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Xia C, Zhou M, Dong X, Zhao Y, Jiang M, Zhu G, Zhang Z. Ginkgo biloba extract inhibits hippocampal neuronal injury caused by mitochondrial oxidative stress in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307735. [PMID: 39106233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extracts (GBE) have been shown to effectively improve cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). One potential therapeutic strategy for AD is to prevent loss of adult hippocampal neurons. While recent studies have reported that GBE protects against oxidative stress in neurons, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, an AD-like rat model was established via bidirectional injection of amyloid beta 25-35 (Aβ25-35; 20 μg) in the hippocampal CA1 region. Learning and memory abilities of experimental rats were AD assessed in response to oral administration of 7.5 g/L or 15 g/L Ginkgo biloba extract 50 (GBE50) solution and the peroxidation phenomenon of hippocampal mitochondria determined via analysis of mitochondrial H2O2 and several related enzymes. Levels of the oxidative stress-related signaling factor cytochrome C (Cyto C), apoptosis-related proteins (Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3) and caspase-activated DNase (CAD) were further detected via western blot. 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), the major product of DNA oxidative stress, was evaluated to analyze DNA status. Our results showed elevated H2O2 levels and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity, and conversely, a decrease in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the hippocampus of AD rats. Administration of GBE50 regulated the activities of these three enzymes and induced a decrease in H2O2. GBE50 exerted regulatory effects on abnormally expressed apoptotic proteins in the AD rat hippocampus, enhancing the expression of Bcl-2, inhibiting release of Cyto C from mitochondria, and suppressing the level of caspase-3 (excluding cleaved caspase-3). Furthermore, GBE50 inhibited DNA damage by lowering the generation of 8-OHdG rather than influencing expression of CAD. The collective findings support a protective role of GBE50 in hippocampal neurons of AD-like animals against mitochondrial oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyi Xia
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingmei Zhou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianwen Dong
- Department of Children Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meifang Jiang
- SPH XingLing Sci. & Tech. Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqin Zhu
- SPH XingLing Sci. & Tech. Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Lv W, Jiang X, Zhang Y. The role of platelets in the blood-brain barrier during brain pathology. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 17:1298314. [PMID: 38259501 PMCID: PMC10800710 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1298314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Platelets play critical roles in maintaining hemostasis. The blood brain barrier (BBB), a significant physical and metabolic barrier, helps maintain physiological stability by limiting transportations between the blood and neural tissues. When the brain undergoes inflammation, tumor, trauma, or bleeding, the platelet responses to help with maintaining BBB homeostasis. In the traditional point of view, activated platelets aggregate to form thrombi which cover the gaps of the blood vessels to protect BBB. However, increasing evidences indicate that platelets may harm BBB by enhancing vascular permeability. Hereby, we reviewed recently published articles with a special focus on the platelet-mediated damage of BBB. Factors released by platelets can induce BBB permeability, which involve platelet-activating factors (PAF), P-selectin, ADP, platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF) superfamily proteins, especially PDGF-AA and PDGF-CC, etc. Platelets can also secrete Amyloid-β (Aβ), which triggers neuroinflammation and downregulates the expression of tight junction molecules such as claudin-5 to damage BBB. Additionally, platelets can form aggregates with neutrophils to release reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can destroy the DNA, proteins, and lipids of endothelial cells (ECs). Moreover, platelets participate in neuroinflammation to affect BBB. Conversely, some of the platelet released factors such as PDGF-BB, protects BBB. In summary, platelets play dual roles in BBB integrity and the related mechanisms are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaofan Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yanyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
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Firdaus Z, Singh TD. An Insight in Pathophysiological Mechanism of Alzheimer's Disease and its Management Using Plant Natural Products. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:35-57. [PMID: 32744972 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666200730155928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-associated nervous system disorder and a leading cause of dementia worldwide. Clinically, it is described by cognitive impairment and pathophysiologically by deposition of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain and neurodegeneration. This article reviews the pathophysiology, course of neuronal degeneration, and the various possible hypothesis of AD progression. These hypotheses include amyloid cascade, tau hyperphosphorylation, cholinergic disruption, metal dysregulation, vascular dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. There is an exponential increase in the occurrence of AD in the recent few years that indicate an urgent need to develop some effective treatment. Currently, only 2 classes of drugs are available for AD treatment, namely acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and NMDA receptor antagonist. Since AD is a complex neurological disorder and these drugs use a single target approach, alternatives are needed due to limited effectiveness and unpleasant side-effects of these drugs. Currently, plants have been used for drug development research especially because of their multiple sites of action and fewer side effects. Uses of some herbs and phytoconstituents for the management of neuronal disorders like AD have been documented in this article. Phytochemical screening of these plants shows the presence of many beneficial constituents like flavonoids, triterpenes, alkaloids, sterols, polyphenols, and tannins. These compounds show a wide array of pharmacological activities, such as anti-amyloidogenic, anticholinesterase, and antioxidants. This article summarizes the present understanding of AD progression and gathers biochemical evidence from various works on natural products that can be useful in the management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeba Firdaus
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221005, India
| | - Tryambak Deo Singh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221005, India
