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Shang G, Shao Q, Lv K, Xu W, Ji J, Fan S, Kang X, Cheng F, Wang X, Wang Q. Hypercholesterolemia and the Increased Risk of Vascular Dementia: a Cholesterol Perspective. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2024; 26:435-449. [PMID: 38814418 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-024-01217-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most prevalent type of dementia after Alzheimer's disease.Hypercholesterolemia may increase the risk of dementia, but the association between cholesterol and cognitive function is very complex. From the perspective of peripheral and brain cholesterol, we review the relationship between hypercholesterolemia and increased risk of VaD and how the use of lipid-lowering therapies affects cognition. RECENT FINDINGS Epidemiologic studies show since 1980, non-HDL-C levels of individuals has increased rapidly in Asian countries.The study has suggested that vascular risk factors increase the risk of VaD, such as disordered lipid metabolism. Dyslipidemia has been found to interact with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion to promote inflammation resulting in cognitive dysfunction in the brain.Hypercholesterolemia may be a risk factor for VaD. Inflammation could potentially serve as a link between hypercholesterolemia and VaD. Additionally, the potential impact of lipid-lowering therapy on cognitive function is also worth considering. Finding strategies to prevent and treat VaD is critical given the aging of the population to lessen the load on society. Currently, controlling underlying vascular risk factors is considered one of the most effective methods of preventing VaD. Understanding the relationship between abnormal cholesterol levels and VaD, as well as discovering potential serum biomarkers, is important for the early prevention and treatment of VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojiao Shang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 East Beisanhuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Shao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 East Beisanhuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Lv
- Department of Geratology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.51 Xiaoguan Street, Andingmenwai, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxiu Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 East Beisanhuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ji
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 East Beisanhuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Shuning Fan
- Dongzhimen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.5 Haiyuncang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangdong Kang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 East Beisanhuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Fafeng Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 East Beisanhuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China.
| | - Xueqian Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 East Beisanhuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China.
| | - Qingguo Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 East Beisanhuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China.
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Long H, Zhu W, Wei L, Zhao J. Iron homeostasis imbalance and ferroptosis in brain diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e298. [PMID: 37377861 PMCID: PMC10292684 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain iron homeostasis is maintained through the normal function of blood-brain barrier and iron regulation at the systemic and cellular levels, which is fundamental to normal brain function. Excess iron can catalyze the generation of free radicals through Fenton reactions due to its dual redox state, thus causing oxidative stress. Numerous evidence has indicated brain diseases, especially stroke and neurodegenerative diseases, are closely related to the mechanism of iron homeostasis imbalance in the brain. For one thing, brain diseases promote brain iron accumulation. For another, iron accumulation amplifies damage to the nervous system and exacerbates patients' outcomes. In addition, iron accumulation triggers ferroptosis, a newly discovered iron-dependent type of programmed cell death, which is closely related to neurodegeneration and has received wide attention in recent years. In this context, we outline the mechanism of a normal brain iron metabolism and focus on the current mechanism of the iron homeostasis imbalance in stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Meanwhile, we also discuss the mechanism of ferroptosis and simultaneously enumerate the newly discovered drugs for iron chelators and ferroptosis inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haining Long
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyShanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Afliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School
of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Wangshu Zhu
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyShanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Afliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School
of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Liming Wei
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyShanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Afliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School
of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jungong Zhao
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyShanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Afliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School
of MedicineShanghaiChina
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Ji Y, Zheng K, Li S, Ren C, Shen Y, Tian L, Zhu H, Zhou Z, Jiang Y. Insight into the potential role of ferroptosis in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1005182. [PMID: 36385946 PMCID: PMC9647641 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1005182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a newly discovered way of programmed cell death, mainly caused by the accumulation of iron-dependent lipid peroxides in cells, which is morphologically, biochemically and genetically different from the previously reported apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. Studies have found that ferroptosis plays a key role in the occurrence and development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and vascular dementia, which suggest that ferroptosis may be involved in regulating the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. At present, on the underlying mechanism of ferroptosis in neurodegenerative diseases is still unclear, and relevant research is urgently needed to clarify the regulatory mechanism and provide the possibility for the development of agents targeting ferroptosis. This review focused on the regulatory mechanism of ferroptosis and its various effects in neurodegenerative diseases, in order to provide reference for the research on ferroptosis in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Ji
