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Li Y, Cao J, Wu X, Kou J, Feng T, Zhang R, Xu C, Kong F, Tang B. A Sequentially Activated Probe for Imaging of Superoxide Anion and Peroxynitrite in PC12 Cells under Oxidative Stress. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7138-7144. [PMID: 38676633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Superoxide anion (O2·-) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-), two important oxidants under oxidative stress, coexist in complex cell and organism systems, playing crucial roles in various physiological and pathological processes, particularly in neurodegenerative diseases. Despite the absence of robust molecular tools capable of simultaneously visualizing O2·- and ONOO- in biosystems, the relationship between these two species remains understudied. Herein, we present sequentially activated fluorescent probe, DHX-SP, which exhibits exceptional selectivity and sensitivity toward O2·- and ONOO-. This probe enables precise imaging of these species in living PC12 cells under oxidative stress conditions using distinct fluorescence signal combinations. Furthermore, the probe DHX-SP has the ability to visualize changes in O2·- and ONOO- levels during ferroptosis of PC12 cells and in the Parkinson's disease model. These findings establish a connection between the crosstalk of the phosphorus group of O2·- and ONOO- in PC12 cells under oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Cao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Kou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Feng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixin Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanpeng Kong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
- Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Zaman B, Mostafa I, Hassan T, Ahmed S, Esha NJI, Chowdhury FA, Bosu T, Chowdhury HN, Mallick A, Islam MS, Sharmin A, Uddin KM, Hossain MM, Rahman M. Tolperisone hydrochloride improves motor functions in Parkinson's disease via MMP-9 inhibition and by downregulating p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling cascade. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116438. [PMID: 38513594 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, particularly the p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent studies have shown that MAPK signaling pathway can influence the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), known for its involvement in various physiological and pathological processes, including neurodegenerative diseases. This study explores the modulation of MMP-9 expression via the MAPK/ERK signaling cascade and its potential therapeutic implications in the context of PD-associated motor dysfunction. Here, tolperisone hydrochloride (TL), a muscle relaxant that blocks voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels, was used as a treatment to observe its effect on MAPK signaling and MMP-9 expression. Rotenone (RT) exposure in mice resulted in a significant reduction in substantia nigra and primary motor cortex neurons, which were further evidenced by impairments in motor function. When TL was administered, neuron count was restored (89.0 ± 4.78 vs 117.0 ± 4.46/mm2), and most of the motor dysfunction was alleviated. Mechanistically, TL reduced the protein expression of phospho-p38MAPK (1.06 fold vs 1.00 fold) and phospho-ERK1/2 (1.16 fold vs 1.02 fold), leading to the inhibition of MAPK signaling, as well as reduced MMP-9 concentrations (2.76 ± 0.10 vs 1.94 ± 0.10 ng/mL) in the process of rescuing RT-induced neuronal cell death and motor dysfunction. Computational analysis further revealed TL's potential inhibitory properties against MMP-9 along with N and L-type calcium channels. These findings shed light on TL's neuroprotective effects via MMP-9 inhibition and MAPK signaling downregulation, offering potential therapeutic avenues for PD-associated motor dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Zaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh; Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Irona Mostafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Tazree Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Shamim Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Nusrat Jahan Ikbal Esha
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Fowzia Afsana Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Tory Bosu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Humayra Noor Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Anup Mallick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Mm Shanjid Islam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Ayesha Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Kabir M Uddin
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mainul Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh.