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Ren C, Ji YQ, Liu H, Wang Z, Wang JH, Zhang CY, Guan LN, Yin PY. Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 on neural differentiation of stem cells offer new hope for neurological disease treatment. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1152-1157. [PMID: 30804240 PMCID: PMC6425836 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.251191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation has brought new hope for the treatment of neurological diseases. The key to stem cell therapy lies in inducing the specific differentiation of stem cells into nerve cells. Because the differentiation of stem cells in vitro and in vivo is affected by multiple factors, the final differentiation outcome is strongly associated with the microenvironment in which the stem cells are located. Accordingly, the optimal microenvironment for inducing stem cell differentiation is a hot topic. EGb761 is extracted from the leaves of the Ginkgo biloba tree. It is used worldwide and is becoming one of the focuses of stem cell research. Studies have shown that EGb761 can antagonize oxygen free radicals, stabilize cell membranes, promote neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, increase the level of brain-derived neurotrophic factors, and replicate the environment required during the differentiation of stem cells into nerve cells. This offers the possibility of using EGb761 to induce the differentiation of stem cells, facilitating stem cell transplantation. To provide a comprehensive reference for the future application of EGb761 in stem cell therapy, we reviewed studies investigating the influence of EGb761 on stem cells. These started with the composition and neuropharmacology of EGb761, and eventually led to the finding that EGb761 and some of its important components play important roles in the differentiation of stem cells and the protection of a beneficial microenvironment for stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ren
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Ji
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jia-Hui Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cai-Yi Zhang
- Department of Emergency and Rescue Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li-Na Guan
- Department of Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Pei-Yuan Yin
- Department of Blood Supply, Yantai Center Blood Station, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
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Protective Effect of Ginsenoside Rg1 on Oxidative Damage Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide in Chicken Splenic Lymphocytes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8465030. [PMID: 31178974 PMCID: PMC6501224 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8465030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous investigation showed that ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) extracted from Panax ginseng C.A. Mey has antioxidative effect on oxidative stress in chickens. The present study was designed to investigate the protective effects of Rg1 on chicken lymphocytes against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and the potential mechanisms. Cell viability, apoptotic cells, malondialdehyde, activity of superoxide dismutase, mitochondrial membrane potential, and [Ca2+]i concentration were measured, and transcriptome analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to investigate the effect of Rg1 on gene expression of the cells. The results showed that treatment of lymphocytes with H2O2 induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. However, pretreatment of the cells with Rg1 dramatically enhanced cell viability, reduced apoptotic cells, and decreased oxidative stress induced by H2O2. In addition, Rg1 reduced these H2O2-dependent decreases in mitochondrial membrane potential and reversed [Ca2+]i overload. Transcriptome analysis showed that 323 genes were downregulated and 105 genes were upregulated in Rg1-treated cells. The differentially expressed genes were involved in Toll-like receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. The present study indicated that Rg1 may act as an antioxidative agent to protect cell damage caused by oxidative stress via regulating expression of genes such as RELT, EDA2R, and TLR4.
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Kanubaddi KR, Yang SH, Wu LW, Lee CH, Weng CF. Nanoparticle-conjugated nutraceuticals exert prospectively palliative of amyloid aggregation. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:8473-8485. [PMID: 30587972 PMCID: PMC6294069 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s179484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), an age-related neurodegenerative disease, the most common causes of dementia is a multifactorial pathology categorized by a complex etiology. Numerous nutraceuticals have been clinically evaluated, but some of the trials failed. However, natural compounds have some limitations due to their poor bioavailability, ineffective capability to cross the blood-brain barrier, or less therapeutic effects on AD. To overcome these disadvantages, nanoparticle-conjugated natural products could promote the bioavailability and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of AD when compared with a naked drug. This application generates and implements new prospect for drug discovery in neurodegenerative diseases. In this article, we confer AD pathology, review natural products in clinical trials, and ascertain the importance of nanomedicine coupled with natural compounds for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Reddy Kanubaddi
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan,
| | - Shin-Han Yang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan,
| | - Li-Wei Wu
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan,
| | - Chia-Hung Lee
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan,
| | - Ching-Feng Weng
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan,
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Bader BM, Jügelt K, Schultz L, Schroeder OHU. Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) Leaf Extract Medications From Different Providers Exhibit Differential Functional Effects on Mouse Frontal Cortex Neuronal Networks. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:848. [PMID: 30123130 PMCID: PMC6085676 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Details of the extraction and purification procedure can have a profound impact on the composition of plant-derived extracts, and thus on their efficacy and safety. So far, studies with head-to-head comparison of the pharmacology of Ginkgo extracts rendered by different procedures have been rare. Objective: The objective of this study was to explore whether Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) leaf extract medications of various sources protect against amyloid beta toxicity on primary mouse cortex neurons growing on microelectrode arrays, and whether the effects differ between different Ginkgo extracts. Design: Our brain-on-chip platform integrates microelectrode array data recorded on neuronal tissue cultures from embryonic mouse cortex. Amyloid beta 42 (Aβ42) and various Ginkgo extract preparations were added to the networks in vitro before evaluation of electrophysiological parameters by multi-parametric analysis. A Multi-variate data analysis, called Effect Score, was designed to compare effects between different products. Results: The results show that Ginkgo extracts protected against Aβ42-induced electrophysiological alterations. Different Ginkgo extracts exhibited different effects. Of note, the reference Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) leaf medication Tebonin had the most pronounced rescuing effect. Conclusion: Here, we show for the first time a side-by-side analysis of a large number of Ginkgo medications in a relevant in vitro system modeling early functional effects induced by amyloid beta peptides on neuronal transmission and connectivity. Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) leaf extract from different manufactures exhibit differential functional effects in this neural network model. This in-depth analysis of functional phenotypes of neurons cultured on MEAs chips allows identifying optimal plant extract formulations protecting against toxin-induced functional effects in vitro.
