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Lei X, Xie XN, Yang JX, Li YM. The emerging role of extracellular vesicles in the diagnosis and treatment of autism spectrum disorders. Psychiatry Res 2024; 337:115954. [PMID: 38744180 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by restricted, repetitive behavioral patterns and deficits in social interactions. The prevalence of ASD has continued to rise in recent years. However, the etiology and pathophysiology of ASD remain largely unknown. Currently, the diagnosis of ASD relies on behavior measures, and there is a lack of reliable and objective biomarkers. In addition, there are still no effective pharmacologic therapies for the core symptoms of ASD. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer nanovesicles secreted by almost all types of cells. EVs play a vital role in cell-cell communications and are known to bear various biological functions. Emerging evidence demonstrated that EVs are involved in many physiological and pathological processes throughout the body and the content in EVs can reflect the status of the originating cells. EVs have demonstrated the potential of broad applications for the diagnosis and treatment of various brain diseases, suggesting that EVs may have also played a role in the pathological process of ASD. Besides, EVs can be utilized as therapeutic agents for their endogenous substances and biological functions. Additionally, EVs can serve as drug delivery tools as nano-sized vesicles with inherent targeting ability. Here, we discuss the potential of EVs to be considered as promising diagnostic biomarkers and their potential therapeutic applications for ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Lei
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China; School of Public Health, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Xue-Ni Xie
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Jia-Xin Yang
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Ya-Min Li
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China.
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2
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Boyer E, Deltenre L, Dourte M, Colmant L, Paître E, Sleegers K, Suelves N, Hanseeuw B, Kienlen-Campard P. Comparison of plasma soluble and extracellular vesicles-associated biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease patients and cognitively normal individuals. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:141. [PMID: 38943196 PMCID: PMC11212434 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01508-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau are brain hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), also present in blood as soluble biomarkers or encapsulated in extracellular vesicles (EVs). Our goal was to assess how soluble plasma biomarkers of AD pathology correlate with the number and content of EVs. METHODS Single-molecule enzyme-linked assays were used to quantify Aβ42/40 and tau in plasma samples and neurally-derived EVs (NDEVs) from a cohort of APOE ε4- (n = 168) and APOE ε4+ (n = 68) cognitively normal individuals and AD patients (n = 55). The ratio of CD56 (Neuronal cell-adhesion molecule) to CD81 signal measured by ELISA-DELFIA was used for the relative quantification of NDEVs in plasma samples. RESULTS The soluble plasma Aβ42/40 ratio is decreased in AD patients compared to cognitively normal individuals. The amount and content (Aβ40, Aβ42, tau) of plasma NDEVs were similar between groups. Plasma NDEVs quantity remain consistent with aging and between AD and CN individuals. However, the quantity of soluble biomarkers was negatively correlated to NDEVs number in cognitively normal individuals, while in AD patients, this correlation is lost, suggesting a shift in the mechanism underpinning the production and the release of these biomarkers in pathological conditions. CONCLUSION Soluble plasma Aβ42/40 ratio is the most robust biomarker to discriminate between AD patients and CN individuals, as it normalizes for the number of NDEVs. Analysis of NDEVs and their content pointed toward peculiar mechanisms of Aβ release in AD. Further research on independent cohorts can confirm our findings and assess whether plasma Aβ and tau need correction by NDEVs for better AD risk identification in CN populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilien Boyer
- Aging and Dementia group, Cellular and Molecular Division (CEMO), Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
- Louvain Aging Lab, Institute of Neurosciences, UCLouvain, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
- Neurology Department, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Louise Deltenre
- Aging and Dementia group, Cellular and Molecular Division (CEMO), Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Marion Dourte
- Aging and Dementia group, Cellular and Molecular Division (CEMO), Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Lise Colmant
- Louvain Aging Lab, Institute of Neurosciences, UCLouvain, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
- Neurology Department, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Esther Paître
- Aging and Dementia group, Cellular and Molecular Division (CEMO), Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Kristel Sleegers
- Complex Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Group, VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium
- Departement of Biomedical Sciences, VIB-UAntwerp, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium
| | - Nuria Suelves
- Aging and Dementia group, Cellular and Molecular Division (CEMO), Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Bernard Hanseeuw
- Louvain Aging Lab, Institute of Neurosciences, UCLouvain, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
- Neurology Department, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
- WELBIO department, WEL Research Institute, avenue Pasteur, 6, Wavre, 1300, Belgium
| | - Pascal Kienlen-Campard
- Aging and Dementia group, Cellular and Molecular Division (CEMO), Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Brussels, 1200, Belgium.
