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Youness RA, Habashy DA, Khater N, Elsayed K, Dawoud A, Hakim S, Nafea H, Bourquin C, Abdel-Kader RM, Gad MZ. Role of Hydrogen Sulfide in Oncological and Non-Oncological Disorders and Its Regulation by Non-Coding RNAs: A Comprehensive Review. Noncoding RNA 2024; 10:7. [PMID: 38250807 PMCID: PMC10801522 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna10010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, myriad studies have defined the versatile abilities of gasotransmitters and their synthesizing enzymes to play a "Maestro" role in orchestrating several oncological and non-oncological circuits and, thus, nominated them as possible therapeutic targets. Although a significant amount of work has been conducted on the role of nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) and their inter-relationship in the field of oncology, research about hydrogen sulfide (H2S) remains in its infancy. Recently, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been reported to play a dominating role in the regulation of the endogenous machinery system of H2S in several pathological contexts. A growing list of microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are leading the way as upstream regulators for H2S biosynthesis in different mammalian cells during the development and progression of human diseases; therefore, their targeting can be of great therapeutic benefit. In the current review, the authors shed the light onto the biosynthetic pathways of H2S and their regulation by miRNAs and lncRNAs in various oncological and non-oncological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana A. Youness
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo (GUC), Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Biology and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Biotechnology, German International University (GIU), New Administrative Capital, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Danira Ashraf Habashy
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo (GUC), Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo (GUC), Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Nour Khater
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo (GUC), Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Kareem Elsayed
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo (GUC), Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Alyaa Dawoud
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo (GUC), Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Sousanna Hakim
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo (GUC), Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Heba Nafea
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo (GUC), Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Carole Bourquin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Reham M. Abdel-Kader
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo (GUC), Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Z. Gad
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo (GUC), Cairo 11835, Egypt
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Tripathi SJ, Chakraborty S, Miller E, Pieper AA, Paul BD. Hydrogen sulfide signalling in neurodegenerative diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2023:10.1111/bph.16170. [PMID: 37338307 PMCID: PMC10730776 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The gaseous neurotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) exerts neuroprotective efficacy in the brain via post-translational modification of cysteine residues by sulfhydration, also known as persulfidation. This process is comparable in biological impact to phosphorylation and mediates a variety of signalling events. Unlike conventional neurotransmitters, H2 S cannot be stored in vesicles due to its gaseous nature. Instead, it is either locally synthesized or released from endogenous stores. Sulfhydration affords both specific and general neuroprotective effects and is critically diminished in several neurodegenerative disorders. Conversely, some forms of neurodegenerative disease are linked to excessive cellular H2 S. Here, we review the signalling roles of H2 S across the spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Down syndrome, traumatic brain injury, the ataxias, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as neurodegeneration generally associated with ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Jamuna Tripathi
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Suwarna Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Emiko Miller
- Brain Health Medicines Center, Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew A Pieper
- Brain Health Medicines Center, Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Geriatric Psychiatry, GRECC, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center; Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- School of Medicine, Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Translational Therapeutics Core, Cleveland Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Bindu D Paul
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Paul BD, Pieper AA. Protective Roles of Hydrogen Sulfide in Alzheimer's Disease and Traumatic Brain Injury. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051095. [PMID: 37237961 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The gaseous signaling molecule hydrogen sulfide (H2S) critically modulates a plethora of physiological processes across evolutionary boundaries. These include responses to stress and other neuromodulatory effects that are typically dysregulated in aging, disease, and injury. H2S has a particularly prominent role in modulating neuronal health and survival under both normal and pathologic conditions. Although toxic and even fatal at very high concentrations, emerging evidence has also revealed a pronounced neuroprotective role for lower doses of endogenously generated or exogenously administered H2S. Unlike traditional neurotransmitters, H2S is a gas and, therefore, is unable to be stored in vesicles for targeted delivery. Instead, it exerts its physiologic effects through the persulfidation/sulfhydration of target proteins on reactive cysteine residues. Here, we review the latest discoveries on the neuroprotective roles of H2S in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and traumatic brain injury, which is one the greatest risk factors for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu D Paul
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andrew A Pieper
- Brain Health Medicines Center, Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Geriatric Psychiatry, GRECC, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Translational Therapeutics Core, Cleveland Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Vitek GE, Decourt B, Sabbagh MN. Lecanemab (BAN2401): an anti-beta-amyloid monoclonal antibody for the treatment of Alzheimer disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:89-94. [PMID: 36749830 PMCID: PMC10275297 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2178414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nearly a dozen monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against beta-amyloid (Aβ) have been developed for the treatment of Alzheimer disease (AD), and most of these mAbs are undergoing clinical trials. Newer mAbs have targeted more specific Aβ types. Lecanemab Eisai has a high affinity for large and soluble Aβ protofibrils. Data from phase 2 clinical trials have suggested the possibility of a robust efficacy signal and manageable risk of amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIAs). Lecanemab is currently being studied in phase 3 trials. AREAS COVERED This article briefly reviews mAbs that target Aβ in AD and discusses the biology, mechanism of action, and targets of lecanemab. EXPERT OPINION mAbs that target Aβ are an important focus of therapeutic development for AD, with several soon to be considered for US Food and Drug Administration approval. The experience of aducanumab informs the development of other mAbs, such as lecanemab. One consideration is the conformation of Aβ targets. Targeting monomeric species has not resulted in robust clinical efficacy, whereas targeting Aβ in the form of oligomers, protofibrils, and plaques has shown evidence of slowing clinical decline. Another consideration is that mAbs will require safety monitoring for ARIAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Vitek
- Creighton University School of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Boris Decourt
- Laboratory on Neurodegeneration and Translational Research, Roseman University of Health Sciences College of Medicine, Las Vegas, Nevada
| | - Marwan N Sabbagh
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona
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Xi Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Liu Q, Chen X, Liu X, Grune T, Shi L, Hou M, Liu Z. Effects of methionine intake on cognitive function in mild cognitive impairment patients and APP/PS1 Alzheimer's Disease model mice: Role of the cystathionine-β-synthase/H 2S pathway. Redox Biol 2022; 59:102595. [PMID: 36608589 PMCID: PMC9813720 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As a dietary intervention, methionine restriction (MR) has been reported to increase longevity and improve metabolism disorders. However, the effects of MR on alleviating neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are largely unexplored. Here we sought to investigate the neuroprotective effects of low methionine intake in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients and APP/PS1 AD model mice, and to uncover the underlying mechanisms. In a cohort composed of 45 individuals diagnosed with MCI and 61 healthy controls without cognitive impairment, methionine intake was found to be positively associated with the increased risk of MCI, where no sex differences were observed. We further conducted a 16-week MR intervention (0.17% methionine, w/w) on APP/PS1 AD model mice. Although MR reduced Aβ accumulation in the brain of both male and female APP/PS1 mice, MR improved cognitive function only in male mice, as assessed by the Morris water maze test. Consistently, MR restored synapse ultrastructure and alleviated mitochondrial dysfunction by enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis in the brain of male APP/PS1 mice. Importantly, MR effectively balanced the redox status and activated cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS)/H2S pathway in the brain of male APP/PS1 mice. Together, our study indicated that lower dietary methionine intake is associated with improved cognitive function, in which CBS/H2S pathway plays an essential role. MR could be a promising nutritional intervention for preventing AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Xi
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yiwen Zhou
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xuhui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Xuebo Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Tilman Grune
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Molecular Toxicology, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Lin Shi
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi, 710119, China.