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8
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Ranjan B, Chong KH, Zheng J. Composite mathematical modeling of calcium signaling behind neuronal cell death in Alzheimer's disease. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2018; 12:10. [PMID: 29671396 PMCID: PMC5907315 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-018-0529-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder, recognized as the most common cause of dementia affecting people aged 65 and above. AD is characterized by an increase in amyloid metabolism, and by the misfolding and deposition of β-amyloid oligomers in and around neurons in the brain. These processes remodel the calcium signaling mechanism in neurons, leading to cell death via apoptosis. Despite accumulating knowledge about the biological processes underlying AD, mathematical models to date are restricted to depicting only a small portion of the pathology. Results Here, we integrated multiple mathematical models to analyze and understand the relationship among amyloid depositions, calcium signaling and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) related cell apoptosis in AD. The model was used to simulate calcium dynamics in the absence and presence of AD. In the absence of AD, i.e. without β-amyloid deposition, mitochondrial and cytosolic calcium level remains in the low resting concentration. However, our in silico simulation of the presence of AD with the β-amyloid deposition, shows an increase in the entry of calcium ions into the cell and dysregulation of Ca 2+ channel receptors on the Endoplasmic Reticulum. This composite model enabled us to make simulation that is not possible to measure experimentally. Conclusions Our mathematical model depicting the mechanisms affecting calcium signaling in neurons can help understand AD at the systems level and has potential for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12918-018-0529-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby Ranjan
- Biomedical Informatics Lab, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ket Hing Chong
- Biomedical Informatics Lab, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jie Zheng
- Biomedical Informatics Lab, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore. .,Genome Institute of Singapore, Biopolis, Singapore, 138672, Singapore. .,Complexity Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637723, Singapore.
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9
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Kong Y, Li K, Fu T, Wan C, Zhang D, Song H, Zhang Y, Liu N, Gan Z, Yuan L. Quercetin ameliorates Aβ toxicity in Drosophila AD model by modulating cell cycle-related protein expression. Oncotarget 2018; 7:67716-67731. [PMID: 27626494 PMCID: PMC5356514 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder characterized by β amyloid (Aβ) deposition and neurofibril tangles. It has been reported that a bioflavonoid, quercetin, could ameliorate AD phenotypes in C. elegans and mice. However, the mechanism underlying the ameliorative effect of quercetin is not fully understood yet. Drosophila models could recapitulate AD-like phenotypes, such as shortened lifespan, impaired locomotive ability as well as defects in learning and memory. So in this study, we investigated the effects of quercetin on AD in Drosophila model and explored the underlying mechanisms. We found quercetin could effectively intervene in AD pathogenesis in vivo. Mechanism study showed quercetin could restore the expression of genes perturbed by Aβ accumulation, such as those involved in cell cycle and DNA replication. Cyclin B, an important cell cycle protein, was chosen to test whether it participated in the AD ameliorative effects of quercetin. We found that cyclin B RNAi in the brain could alleviate AD phenotypes. Taken together, the current study suggested that the neuroprotective effects of quercetin were mediated at least partially by targeting cell cycle-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Li
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tingting Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Wan
- State Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- State Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, China
| | - Hang Song
- State Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- State Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, China
| | - Na Liu
- State Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, China
| | - Zhenji Gan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liudi Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,State Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, China
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Mitochondrial FOXO3a is involved in amyloid β peptide-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2016; 48:189-96. [PMID: 26782277 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-016-9645-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of amyloid β peptide (Aβ)-induced neuronal toxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the precise mechanism(s) of Aβ-induced mitochondrial dysfunction has not been fully understood. There is evidence that Forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a) is normally present in neuronal mitochondria. Using HT22 murine hippocampal neuronal cells and primary hippocampal neurons, the present study investigated whether mitochondrial FOXO3a was involved in mitochondrial dysfunction induced by Aβ. It was found that Aβ induced dephosphorylation and mitochondrial translocation of FOXO3a. In addition, Aβ enhanced association of FOXO3a with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), causing a decrease in the expression of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) and the activity of COX. In addition, Aβ-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, indicated by the decrease in 3- (4,5-cimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) conversion, mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and COX activity, could be suppressed by knockdown of FOXO3a (FOXO3a-KD). These results provide new insights into the mechanism underlying Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and open up new therapeutic perspectives for AD.