- The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Shiming Li
- The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Caili Ren
- The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Tian
- The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Haohao Zhu
- The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, China
- *Correspondence: Haohao Zhu
| | - Zhenhe Zhou
- The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, China
- Zhenhe Zhou
| | - Ying Jiang
- The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, China
- Ying Jiang
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Zhang Y, Lu X, Tai B, Li W, Li T. Ferroptosis and Its Multifaceted Roles in Cerebral Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:615372. [PMID: 34149358 PMCID: PMC8209298 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.615372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a unique regulated cell death defined by the intracellular iron overload and distinct biological features compared with other well-known programmed cell death. Ferroptosis can be triggered by many causes including decreased expression of glutathione (GSH), inhibition of the function of glutathione-dependent peroxidase 4 (GPX4), and system xc–, all of which finally lead to the over-accumulation of lipid peroxides in the cell. Ferroptosis has been reported to play an important role in the pathophysiological process of various cancers. In recent years, much evidence also proved that ferroptosis is involved in the progress of cerebral stroke. In this review, we summarized the characteristics of ferroptosis and the potential relationship between ferroptosis and ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, to provide new targets and ideas for the therapy of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfa Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunhua Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoyang Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Translational Neurosurgery and Neurobiology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bai Tai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunhua Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Weijia Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunhua Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunhua Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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Sigfridsson E, Marangoni M, Hardingham GE, Horsburgh K, Fowler JH. Deficiency of Nrf2 exacerbates white matter damage and microglia/macrophage levels in a mouse model of vascular cognitive impairment. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:367. [PMID: 33261626 PMCID: PMC7709339 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion causes damage to the brain's white matter underpinning vascular cognitive impairment. Inflammation and oxidative stress have been proposed as key pathophysiological mechanisms of which the transcription factor Nrf2 is a master regulator. We hypothesised that white matter pathology, microgliosis, blood-brain barrier breakdown and behavioural deficits induced by chronic hypoperfusion would be exacerbated in mice deficient in the transcription factor Nrf2. METHODS Mice deficient in Nrf2 (male heterozygote or homozygous for Nrf2 knockout) or wild-type littermates on a C57Bl6/J background underwent bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) to induce chronic cerebral hypoperfusion or sham surgery and survived for a further 6 weeks. White matter pathology was assessed with MAG immunohistochemistry as a marker of altered axon-glial integrity; alterations to astrocytes and microglia/macrophages were assessed with GFAP and Iba1 immunohistochemistry, and blood-brain barrier breakdown was assessed with IgG immunohistochemistry. Behavioural alterations were assessed using 8-arm radial arm maze, and alterations to Nrf2-related and inflammatory-related genes were assessed with qRT-PCR. RESULTS Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induced white matter pathology, elevated microglial/macrophage levels and blood-brain barrier breakdown in white matter tracts that were increased in Nrf2+/- mice and further exacerbated by the complete absence of Nrf2. Chronic hypoperfusion induced white matter astrogliosis and induced an impairment in behaviour assessed with radial arm maze; however, these measures were not affected by Nrf2 deficiency. Although Nrf2-related antioxidant gene expression was not altered by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, there was evidence for elevated pro-inflammatory related gene expression following chronic hypoperfusion that was not affected by Nrf2 deficiency. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that the absence of Nrf2 exacerbates white matter pathology and microgliosis following cerebral hypoperfusion but does not affect behavioural impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Sigfridsson
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
| | - Martina Marangoni
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
- Present address: Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giles E. Hardingham
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
- The UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen Horsburgh
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
| | - Jill H. Fowler
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
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She X, Lan B, Tian H, Tang B. Cross Talk Between Ferroptosis and Cerebral Ischemia. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:776. [PMID: 32848555 PMCID: PMC7423876 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, ferroptosis has been revealed as a new form of regulated cell death. Distinct from apoptosis and necrosis, ferroptosis is evoked by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, the metabolism of iron, lipids, and amino acids plays a significant regulatory role in ferroptosis, which can be reversed by glutathione peroxidase 4 and ferroptosis suppressor protein 1. Ferroptosis is implicated in the onset and development of numerous neurological diseases. Emerging studies have reported that ferroptosis induces and aggravates brain tissue damage following cerebral ischemia, whereas inhibition of ferroptosis dramatically attenuates induced damage. In this review, we have summarized the mechanistic relationship between ferroptosis and cerebral ischemia, including through iron overload, downregulation of glutathione peroxidase 4, and upregulation of lipid peroxidation. Although considerable attention has been paid to the effect of ferroptosis on cerebral ischemic injury, specific mechanisms need to be experimentally confirmed, including how cerebral ischemia induces ferroptosis and how ferroptosis deteriorates cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu She