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Sun M, Chen Z. Unveiling the Complex Role of Exosomes in Alzheimer's Disease. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:3921-3948. [PMID: 38911990 PMCID: PMC11193473 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s466821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative illness, characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline, accounting for 60-80% of dementia cases. AD is characterized by senile plaques made up of amyloid β (Aβ) protein, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles caused by hyperphosphorylation of tau protein linked with microtubules, and neuronal loss. Currently, therapeutic treatments and nanotechnological developments are effective in treating the symptoms of AD, but a cure for the illness has not yet been found. Recently, the increased study of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has led to a growing awareness of their significant involvement in neurodegenerative disorders, including AD. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that transport various components including messenger RNAs, non-coding RNAs, proteins, lipids, DNA, and other bioactive compounds from one cell to another, facilitating information transmission and material movement. There is growing evidence indicating that exosomes have complex functions in AD. Exosomes may have a dual role in Alzheimer's disease by contributing to neuronal death and also helping to alleviate the pathological progression of the disease. Therefore, the primary aim of this review is to outline the updated understandings on exosomes biogenesis and many functions of exosomes in the generation, conveyance, distribution, and elimination of hazardous proteins related to Alzheimer's disease. This review is intended to provide novel insights for understanding the development, specific treatment, and early detection of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuoyou Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, People’s Republic of China
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Singh S, Paul D, Nath V, A R. Exosomes: current knowledge and future perspectives. Tissue Barriers 2024; 12:2232248. [PMID: 37439246 PMCID: PMC11042064 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2023.2232248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-bound micro-vesicles that possess endless therapeutic potential for treatment of numerous pathologies including autoimmune, cardiovascular, ocular, and nervous disorders. Despite considerable knowledge about exosome biogenesis and secretion, still, there is a lack of information regarding exosome uptake by cell types and internal signaling pathways through which these exosomes process cellular response. Exosomes are key components of cell signaling and intercellular communication. In central nervous system (CNS), exosomes can penetrate BBB and maintain homeostasis by myelin sheath regulation and the waste products elimination. Therefore, the current review summarizes role of exosomes and their use as biomarkers in cardiovascular, nervous and ocular disorders. This aspect of exosomes provides positive hope to monitor disease development and enable early diagnosis and treatment optimization. In this review, we have summarized recent findings on physiological and therapeutic effects of exosomes and also attempt to provide insights about stress-preconditioned exosomes and stem cell-derived exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Singh
- College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Technical Sciences, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepraj Paul
- College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Technical Sciences, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Virendra Nath
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Rohini A
- College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Technical Sciences, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Coughlan C, Lindenberger J, Jacot JG, Johnson NR, Anton P, Bevers S, Welty R, Graner MW, Potter H. Specific Binding of Alzheimer's Aβ Peptides to Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3703. [PMID: 38612514 PMCID: PMC11011551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the fifth leading cause of death among adults aged 65 and older, yet the onset and progression of the disease is poorly understood. What is known is that the presence of amyloid, particularly polymerized Aβ42, defines when people are on the AD continuum. Interestingly, as AD progresses, less Aβ42 is detectable in the plasma, a phenomenon thought to result from Aβ becoming more aggregated in the brain and less Aβ42 and Aβ40 being transported from the brain to the plasma via the CSF. We propose that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role in this transport. EVs are found in bodily fluids such as blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid and carry diverse "cargos" of bioactive molecules (e.g., proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, metabolites) that dynamically reflect changes in the cells from which they are secreted. While Aβ42 and Aβ40 have been reported to be present in EVs, it is not known whether this interaction is specific for these peptides and thus whether amyloid-carrying EVs play a role in AD and/or serve as brain-specific biomarkers of the AD process. To determine if there is a specific interaction between Aβ and EVs, we used isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and discovered that Aβ42 and Aβ40 bind to EVs in a manner that is sequence specific, saturable, and endothermic. In addition, Aβ incubation with EVs overnight yielded larger amounts of bound Aβ peptide that was fibrillar in structure. These findings point to a specific amyloid-EV interaction, a potential role for EVs in the transport of amyloid from the brain to the blood, and a role for this amyloid pool in the AD process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Coughlan
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center (CUACC), Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome (LCI), Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA (H.P.)
| | - Jared Lindenberger
- Structural Biology and Biophysics Core, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA (R.W.)
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, 2 Genome Ct., Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jeffrey G. Jacot
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Noah R. Johnson
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center (CUACC), Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome (LCI), Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA (H.P.)
| | - Paige Anton
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center (CUACC), Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome (LCI), Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA (H.P.)
| | - Shaun Bevers
- Structural Biology and Biophysics Core, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA (R.W.)
| | - Robb Welty
- Structural Biology and Biophysics Core, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA (R.W.)
| | - Michael W. Graner
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Huntington Potter
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center (CUACC), Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome (LCI), Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA (H.P.)