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Hu XT, Ding C, Zhou N, Xu C. Quercetin protects gastric epithelial cell from oxidative damage in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 754:115-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Wang ZX, Tan L, Liu J, Yu JT. The Essential Role of Soluble Aβ Oligomers in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1905-1924. [PMID: 25833098 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). With the finding that soluble nonfibrillar Aβ levels actually correlate strongly with the severity of the disease, the initial focus on amyloid plaques shifted to the contemporary concept that AD memory failure is caused by soluble Aβ oligomers. The soluble Aβ are known to be more neurotoxicthan fibrillar Aβ species. In this paper, we summarize the essential role of soluble Aβ oligomers in AD and discuss therapeutic strategies that target soluble Aβ oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Jinyuan Liu
- Columbia College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China. .,Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Sirangelo I, Giovane A, Maritato R, Nunzia D, Iannuzzi C, Giordano A, Irace G, Balestrieri ML. Platelet-Activating Factor Mediates the Cytotoxicity Induced by W7FW14F Apomyoglobin Amyloid Aggregates in Neuroblastoma Cells. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:2116-22. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Sirangelo
- Department of Biochemistry; Biophysics and General Pathology; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - Alfonso Giovane
- Department of Biochemistry; Biophysics and General Pathology; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - Rosa Maritato
- Department of Biochemistry; Biophysics and General Pathology; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - D'Onofrio Nunzia
- Department of Biochemistry; Biophysics and General Pathology; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - Clara Iannuzzi
- Department of Biochemistry; Biophysics and General Pathology; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Research Institute; College of Science and Technology; Temple University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
- Department of Medicine; Surgery & Neuroscience; University of Siena; Siena Italy
| | - Gaetano Irace
- Department of Biochemistry; Biophysics and General Pathology; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Balestrieri
- Department of Biochemistry; Biophysics and General Pathology; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
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14
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Xu Y, Cao DH, Wu GM, Hou XY. Involvement of P38MAPK activation by NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors in amyloid-β peptide-induced neuronal loss in rat hippocampal CA1 and CA3 subfields. Neurosci Res 2014; 85:51-7. [PMID: 24929103 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Oligomeric amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) has been found to be associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Numerous studies have reported Aβ neurotoxicity, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be fully illuminated. In the present study, we investigated the Aβ-induced activation and regulation of P38MAPKs in rat hippocampus in vivo. The results showed that intracerebroventricular injection of oligomeric Aβ25-35 increased the activation (phosphorylation) of P38MAPKs, and the level of cleaved caspase-3, but decreased the number of neurons in rat hippocampal CA1 and CA3 subfields. Downregulation of P38MAPK activity by SB239063 protected against the Aβ neurotoxicity. Pretreatment with NMDA and non-NMDA receptor antagonists respectively suppressed P38MAPK activation induced by Aβ25-35 oligomers and presented neuroprotective effect. Taken together, these data suggest that P38MAPK activation via NMDA and non-NMDA receptors is a key signal cascade in Aβ-induced neuronal death. Inhibition of P38MAPK cascades may be a promising treatment in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical College, Jiangsu, China; Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical College, Jiangsu, China
| | - Da-Hong Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical College, Jiangsu, China; Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical College, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gui-Mei Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical College, Jiangsu, China; Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical College, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical College, Jiangsu, China; Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical College, Jiangsu, China.
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15
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Anand R, Gill KD, Mahdi AA. Therapeutics of Alzheimer's disease: Past, present and future. Neuropharmacology 2013; 76 Pt A:27-50. [PMID: 23891641 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide. The etiology is multifactorial, and pathophysiology of the disease is complex. Data indicate an exponential rise in the number of cases of AD, emphasizing the need for developing an effective treatment. AD also imposes tremendous emotional and financial burden to the patient's family and community. The disease has been studied over a century, but acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine are the only drugs currently approved for its management. These drugs provide symptomatic improvement alone but do less to modify the disease process. The extensive insight into the molecular and cellular pathomechanism in AD over the past few decades has provided us significant progress in the understanding of the disease. A number of novel strategies that seek to modify the disease process have been developed. The major developments in this direction are the amyloid and tau based therapeutics, which could hold the key to treatment of AD in the near future. Several putative drugs have been thoroughly investigated in preclinical studies, but many of them have failed to produce results in the clinical scenario; therefore it is only prudent that lessons be learnt from the past mistakes. The current rationales and targets evaluated for therapeutic benefit in AD are reviewed in this article. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'The Synaptic Basis of Neurodegenerative Disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Anand
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632002, Tamilnadu, India.