- Department of Physiology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Lan
- Department of Physiology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Haomei Tian
- Department of Physiology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Biao Tang
- Department of Physiology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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Anti-Diabetic Countermeasures Against Tobacco Smoke-Dependent Cerebrovascular Toxicity: Use and Effect of Rosiglitazone. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174225. [PMID: 31470514 PMCID: PMC6747143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking (TS) is one of the most addictive habit sand a main public health hazards, impacting the vascular endothelium through oxidative stress (OS) stimuli, exposure to nicotine, and smoking-induced inflammation in a dose-dependent manner. Increasing evidence also suggested that TS increases glucose intolerance and the risk factor of developing type-2 diabetes mellitus (2DM), which, along with TS, is connected to blood–brain barrier (BBB) injuries, and heightens the risk of cerebrovascular disorders. Although the exact mechanism of rosiglitazone (RSG) is unknown, our previous in vitro work showed how RSG, an oral anti-diabetic drug belonging to the family of thiazolidinedione class, can protect BBB integrity through enhancement of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) activity. Herein, we have validated the protective role of rosiglitazone against TS-induced BBB impairment in vivo. Our results revealed that RSG as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), activates counteractive mechanisms primarily associated with the upregulation of Nrf2 and PPARγ pathways which reduce TS-dependent toxicity at the cerebrovascular level. In line with these findings, our results show that RSG reduces inflammation and protects BBB integrity. In conclusion, RSG offers a novel and promising therapeutic application to reduce TS-induced cerebrovascular dysfunction through activation of the PPARγ-dependent and/or PPARγ-independent Nrf2 pathway.
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Yan N, Zhang JJ. The Emerging Roles of Ferroptosis in Vascular Cognitive Impairment. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:811. [PMID: 31447633 PMCID: PMC6691122 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is a clinical syndrome that encompasses all forms of cognitive deficits caused by cerebrovascular disease, from mild cognitive impairment to dementia. Vascular dementia, the second most common type of dementia after Alzheimer’s disease (AD), accounts for approximately 20% of dementia patients. Ferroptosis is a recently defined iron-dependent form of cell death, which is distinct from apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, and other forms of cell death. Emerging evidence suggests that ferroptosis has significant implications in neurological diseases such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, and AD. Additionally, ferroptosis inhibition has an obvious neuroprotective effect and ameliorates cognitive impairment in various animal models. Here, we summarize the underlying mechanisms of ferroptosis and review the close relationship between ferroptosis and VCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Yan
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun-Jian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Sivandzade F, Bhalerao A, Cucullo L. Cerebrovascular and Neurological Disorders: Protective Role of NRF2. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143433. [PMID: 31336872 PMCID: PMC6678730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular defense mechanisms, intracellular signaling, and physiological functions are regulated by electrophiles and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent works strongly considered imbalanced ROS and electrophile overabundance as the leading cause of cellular and tissue damage, whereas oxidative stress (OS) plays a crucial role for the onset and progression of major cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative pathologies. These include Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington’s disease (HD), stroke, and aging. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (NRF2) is the major modulator of the xenobiotic-activated receptor (XAR) and is accountable for activating the antioxidative response elements (ARE)-pathway modulating the detoxification and antioxidative responses of the cells. NRF2 activity, however, is also implicated in carcinogenesis protection, stem cells regulation, anti-inflammation, anti-aging, and so forth. Herein, we briefly describe the NRF2–ARE pathway and provide a review analysis of its functioning and system integration as well as its role in major CNS disorders. We also discuss NRF2-based therapeutic approaches for the treatment of neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzane Sivandzade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Aditya Bhalerao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
- Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