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Jang HJ, Shim KS, Lee J, Park JH, Kang SJ, Shin YM, Lee JB, Baek W, Yoon JK. Engineering of Cell Derived-Nanovesicle as an Alternative to Exosome Therapy. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2024; 21:1-19. [PMID: 38066355 PMCID: PMC10764700 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes, nano-sized vesicles ranging between 30 and 150 nm secreted by human cells, play a pivotal role in long-range intercellular communication and have attracted significant attention in the field of regenerative medicine. Nevertheless, their limited productivity and cost-effectiveness pose challenges for clinical applications. These issues have recently been addressed by cell-derived nanovesicles (CDNs), which are physically synthesized exosome-mimetic nanovesicles from parent cells, as a promising alternative to exosomes. CDNs exhibit structural, physical, and biological properties similar to exosomes, containing intracellular protein and genetic components encapsulated by the cell plasma membrane. These characteristics allow CDNs to be used as regenerative medicine and therapeutics on their own, or as a drug delivery system. METHODS The paper reviews diverse methods for CDN synthesis, current analysis techniques, and presents engineering strategies to improve lesion targeting efficiency and/or therapeutic efficacy. RESULTS CDNs, with their properties similar to those of exosomes, offer a cost-effective and highly productive alternative due to their non-living biomaterial nature, nano-size, and readiness for use, allowing them to overcome several limitations of conventional cell therapy methods. CONCLUSION Ongoing research and enhancement of CDNs engineering, along with comprehensive safety assessments and stability analysis, exhibit vast potential to advance regenerative medicine by enabling the development of efficient therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jeong Jang
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sik Shim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute for Human Tissue Restoration, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinah Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Research Institute of Women's Health, Brain Korea 21 Project, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hyeon Park
- Department of Biological Science, Research Institute of Women's Health, Brain Korea 21 Project, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jun Kang
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Shin
- Department of Biological Science, Research Institute of Women's Health, Brain Korea 21 Project, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Bok Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Research Institute of Women's Health, Brain Korea 21 Project, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wooyeol Baek
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute for Human Tissue Restoration, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Kee Yoon
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Koprivec S, Majdič G. Extracellular Vesicles in Domestic Animals: Cellular Communication in Health and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1450:39-57. [PMID: 37421538 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2023_779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Apoptotic and healthy cells of domestic animals release membrane-enclosed particles from their plasma membrane. These special structures, called extracellular vesicles, play an important role in intercellular communication. In the past, it was believed that their function was mainly to dispose unwanted cell contents and to help maintain cell homeostasis. However, we now know that they have important roles in health and disease and have diagnostic value as well as great potential for therapy in veterinary medicine. Extracellular vesicles facilitate cellular exchanges by delivering functional cargo molecules to nearby or distant tissues. They are produced by various cell types and are found in all body fluids. Their cargo reflects the state of the releasing parent cell, and despite their small size, this cargo is extraordinarily complex. Numerous different types of molecules contained in vesicles make them an extremely promising tool in the field of regenerative veterinary medicine. To further increase research interest and discover their full potential, some of the basic biological mechanisms behind their function need to be better understood. Only then will we be able to maximize the clinical relevance for targeted diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in various domestic animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saša Koprivec
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Majdič
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Abidi SMS, Sharma C, Randhawa S, Shukla AK, Acharya A. A review on nanotechnological perspective of "the amyloid cascade hypothesis" for neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126821. [PMID: 37690655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are characterized by progressive degeneration of neurons which deteriorates the brain functions. An early detection of the onset of NDs is utmost important, as it will provide the fast treatment strategies to prevent further progression of the disease. Conventionally, accurate diagnosis of the brain related disorders is difficult in their early phase. To solve this problem, nanotechnology based neurofunctional imaging and biomarker detection techniques have been developed which allows high specificity and sensitivity towards screening and diagnosis of NDs. Another challenge to treat the brain related disorders is to overcome the complex integrity of blood-brain-barrier (BBB) for the delivery of theranostic agents. Fortunately, utilization of nanomaterials has been pursued as promising strategy to address this challenge. Herein, we critically highlighted the recent improvements in the field of neurodiagnostic and therapeutic approaches involving innovative strategies for diagnosis, and inhibition of protein aggregates. We have provided particular emphasis on the use of nanotechnology which can push forward the blooming research growth in this field to win the battle against devastating NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M S Abidi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, H.P. 176061, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Chandni Sharma
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, H.P. 176061, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shiwani Randhawa
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, H.P. 176061, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ashish K Shukla
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, H.P. 176061, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Amitabha Acharya
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, H.P. 176061, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Reed EG, Keller-Norrell PR. Minding the Gap: Exploring Neuroinflammatory and Microglial Sex Differences in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17377. [PMID: 38139206 PMCID: PMC10743742 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Research into Alzheimer's Disease (AD) describes a link between AD and the resident immune cells of the brain, the microglia. Further, this suspected link is thought to have underlying sex effects, although the mechanisms of these effects are only just beginning to be understood. Many of these insights are the result of policies put in place by funding agencies such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to consider sex as a biological variable (SABV) and the move towards precision medicine due to continued lackluster therapeutic options. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated assessment of the current research that summarizes sex differences and the research pertaining to microglia and their varied responses in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin G. Reed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44242, USA