| | - Min Hou
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Molecular Toxicology, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; Northwest A&F University, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzen, Guangdong, 518000, China.
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Aschner M, Skalny AV, Ke T, da Rocha JBT, Paoliello MMB, Santamaria A, Bornhorst J, Rongzhu L, Svistunov AA, Djordevic AB, Tinkov AA. Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2S) Signaling as a Protective Mechanism against Endogenous and Exogenous Neurotoxicants. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1908-1924. [PMID: 35236265 PMCID: PMC9886801 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220302101854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of the significant role of H2S in brain functioning, it is proposed that H2S may also possess protective effects against adverse effects of neurotoxicants. Therefore, the objective of the present review is to discuss the neuroprotective effects of H2S against toxicity of a wide spectrum of endogenous and exogenous agents involved in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases as etiological factors or key players in disease pathogenesis. Generally, the existing data demonstrate that H2S possesses neuroprotective effects upon exposure to endogenous (amyloid β, glucose, and advanced-glycation end-products, homocysteine, lipopolysaccharide, and ammonia) and exogenous (alcohol, formaldehyde, acrylonitrile, metals, 6-hydroxydopamine, as well as 1-methyl-4-phenyl- 1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and its metabolite 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridine ion (MPP)) neurotoxicants. On the one hand, neuroprotective effects are mediated by S-sulfhydration of key regulators of antioxidant (Sirt1, Nrf2) and inflammatory response (NF-κB), resulting in the modulation of the downstream signaling, such as SIRT1/TORC1/CREB/BDNF-TrkB, Nrf2/ARE/HO-1, or other pathways. On the other hand, H2S appears to possess a direct detoxicative effect by binding endogenous (ROS, AGEs, Aβ) and exogenous (MeHg) neurotoxicants, thus reducing their toxicity. Moreover, the alteration of H2S metabolism through the inhibition of H2S-synthetizing enzymes in the brain (CBS, 3-MST) may be considered a significant mechanism of neurotoxicity. Taken together, the existing data indicate that the modulation of cerebral H2S metabolism may be used as a neuroprotective strategy to counteract neurotoxicity of a wide spectrum of endogenous and exogenous neurotoxicants associated with neurodegeneration (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease), fetal alcohol syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy, environmental neurotoxicant exposure, etc. In this particular case, modulation of H2S-synthetizing enzymes or the use of H2S-releasing drugs should be considered as the potential tools, although the particular efficiency and safety of such interventions are to be addressed in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Aschner
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; E-mail
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Cirino G, Szabo C, Papapetropoulos A. Physiological roles of hydrogen sulfide in mammalian cells, tissues and organs. Physiol Rev 2022; 103:31-276. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
H2S belongs to the class of molecules known as gasotransmitters, which also includes nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). Three enzymes are recognized as endogenous sources of H2S in various cells and tissues: cystathionine g-lyase (CSE), cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST). The current article reviews the regulation of these enzymes as well as the pathways of their enzymatic and non-enzymatic degradation and elimination. The multiple interactions of H2S with other labile endogenous molecules (e.g. NO) and reactive oxygen species are also outlined. The various biological targets and signaling pathways are discussed, with special reference to H2S and oxidative posttranscriptional modification of proteins, the effect of H2S on channels and intracellular second messenger pathways, the regulation of gene transcription and translation and the regulation of cellular bioenergetics and metabolism. The pharmacological and molecular tools currently available to study H2S physiology are also reviewed, including their utility and limitations. In subsequent sections, the role of H2S in the regulation of various physiological and cellular functions is reviewed. The physiological role of H2S in various cell types and organ systems are overviewed. Finally, the role of H2S in the regulation of various organ functions is discussed as well as the characteristic bell-shaped biphasic effects of H2S. In addition, key pathophysiological aspects, debated areas, and future research and translational areas are identified A wide array of significant roles of H2S in the physiological regulation of all organ functions emerges from this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cirino
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Papapetropoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece & Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Greece
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Fehsel K, Christl J. Comorbidity of osteoporosis and Alzheimer's disease: Is `AKT `-ing on cellular glucose uptake the missing link? Ageing Res Rev 2022; 76:101592. [PMID: 35192961 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are both degenerative diseases. Osteoporosis often proceeds cognitive deficits, and multiple studies have revealed common triggers that lead to energy deficits in brain and bone. Risk factors for osteoporosis and AD, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, aging, chemotherapy, vitamin deficiency, alcohol abuse, and apolipoprotein Eε4 and/or Il-6 gene variants, reduce cellular glucose uptake, and protective factors, such as estrogen, insulin, exercise, mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, hydrogen sulfide, and most phytochemicals, increase uptake. Glucose uptake is a fine-tuned process that depends on an abundance of glucose transporters (Gluts) on the cell surface. Gluts are stored in vesicles under the plasma membrane, and protective factors cause these vesicles to fuse with the membrane, resulting in presentation of Gluts on the cell surface. This translocation depends mainly on AKT kinase signaling and can be affected by a range of factors. Reduced AKT kinase signaling results in intracellular glucose deprivation, which causes endoplasmic reticulum stress and iron depletion, leading to activation of HIF-1α, the transcription factor necessary for higher Glut expression. The link between diseases and aging is a topic of growing interest. Here, we show that diseases that affect the same biochemical pathways tend to co-occur, which may explain why osteoporosis and/or diabetes are often associated with AD.