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Pabian-Jewuła S, Rylski M. Does the functional polymorphism-1562C/T of MMP-9 gene influence brain disorders? Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1110967. [PMID: 37206663 PMCID: PMC10188926 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1110967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is one of the most strongly expressed matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the brain. The MMP-9 activity in the brain is strictly regulated, and any disruptions in this regulation contribute to a development of many disorders of the nervous system including multiple sclerosis, brain strokes, neurodegenerative disorders, brain tumors, schizophrenia, or Guillain-Barré syndrome. This article discusses a relationship between development of the nervous system diseases and the functional single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at position -1562C/T within the MMP-9 gene. A pathogenic influence of MMP-9-1562C/T SNP was observed both in neurological and psychiatric disorders. The presence of the allele T often increases the activity of the MMP-9 gene promoter and consequently the expression of MMP-9 when compared to the allele C. This leads to a change in the likelihood of an occurrence of diseases and modifies the course of certain brain diseases in humans, as discussed below. The presented data indicates that the MMP-9-1562C/T functional polymorphism influences the course of many neuropsychiatric disorders in humans suggesting a significant pathological role of the MMP-9 metalloproteinase in pathologies of the human central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Pabian-Jewuła
- Department of Translational Immunology and Experimental Intensive Care, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
- *Correspondence: Sylwia Pabian-Jewuła,
| | - Marcin Rylski
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
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Nagashima F, Miyazaki Y, Kanemaru E, Ezaka M, Hara H, Sugiura K, Boerboom SL, Ostrom KF, Jiang W, Bloch DB, Ichinose F, Marutani E. Sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase ameliorates neurodegeneration in a murine model of Parkinson's disease. Redox Biol 2022; 59:102562. [PMID: 36470130 PMCID: PMC9722489 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Nagashima
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yusuke Miyazaki
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eiki Kanemaru
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mariko Ezaka
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hiroaki Hara
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kei Sugiura
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sophie L. Boerboom
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katrina F. Ostrom
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wanlin Jiang
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donald B. Bloch
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fumito Ichinose
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Eizo Marutani
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Liu CZ, Guo DS, Ma JJ, Dong LR, Chang QQ, Yang HQ, Liang KK, Li XH, Yang DW, Fan YY, Gu Q, Chen SY, Li DS. Correlation of matrix metalloproteinase 3 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 levels with non-motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:889257. [PMID: 36072482 PMCID: PMC9444063 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.889257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are essential for tissue formation, neuronal network remodeling, and blood–brain barrier integrity. MMPs have been widely studied in acute brain diseases. However, the relationship with Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the serum MMP3 and MMP9 levels of PD patients and analyze their correlation with non-motor symptoms. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 73 patients with idiopathic PD and 64 healthy volunteers. Serum MMP3 and MMP9 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Patients with PD were assessed for non-motor symptoms using the Non-motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS) and Parkinson’s disease sleep scale (PDSS) and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Results Serum MMP3 levels were significantly decreased in PD patients, predominantly those with early-stage PD, compared with controls [12.56 (9.30, 17.44) vs. 15.37 (11.33, 24.41) ng/ml; P = 0.004], and the serum MMP9 levels of PD patients were significantly higher than those of healthy controls [522 (419, 729) vs. 329 (229, 473) ng/ml; P < 0.001]. MMP3 levels were positively correlated with the NMSS total score (r = 0.271, P = 0.020) and the single-item scores for item six, assessing the gastrointestinal tract (r = 0.333, P = 0.004), and there was an inverse correlation between serum MMP3 levels and PDSS score (r = –0.246, P = 0.036); meanwhile, MMP9 levels were positively correlated with the NMSS total score (r = 0.234, P = 0.047), and higher serum MMP9 levels were detected in the cognitive dysfunction subgroup than in the cognitively intact subgroup [658 (504, 877) vs. 502 (397, 608) ng/ml, P = 0.008]. Conclusion The serum MMP3 level of PD patients (especially early-stage patients) was significantly lower than that of the healthy control group, and the MMP9 level was significantly higher than that of the healthy control group. MMP3 and MMP9 levels correlate with sleep disturbance and cognitive function in PD patients, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Ze Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Da Shuai Guo
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian Jun Ma
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Jun Ma,
| | - Lin Rui Dong
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qing Qing Chang
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hong Qi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ke Ke Liang
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao Huan Li
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Da Wei Yang
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yong Yan Fan
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qi Gu
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Si Yuan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dong Sheng Li