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Pfeiffer P, Coates JR, Esqueda YM, Kennedy A, Getchell K, McLenon M, Kosa E, Agbas A. Exosomal TAR DNA binding protein 43 profile in canine model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a preliminary study in developing blood-based biomarker for neurodegenerative diseases. Ann Med 2023; 55:34-41. [PMID: 36495266 PMCID: PMC9746620 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2153162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Blood-based biomarkers provide a crucial information in the progress of neurodegenerative diseases with a minimally invasive sampling method. Validated blood-based biomarker application in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis would derive numerous benefits. Canine degenerative myelopathy is a naturally occurring animal disease model to study the biology of human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Serum derived exosomes are potential carriers for cell-specific cargoes making them ideal venue to study biomarkers for a variety of diseases and biological processes. This study assessed the exosomal proteins that may be assigned as surrogate biomarker that may reflect biochemical changes in the central nervous system. METHODS Exosomes were isolated from canine serum using commercial exosome isolation reagents. Exosomes target proteins contents were analyzed by the Western blotting method. RESULTS The profiles of potential biomarker candidates in spinal cord homogenate and that of serum-derived exosomes were found elevated in dogs with degenerative myelopathy as compared to control subjects. CONCLUSIONS Serum-derived exosomal biomolecules can serve as surrogate biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases.KEY MESSAGESA canine with degenerative myelopathy can serve as a model animal to study human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Serum-derived exosomes contain Transactive Response DNA Binding Protein 43 (TDP-43), a potential biomarker candidate.The levels of spinal cord TDP-43 proteins and that of serum-derived exosomes exhibited similar profiling. Therefore, serum derived exosomes may be used as a venue for establishing blood-based biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Edina Kosa
- Kansas City University, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Abdulbaki Agbas
- Kansas City University, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Heartland Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Hook V, Podvin S, Mosier C, Boyarko B, Seyffert L, Stringer H, Rissman RA. Emerging evidence for dysregulated proteome cargoes of tau-propagating extracellular vesicles driven by familial mutations of tau and presenilin. EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES AND CIRCULATING NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 4:588-598. [PMID: 38125374 PMCID: PMC10732590 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2023.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Tau propagation, pathogenesis, and neurotoxicity are hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases that result in cognitive impairment. Tau accumulates in Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), progressive supranuclear palsy, and related tauopathies. Knowledge of the mechanisms for tau propagation in neurodegeneration is necessary for understanding the development of dementia. Exosomes, known as extracellular vesicles (EVs), have emerged as participants in promoting tau propagation. Recent findings show that EVs generated by neurons expressing familial mutations of tauopathies of FTDP-17 (P301L and V337M) (mTau) and presenilin (A246E) (mPS1) in AD induce tau propagation and accumulation after injection into rodent brain. To gain knowledge of the proteome cargoes of the mTau and mPS1 EVs that promote tau pathogenesis, this review compares the proteomes of these EVs, which results in important new questions concerning EV mechanisms of tau pathogenesis. Proteomics data show that EVs produced by mTau- and mPS1-expressing iPSC neurons share proteins involved in exocytosis and vesicle secretion and, notably, these EVs also possess differences in protein components of vesicle-mediated transport, extracellular functions, and cell adhesion. It will be important for future studies to gain an understanding of the breadth of familial genetic mutations of tau, presenilin, and other genes in promoting EV initiation of tau propagation and pathogenesis. Furthermore, elucidation of EV cargo components that mediate tau propagation will have potential as biomarkers and therapeutic strategies to ameliorate dementia of tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sonia Podvin
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Charles Mosier
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ben Boyarko
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Laura Seyffert
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Haley Stringer
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Robert A. Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Health System, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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12
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Altıntaş Ö, Saylan Y. Exploring the Versatility of Exosomes: A Review on Isolation, Characterization, Detection Methods, and Diverse Applications. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16029-16048. [PMID: 37874907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial mediators of intercellular communication and can be classified based on their physical properties, biomolecular structure, and origin. Among EVs, exosomes have garnered significant attention due to their potential as therapeutic and diagnostic tools. Exosomes are released via fusion of multivesicular bodies on plasma membranes and can be isolated from various biofluids using methods such as differential ultracentrifugation, immune affinity capture, ultrafiltration, and size exclusion chromatography. Herein, an overview of different techniques for exosome characterization and isolation, as well as the diverse applications of exosome detection, including their potential use in drug delivery and disease diagnosis, is provided. Additionally, we discuss the emerging field of exosome detection by sensors, which offers an up-and-coming avenue for point-of-care diagnostic tools development. Overall, this review aims to provide a exhaustive and up-to-date summary of the current state of exosome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Altıntaş
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yeşeren Saylan
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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13
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Chatterjee M, Özdemir S, Kunadt M, Koel-Simmelink M, Boiten W, Piepkorn L, Pham TV, Chiasserini D, Piersma SR, Knol JC, Möbius W, Mollenhauer B, van der Flier WM, Jimenez CR, Teunissen CE, Jahn O, Schneider A. C1q is increased in cerebrospinal fluid-derived extracellular vesicles in Alzheimer's disease: A multi-cohort proteomics and immuno-assay validation study. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:4828-4840. [PMID: 37023079 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extracellular vesicles (EVs) may propagate and modulate Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. We aimed to comprehensively characterize the proteome of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) EVs to identify proteins and pathways altered in AD. METHODS CSF EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation (Cohort 1) or Vn96 peptide (Cohort 2) from non-neurodegenerative controls (n = 15, 16) and AD patients (n = 22, 20, respectively). EVs were subjected to untargeted quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Results were validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in Cohorts 3 and 4, consisting of controls (n = 16, n = 43, (Cohort3, Cohort4)), and patients with AD (n = 24, n = 100). RESULTS We found > 30 differentially expressed proteins in AD CSF EVs involved in immune-regulation. Increase of C1q levels in AD compared to non-demented controls was validated by ELISA (∼ 1.5 fold, p (Cohort 3) = 0.03, p (Cohort 4) = 0.005). DISCUSSION EVs may be utilized as a potential biomarker and may play a so far unprecedented role in immune-regulation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Selcuk Özdemir
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, DZNE, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel Kunadt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Marleen Koel-Simmelink
- Clinical Chemistry Department, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Walter Boiten
- Clinical Chemistry Department, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Piepkorn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thang V Pham
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Department Medical Oncology, 1098 XH Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Chiasserini
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Department Medical Oncology, 1098 XH Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sander R Piersma
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Department Medical Oncology, 1098 XH Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaco C Knol
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Department Medical Oncology, 1098 XH Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Electron Microscopy, City Campus, Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, Germany