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16
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Shi C, Wu F, Zhu XC, Xu J. Incorporation of beta-sitosterol into the membrane increases resistance to oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation via estrogen receptor-mediated PI3K/GSK3beta signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:2538-44. [PMID: 23266618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain lipid peroxidation has long been considered a potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease (AD). beta-sitosterol (BS), a plant sterol that is prevalent in plant plasma membrane, has been suggested to have antioxidant activity. Previous studies have demonstrated that dietary BS can enter the brain and accumulates in the plasma membrane of brain cells. However, it is unknown whether and how BS exerts its antioxidant activity in plasma membrane. METHODS To incorporate BS into the plasma membrane in vitro, HT22 cells and primarily cultured hippocampal cells were supplemented with BS using 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPbetaCD) as a carrier. The present study then tested the antioxidant effect of membrane BS against glucose oxidase (GOX)-induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, and whether the antioxidant effect of membrane BS was associated with estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PL3K)/glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3beta) signaling. RESULTS Incorporation of BS into cell membrane prevented GOX-induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, which could be suppressed by the ER antagonists and PI3K inhibitor. Additional experiments showed that incorporation of BS into cell membrane induced an up-regulation of PI3K activity and a recruitment of PI3K to lipid rafts, which could be inhibited by the ER antagonist. Membrane BS also increased the expression of p-GSK3beta, which could be suppressed in the presence of the ER antagonist and PI3K inhibitor. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Given that BS is prevalent in foods such as plant oil, the results provide a better understanding of the beneficial effects of these BS-enriched nutrients on neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Shi
- Department of Anatomy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
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17
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De Caluwé J, Dupont G. The progression towards Alzheimer's disease described as a bistable switch arising from the positive loop between amyloids and Ca(2+). J Theor Biol 2013; 331:12-8. [PMID: 23614875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting millions of people. It is characterized by the slow deposition of cerebral amyloid-β peptides in the brain and by dysregulations in neuronal Ca(2+) homeostasis. Numerous experimental studies have revealed the existence of a feed-forward loop wherein amyloids-β disturb neuronal Ca(2+) levels, which in turn affect the production of amyloids. Here, we formalize this positive loop in a minimal, qualitative model and show that it exhibits bistability. Thus, a stable steady state characterized by low levels of Ca(2+) and amyloids, corresponding to a healthy situation, coexists with another 'pathological state' where the levels of both compounds are high. The onset of the disease corresponds to the switch from the lower steady state to the higher one induced by a large-enough perturbation in either the metabolism of amyloids or the homeostasis of intracellular Ca(2+). Numerical simulations of the model reproduce a variety of experimental observations about the disease, as its irreversible character, the threshold-like transition to a severe pathology after the slow accumulation of symptoms, the effect of presenilins, the so-called 'prion-like' autocatalytic behaviour of amyloids and the inherent random character of the apparition of the disease that is well known for the sporadic form. The model thus provides a conceptual framework that could be useful when developing therapeutic protocols to slow down the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle De Caluwé
- Unité de Chronobiologie Théorique, Université Libre de Bruxelles ULB, Faculté des Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Traditional Chinese medicine: a promising candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2013; 2:6. [PMID: 23445907 PMCID: PMC3599149 DOI: 10.1186/2047-9158-2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder, characterized clinically by insidious onset of memory and cognition impairment, emergence of psychiatric symptoms and behavioral disorder, and impairment of activities of daily living (ADL). Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is practiced in the Chinese health care system for more than 2,000 years. In recent years, scientists have isolated many novel compounds from herbs, some of which improve dementia with fewer side effects than conventional drugs and are regarded as potential anti-AD drugs. In this review, we summarize the latest research progress on TCM showing their possible role of treatment of AD and other demented diseases and possible pharmacological actions.
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19
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Sirangelo I, Irace G, Balestrieri ML. Amyloid toxicity and platelet-activating factor signaling. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1143-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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20
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Antihyperglycemic effect of Ginkgo biloba extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:162724. [PMID: 23509685 PMCID: PMC3591163 DOI: 10.1155/2013/162724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) has been reported to have a wide range of health benefits in traditional Chinese medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effects of GBE on streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetes in rats. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by the administration of STZ (60 mg/kg b.w.) intraperitoneally. GBE (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg b.w.) was administered orally once a day for a period of 30 days. Body weight and blood glucose levels were determined in different experimental days. Serum lipid profile and antioxidant enzymes in hepatic and pancreatic tissue were measured at the end of the experimental period. Significant decreases in body weight and antioxidant ability and increases in blood glucose, lipid profile, and lipid peroxidation were observed in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The administration of GBE and glibenclamide daily for 30 days in STZ-induced diabetic rats reversed the above parameters significantly. GBE possesses antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, and antihyperlipidemia activities in STZ-induced chronic diabetic rats, which promisingly support the use of GBE as a food supplement or an adjunct treatment for diabetics.