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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Choi SE, Park YS, Koh HC. NF-κB/p53-activated inflammatory response involves in diquat-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:1005-1018. [PMID: 29484840 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation generated by environmental toxicants including pesticides could be one of the factors underlying neuronal cell damage in neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which inflammatory responses contribute to apoptosis in PC12 cells treated with diquat. We found that diquat induced apoptosis, as demonstrated by the activation of caspases and nuclear condensation, inhibition of mitochondrial complex I activity, and decreased ATP level in PC12 cells. Diquat also reduced the dopamine level, indicating that cell death induced by diquat is due to cytotoxicity of dopaminergic neuronal components in these cells. Exposure of PC12 cells to diquat led to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the antioxidant N-acetyl-cystein attenuated the cytotoxicity of caspase-3 pathways. These results demonstrate that diquat-induced apoptosis is involved in mitochondrial dysfunction through production of ROS. Furthermore, diquat increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) via inflammatory stimulation. Diquat induced nuclear accumulation of NF-κB and p53 proteins. Importantly, an inhibitor of NF-κB nuclear translocation blocked the increase of p53. Both NF-κB and p53 inhibitors also blocked the diquat-induced inflammatory response. Pretreatment of cells with meloxicam, a COX-2 inhibitor, also blocked apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction. These results represent a unique molecular characterization of diquat-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. Our results demonstrate that diquat induces cell damage in part through inflammatory responses via NF-κB-mediated p53 signaling. This suggests the potential to generate mitochondrial damage via inflammatory responses and inflammatory stimulation-related neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Eun Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Sun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Chul Koh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Paré B, Gros-Louis F. Potential skin involvement in ALS: revisiting Charcot's observation - a review of skin abnormalities in ALS. Rev Neurosci 2018; 28:551-572. [PMID: 28343168 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons of the brain and spinal cord, leading to progressive paralysis and death. Interestingly, many skin changes have been reported in ALS patients, but never as yet fully explained. These observations could be due to the common embryonic origin of the skin and neural tissue known as the ectodermal germ layer. Following the first observation in ALS patients' skin by Dr Charcot in the 19th century, in the absence of bedsores unlike other bedridden patients, other morphological and molecular changes have been observed. Thus, the skin could be of interest in the study of ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases. This review summarizes skin changes reported in the literature over the years and discusses about a novel in vitro ALS tissue-engineered skin model, derived from patients, for the study of ALS.
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Rizzi N, Brunialti E, Cerri S, Cermisoni G, Levandis G, Cesari N, Maggi A, Blandini F, Ciana P. In vivo imaging of early signs of dopaminergic neuronal death in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 114:74-84. [PMID: 29486298 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Parkinson's disease (PD) evolves over an extended period of time with the onset occurring long before clinical signs begin to manifest. Characterization of the molecular events underlying the PD onset is instrumental for the development of diagnostic markers and preventive treatments, progress in this field is hindered by technical limitations. We applied an imaging approach to demonstrate the activation of Nrf2 transcription factor as a hallmark of neurodegeneration in neurotoxin-driven models of PD. In dopaminergic SK-N-BE neuroblastoma cells, Nrf2 activation was detected in cells committed to die as proven by time lapse microscopy; in the substantia nigra pars compacta area of the mouse brain, the Nrf2 activation preceded dopaminergic neurodegeneration as demonstrated by in vivo and ex vivo optical imaging, a finding confirmed by co-localization experiments carried out by immunohistochemistry. Collectively, our results identify the Nrf2 signaling as an early marker of neurodegeneration, anticipating dopaminergic neurodegeneration and motor deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Rizzi
- Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Electra Brunialti
- Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Cerri
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Greta Cermisoni
- Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Levandis
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Cesari
- Centro Clinico-Veterinario e Zootecnico-Sperimentale d'Ateneo, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Adriana Maggi
- Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Blandini
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Ciana
- Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Xu Z, Liu Y, Yang D, Yuan F, Ding J, Chen H, Tian H. Sesamin protects SH-SY5Y cells against mechanical stretch injury and promoting cell survival. BMC Neurosci 2017; 18:57. [PMID: 28784087 PMCID: PMC5547510 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-017-0378-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sesamin is a well-known antioxidant extracted from sesame seeds that exhibits various curative effects. The present study investigated whether sesamin would protect neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells against mechanical stretch injury-induced increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis. Additionally, the mechanisms underlying these actives were investigated. Following exposure to mechanical stretch injury, cells were incubated for further investigations. Lactate dehydrogenase and Cell Counting Kit-8 assays were used to assess cell viability, and a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay and flow cytometric analysis were performed to evaluate changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). Furthermore, intracellular levels of ROS production were measured by 20, 70-dichlorofluorescein diacetate staining, the mRNA levels of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) were evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, and the determinations had also been made on related proteins by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Exposure to mechanical stretch injury significantly decreased cell viability but this decrease was attenuated by pretreatment with sesamin (50 μM). Sesamin also significantly inhibited mechanical stretch injury-induced increases in intracellular ROS production, attenuated declines in ΔΨm, diminished the expressions of pro-apoptotic proteins, and decreased cell apoptosis. Stretch injury increased Bax and cleaved caspase 3 levels, enhanced the gene expression of MMP-9, increased the