| | - Wiesje M van der Flier
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Epidemiology and Data Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Connie R Jimenez
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Department Medical Oncology, 1098 XH Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Clinical Chemistry Department, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf Jahn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anja Schneider
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, DZNE, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Stajano D, Lombino FL, Schweizer M, Glatzel M, Saftig P, Gromova KV, Kneussel M. Tetraspanin 15 depletion impairs extracellular vesicle docking at target neurons. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 2:e113. [PMID: 38938373 PMCID: PMC11080857 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Neurons in the central nervous system release extracellular vesicles (EVs) and exosomes in response to synaptic activity to regulate physiological processes at target neurons. The intercellular transfer of proteins, mRNAs, lipids or metabolites through EVs potentially modulates the structure and function of neurons and circuits. Whereas the biogenesis of EVs, their release from donor cells, and their molecular composition have been studied extensively, the critical factors and mechanisms regulating EV interactions with target cells are incompletely understood. Here, we identified tetraspanin 15 (Tspan15) as a component of tumor susceptibility gene 101 protein (TSG101)- and CD81-positive EV fractions. Tspan15 fluorescent fusion proteins were released from donor cells and interacted with target cells together with the exosomal marker CD63. EVs collected from wildtype cortical neurons (WT-EVs) underwent similar association with target neurons derived from either wildtype (+/+) or Tspan15 knockout (-/-) mice. In contrast, target cell interactions of EVs collected from Tspan15 (-/-) cortical donor neurons (KO-EVs) were significantly impaired, as compared to WT-EVs. Our data suggest that Tspan15 is dispensable at target neuron plasma membranes, but is required at the EV surface to promote EV docking at target neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Stajano
- Institute of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNHUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Franco L. Lombino
- Institute of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNHUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Core Facility Morphology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNHUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of NeuropathologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Biochemical InstituteChristian‐Albrechts‐University KielKielGermany
| | - Kira V. Gromova
- Institute of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNHUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Matthias Kneussel
- Institute of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNHUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
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Rochín-Hernández LJ, Jiménez-Acosta MA, Ramírez-Reyes L, Figueroa-Corona MDP, Sánchez-González VJ, Orozco-Barajas M, Meraz-Ríos MA. The Proteome Profile of Olfactory Ecto-Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived from Patients with Familial Alzheimer's Disease Reveals New Insights for AD Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12606. [PMID: 37628788 PMCID: PMC10454072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disease and the first cause of dementia worldwide, has no effective treatment, and its pathological mechanisms are not yet fully understood. We conducted this study to explore the proteomic differences associated with Familial Alzheimer's Disease (FAD) in olfactory ecto-mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from PSEN1 (A431E) mutation carriers compared with healthy donors paired by age and gender through two label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry approaches. The first analysis compared carrier 1 (patient with symptoms, P1) and its control (healthy donor, C1), and the second compared carrier 2 (patient with pre-symptoms, P2) with its respective control cells (C2) to evaluate whether the protein alterations presented in the symptomatic carrier were also present in the pre-symptom stages. Finally, we analyzed the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) for biological and functional enrichment. These proteins showed impaired expression in a stage-dependent manner and are involved in energy metabolism, vesicle transport, actin cytoskeleton, cell proliferation, and proteostasis pathways, in line with previous AD reports. Our study is the first to conduct a proteomic analysis of MSCs from the Jalisco FAD patients in two stages of the disease (symptomatic and presymptomatic), showing these cells as a new and excellent in vitro model for future AD studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lory J. Rochín-Hernández
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico; (L.J.R.-H.); (M.A.J.-A.); (M.d.P.F.-C.)
| | - Miguel A. Jiménez-Acosta
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico; (L.J.R.-H.); (M.A.J.-A.); (M.d.P.F.-C.)
| | - Lorena Ramírez-Reyes
- Unidad de Genómica, Proteómica y Metabolómica, Laboratorio Nacional de Servicios Experimentales (LaNSE), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico;
| | - María del Pilar Figueroa-Corona
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico; (L.J.R.-H.); (M.A.J.-A.); (M.d.P.F.-C.)
| | - Víctor J. Sánchez-González
- Centro Universitario de Los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos 47620, Mexico; (V.J.S.-G.); (M.O.-B.)
| | - Maribel Orozco-Barajas
- Centro Universitario de Los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos 47620, Mexico; (V.J.S.-G.); (M.O.-B.)
| | - Marco A. Meraz-Ríos
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico; (L.J.R.-H.); (M.A.J.-A.); (M.d.P.F.-C.)
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16
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Mowry FE, Espejo-Porras F, Jin S, Quadri Z, Wu L, Bertolio M, Jarvis R, Reynolds C, Alananzeh R, Bieberich E, Yang Y. Chronic nSMase inhibition suppresses neuronal exosome spreading and sex-specifically attenuates amyloid pathology in APP knock-in Alzheimer's disease mice. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 184:106213. [PMID: 37364689 PMCID: PMC10777534 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Female biased pathology and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been consistently observed with unclear underlying mechanisms. Although brain sphingolipid ceramide is elevated in AD patients, whether and how ceramide may contribute to sex-specific differences in amyloid pathology is unknown. Here we investigated the sex-specific impact of chronic pharmacological inhibition of neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase), a key enzyme responsible for ceramide metabolism, on in vivo neuron-derived exosome dynamics, Aβ plaque load, and cognitive function in the APPNL-F/NL-F knock-in (APP NL-F) AD mouse model. Our results found sex-specific increase of cortical C20:0 ceramide and brain exosome levels only in APP NL-F but not in age-matched WT mice. Although nSMase inhibition similarly blocks exosome spreading in male and female mice, significantly reduced amyloid pathology was mostly observed in cortex and hippocampus of female APP NL-F mice with only modest effect found on male APP NL-F mice. Consistently, T maze test to examine spatial working memory revealed a female-specific reduction in spontaneous alternation rate in APP NL-F mice, which was fully reversed with chronic nSMase inhibition. Together, our results suggest that disease induced changes in ceramide and exosome pathways contribute to the progression of female-specific amyloid pathology in APP NL-F AD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca E Mowry
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Francisco Espejo-Porras
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Shijie Jin
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Zainuddin Quadri
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 780 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Limin Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Marcela Bertolio
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Rachel Jarvis
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Caroline Reynolds
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Rashed Alananzeh
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 780 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1101 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY 40502, United States.