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21
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Alterations in Lipid Levels of Mitochondrial Membranes Induced by Amyloid-β: A Protective Role of Melatonin. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 2012:459806. [PMID: 22666620 PMCID: PMC3362052 DOI: 10.1155/2012/459806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer pathogenesis involves mitochondrial dysfunction, which is closely related to amyloid-β (Aβ) generation, abnormal tau phosphorylation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Alterations in membranal components, including cholesterol and fatty acids, their characteristics, disposition, and distribution along the membranes, have been studied as evidence of cell membrane alterations in AD brain. The majority of these studies have been focused on the cytoplasmic membrane; meanwhile the mitochondrial membranes have been less explored. In this work, we studied lipids and mitochondrial membranes in vivo, following intracerebral injection of fibrillar amyloid-β (Aβ). The purpose was to determine how Aβ may be responsible for beginning of a vicious cycle where oxidative stress and alterations in cholesterol, lipids and fatty acids, feed back on each other to cause mitochondrial dysfunction. We observed changes in mitochondrial membrane lipids, and fatty acids, following intracerebral injection of fibrillar Aβ in aged Wistar rats. Melatonin, a well-known antioxidant and neuroimmunomodulator indoleamine, reversed some of these alterations and protected mitochondrial membranes from obvious damage. Additionally, melatonin increased the levels of linolenic and n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid, in the same site where amyloid β was injected, favoring an endogenous anti-inflammatory pathway.
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22
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Mohanta TK, Occhipinti A, Atsbaha Zebelo S, Foti M, Fliegmann J, Bossi S, Maffei ME, Bertea CM. Ginkgo biloba responds to herbivory by activating early signaling and direct defenses. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32822. [PMID: 22448229 PMCID: PMC3308967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) is one of the most ancient living seed plants and is regarded as a living fossil. G. biloba has a broad spectrum of resistance or tolerance to many pathogens and herbivores because of the presence of toxic leaf compounds. Little is known about early and late events occurring in G. biloba upon herbivory. The aim of this study was to assess whether herbivory by the generalist Spodoptera littoralis was able to induce early signaling and direct defense in G. biloba by evaluating early and late responses. Methodology/Principal Findings Early and late responses in mechanically wounded leaves and in leaves damaged by S. littoralis included plasma transmembrane potential (Vm) variations, time-course changes in both cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) and H2O2 production, the regulation of genes correlated to terpenoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, the induction of direct defense compounds, and the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The results show that G. biloba responded to hebivory with a significant Vm depolarization which was associated to significant increases in both [Ca2+]cyt and H2O2. Several defense genes were regulated by herbivory, including those coding for ROS scavenging enzymes and the synthesis of terpenoids and flavonoids. Metabolomic analyses revealed the herbivore-induced production of several flavonoids and VOCs. Surprisingly, no significant induction by herbivory was found for two of the most characteristic G. biloba classes of bioactive compounds; ginkgolides and bilobalides. Conclusions/Significance By studying early and late responses of G. biloba to herbivory, we provided the first evidence that this “living fossil” plant responds to herbivory with the same defense mechanisms adopted by the most recent angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Kumar Mohanta
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Innovation Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Occhipinti
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Innovation Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Simon Atsbaha Zebelo
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Innovation Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Foti
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Innovation Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Judith Fliegmann
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Simone Bossi
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Innovation Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo E. Maffei
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Innovation Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Cinzia M. Bertea
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Innovation Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Bi BT, Lin HB, Cheng YF, Zhou H, Lin T, Zhang MZ, Li TJ, Xu JP. Promotion of β-amyloid production by C-reactive protein and its implications in the early pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2011; 60:257-66. [PMID: 22202667 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) and β-amyloid protein (Aβ) are involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the relationship between CRP and Aβ production is unclear. In vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to investigate the association of CRP with Aβ production. Using the rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12 cells) to mimic neurons, cytotoxicity was evaluated by cell viability and supernatant lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. The levels of amyloid precursor protein (APP), beta-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE-1), and presenilins (PS-1 and PS-2) were investigated using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis. Aβ1-42 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The relevance of CRP and Aβ as well as potential mechanisms were studied using APP/PS1 transgenic (Tg) mice. Treatment with 0.5-4.0 μM CRP for 48 h decreased cell viability and increased LDH leakage in PC12 cells. Incubation with CRP at a sub-toxic concentration of 0.2 μM increased the mRNA levels of APP, BACE-1, PS-1, and PS-2, as well as Aβ1-42 production. CRP inhibitor reversed the CRP-induced upregulations of the mRNA levels of APP, BACE-1, PS-1, and PS-2, and the protein levels of APP, BACE-1, PS-1, and Aβ1-42, but did not reversed Aβ1-42 cytotoxicity. The cerebral levels of CRP and Aβ1-42 in APP/PS1 Tg mice were positively correlated, accompanied with the elevated mRNA expressions of serum amyloid P component (SAP), complement component 1q (C1q), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). These results suggest that CRP cytotoxicity is associated with Aβ formation and Aβ-related markers expressions; CRP and Aβ were relevant in early-stage AD; CRP may be an important trigger in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Tian Bi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