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Metformin in Alzheimer’s disease: An overview of potential mechanisms, preclinical and clinical findings. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 197:114945. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Peng SY, Wu X, Lu T, Cui G, Chen G. Research progress of hydrogen sulfide in Alzheimer's disease from laboratory to hospital: a narrative review. Med Gas Res 2021; 10:125-129. [PMID: 33004710 PMCID: PMC8086622 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.296043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease that mainly occurs in old age and early stages. Its main manifestations are memory impairment, aphasia, apraxia, loss of identity, abstract thinking and impairment of computing power, personality and behavior changes, etc. At present, the treatment of Alzheimer's disease only stays on reducing the disease and delaying the development, which is also a difficult problem to overcome in clinical practice. Hydrogen sulfide, as a third gaseous signal molecule after carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide, has become very popular in recent years. It shows very promising prospects in the Alzheimer's disease model. It can protect the nerve function and prevent the progress of the disease by affecting the amyloid precursor protein metabolism, anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant pathways. Therefore, this article summarizes the relevant basic and clinical research of hydrogen sulfide in Alzheimer's disease, and discusses its progress and findings and mechanism characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Yang Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ting Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gang Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Petrovic D, Kouroussis E, Vignane T, Filipovic MR. The Role of Protein Persulfidation in Brain Aging and Neurodegeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:674135. [PMID: 34248604 PMCID: PMC8261153 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.674135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), originally considered a toxic gas, is now a recognized gasotransmitter. Numerous studies have revealed the role of H2S as a redox signaling molecule that controls important physiological/pathophysiological functions. The underlying mechanism postulated to serve as an explanation of these effects is protein persulfidation (P-SSH, also known as S-sulfhydration), an oxidative posttranslational modification of cysteine thiols. Protein persulfidation has remained understudied due to its instability and chemical reactivity similar to other cysteine modifications, making it very difficult to selectively label. Recent developments of persulfide labeling techniques have started unraveling the role of this modification in (patho)physiology. PSSH levels are important for the cellular defense against oxidative injury, albeit they decrease with aging, leaving proteins vulnerable to oxidative damage. Aging is one of the main risk factors for many neurodegenerative diseases. Persulfidation has been shown to be dysregulated in Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, Huntington's disease, and Spinocerebellar ataxia 3. This article reviews the latest discoveries that link protein persulfidation, aging and neurodegeneration, and provides future directions for this research field that could result in development of targeted drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunja Petrovic
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Emilia Kouroussis
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thibaut Vignane
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Milos R Filipovic
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Dortmund, Germany
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12
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Li X, Zhuang YY, Wu L, Xie M, Gu HF, Wang B, Tang XQ. Hydrogen Sulfide Ameliorates Cognitive Dysfunction in Formaldehyde-Exposed Rats: Involvement in the Upregulation of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor. Neuropsychobiology 2020; 79:119-130. [PMID: 31550727 DOI: 10.1159/000501294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether hydrogen sulfide (H2S) counteracts formaldehyde (FA)-induced cognitive defects and whether the underlying mechanism is involved in the upregulation of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression. METHODS The cognitive function of rats was evaluated by the Morris water maze (MWM) test and the novel object recognition test. The content of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the hippocampus were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampal CA1 region was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end (TUNEL) staining. The expression of the BDNF protein was detected by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We found that sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, a donor of H2S) significantly reversed the impairment in the function of learning and memory in the MWM test and the novel objective recognition task induced by intracerebroventricular injection of FA. We also showed that NaHS significantly reduced the level of MDA, elevated the level of SOD, and decreased the amount of TUNEL-positive neurons in the hippocampus of FA-exposed rats. Moreover, NaHS markedly increased the expression of hippocampal BDNF in FA-exposed rats. CONCLUSIONS H2S attenuates FA-induced dysfunction of cognition and the underlying mechanism is involved in the reduction of hippocampal oxidative damage and apoptosis as well as upregulation of hippocampal BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhuang
- Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Key Laboratory for Cognitive Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Key Laboratory for Cognitive Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ming Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hong-Feng Gu
- Key Laboratory for Cognitive Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China, .,Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China, .,Key Laboratory for Cognitive Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China,
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13
