in the thrombin active site in a manner essentially identical to that previously reported for compound 1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Tucker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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20
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Tucker TJ, Lumma WC, Lewis SD, Gardell SJ, Lucas BJ, Baskin EP, Woltmann R, Lynch JJ, Lyle EA, Appleby SD, Chen IW, Dancheck KB, Vacca JP. Potent noncovalent thrombin inhibitors that utilize the unique amino acid D-dicyclohexylalanine in the P3 position. Implications on oral bioavailability and antithrombotic efficacy. J Med Chem 1997; 40:1565-9. [PMID: 9171866 DOI: 10.1021/jm970140s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to prepare orally bioavailable analogs of our previously reported thrombin inhibitor 1, we have synthesized a series of compounds that utilize the unique amino acid D-dicyclohexylalanine as a P3 ligand. The resulting compounds are extremely potent and selective thrombin inhibitors, and the N-terminal Boc derivative 8 exhibited excellent oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in both rats and dogs. The des-Boc analog 6 was not orally bioavailable in rats. The high level of oral bioavailability observed with 8 appears to be a direct function of its increased lipophilicity versus other close analogs. Although increased lipophilicity may serve to increase the oral absorption of tripeptide thrombin inhibitors, it also appears to have detrimental effects on the antithrombotic properties observed with the compounds. Compound 6 performed extremely well in our in vivo antithrombotic assay, while the much more lipophilic but essentially equipotent analog 8 performed poorly. We have found that in general with this series of thrombin inhibitors as well as with other unreported series, increased lipophilicity and the associated increases in plasma protein binding have detrimental effects on 2X APTT values and subsequent performance in in vivo antithrombotic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Tucker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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21
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Holloway MK, Wai JM, Halgren TA, Fitzgerald PM, Vacca JP, Dorsey BD, Levin RB, Thompson WJ, Chen LJ, deSolms SJ. A priori prediction of activity for HIV-1 protease inhibitors employing energy minimization in the active site. J Med Chem 1995; 38:305-17. [PMID: 7830273 DOI: 10.1021/jm00002a012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have observed a high correlation between the intermolecular interaction energy (Einter) calculated for HIV-1 protease inhibitor complexes and the observed in vitro enzyme inhibition. A training set of 33 inhibitors containing modifications in the P1' and P2' positions was used to develop a regression equation which relates Einter and pIC50. This correlation was subsequently employed to successfully predict the activity of proposed HIV-1 protease inhibitors in advance of synthesis in a structure-based design program. This included a precursor, 47, to the current phase II clinical candidate, L-735,524 (51). The development of the correlation, its applications, and its limitations are discussed, and the force field (MM2X) and host molecular mechanics program (OPTIMOL) used in this work are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Holloway
- Department of Molecular Systems, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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22
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Dorsey BD, Levin RB, McDaniel SL, Vacca JP, Guare JP, Darke PL, Zugay JA, Emini EA, Schleif WA, Quintero JC. L-735,524: the design of a potent and orally bioavailable HIV protease inhibitor. J Med Chem 1994; 37:3443-51. [PMID: 7932573 DOI: 10.1021/jm00047a001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A series of HIV protease inhibitors possessing a hydroxylaminepentanamide transition state isostere have been developed. Incorporation of a basic amine into the backbone of the L-685,434 (2) series provided antiviral potency combined with a highly improved pharmacokinetic profile in animal models. Guided by molecular modeling and an X-ray crystal structure of the inhibited enzyme complex, we were able to design L-735,524. This compound is potent and competitively inhibits HIV-1 PR and HIV-2 PR with Ki values of 0.52 and 3.3 nM, respectively. It also stops the spread of the HIV-1IIIb-infected MT4 lymphoid cells at concentrations of 25-50 nM. To date, numerous HIV-PR inhibitors have been reported, but few have been studied in humans because they lack acceptable oral bioavailability. L-735,524 is orally bioavailable in three animals models, using clinically acceptable formulations, and is currently in phase II human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Dorsey
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
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23