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24
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Ma S, Liu H, Jiao H, Wang L, Chen L, Liang J, Zhao M, Zhang X. Neuroprotective effect of ginkgolide K on glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in PC 12 cells via inhibition of ROS generation and Ca(2+) influx. Neurotoxicology 2011; 33:59-69. [PMID: 22120026 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate is considered to be responsible for the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia disease. [Ca(2+)](i) influx and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production are considered to be involved in glutamate-induced apoptosis process. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of ginkgolide K in the glutamate-induced rat's adrenal pheochromocytoma cell line (PC 12 cells) and the possible mechanism. Glutamate cytotoxicity in PC 12 cells was accompanied by an increment of malondialdehyde (MDA) content and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, as well as Ca(2+) influx, bax/bcl-2 ratio, cytochrome c release, caspase-3 protein and ROS generation, and reduction of cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Moreover, treatment with glutamate alone resulted in decrease activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity. However, pretreatment with ginkgolide K significantly reduced MDA content, LDH release, as well as Ca(2+) influx, cytochrome c release, bax/bcl-2 ratio, caspase-3 protein and ROS production, and attenuated the decrease of cells viability and MMP. In addition, ginkgolide K remarkedly up-regulated SOD and GSH-PX activities. All these findings indicated that ginkgolide K protected PC12 cells against glutamate-induced apoptosis by inhibiting Ca(2+) influx and ROS production. Therefore, the present study supports the notion that ginkgolide K may be a promising neuroprotective agent for the treatment of cerebral ischemia disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Ma
- Pharmaceutical Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, PR China
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25
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Zhang Z, Peng D, Zhu H, Wang X. Experimental evidence of Ginkgo biloba extract EGB as a neuroprotective agent in ischemia stroke rats. Brain Res Bull 2011; 87:193-8. [PMID: 22100334 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
EGb761 is a standard extract of Ginkgo biloba, which is a kind of traditional Chinese herbs that has widely used in clinic treatment of stroke in China. However, its effects against ischemic stroke have not been evaluated comprehensively and its neuroprotective mechanism has not really been explored. In the present study, magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), neurological behavior and TTC staining were used to evaluate the therapeutic effect of EGb761 in rat ischemic models. Additionally, Western blot and immunohistochemistry were performed to measure the phosphorylations of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and Akt as well as the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in rat brains. The results showed that Ginkgo biloba extract injection significantly increased the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value and average diffusion coefficient (DCavg) value both in the peripheral zone and central zone, improved behavior scores, as well as enhanced the phosphorylations of AKT, CREB and the expression of BDNF in the brains. All these data demonstrate that EGb761 had significant therapeutic effects on ischemic stroke and it perhaps worked through activating the Akt-CREB-BDNF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanjun Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, No. 10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen, Beijing 100069, China
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26
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Mancuso C, Siciliano R, Barone E, Preziosi P. Natural substances and Alzheimer's disease: from preclinical studies to evidence based medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1822:616-24. [PMID: 21939756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 10 years, the potential therapeutic effects of nutraceuticals to prevent or delay Alzheimer's disease were proposed. Among dietary antioxidants curcumin, Ginkgo biloba and carnitines were extensively studied for their neuroprotective effects. The rationale for this alternative therapeutic approach was based on several preclinical studies which suggested the neuroprotective effects for curcumin, Ginkgo biloba and acetyl-l-carnitine due to either a free radical scavenging activity or the inhibition of pro-inflammatory pathways or the potentiation of the cell stress response. However, although these are interesting premises, clinical studies were not able to demonstrate significant beneficial effects of curcumin, Ginkgo biloba and acetyl-l-carnitine in improving cognitive functions in Alzheimer's disease patients. The aim of this review is to summarize the main pharmacologic features of curcumin, Ginkgo biloba and carnitines as well as to underlie the main outcomes reached by clinical studies designed to demonstrate the efficacy of these natural substances in Alzheimer's disease patients. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Antioxidants and Antioxidant Treatment in Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Mancuso
- Institute of Pharmacology, Catholic University School of Medicine, Largo Francesco Vito, 1-00168 Rome, Italy.