| | - Yongjie Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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17
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Pishbin E, Sadri F, Dehghan A, Kiani MJ, Hashemi N, Zare I, Mousavi P, Rahi A. Recent advances in isolation and detection of exosomal microRNAs related to Alzheimer's disease. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 227:115705. [PMID: 36958383 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, a progressive neurological condition, is associated with various internal and external risk factors in the disease's early stages. Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is essential for treatment management. Circulating exosomal microRNAs could be a new class of valuable biomarkers for early Alzheimer's disease diagnosis. Different kinds of biosensors have been introduced in recent years for the detection of these valuable biomarkers. Isolation of the exosomes is a crucial step in the detection process which is traditionally carried out by multi-step ultrafiltration. Microfluidics has improved the efficiency and costs of exosome isolation by implementing various effects and forces on the nano and microparticles in the microchannels. This paper reviews recent advancements in detecting Alzheimer's disease related exosomal microRNAs based on methods such as electrochemical, fluorescent, and SPR. The presented devices' pros and cons and their efficiencies compared with the gold standard methods are reported. Moreover, the application of microfluidic devices to detect Alzheimer's disease related biomarkers is summarized and presented. Finally, some challenges with the performance of novel technologies for isolating and detecting exosomal microRNAs are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmail Pishbin
- Bio-microfluidics Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Amin Dehghan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Kiani
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Hashemi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman Zare
- Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies Co. Ltd., Shiraz 7178795844, Iran
| | - Pegah Mousavi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Amid Rahi
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Comprehensive Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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18
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Whitfield JF, Rennie K, Chakravarthy B. Alzheimer's Disease and Its Possible Evolutionary Origin: Hypothesis. Cells 2023; 12:1618. [PMID: 37371088 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The enormous, 2-3-million-year evolutionary expansion of hominin neocortices to the current enormity enabled humans to take over the planet. However, there appears to have been a glitch, and it occurred without a compensatory expansion of the entorhinal cortical (EC) gateway to the hippocampal memory-encoding system needed to manage the processing of the increasing volume of neocortical data converging on it. The resulting age-dependent connectopathic glitch was unnoticed by the early short-lived populations. It has now surfaced as Alzheimer's disease (AD) in today's long-lived populations. With advancing age, processing of the converging neocortical data by the neurons of the relatively small lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) inflicts persistent strain and high energy costs on these cells. This may result in their hyper-release of harmless Aβ1-42 monomers into the interstitial fluid, where they seed the formation of toxic amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs) that initiate AD. At the core of connectopathic AD are the postsynaptic cellular prion protein (PrPC). Electrostatic binding of the negatively charged AβOs to the positively charged N-terminus of PrPC induces hyperphosphorylation of tau that destroys synapses. The spread of these accumulating AβOs from ground zero is supported by Aβ's own production mediated by target cells' Ca2+-sensing receptors (CaSRs). These data suggest that an early administration of a strongly positively charged, AβOs-interacting peptide or protein, plus an inhibitor of CaSR, might be an effective AD-arresting therapeutic combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Whitfield
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Kerry Rennie
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Balu Chakravarthy
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
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19
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Lu W, Liu X, Zhao L, Yan S, Song Q, Zou C, Li X. MiR-22-3p in exosomes increases the risk of heart failure after down-regulation of FURIN. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 101:550-567. [PMID: 36063111 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is often the inevitable manifestation of myocardial ischemia. Hypoxia can induce cardiomyocytes to express many microRNAs (miRNAs), which are highly expressed in exosomes. In addition, miR-22-3p is a marker in heart failure. Therefore, miR-22-3p was taken as the research object to explore its role and mechanism in HF. HF differentially expressed miRNAs were screened by bioinformatic analysis. The HF rats model was constructed and identified by detecting serum brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and ultrasound analysis [left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS)]. The extracted exosomes were identified by transmission electron microscopy, and Western blot was used to detect the expressions of Tsg101 and CD63. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction detected miR-22-3p expression in serum, exosomes, and serum without exosomes, while the cardiomyocytes cytotoxicity was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and PKH26 staining. After overexpressing/silencing miR-22-3p in cells, cell viability, apoptosis, and apoptosis-associated markers were detected. Bioinformatic analysis screened the target gene of miR-22-3p, which was verified by dual-luciferase assay. Regulation of miR-22-3p on FURIN was measured by rescue tests. In vivo experiments were verified the above results. MiR-22-3p was identified as the research object. BNP was increased in the model group, while LVEF and LVFS were decreased. MiR-22-3p was overexpressed in HF-treated serum and exosomes. Normal exosomes did not affect cardiomyocyte function, while high concentrations of HF-treated exosomes were cytotoxic. By regulating apoptosis-related genes, overexpressed miR-22-3p inhibited cell activity and promoted cell apoptosis. Silenced miR-22-3p with opposite effects counteracted effects of HF-treated exosomes. FURIN, target gene of miR-22-3p, was negatively regulated by miR-22-3p, while overexpressed FURIN promoted cell activity and inhibited apoptosis. In vivo research was consistent with the results of cell experiments. By regulating FURIN, miR-22-3p in exosomes increases the risk of HF damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Xuhui Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Huai'an Second People's Hospital, Huai'an, China
| | - Linghui Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Huaiyin Hospital of Huai'an City, Huai'an, China
| | - Shirong Yan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Huaiyin Hospital of Huai'an City, Huai'an, China
| | - Qingyun Song
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Huaiyin Hospital of Huai'an City, Huai'an, China
| | - Cao Zou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xun Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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20