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Role of hydrogen sulfide in cognitive deficits: Evidences and mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 849:146-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Sun H, Qi L, Wang S, Li X, Li C. Hydrogen sulfide is expressed in the human and the rat cultured nucleus pulposus cells and suppresses apoptosis induced by hypoxia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192556. [PMID: 29466396 PMCID: PMC5821346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis plays pivotal role in the pathogenesis of degenerative disc diseases, which is the primary contributor to low back pain. Although the role of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in cell apoptosis is well appreciated, the effects and mechanism that H2S regulates the program death of intervertebral disc cell are not yet elucidated. In this study, we utilized the nucleus pulposus (NP) from patients with lumbar disc herniation to investigate the relationship between endogenous H2S and NP cells apoptosis in human. Furthermore, we analyzed primary rat NP cells to study the effects of exogenous H2S on hypoxia induced cell apoptosis. Human NP samples were obtained from patients with lumbar disc herniation and were divided into uncontained and contained herniation groups. Using immunohistochemistry staining and sulphur-sensitive electrode, we detected the expression of cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), as well as the production of endogenous H2S in human NP. Tunel staining showed increased apoptosis in NP from herniated disc; and there was significant correlation between H2S generation and apoptosis in human NP. CoCl2 was then used to induce hypoxia in cultured primary rat NP cells. Annexin V staining indicated that exogenous NaHS attenuated hypoxia induced apoptosis in rat NP cells. Furthermore, hypoxia significantly increased the levels of multiple apoptosis associated proteins (Fas, Cytochromes C, Caspase 9 and cleaved-Caspase-3) in cells, which were eliminated by NaHS. Our study demonstrates the presence of endogenous H2S in human intervertebral disc; and the endogenous H2S generation rate is associated with NP apoptosis in herniated disc. In vitro study showes exogenous H2S donor attenuates hypoxia induced apoptosis in primary rat NP cells. Thus, our work provides insights that H2S may have beneficial effects in treating degenerative disc diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolin Sun
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Longtao Qi
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shijun Wang
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuwen Li
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunde Li
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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15
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Filipovic MR, Zivanovic J, Alvarez B, Banerjee R. Chemical Biology of H 2S Signaling through Persulfidation. Chem Rev 2018; 118:1253-1337. [PMID: 29112440 PMCID: PMC6029264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 592] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by H2S is proposed to occur via persulfidation, a posttranslational modification of cysteine residues (RSH) to persulfides (RSSH). Persulfidation provides a framework for understanding the physiological and pharmacological effects of H2S. Due to the inherent instability of persulfides, their chemistry is understudied. In this review, we discuss the biologically relevant chemistry of H2S and the enzymatic routes for its production and oxidation. We cover the chemical biology of persulfides and the chemical probes for detecting them. We conclude by discussing the roles ascribed to protein persulfidation in cell signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos R. Filipovic
- Univeristy of Bordeaux, IBGC, UMR 5095, F-33077 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, IBGC, UMR 5095, F-33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jasmina Zivanovic
- Univeristy of Bordeaux, IBGC, UMR 5095, F-33077 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, IBGC, UMR 5095, F-33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Beatriz Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Universidad de la Republica, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ruma Banerjee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0600, United States
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16
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Hydrogen sulfide ameliorates cognitive dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: involving suppression in hippocampal endoplasmic reticulum stress. Oncotarget 2017; 8:64203-64216. [PMID: 28969063 PMCID: PMC5609995 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes induces impairment in cognitive function. There is substantial evidence that hippocampal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is involved in diabetic cognitive impairment. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) attenuates the learning and memory decline in experimental Alzheimer's disease and inhibits the hippocampal ER stress in homocysteine-exposed rats. Therefore, this aim of the present work was to investigate whether H2S ameliorates the diabetic cognitive dysfunction involving inhibition of hippocampal ER stress. In the present work, we found that stretozotocin (STZ, 40 mg/kg)-induced diabetic rats exhibited impairment in cognitive function, as judged by the novel objective recognition task (NOR) test, the Y-maze test and the Morris water maze (MWM) test. Notably, treatment of diabetic rats with sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, a donor of H2S, 30 or 100 μmol/kg/d, for 30 d) significantly reversed diabetes-induced impairment in cognitive function. We also found that STZ (40 mg/kg)-induced diabetic rats exhibited hippocampal ER stress, as evidenced by upregulations of glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and cleaved caspase-12 in the hippocampus. However, treatment with NaHS (30 or 100 μmol/kg/d, for 30 d) markedly suppressed the increases in GRP78, CHOP, and cleaved caspase-12 expressions in the hippocampus of diabetic rats. In addition, we noted that NaHS (30 or 100 μmol/kg/d, for 30 d) significantly enhanced the generation of hippocampal endogenous H2S in STZ-induced diabetic rats. These results suggest that H2S exhibits therapeutic potential for diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction, which is most likely related to its protective effects against hippocampal ER stress.