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Zhang Z, Peng D, Zhu H, Wang X. WITHDRAWN: Comprehensive evaluation of neuroprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGB against ischemic stroke. Brain Res Bull 2011:S0361-9230(11)00186-9. [PMID: 21723378 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanjun Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education,Beijing,China
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28
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Prolonged exposure of cortical neurons to oligomeric amyloid-β impairs NMDA receptor function via NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS production: protective effect of green tea (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. ASN Neuro 2011; 3:e00050. [PMID: 21434871 PMCID: PMC3035478 DOI: 10.1042/an20100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive production of Aβ (amyloid β-peptide) has been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD (Alzheimer's disease). Although not yet well understood, aggregation of Aβ is known to cause toxicity to neurons. Our recent study demonstrated the ability for oligomeric Aβ to stimulate the production of ROS (reactive oxygen species) in neurons through an NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate)-dependent pathway. However, whether prolonged exposure of neurons to aggregated Aβ is associated with impairment of NMDA receptor function has not been extensively investigated. In the present study, we show that prolonged exposure of primary cortical neurons to Aβ oligomers caused mitochondrial dysfunction, an attenuation of NMDA receptor-mediated Ca2+ influx and inhibition of NMDA-induced AA (arachidonic acid) release. Mitochondrial dysfunction and the decrease in NMDA receptor activity due to oligomeric Aβ are associated with an increase in ROS production. Gp91ds-tat, a specific peptide inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, and Mn(III)-tetrakis(4-benzoic acid)-porphyrin chloride, an ROS scavenger, effectively abrogated Aβ-induced ROS production. Furthermore, Aβ-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, impairment of NMDA Ca2+ influx and ROS production were prevented by pre-treatment of neurons with EGCG [(−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate], a major polyphenolic component of green tea. Taken together, these results support a role for NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS production in the cytotoxic effects of Aβ, and demonstrate the therapeutic potential of EGCG and other dietary polyphenols in delaying onset or retarding the progression of AD.
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29
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Zhao Z, Liu N, Huang J, Lu PH, Xu XM. Inhibition of cPLA2 activation by Ginkgo biloba extract protects spinal cord neurons from glutamate excitotoxicity and oxidative stress-induced cell death. J Neurochem 2011; 116:1057-65. [PMID: 21182525 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) has been shown to be neuroprotective; however, the mechanism by which EGb761 mediates neuroprotection remains unclear. We hypothesized that the neuroprotective effect of EGb761 is mediated by inhibition of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)), an enzyme that is known to play a key role in mediating secondary pathogenesis after acute spinal cord injury (SCI). To determine whether EGb761 neuroprotection involves the cPLA(2) pathway, we first investigated the effect of glutamate and hydrogen peroxide on cPLA(2) activation. Results showed that both insults induced an increase in the expression of phosphorylated cPLA(2) (p-cPLA(2)), a marker of cPLA(2) activation, and neuronal death in vitro. Such effects were significantly reversed by EGb761 administration. Additionally, EGb761 significantly decreased prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) release, a downstream metabolite of cPLA(2). Moreover, inhibition of cPLA(2) activity with arachidonyl trifluromethyl ketone improved neuroprotection against glutamate and hydrogen peroxide-induced neuronal death, and reversed Bcl-2/Bax ratio; notably, EGb761 produced greater effects than arachidonyl trifluromethyl ketone. Finally, we showed that the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathway is involved in EGb761's modulation of cPLA(2) phosphorylation. These results collectively suggest that the protective effect of EGb761 is mediated, at least in part, through inhibition of cPLA(2) activation, and that the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathway may play an important role in mediating the EGb761's effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Liu Q, Kou JP, Yu BY. Ginsenoside Rg1 protects against hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in PC12 cells via inhibiting NF-κB activation. Neurochem Int 2010; 58:119-25. [PMID: 21078355 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major cause in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and cerebral ischemia. Ginsenoside Rg1, a natural product extracted from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, has been reported to exert notable neuroprotective activities, which partly ascribed to its antioxidative activity. However, its molecular mechanism against oxidative stress induced by exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) remained unclear. In this study, we investigated its effect on H(2)O(2)-induced cell death and explored possible signaling pathway in PC12 cells. We proved that pretreatment with Rg1 at concentrations of 0.1-10 μM remarkably reduced the cytotoxicity induced by 400 μM of H(2)O(2) in PC12 cells by MTT and Hoechst and PI double staining assay. Of note, we demonstrated the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway induced by H(2)O(2) thoroughly in PC12 cells, and Rg1 suppressed phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB/p65, phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor protein of κB (IκB) as well as the phosphorylation of IκB-kinase complex (IKK) by western blotting or indirect immunofluorescence assay. Besides, Rg1 also inhibited the activation of Akt and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Furthermore, the protection of Rg1 on H(2)O(2)-injured PC12 cells was attenuated by pretreatment with two NF-κB pathway inhibitors (JSH-23 or BOT-64). In conclusion, our results suggest that Rg1 could rescue the cell injury by H(2)O(2) via down-regulation NF-κB signaling pathway as well as Akt and ERK1/2 activation, which put new evidence on the neuroprotective mechanism of Rg1 against the oxidative stress and the regulatory role of H(2)O(2) in NF-κB pathway in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
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