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Jackson KK, Marcus RK. Rapid isolation and quantification of extracellular vesicles from suspension-adapted human embryonic kidney cells using capillary-channeled polymer fiber spin-down tips. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:190-202. [PMID: 35973415 PMCID: PMC10087738 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs, 30-200-nm diameter), serve as biomolecular snapshots of their cell of origin and vehicles for intercellular communication, playing roles in biological processes, including homeostasis maintenance and immune modulation. The large-scale processing of exosomes for use as therapeutic vectors has been proposed, but these applications are limited by impure, low-yield recoveries from cell culture milieu (CCM). Current isolation methods are also limited by tedious and laborious workflows, especially toward an isolation of EVs from CCM for therapeutic applications. Employed is a rapid (<10 min) EV isolation method on a capillary-channeled polymer fiber spin-down tip format. EVs are isolated from the CCM of suspension-adapted human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293), one of the candidate cell lines for commercial EV production. This batch solid-phase extraction technique allows 1012 EVs to be obtained from only 100-µl aliquots of milieu, processed using a benchtop centrifuge. The tip-isolated EVs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, multi-angle light scattering, absorbance quantification, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to tetraspanin marker proteins, and a protein purity assay. It is believed that the demonstrated approach has immediate relevance in research and analytical laboratories, with opportunities for production-level scale-up projected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylan K Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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21
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Chauhan S, Behl T, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Gupta S, Albratty M, Najmi A, Meraya AM, Alhazmi HA. Understanding the Intricate Role of Exosomes in Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1758-1773. [PMID: 36564606 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00621-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease causes loss of memory and deterioration of mental abilities is utmost predominant neurodegenerative disease accounting 70-80% cases of dementia. The appearance of plaques of amyloid-β and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain post-mortems of Alzheimer's patients established them as key participants in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease. Exosomes exist as extracellular vesicles of nano-size which are present throughout the body. Exosomes are known to spread toxic hyperphosphorylated tau and amyloid-β between the cells and are linked to the loss of neurons by inducing apoptosis. Exosomes have progressed from cell trashcans to multifunctional organelles which are involved in various functions like internalisation and transmission of macromolecules such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. This review covers current findings on relationship of exosomes in biogenesis and angiogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and functions of exosomes in the etiology of AD. Furthermore, the roles of exosomes in development, diagnosis, treatment, and its importance as therapeutic targets and biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease have also been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Chauhan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Uttarakhand, Dehradun, 248007, India.
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- GHG Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Sadhar, Ludhiana, Punjab, Gurusar, 141104, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Haryana, Mullana-Ambala, 133207, India.
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Haryana, Mullana-Ambala, 133207, India
| | - Sumeet Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Haryana, Mullana-Ambala, 133207, India
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asim Najmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkarim M Meraya
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jazan Uniersity, Jazan, 45124, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jzan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jzan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
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22
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Wang ZY, Wen ZJ, Xu HM, Zhang Y, Zhang YF. Exosomal noncoding RNAs in central nervous system diseases: biological functions and potential clinical applications. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1004221. [PMID: 36438184 PMCID: PMC9681831 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1004221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disease is a general term for a series of complex and diverse diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), CNS tumors, stroke, epilepsy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Interneuron and neuron-glia cells communicate with each other through their homeostatic microenvironment. Exosomes in the microenvironment have crucial impacts on interneuron and neuron-glia cells by transferring their contents, such as proteins, lipids, and ncRNAs, constituting a novel form of cell-to-cell interaction and communication. Exosomal noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), regulate physiological functions and maintain CNS homeostasis. Exosomes are regarded as extracellular messengers that transfer ncRNAs between neurons and body fluids due to their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of exosomal ncRNAs in CNS diseases, including prospective diagnostic biomarkers, pathological regulators, therapeutic strategies and clinical applications. We also provide an all-sided discussion of the comparison with some similar CNS diseases and the main limitations and challenges for exosomal ncRNAs in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yu Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zeng-Jin Wen
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hai-Ming Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control of Ningxia, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yin-Feng Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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23
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Exosomes as New Generation Vehicles for Drug Delivery: Biomedical Applications and Future Perspectives. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217289. [PMID: 36364116 PMCID: PMC9658823 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, particular interest among the scientific community is focused on exploring the use of exosomes for several pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. This is due to the identification of the role of exosomes as an excellent intercellular communicator by delivering the requisite cargo comprising of functional proteins, metabolites and nucleic acids. Exosomes are the smallest extracellular vesicles (EV) with sizes ranging from 30–100 nm and are derived from endosomes. Exosomes have similar surface morphology to cells and act as a signal transduction channel between cells. They encompass different biomolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, thus rendering them naturally as an attractive drug delivery vehicle. Like the other advanced drug delivery systems, such as polymeric nanoparticles and liposomes to encapsulate drug substances, exosomes also gained much attention in enhancing therapeutic activity. Exosomes present many advantages, such as compatibility with living tissues, low toxicity, extended blood circulation, capability to pass contents from one cell to another, non-immunogenic and special targeting of various cells, making them an excellent therapeutic carrier. Exosome-based molecules for drug delivery are still in the early stages of research and clinical trials. The problems and clinical transition issues related to exosome-based drugs need to be overcome using advanced tools for better understanding and systemic evaluation of exosomes. In this current review, we summarize the most up-to-date knowledge about the complex biological journey of exosomes from biogenesis and secretion, isolation techniques, characterization, loading methods, pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications, challenges and future perspectives of exosomes.