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Sivandzade F, Cucullo L. Assessing the protective effect of rosiglitazone against electronic cigarette/tobacco smoke-induced blood-brain barrier impairment. BMC Neurosci 2019; 20:15. [PMID: 30947684 PMCID: PMC6449906 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-019-0497-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking (TS) and recently e-cigarettes (EC) vaping, have been associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction primarily relevant to oxidative stress, exposure to nicotine, and smoking-induced inflammation. It is accepted that both EC and TS enhance glucose intolerance and the risk of developing type-2 diabetes mellitus which is also one of the causes of blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage and the higher risk of cerebrovascular diseases. Recent studies have shown how Metformin, the first common antidiabetic drug, can protect the BBB integrity through enhancement of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) activity. Herein, we investigated the role of rosiglitazone (RSG; family of thiazolidinedione class used oral anti-diabetic drug) in TS/EC-induced BBB impairment. RESULTS Although the exact mechanism of RSG is not fully understood, previous studies have revealed that RSG can promote counteractive protective mechanisms primarily associated with the enhancement of Nrf2 activity through activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. In line with these findings, our results show an increased expression of PPARy by RSG, enhancement of Nrf2 activity and BBB protection against TS/EC exposure including reduced inflammation, oxidative stress, tight junction downregulation and loss of BBB integrity. CONCLUSIONS RSG could be considered as a promising therapeutic potential to prevent TS/EC induced cerebrovascular dysfunction and possibly other xenobiotic substances which may impact the BBB via oxidative stress-mediated effects. However, additional in vivo studies and clinical setting will be needed to validate our results and assess the full extent of RSG protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzane Sivandzade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX 79106 USA
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX 79106 USA
- Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106 USA
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Sigfridsson E, Marangoni M, Johnson JA, Hardingham GE, Fowler JH, Horsburgh K. Astrocyte-specific overexpression of Nrf2 protects against optic tract damage and behavioural alterations in a mouse model of cerebral hypoperfusion. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12552. [PMID: 30135571 PMCID: PMC6105641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30675-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse models have shown that cerebral hypoperfusion causes white matter disruption and memory impairment relevant to the study of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. The associated mechanisms include inflammation and oxidative stress are proposed to drive disruption of myelinated axons within hypoperfused white matter. The aim of this study was to determine if increased endogenous anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory signalling in astrocytes was protective in a model of mild cerebral hypoperfusion. Transgenically altered mice overexpressing the transcription factor Nrf2 (GFAP-Nrf2) and wild type littermates were subjected to bilateral carotid artery stenosis or sham surgery. Behavioural alterations were assessed using the radial arm maze and tissue was collected for pathology and transcriptome analysis six weeks post-surgery. GFAP-Nrf2 mice showed less pronounced behavioural impairments compared to wild types following hypoperfusion, paralleled by reduced optic tract white matter disruption and astrogliosis. There was no effect of hypoperfusion on anti-oxidant gene alterations albeit the levels were increased in GFAP-Nrf2 mice. Instead, pro-inflammatory gene expression was determined to be significantly upregulated in the optic tract of hypoperfused wild type mice but differentially affected in GFAP-Nrf2 mice. In particular, complement components (C4 and C1q) were increased in wild type hypoperfused mice but expressed at levels similar to controls in hypoperfused GFAP-Nrf2 mice. This study provides evidence that overexpression of Nrf2 in astrocytes exerts beneficial effects through repression of inflammation and supports the potential use of Nrf2-activators in the amelioration of cerebrovascular-related inflammation and white matter degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Sigfridsson
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Martina Marangoni
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Jeffrey A Johnson
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- The UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jill H Fowler
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Karen Horsburgh
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Du SQ, Wang XR, Xiao LY, Tu JF, Zhu W, He T, Liu CZ. Molecular Mechanisms of Vascular Dementia: What Can Be Learned from Animal Models of Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion? Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3670-3682. [PMID: 27206432 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9915-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VD) is defined as a progressive neurodegenerative disease of cognitive decline, attributable to cerebrovascular factors. Numerous studies have demonstrated that chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is associated with the initiation and progression of VD and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Suitable animal models were established to replicate such pathological condition in experimental research, which contributes largely to comprehending causal relationships between CCH and cognitive impairment. The most widely used experimental model of VD and CCH is permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion in rats. In CCH models, changes of learning and memory, cerebral blood flow (CBF), energy metabolism, and neuropathology initiated by ischemia were revealed. However, in order to achieve potential therapeutic targets, particular mechanisms in cognitive and neuropathological changes from CCH to dementia should be investigated. Recent studies have shown that hypoperfusion resulted in a chain of disruption of homeostatic interactions, including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter system dysfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction, disturbance of lipid metabolism, and alterations of growth factors. Evidence from experimental studies that elucidate the damaging effects of such imbalances suggests their critical roles in the pathogenesis of VD. The present review provides a summary of the achievements in mechanisms made with the CCH models, permits an understanding of the causative role played by CCH in VD, and highlights preventative and therapeutic prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Qi Du
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Xue-Rui Wang
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Ling-Yong Xiao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jian-Feng Tu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wen Zhu
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Tian He
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Cun-Zhi Liu
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100010, China.