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Hungate RW, Chen JL, Starbuck KE, Vacca JP, McDaniel SL, Levin RB, Dorsey BD, Guare JP, Holloway MK, Whitter W. Synthesis, antiviral activity, and bioavailability studies of gamma-lactam derived HIV protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 1994; 2:859-79. [PMID: 7712123 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)82037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of a gamma-lactam in hydroxyethylene isosteres results in modest inhibitors of HIV-1 protease. Additional structural activity studies have produced significantly more potent inhibitors with the introduction of the trisubstituted cyclopentane (see compound 20) as the optimum substituent for the C-terminus. This new amino acid amide surrogate can be readily prepared in large scale from (R)-pulegone. Optimized compounds (36) and (60) are potent antiviral agents and are well absorbed (15-20%) in a dog model after oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Hungate
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486
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24
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Vacca JP, Dorsey BD, Schleif WA, Levin RB, McDaniel SL, Darke PL, Zugay J, Quintero JC, Blahy OM, Roth E. L-735,524: an orally bioavailable human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:4096-100. [PMID: 8171040 PMCID: PMC43730 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.9.4096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, numerous inhibitors of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease have been reported, but few have been studied extensively in humans, primarily as a consequence of poor oral bioavailability in animal models. L-735,524 represents a class of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitors, termed hydroxyaminopentane amides, that incorporate a basic amine into the hydroxyethylene inhibitor backbone. L-735,524 is a potent inhibitor of virus replication in cell culture and inhibits the protease-mediated cleavage of the viral precursor polyproteins that results in the production of noninfectious progeny viral particles. The compound is effective against viruses resistant to reverse transcriptase inhibitors and is synergistically active when used in combination with reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Most importantly, L-735,524 exhibits good oral bioavailability and plasma pharmacokinetic profiles in two species of laboratory animals by using clinically acceptable formulations. Accordingly, the compound was selected for evaluation of safety and pharmacokinetic studies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Vacca
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Vacca
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
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26
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deSolms SJ, Giuliani EA, Guare JP, Vacca JP, Sanders WM, Graham SL, Wiggins JM, Darke PL, Sigal IS, Zugay JA. Design and synthesis of HIV protease inhibitors. Variations of the carboxy terminus of the HIV protease inhibitor L-682,679. J Med Chem 1991; 34:2852-7. [PMID: 1910089 DOI: 10.1021/jm00113a025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of tetrapeptide analogues of 1 (L-682,679), in which the carboxy terminus has been shortened and modified, was prepared and their inhibitory activity measured against the HIV protease in a peptide cleavage assay. Selected examples were tested as inhibitors of virus spread in cell culture. Compound 12 was a 10-fold more potent enzyme inhibitor than 1 in vitro and 30-fold more potent in inhibiting the viral spread in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J deSolms
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
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27
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Vacca JP, Guare JP, deSolms SJ, Sanders WM, Giuliani EA, Young SD, Darke PL, Zugay J, Sigal IS, Schleif WA. L-687,908, a potent hydroxyethylene-containing HIV protease inhibitor. J Med Chem 1991; 34:1225-8. [PMID: 2002465 DOI: 10.1021/jm00107a050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J P Vacca
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
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28
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Darke PL, Kohl NE, Hanobik MG, Leu CT, Vacca JP, Guare JP, Heimbach JC, Dixon RA. Interaction of mutant forms of the HIV-1 protease with substrate and inhibitors. Adv Exp Med Biol 1991; 306:483-7. [PMID: 1812746 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-6012-4_61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P L Darke
- Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
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29
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Polokoff MA, Bencen GH, Vacca JP, deSolms SJ, Young SD, Huff JR. Metabolism of synthetic inositol trisphosphate analogs. J Biol Chem 1988; 263:11922-7. [PMID: 2841338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of synthetic analogs was employed to explore structure-activity relationships in the metabolism of the second messenger inositol trisphosphate (IP3) in vascular tissue. Cytosolic IP3-5-phosphatase activity was purified approximately 240-fold from bovine aorta. All synthetic analogs tested were apparent competitive inhibitors of the 5-phosphatase activity. The order of potency was DL-1,3,4,5-IP3 greater than D-1,4,5-IP3 greater than DL-1,3,4-IP3 greater than L-1,4,5-IP3 greater than 1,3,5-IP3 greater than DL-6-methoxy-1,4,5-IP3 greater than DL-2,4,5-IP3 greater than DL-1,2,4-cyclohexane-P3. The least potent analogs had Ki values only 11 times higher than the apparent Km of the substrate D-1,4,5-[3H]IP3. However, only three synthetic compounds, DL-1,3,4,5-IP4, D-1,4,5-IP3, and DL-2,4,5-IP3, could