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Qiao P, Zhao F, Liu M, Gao D, Zhang H, Yan Y. Hydrogen sulfide inhibits mitochondrial fission in neuroblastoma N2a cells through the Drp1/ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:971-977. [PMID: 28560384 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been demonstrated to have various effects on mitochondrial function. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of H2S on mitochondrial fission and the potential underlying mechanisms of these effects. Transmission electron microscopy analysis demonstrated that sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, a donor of H2S) inhibited mitochondrial fission in a dose‑ and time‑dependent manner. Treating neuro‑2a (N2a) mouse neuroblastoma cells with 400 µM NaHS for 16 h significantly increased the % of elongated mitochondria and reduced the number of mitochondria per cell compared with untreated cells. In addition, the viability and ATP generation of N2a cells that were treated with various concentrations of NaHS was examined. The results demonstrated that treatment with 400 and 600 µM NaHS increased cell viability and ATP generation compared with untreated cells. To further understand the effects of H2S on mitochondrial morphology, the protein and mRNA expression levels of dynamin 1 like (Dnm1l, also known as Drp1) were examined, and the results demonstrated that NaHS dose‑dependently reduced Drp1 mRNA and protein levels, consistent with the mitochondrial morphology changes. To determine whether H2S affects mitochondrial morphology through Drp1 expression, Drp1 was overexpressed in N2a cells using a lentivirus encoding the Drp1 cDNA. It was observed that Drp1 overexpression reversed the effects of NaHS. Furthermore, NaHS promoted the phosphorylation of extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, and the effects of NaHS on Drp1 expression were abolished by an ERK1/2 inhibitor (PD98059). The results of the present study indicate that the H2S‑induced decrease in Drp1 mRNA and protein levels and mitochondrial fission may involve the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. The present study suggests that H2S may be used in the future as a potential therapeutic for diseases that may be mediated by abnormal mitochondria fragmentation, such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifeng Qiao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Fengli Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Mengjie Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Dan Gao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yong Yan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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Yang YJ, Zhao Y, Yu B, Xu GG, Wang W, Zhan JQ, Tang ZY, Wang T, Wei B. GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors contribute to the beneficial effects of hydrogen sulfide on cognitive and synaptic plasticity deficits in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Neuroscience 2016; 335:170-83. [PMID: 27581687 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of clinical dementia. Previous studies have demonstrated that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is implicated with the pathology of AD, and exogenous H2S attenuates spatial memory impairments in AD animal models. However, the molecular mechanism by which H2S improves cognition in AD has not been fully explored. Here, we report that chronic administration of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, a H2S donor) elevated hippocampal H2S levels and enhanced hippocampus-dependent contextual fear memory and novel object recognition in amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin-1 (PS1) transgenic mice. In parallel with these behavioral results, treating transgenic mice with NaHS reversed impaired hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), which is deemed as the neurobiological basis of learning and memory. At the molecular level, we found that treatment with NaHS did not affect the expression of the GluN1 and GluN2A subunits of NMDA receptor (NMDAR), but did prevent the downregulation of GluN2B subunit and restored its synaptic abundance, response and downstream signaling in the hippocampus in transgenic mice. Moreover, applying Ro 25-6981, a specific GluN2B antagonist, abolished the beneficial effects of NaHS on cognitive performance and hippocampal LTP in transgenic mice. Collectively, our results indicate that H2S can reverse cognitive and synaptic plasticity deficits in AD model mice by restoring surface GluN2B expression and the function of GluN2B-containing NMDARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Jian Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Jiangxi Mental Hospital/Affiliated Mental Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330029, PR China; Medical Experimental Center, Jiangxi Mental Hospital/Affiliated Mental Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330029, PR China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China
| | - Bin Yu
- Medical Experimental Center, Jiangxi Mental Hospital/Affiliated Mental Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330029, PR China
| | - Guo-Gang Xu
- Nanlou Respiratory Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Jin-Qiong Zhan
- Medical Experimental Center, Jiangxi Mental Hospital/Affiliated Mental Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330029, PR China
| | - Zhen-Yu Tang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medical Science, Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, PR China.
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of Psychiatry, Jiangxi Mental Hospital/Affiliated Mental Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330029, PR China.
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Cui W, Zhang Y, Yang C, Sun Y, Zhang M, Wang S. Hydrogen sulfide prevents Abeta-induced neuronal apoptosis by attenuating mitochondrial translocation of PTEN. Neuroscience 2016; 325:165-74. [PMID: 27026591 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal cell apoptosis is an important pathological change in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is known to be a novel gaseous signaling molecule and a cytoprotectant in many diseases including AD. However, the molecular mechanism of the antiapoptosis activity of H(2)S in AD is not yet fully understood. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the inhibitory effects of H(2)S on Abeta (Aβ)-induced apoptosis and the molecular mechanisms underlying primary neuron cells. Our results showed that sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), a donor of H(2)S, significantly ameliorated Aβ-induced cell apoptosis. NaHS also reversed the Aβ-induced translocation of the phosphatase and tensin homologs deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) from the cytosol to the mitochondria. Furthermore, H(2)S increased the level of p-AKT/AKT significantly. Interestingly, the antiapoptosis effects of H(2)S were blocked down by specific PI3K/AKT inhibitor wortmannin. In conclusion, these data indicate that H(2)S inhibits Aβ-induced neuronal apoptosis by attenuating mitochondrial translocation of PTEN and that activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway plays a critical role in H(2)S-mediated neuronal protection. Our findings provide a novel route into the molecular mechanisms of neuronal apoptosis in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigang Cui
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Department of Human Anatomy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
| | - Yinghua Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Department of Human Anatomy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Chenxi Yang
- Undergraduate Students of Basic Medicine School, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Yiyuan Sun
- Undergraduate Students of Basic Medicine School, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Undergraduate Students of Basic Medicine School, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Songtao Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Department of Human Anatomy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
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Hydrogen Sulfide Selectively Inhibits γ-Secretase Activity and Decreases Mitochondrial Aβ Production in Neurons from APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:1145-59. [PMID: 26708452 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1807-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is now considered to be a gasotransmitter and may be involved in the pathological process of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A majority of APP is associated with mitochondria and is a substrate for the mitochondrial γ-secretase. The mitochondria-associated APP metabolism where APP intracellular domains (AICD) and Aβ are generated locally and may contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction in AD. Here, we aimed to investigate the ability of H2S to mediate APP processing in mitochondria and assessed the possible mechanisms underlying H2S-mediated AD development. We treated neurons from APP/PS1 transgenic mice with a range of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) concentrations. NaHS attenuated APP processing and decreased Aβ production in mitochondria. Meanwhile, NaHS did not changed BACE-1 and ADAM10 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10) protein levels, but NaHS (30 μM) significantly increased the levels of presenilin 1(PS1), PEN-2, and NCT, as well as improved the γ-secretase activity, while NaHS (50 μM) exhibits the opposing effects. Furthermore, the intracellular ATP and the COX IV activity of APP/PS1 neurons were increased after 30 μM NaHS treatment, while the ROS level was decreased and the MMP was stabilized. The effect of NaHS differs from DAPT (a non-selective γ-secretase inhibitor), and it selectively inhibited γ-secretase in vitro, without interacting with Notch and modulating its cleavage. The results indicated that NaHS decreases Aβ accumulation in mitochondria by selectively inhibiting γ-secretase. Thus, we provide a mechanistic view of NaHS is a potential anti-AD drug candidate and it may decrease Aβ deposition in mitochondria by selectively inhibiting γ-secretase activity and therefore protecting the mitochondrial function during AD conditions.