phosphorylation levels of Akt, p38, and JNK and decreased Bcl-2 levels in the cells. However, pretreatment with sesamin reduced the mechanical stretch injury-induced overexpression of MMP-9. CONCLUSIONS Sesamin protected SH-SY5Y cells against stretch injury by attenuating increases in ROS levels and suppressing apoptosis. Accordingly, sesamin seems to be a potentially therapeutic agent in the treatment of traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, NO. 600, Yi Shan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yingliang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, NO. 600, Yi Shan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Dianxu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, NO. 600, Yi Shan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, NO. 600, Yi Shan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, NO. 600, Yi Shan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, NO. 600, Yi Shan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Hengli Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, NO. 600, Yi Shan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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Seo Y, Kim YS, Lee KE, Park TH, Kim Y. Anti-cancer stemness and anti-invasive activity of bitter taste receptors, TAS2R8 and TAS2R10, in human neuroblastoma cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176851. [PMID: 28467517 PMCID: PMC5414998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) originates from immature neuronal cells and currently has a poor clinical outcome. NB cells possess cancer stem cells (CSCs) characteristics that facilitate the initiation of a tumor, as well as its metastasis. Human bitter taste receptors, referred to as TAS2Rs, are one of five types of basic taste receptors and they belong to a family of G-protein coupled receptors. The recent finding that taste receptors are expressed in non-gustatory tissues suggest that they mediate additional functions distinct from taste perception. While it is generally admitted that the recognition of bitter tastes may be associated with a self-defense system to prevent the ingestion of poisonous food compounds, this recognition may also serve as a disease-related function in the human body. In particular, the anti-cancer stemness and invasion effects of TAS2Rs on NB cells remain poorly understood. In the present study, endogenous expression of TAS2R8 and TAS2R10 in SK-N-BE(2)C and SH-SY5Y cells was examined. In addition, higher levels of TAS2R8 and TAS2R10 expression were investigated in more differentiated SY5Y cells. Both TAS2Rs were up-regulated following the induction of neuronal cell differentiation by retinoic acid. In addition, ectopic transfection of the two TAS2Rs induced neurite elongation in the BE(2)C cells, and down-regulated CSCs markers (including DLK1, CD133, Notch1, and Sox2), and suppressed self-renewal characteristics. In particular, TAS2RS inhibited tumorigenicity. Furthermore, when TAS2Rs was over-expressed, cell migration, cell invasion, and matrix metalloproteinases activity were inhibited. Expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, a well-known regulator of tumor metastasis, as well as its downstream targets, vascular endothelial growth factor and glucose transporter-1, were also suppressed by TAS2Rs. Taken together, these novel findings suggest that TAS2Rs targets CSCs by suppressing cancer stemness characteristics and NB cell invasion, thereby highlighting the chemotherapeutic potential of bitter taste receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoona Seo
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Sun Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Eun Lee
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai Hyun Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Chen YC, Wu YR, Mesri M, Chen CM. Associations of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and Tissue Inhibitory Factor-1 Polymorphisms With Parkinson Disease in Taiwan. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2672. [PMID: 26844501 PMCID: PMC4748918 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) function in the degradation of extracellular matrix and are considered to play a role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson disease (PD). MMPs activities are modulated by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). This study examined whether the genetic polymorphisms of MMP-3, gelatinase (MMP-2 and MMP-9), TIMP-2, and TIMP-1 were associated with PD in Taiwan.A total of 359 PD patients and 332 controls were enrolled. The candidate genetic variants included MMP-2 rs2285053 (-735 C > T), MMP-3 rs3025058 (-1171 5A > 6A), MMP-9 rs3918241 (-1831 T > A), rs17576 (G > A, R279Q), and rs3787268 (G > A, intron), TIMP-1 rs4898 (T > C, F124F), and TIMP-2 rs7503607 (-269 G > T). Associations were tested by logistic regression, adjusted with gender and age at onset.Minor allele frequency of TIMP-1 rs4898 (36.0%) was significantly lower in the male PD patients than in the male controls (51.2%) (χ test, P = 0.004). When adjusted with gender and age at onset, MMP-9 rs17576 AA genotype was associated with PD susceptibility in a recessive fashion (odds ratios [OR] = 2.28, 95% confidence intervals [95% CI] = 1.12-4.62, P = 0.02). In males, TIMP-1 rs4898 C allele was associated with a protective effect on PD (OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.60-0.94, P = 0.014). We did not find association between the examined genetic variants of MMP-2, MMP-3, and TIMP-2 and PD susceptibility.This is the first study that demonstrated a protective effect of TIMP-1 rs4898 C allele on male PD and a modest association of MMP-9 rs17576 AA genotype with PD susceptibility in the Taiwan population. Further replication is needed for confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Chen
- From the Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center and College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan (Y-CC, Y-RW, C-MC); and Medicine and Surgery MBChB, School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom (MM)
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12
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Kim MJ, Park M, Kim DW, Shin MJ, Son O, Jo HS, Yeo HJ, Cho SB, Park JH, Lee CH, Kim DS, Kwon OS, Kim J, Han KH, Park J, Eum WS, Choi SY. Transduced PEP-1-PON1 proteins regulate microglial activation and dopaminergic neuronal death in a Parkinson's disease model. Biomaterials 2015; 64:45-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Yin YG, Wang RZ, Ruan ZB, Zhu L. RETRACTED: Effect of phentolamine on myocardial extracellular matrix of cardiac remodeling in rats. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 7:645-649. [PMID: 25149379 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60108-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal).