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Luo G, Feng Y, Zhang J, Mu Q, Shi Y, Qin L, Zheng L, Berggren-Söderlund M, Nilsson-Ehle P, Zhang X, Xu N. Rosiglitazone enhances apolipoprotein M (Apom) expression in rat's liver. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:1015-21. [PMID: 25136257 PMCID: PMC4135224 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.8330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein M (APOM) has been suggested as a vasculoprotective constituent of high density lipoprotein (HDL), which plays a crucial role behind the mechanism of HDL-mediated anti-atherosclerosis. Previous studies demonstrated that insulin resistance could associate with decreased APOM expressions. In agreement with our previous reports, here, we further confirmed that the insulin sensitivity was also reduced in rats treated with high concentrations of glucose; such effect could be reversed by administration of rosiglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ). The present study shows that Apom expression is significantly affected by either rosiglitazone or hyperglycemia alone without cross interaction with each other, which indicates that the pathway of Apom expression regulating by hyperglycemia might be differed from that by rosiglitazone. Further study indicated that hyperglycemia could significantly inhibit mRNA levels of Lxrb (P=0.0002), small heterodimer partner 1 (Shp1) (P<0.0001), liver receptor homologue-1 (Lrh1) (P=0.0012), ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 (Abca1) (P=0.0012) and Pparb/d (P=0.0043). Two-way ANOVA analysis demonstrated that the interactions between rosiglitazone and infusion of 25% glucose solution on Shp1 (P=0.0054) and Abca1 (4E, P=0.0004) mRNA expression was statistically significant. It is concluded that rosiglitazone could increase Apom expression, of which the detailed mechanism needs to be further investigated. The downregulation of Apom by hyperglycemia might be mainly through decreasing expression of Pparg and followed by inhibiting Lxrb in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Luo
- 1. Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, P.R. China
| | - Yuehua Feng
- 1. Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- 1. Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, P.R. China
| | - Qinfeng Mu
- 1. Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, P.R. China
| | - Yuanping Shi
- 1. Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, P.R. China
| | - Li Qin
- 1. Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, P.R. China
| | - Lu Zheng
- 1. Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, P.R. China
| | - Maria Berggren-Söderlund
- 3. Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lunds University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Nilsson-Ehle
- 3. Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lunds University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- 2. Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, P.R. China
| | - Ning Xu
- 3. Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lunds University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden
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14
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Gupta S, Sharma B. Pharmacological modulation of I1-imidazoline and α2-adrenoceptors in sub acute brain ischemia induced vascular dementia. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 723:80-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Xi Y, Wang M, Zhang W, Bai M, Du Y, Zhang Z, Li Z, Miao J. Neuronal damage, central cholinergic dysfunction and oxidative damage correlate with cognitive deficits in rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 109:7-19. [PMID: 24315928 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion has been identified to be a risk factor for cognitive decline in aging, vascular dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. Substantial evidence has shown that chronic cerebral hypoperfusion may cause cognitive impairment, but the underlying neurobiological mechanism is poorly understood so far. In this study, we used a rat model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion by permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) to investigate the alterations of neuronal damage, glial activation oxidative stress and central cholinergic dysfunction, and their causal relationship with the cognitive deficits induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. We found that BCCAO rats exhibited spatial learning and memory impairments and working memory dysfunction 12 weeks after BCCAO compared with sham-operated rats, simultaneously accompanied by significantly increased neuronal damage and glial cell activation in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Twelve weeks of BCCAO treatment in rats resulted in central cholinergic dysfunction and increased oxidative damage compared with sham-operated rats. Correlational analyses revealed that spatial learning and memory impairments and working memory dysfunction were significantly correlated with the measures of neuronal damage, central cholinergic dysfunction and oxidative damage in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats with BCCAO. Moreover, the measures of neuronal damage and central cholinergic dysfunction were significantly correlated with the indexes of oxidative damage in rats with BCCAO. Collectively, this study provides novel evidence that neuronal damage and central cholinergic dysfunction is likely due to increased oxidative stress under the condition of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Furthermore, the results of the present study suggest that neuronal damage, central cholinergic dysfunction and oxidative damage in the brain following the reduction of cerebral blood flow could be involved in cognitive deficits induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xi
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province 710038, China
| | - Man Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province 710038, China; Institute of Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province 710038, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province 710038, China
| | - Miao Bai
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province 710038, China; Institute of Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province 710038, China
| | - Ying Du
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province 710038, China; Institute of Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province 710038, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province 710038, China
| | - Zhuyi Li
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province 710038, China; Institute of Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province 710038, China.
| | - Jianting Miao
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province 710038, China.
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