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21
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Huang HJ, Chen SL, Hsieh-Li HM. Administration of NaHS Attenuates Footshock-Induced Pathologies and Emotional and Cognitive Dysfunction in Triple Transgenic Alzheimer's Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:312. [PMID: 26635562 PMCID: PMC4658416 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive cognitive decline and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Increasing evidence indicates that environmental risk factors in young adults may accelerate cognitive loss in AD and that Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) may represent an innovative treatment to slow the progression of AD. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of NaHS, an H2S donor, in a triple transgenic AD mouse model (3×Tg-AD) under footshock with situational reminders (SRs). Inescapable footshock with SRs induced anxiety and cognitive dysfunction as well as a decrease in the levels of plasma H2S and GSH and an increase in IL-6 levels in 3×Tg-AD mice. Under footshock with SR stimulus, amyloid deposition, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, and microgliosis were highly increased in the stress-responsive brain structures, including the hippocampus and amygdala, of the AD mice. Oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) levels were also increased, and the level of inactivated glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) (pSer9) was decreased in the hippocampi of AD mice subjected to footshock with SRs. Furthermore, the numbers of cholinergic neurons in the medial septum/diagonal band of Broca (MS/DB) and noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) were also decreased in the 3×Tg-AD mice under footshock with SRs. These biochemical hallmarks and pathological presentations were all alleviated by the semi-acute administration of NaHS in the AD mice. Together, these findings suggest that footshock with SRs induces the impairment of spatial cognition and emotion, which involve pathological changes in the peripheral and central systems, including the hippocampus, MS/DB, LC, and BLA, and that the administration of NaHS may be a candidate strategy to ameliorate the progression of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hei-Jen Huang
- Department of Nursing, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ling Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu Mei Hsieh-Li
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University Taipei, Taiwan
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Sayouri H, Boudier A, Vigneron C, Leroy P, Le Tacon S. [Hydrogen sulfide: A promising therapy in neuroprotection following cardiac arrest?]. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2015; 73:401-10. [PMID: 26033567 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Each year, in France, the number of cardiac arrests is evaluated between 30,000 to 50,000. When a patient survives, he undergoes a post-resuscitation syndrome which can aggravate the injuries and for which nowadays, no medication is available. In some kinds of cardiac arrest, a hypothermia protocol can be applied with a need for monitoring because of the appearance of side effects. In this context, hydrogen sulfide, which is a gasotransmitter with numerous physiological and pharmacological properties, may be interesting. Indeed, its use could protect against oxidative, inflammatory and apoptotic troubles induced by the post-resuscitation syndrome. The implied biochemical mechanisms are adenosine triphosphate potassium channels activation and cytochrome c oxidase inhibition. This molecule can also induce a suspended animation state characterized by a metabolism decrease, which could give a delay for physicians to start a therapeutic monitoring. Thus, in spite of a modest and sometimes contradictory literature, this compound could become the first neuroprotective molecule in cardiac arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sayouri
- EA 3452 CITHEFOR, faculté de pharmacie, université de Lorraine, 5, rue A.-Lebrun, BP 80403, 54001 Nancy cedex, France; Service de réanimation pédiatrique, hôpital d'enfants, centre hospitalo-universitaire de Nancy, rue du Morvan, 54511 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - A Boudier
- EA 3452 CITHEFOR, faculté de pharmacie, université de Lorraine, 5, rue A.-Lebrun, BP 80403, 54001 Nancy cedex, France.
| | - C Vigneron
- EA 3452 CITHEFOR, faculté de pharmacie, université de Lorraine, 5, rue A.-Lebrun, BP 80403, 54001 Nancy cedex, France
| | - P Leroy
- EA 3452 CITHEFOR, faculté de pharmacie, université de Lorraine, 5, rue A.-Lebrun, BP 80403, 54001 Nancy cedex, France
| | - S Le Tacon
- Service de réanimation pédiatrique, hôpital d'enfants, centre hospitalo-universitaire de Nancy, rue du Morvan, 54511 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Peers C, Boyle JP. Oxidative modulation of K+ channels in the central nervous system in neurodegenerative diseases and aging. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:505-21. [PMID: 25333910 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxidative stress and damage are well-established components of neurodegenerative diseases, contributing to neuronal death during disease progression. Here, we consider key K(+) channels as target proteins that can undergo oxidative modulation, describe what is understood about how this influences disease progression, and consider regulation of these channels by gasotransmitters as a means of cellular protection. RECENT ADVANCES Oxidative regulation of the delayed rectifier Kv2.1 and the Ca(2+)- and voltage-sensitive BK channel are established, but recent studies contest how their redox sensitivity contributes to altered excitability, progression of neurodegenerative diseases, and healthy aging. CRITICAL ISSUES Both Kv2.1 and BK channels have recently been established as target proteins for regulation by the gasotransmitters carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide. Establishing the molecular basis of such regulation, and exactly how this influences excitability and vulnerability to apoptotic cell death will determine whether such regulation can be exploited for therapeutic benefit. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Developing a more comprehensive picture of the oxidative modulation of K(+) channels (and, indeed, other ion channels) within the central nervous system in health and disease will enable us to better understand processes associated with healthy aging as well as distinct processes underlying progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Advances in the growing understanding of how gasotransmitters can regulate ion channels, including redox-sensitive K(+) channels, are a research priority for this field, and will establish their usefulness in design of future approaches for the treatment of such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Peers
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds , Leeds, United Kingdom
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Abstract
For more than 300 years, the toxicity of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been known to mankind. However, this point of view is changing as an increased interest was observed in H2S biology in the last two decades. The scientific community has succeeded to unravel many important physiological and pathological effects of H2S on mammalian body systems. Thus, H2S is now referred to as a third endogenous gaseous mediator along with nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. Acting as a neuromodulator, H2S facilitates long-term potentiation and regulates intracellular calcium levels, which are important processes in learning and memory. Aberrant endogenous production and metabolism of H2S are implicated in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Various H2S donors have shown beneficial therapeutic effects in neurodegenerative disease models by targeting hallmark pathological events (e.g., amyloid-β production in AD and neuroinflammation in PD). The results obtained from many in vivo studies clearly show that H2S not only prevents neuronal and synaptic deterioration but also improves deficits in memory, cognition, and learning. The anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects of H2S underlie its neuroprotective properties. In this chapter, we will overview the current understanding of H2S in context of neurodegenerative diseases, with special emphasis on its corrective effects on impaired learning, memory, and cognition.