This article has been retracted at the request of the journal Editorial Office.
The authors have plagiarized part of a paper that had already appeared in Chinese Journal of Arteriosclerosis 2014, 4, 362–366. article id: 1007–3949 (2014) 22-04-0362-05. One of the conditions of submission of a paper for publication is that authors declare explicitly that their work is original and has not appeared in a publication elsewhere. Re-use of any data should be appropriately cited. As such this article represents an abuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Gang Yin
- Cardiovascular Institute, People's Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou 235000, China
| | - Ru-Zhu Wang
- Cardiovascular Institute, People's Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou 235000, China
| | - Zhong-Bao Ruan
- Cardiovascular Institute, People's Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou 235000, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Cardiovascular Institute, People's Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou 235000, China.
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Lee JE, Lim MS, Park JH, Park CH, Koh HC. Nuclear NF-κB contributes to chlorpyrifos-induced apoptosis through p53 signaling in human neural precursor cells. Neurotoxicology 2014; 42:58-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Ouazia D, Levros LC, Rassart E, Desrosiers RR. Dopamine down-regulation of protein L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase is dependent on reactive oxygen species in SH-SY5Y cells. Neuroscience 2014; 267:263-76. [PMID: 24631677 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive neurological disorder that is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Dopamine, via the oxidative stress that it generates in the cytosol, could contribute to the selective loss of neurons observed in PD. Protein L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase (PIMT) is an enzyme that repairs L-isoaspartyl-containing proteins and possesses anti-apoptotic properties. PIMT expression has been shown to decrease with age. Together, these observations prompted us to investigate whether dopamine can regulate PIMT expression in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Here, we report that dopamine down-regulated PIMT at both gene and protein levels. The same inhibition of PIMT protein level was caused by the electron transport chain inhibitor, rotenone, which was accompanied, in both cases, by an increase in cell death and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In fact, pre-treatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine blocked PIMT dopamine-associated down-regulation. PCMT1 promoter mapping experiments allowed the identification of two regions that showed different sensitivity to DA action. A first region localized between 61 and 94bp upstream of transcription start site was very sensitive to dopamine inhibition while a second region between 41 and 61bp appeared more resistant to dopamine inhibitory effect. The inhibition of PCMT1 promoter activity was mediated by dopamine-induced ROS since it was prevented by the hydroxyl radical scavenger N,N'-dimethylthiourea. Conversely, H2O2 inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the transcriptional activity of PCMT1 promoter. Therefore, our findings identified new molecular mechanisms, cytosolic dopamine and its resulting ROS, as inhibitors of PIMT expression. This suggests that ROS generated from cytosolic dopamine could reduce both the PCMT1 gene promoter activity and the PIMT protein level thus decreasing its capacity to repair proteins involved in apoptosis and could contribute to neuronal cell death observed in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ouazia
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Département de chimie, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - L-C Levros
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Centre BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - E Rassart
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Centre BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - R R Desrosiers
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Département de chimie, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
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He X, Zhang L, Yao X, Hu J, Yu L, Jia H, An R, Liu Z, Xu Y. Association studies of MMP-9 in Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73777. [PMID: 24040066 PMCID: PMC3767588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) share several clinical and neuropathologic features, and studies suggest that several gene mutations and polymorphisms are involved in both conditions. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is implicated in the pathogenesis of PD and ALS, and the C(−1562)T polymorphism in the MMP-9 gene leads to higher promoter activity. We therefore investigated whether this polymorphism predisposes to both PD and sporadic ALS (sALS). Samples from 351 subjects with PD and 351 healthy controls from two major cities in China were compared, while samples from 226 subjects with sALS were compared to the same number of controls from three centers in China. A possible association between the C(−1562)T polymorphism in the MMP-9 gene and PD or sALS was assessed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Our results show a significant association between the C(−1562)T polymorphism in the MMP-9 gene and risk of PD (odds ratio = 2.268, 95% CI 1.506–3.416, p<0.001) as well as risk of sALS (odds ratio = 2.163, 95% CI 1.233–3.796, p = 0.006), supporting a role for MMP-9 polymorphism in the risk for PD and sALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghua He