serve as substrates for the 5-phosphatase. IP3 kinase activity in the same tissue exhibited considerably more selectivity with respect to inhibition by IP3 analogs. D-1,4,5-IP3 was about 30 times more potent than DL-1,3,4,5-IP4 and 100-1000 times more potent than the other compounds tested. The function of the IP3 receptor was evaluated by measuring labeled calcium mobilization in permeabilized bovine aortic smooth muscle cells in culture. While all analogs tested were full agonists, vast differences in potency were observed. D-1,4,5-IP3 was about 30 times more potent than DL-2,4,5-IP3 and 100-2000 times more potent than the other analogs tested. The results suggest that IP3-5-phosphatase activity is relatively nonselective in the binding of inositol polyphosphates, while IP3 kinase activity and the IP3 receptor exhibit great selectivity in the recognition of these compounds.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/enzymology
- Binding, Competitive
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Channels
- Cattle
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytosol/enzymology
- Hydrolysis
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors
- Inositol Phosphates/chemical synthesis
- Inositol Phosphates/metabolism
- Inositol Phosphates/pharmacology
- Inositol Polyphosphate 5-Phosphatases
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/metabolism
- Phosphotransferases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Phosphotransferases/metabolism
- Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)
- Receptors, Cell Surface/drug effects
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear
- Stereoisomerism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Sugar Phosphates/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Polokoff
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
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30
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Randall WC, Huff JR, Vacca JP, Guare JP, Chen R, Rosegay A, Baldwin JJ. [3H]L-654,284 as a probe of the central alpha 2 adrenoceptor. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1988; 338:47-52. [PMID: 2907099 DOI: 10.1007/bf00168811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
L-654,284 [2R, 12bS)-N-(1,3,4,6,7,12b-hexahydro-2H-benzo[b]-furo[2,3-a] quinolizin-2-yl)-N-methyl-2-hydroxyethanesulfonamide], a potent and selective antagonist of the alpha 2 adrenoceptor, was tritiated to high specific activity. Saturation binding to cell membrane suspensions obtained from calf cerebral cortex revealed a high affinity binding site (0.63 nM). Kinetics of association and dissociation were well represented by single exponential processes, and the equilibrium dissociation constant obtained from the ratio of rate constants agreed well with that found by saturation binding. A direct comparison of saturation binding revealed that the antagonist [3H]L-654,284 had roughly the same affinity for the alpha 2 adrenoceptor as the agonist [3H]clonidine and eight times the affinity of the antagonist [3H]rauwolscine. The maximum receptor densities of these radioligands were not significantly different. Competition assays with a series of compounds of known receptor affinity revealed that [3H]L-654,284 selectively binds to a site with all of the characteristics expected of the alpha 2 adrenoceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Randall
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486
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31
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Huff JR, Baldwin JJ, deSolms SJ, Guare JP, Hunt CA, Randall WC, Sanders WS, Smith SJ, Vacca JP, Zrada MM. Structure-affinity relationships of arylquinolizines at alpha-adrenoceptors. J Med Chem 1988; 31:641-5. [PMID: 2831365 DOI: 10.1021/jm00398a025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hexahydroaryl[a]quinolizines comprise a prominent structural element in several alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists. Eight hexahydroheteroarylquinolizines were prepared as minimal ligands to investigate the relationship between the nature of the aromatic ring and affinity of these molecules for alpha-adrenoceptors. Affinity for alpha 1-and alpha 2-adrenoceptors was assessed by displacement of [3H]prasozin and [3H]clonidine, respectively. Lipophilicity of the aryl portion of the molecules, reflected by their partition coefficient between octanol and pH 7.4 buffer, correlated well with affinity at both receptor subtypes. Although some compounds showed nanomolar affinity for alpha-adrenoceptors, no subtype selectivity was observed. These results suggest that the aromatic ring enhances binding at both receptors chiefly through hydrophobic interactions and contributes little to subtype selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Huff
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
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32
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Huff JR, Anderson PS, Baldwin JJ, Clineschmidt BV, Guare JP, Lotti VJ, Pettibone DJ, Randall WC, Vacca JP. N-(1,3,4,6,7,12b-hexahydro-2H-benzo[b]furo[2,3-a]quinolizin -2-yl)-N- methyl-2-hydroxyethane-sulfonamide: a potent and selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist. J Med Chem 1985; 28:1756-9. [PMID: 2999400 DOI: 10.1021/jm00150a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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