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25
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Zhang X, Bian JS. Hydrogen sulfide: a neuromodulator and neuroprotectant in the central nervous system. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:876-83. [PMID: 25230373 DOI: 10.1021/cn500185g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) used to be known as a toxic gas. However, in the last two decades, accumulating evidence has revealed its role as a bioactive molecule in the biological systems. H2S has relatively high expression in the brain, exerting multiple functions in both health and diseases. It modulates neurotransmission by influencing behaviors of NMDA receptors and second messenger systems including intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and intracellular cAMP levels and so forth. H2S shows potential therapeutic value in several CNS diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, ischemic stroke, and traumatic brain injury. As a neuroprotectant, H2S produces antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects in pathological situations. Sulfhydration of target proteins is an important mechanism underlying these effects. This Review summarizes the current understanding of H2S in the central nervous system, with emphasis on its role as a neuromodulator and a neuroprotectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhou Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology,
Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
| | - Jin-Song Bian
- Department of Pharmacology,
Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
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26
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Wei HJ, Li X, Tang XQ. Therapeutic benefits of H₂S in Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Neurosci 2014; 21:1665-9. [PMID: 24882562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenously generated gaseous mediator, has been discovered to regulate a series of physiological and pathological processes in mammalian systems. In recent decades scientific interest has grown in the physiological and pathological implications of H2S, specifically its role in the central nervous system (CNS). H2S can work in the CNS as a neuromodulator to promote long-term potentiation and regulate intracellular calcium concentration and pH level in brain cells. H2S may protect the nervous system from oxidative stress, apoptosis, or degeneration. The aim of this review is to present the current understanding of H2S as a potential agent for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Dysregulation of H2S homeostasis is implicated in the pathological processes of AD. Substantial evidence from both in vivo and in vitro studies shows that H2S prevents neuronal impairment and attenuates cognitive dysfunction in the experimental model of AD. The mechanisms underlying the protective role of H2S in AD involve its antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects. We conclude that H2S has potential therapeutic value for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jun Wei
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, University of South China, 28 W Changsheng Road, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, PR China; Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xiao-Qing Tang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, University of South China, 28 W Changsheng Road, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, PR China; Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China.
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Nagpure BV, Bian JS. Hydrogen sulfide inhibits A2A adenosine receptor agonist induced β-amyloid production in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells via a cAMP dependent pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88508. [PMID: 24523906 PMCID: PMC3921165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of senile dementia in today's society. Its debilitating symptoms are manifested by disturbances in many important brain functions, which are influenced by adenosine. Hence, adenosinergic system is considered as a potential therapeutic target in AD treatment. In the present study, we found that sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, an H2S donor, 100 µM) attenuated HENECA (a selective A2A receptor agonist, 10-200 nM) induced β-amyloid (1-42) (Aβ42) production in SH-SY5Y cells. NaHS also interfered with HENECA-stimulated production and post-translational modification of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by inhibiting its maturation. Measurement of the C-terminal APP fragments generated from its enzymatic cleavage by β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) showed that NaHS did not have any significant effect on β-secretase activity. However, the direct measurements of HENECA-elevated γ-secretase activity and mRNA expressions of presenilins suggested that the suppression of Aβ42 production in NaHS pretreated cells was mediated by inhibiting γ-secretase. NaHS induced reductions were accompanied by similar decreases in intracellular cAMP levels and phosphorylation of cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB). NaHS significantly reduced the elevated cAMP and Aβ42 production caused by forskolin (an adenylyl cyclase, AC agonist) alone or forskolin in combination with IBMX (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor), but had no effect on those caused by IBMX alone. Moreover, pretreatment with NaHS significantly attenuated HENECA-elevated AC activity and mRNA expressions of various AC isoforms. These data suggest that NaHS may preferentially suppress AC activity when it was stimulated. In conclusion, H2S attenuated HENECA induced Aβ42 production in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells through inhibiting γ-secretase via a cAMP dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan Vijay Nagpure
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jin-Song Bian
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Hydrogen sulfide improves spatial memory impairment and decreases production of Aβ in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Neurochem Int 2014; 67:1-8. [PMID: 24412510 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is defined both by its progressive cognitive deterioration and hallmark increase in neuronal Aβ plaque formation. However, many of the underlying neurobiological facets of this disease are still being elucidated. Previous research has demonstrated that production of neuronal hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is significantly decreased in patients with AD. Moreover, systemic plasma H2S levels are negatively correlated with its severity. However, how a decrease in H2S production might be correlated with either the etiology or pathophysiology of AD remains unknown. To better understand the role of H2S in AD, we examined both levels of H2S and the expression and activity H2S-synthesizing enzyme (cystathionine beta synthase or CBS) in an APP/PS1 transgenic mouse line at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. After intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of an H2S donor (NaHS) into APP/PS1 mice, application of exogenous H2S resulted in improved spatial learning and memory acquisition in APP/PS1 mice. H2S administration also led to significant decrease in extracellular levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42, the expression of BACE1 and PS1, and a significant increase of ADAM17 expression. Similarly, an increase in non-amyloidogenic C83 fragment generation and a decrease in amyloidogenic C99 fragment generation were also observed. Thus, NaHS application resulted in a shift from the plaque-forming beta pathway to the non-plaque forming alpha pathway of APP cleavage in 6 and 12 month APP/PS1 mice. These results indicate the importance of H2S to AD severity and that administration of exogenous H2S can promote a non-amyloidogenic processing of APP.