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Ning Xia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Province, China
| | - Xiaoli Yao
- Department of Neurology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Sijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lihua Yu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hua Jia
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ran An
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhuolin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Sijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yanming Xu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Hoehna Y, Uckermann O, Luksch H, Stefovska V, Marzahn J, Theil M, Gorkiewicz T, Gawlak M, Wilczynski GM, Kaczmarek L, Ikonomidou C. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 regulates cell death following pilocarpine-induced seizures in the developing brain. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 48:339-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Increased cellular iron levels affect matrix metalloproteinase expression and phagocytosis in activated microglia. Neurosci Lett 2011; 500:36-40. [PMID: 21683124 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation of microglia could be beneficial and yet simultaneously harmful depending upon nature of pathological milieu. Regardless of disease-specific etiology, iron accumulation, particularly in activated microglia, is a notable feature associated with a series of neuropathologies, including Alzheimer's diseases. Although mounting evidence supports the role of iron in oxidative brain injury, knowledge on its regulatory role in neuroinflammation is still scarce. Here, we hypothesize that cellular iron status may be involved in determining the roles of activated microglia in neuroinflammatory processes. In this study, we examined effects of iron on expression of MMPs known to be involved in nervous system inflammation and degeneration using rat microglial cell line (HAPI). Stimulation experiments were performed using lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We demonstrated by RT-PCR that increased cellular iron levels enhanced the expression of MMP-9 in activated microglia, but had no effect on MMP-1. Studies using western blot and gelatin zymography analyses demonstrated that increased cellular iron levels in activated microglia enhanced the secretion of MMP-9 and MMP-1. Taken together, these results demonstrated regulatory roles of iron in the expression of MMPs by activated microglia at the transcription and translation levels. Using a colorimetric NBT reduction assay, we showed that increased cellular iron levels impaired zymosan phagocytic activity in activated microglia. Thus, these findings further our understanding toward the consequences of iron accumulation by activated microglia in neurodegeneration and suggest a possible link between iron metabolism in activated microglia and neuroinflammation.
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Inhibitory mechanism of MMP-9 gene expression by ethyl pyruvate in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. Neurosci Lett 2011; 493:38-43. [PMID: 21316417 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl pyruvate (EP) is a stable derivative of pyruvate and has been identified as a therapeutic agent for various inflammatory diseases. In the present study, we showed that EP and sodium pyruvate (SP) inhibited the production of TNF-α, nitric oxide (NO), or reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. The inhibitory effects of EP were more potent than SP. Because matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) plays a key role in neuroinflammation, as well as in neuronal cell death, we examined the effect of EP on MMP-9 expression. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses revealed that EP inhibits MMP-9 expression at mRNA and protein levels in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. In addition, EP suppressed MMP-9 secretion, as demonstrated by gelatin zymography analysis. In contrast, SP did not affect MMP-9 expression at an equivalent concentration of EP. Further mechanistic studies revealed that EP inhibits MMP-9 promoter activity by reducing the binding of NF-κB and AP-1 to its cognitive binding sites. In addition, EP suppressed LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK, and Akt, which are upstream signaling molecules in MMP-9 gene expression. Taken together, our data suggest that the inhibition of MMP-9 may be one of the factors contributing to anti-inflammatory activity of EP in LPS-stimulated microglia.
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