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Hydrogen sulfide slows down progression of experimental Alzheimer's disease by targeting multiple pathophysiological mechanisms. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 104:82-91. [PMID: 23726868 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
It has been previously reported that brain hydrogen sulfide (H2S) synthesis is severely decreased in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, and plasma H2S levels are negatively correlated with the severity of AD. Here we extensively investigated whether treatment with a H2S donor and spa-waters rich in H2S induces neuroprotection and slows down progression of AD. Studies with sodium hydrosulfide (a H2S donor) and Tabiano's spa-water were carried out in three experimental models of AD. Short-term and long-term treatments with sodium hydrosulfide and/or Tabiano's spa-water significantly protected against impairment in learning and memory in rat models of AD induced by brain injection of β-amyloid1-40 (Aβ) or streptozotocin, and in an AD mouse model harboring human transgenes APPSwe, PS1M146V and tauP301L (3xTg-AD mice). The improvement in behavioral performance was associated with hippocampus was size of Aβ plaques and preservation of the morphological picture, as found in AD rats. Further, lowered concentration/phosphorylation levels of proteins thought to be the central events in AD pathophysiology, namely amyloid precursor protein, presenilin-1, Aβ1-42 and tau phosphorylated at Thr181, Ser396 and Ser202, were detected in 3xTg-AD mice treated with spa-water. The excitotoxicity-triggered oxidative and nitrosative stress was counteracted in 3xTg-AD mice, as indicated by the decreased levels of malondialdehyde and nitrites in the cerebral cortex. Hippocampus reduced activity of c-jun N-terminal kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinases and p38, which have an established role not only in phosphorylation of tau protein but also in inflammation and apoptosis, was also found. Consistently, decrease in tumor necrosis factor-α level, up-regulation of Bcl-2, and down-regulation of BAX and the downstream executioner caspase-3, also occurred in the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice after treatment with Tabiano's spa-water, thus suggesting that it is also able to modulate inflammation and apoptosis. Our findings indicate that appropriate treatments with H2S donors and Tabiano's spa-waters, and may be other spa-waters rich in H2S content, might represent an innovative approach to slow down AD progression in humans by targeting multiple pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE An abundance of experimental evidence suggests that hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) plays a prominent role in physiology and pathophysiology. Many targets exist for H(2)S therapy. The molecular targets of H(2)S include proteins, enzymes, transcription factors, and membrane ion channels. RECENT ADVANCES Novel H(2)S precursors are being synthesized and discovered that are capable of releasing H(2)S in a slow and sustained manner. This presents a novel and advantageous approach to H(2)S therapy for treatment of chronic conditions associated with a decline in endogenous H(2)S, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. CRITICAL ISSUES While H(2)S is cytoprotective at physiological concentrations, it is not universally cytoprotective, as it appears to have pro-apoptotic actions in cancer cells and is well known to be toxic at supraphysiological concentrations. Many of the pleiotropic effects of H(2)S on health are associated with the inhibition of inflammation and upregulation of prosurvival pathways. The powerful anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, immunomodulating, and trophic effects of H(2)S on the vast majority of normal cells seem to be mediated mainly by its actions as an extremely versatile direct and indirect antioxidant and free radical scavenger. While the overall effects of H(2)S on transformed (i.e., malignant) cells can be characterized as pro-oxidant and pro-apoptotic, they contrast sharply with the cytoprotective effects on most normal cells. FUTURE DIRECTIONS H(2)S has become a molecule of great interest, and several slow-releasing H(2)S prodrugs are currently under development. We believe that additional agents regulating H(2)S bioavailability will be developed during the next 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lee Predmore
- Department of Surgery-Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Ling S, Zhou J, Rudd JA, Hu Z, Fang M. The recent updates of therapeutic approaches against aβ for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 294:1307-18. [PMID: 21717585 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the main neuropathological lesions observed in brain autopsy of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients is the extracellular senile plaques mainly composed of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide. Recently, treatment strategies have focused on modifying the formation, clearance, and accumulation of this potentially neurotoxic peptide. β- and γ-secretase are responsible for the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the generation of Aβ peptide. Treatments targeting these two critical secretases may therefore reduce Aβ peptide levels and positive impact on AD. Vaccination is also an advanced approach against Aβ. This review focuses on recent advances of our understanding of this key peptide, with emphasis on Aβ peptide synthesis, accumulation and neurotoxicity, and current therapies including vaccination and two critical secretase inhibitors. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of conserved endogenous small noncoding RNAs, known to regulate the expression of complementary messenger RNAs, involved in AD development. We therefore address the relationship of miRNAs in the brain and Aβ generation, as a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of AD while also providing new insights on the etiology of this neurological disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shucai Ling
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Olson KR. The therapeutic potential of hydrogen sulfide: separating hype from hope. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R297-312. [PMID: 21543637 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00045.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has become the hot new signaling molecule that seemingly affects all organ systems and biological processes in which it has been investigated. It has also been shown to have both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory actions and proapoptotic and anti-apoptotic effects and has even been reported to induce a hypometabolic state (suspended animation) in a few vertebrates. The exuberance over potential clinical applications of natural and synthetic H(2)S-"donating" compounds is understandable and a number of these function-targeted drugs have been developed and show clinical promise. However, the concentration of H(2)S in tissues and blood, as well as the intrinsic factors that affect these levels, has not been resolved, and it is imperative to address these points to distinguish between the physiological, pharmacological, and toxicological effects of this molecule. This review will provide an overview of H(2)S metabolism, a summary of many of its reported "physiological" actions, and it will discuss the recent development of a number of H(2)S-donating drugs that show clinical potential. It will also examine some of the misconceptions of H(2)S chemistry that have appeared in the literature and attempt to realign the definition of "physiological" H(2)S concentrations upon which much of this exuberance has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Olson
- Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, South Bend, Indiana 46617, USA.
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