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24
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Zhou J, Benoit M, Sharoar MG. Recent advances in pre-clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1703-1725. [PMID: 33900524 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00733-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common dementia with currently no known cures or disease modifying treatments (DMTs), despite much time and effort from the field. Diagnosis and intervention of AD during the early pre-symptomatic phase of the disease is thought to be a more effective strategy. Therefore, the detection of biomarkers has emerged as a critical tool for monitoring the effect of new AD therapies, as well as identifying patients most likely to respond to treatment. The establishment of the amyloid/tau/neurodegeneration (A/T/N) framework in 2018 has codified the contexts of use of AD biomarkers in neuroimaging and bodily fluids for research and diagnostic purposes. Furthermore, a renewed drive for novel AD biomarkers and innovative methods of detection has emerged with the goals of adding additional insight to disease progression and discovery of new therapeutic targets. The use of biomarkers has accelerated the development of AD drugs and will bring new therapies to patients in need. This review highlights recent methods utilized to diagnose antemortem AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Marc Benoit
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Md Golam Sharoar
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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25
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Tran D, DiGiacomo P, Born DE, Georgiadis M, Zeineh M. Iron and Alzheimer's Disease: From Pathology to Imaging. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:838692. [PMID: 35911597 PMCID: PMC9327617 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.838692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating brain disorder that afflicts millions worldwide with no effective treatment. Currently, AD progression has primarily been characterized by abnormal accumulations of β-amyloid within plaques and phosphorylated tau within neurofibrillary tangles, giving rise to neurodegeneration due to synaptic and neuronal loss. While β-amyloid and tau deposition are required for clinical diagnosis of AD, presence of such abnormalities does not tell the complete story, and the actual mechanisms behind neurodegeneration in AD progression are still not well understood. Support for abnormal iron accumulation playing a role in AD pathogenesis includes its presence in the early stages of the disease, its interactions with β-amyloid and tau, and the important role it plays in AD related inflammation. In this review, we present the existing evidence of pathological iron accumulation in the human AD brain, as well as discuss the imaging tools and peripheral measures available to characterize iron accumulation and dysregulation in AD, which may help in developing iron-based biomarkers or therapeutic targets for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Tran
- Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Phillip DiGiacomo
- Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Donald E. Born
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Marios Georgiadis
- Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Michael Zeineh
- Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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26
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Fan Y, Chen Z, Zhang M. Role of exosomes in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of central nervous system diseases. Lab Invest 2022; 20:291. [PMID: 35761337 PMCID: PMC9235237 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03493-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson’s disease (PD), affect millions of people around the world. Great efforts were put in disease related research, but few breakthroughs have been made in the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Exosomes are cell-derived extracellular vesicles containing diverse biologically active molecules secreted by their cell of origin. These contents, including nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, amino acids, and metabolites, can be transferred between different cells, tissues, or organs, regulating various intercellular cross-organ communications and normal and pathogenic processes. Considering that cellular environment and cell state strongly impact the content and uptake efficiency of exosomes, their detection in biological fluids and content composition analysis potentially offer a multicomponent diagnostic readout of several human diseases. Recently, studies have found that aberrant secretion and content of exosomes are closely related to the pathogenesis of CNS diseases. Besides, loading natural cargoes, exosomes can deliver drugs cross the blood brain barrier, making them emerging candidates of biomarkers and therapeutics for CNS diseases. In this review, we summarize and discuss the advanced research progress of exosomes in the pathological processes of several CNS diseases in regarding with neuroinflammation, CNS repair, and pathological protein aggregation. Moreover, we propose the therapeutic strategies of applying exosomes to the diagnosis, early detection, and treatment of CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishu Fan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Zhuohui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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27
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Zhu C, Gong L, Yang Y. Label-Free Analysis of Exosomes with Hairpin Structure-Mediated Multiple Signal Amplification Strategy. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:4147-4155. [PMID: 35639245 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03978-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Considering the crucial role of exosomes in various biological processes and disease diagnosis, development of label-free and sensitive exosome detection methods is in urgent demand. Herein, we develop an exponential amplification-based method pining the hope on sensitive exosomes detection in a label-free manner. In this method, a designed SMB (Streptavidin magnetic bead)-capture probe is utilized to specially recognize CD63 protein on the surface of exosome. The recognition of CD63 protein by SMB-capture probe induces the subsequent hairpin structure probe-mediated multiple signal amplifications. Eventually, the proposed approach can detect exosomes at a concentration as low as 1.2 × 102 particles/μl and can be potentially applied for clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcong Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Lisha Gong
- Department of Geriatrics, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Health Management (physical examination) Center of North-Kuanren General Hospital, North-Kuanren General Hospital, No. 69 Renhe Xingguang Avenue, Chongqing, 401120, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Chen N, He Y, Zang M, Zhang Y, Lu H, Zhao Q, Wang S, Gao Y. Approaches and materials for endocytosis-independent intracellular delivery of proteins. Biomaterials 2022; 286:121567. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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29
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Tao L, Hu M, Zhang X, Wang X, Zhang Y, Chen X, Tang J, Wang J. Methamphetamine-mediated dissemination of β-amyloid: Disturbances in endocytosis, transport and clearance of β-amyloid in microglial BV2 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 447:116090. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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30
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Zhao T, Tian J, Wang X, Hao Y, Xu M, Zhao Y, Liu X, Chen Y, Jia C. PACTS-Assisted Thermal Proteome Profiling for Use in Identifying Peptide-Interacting Proteins. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6809-6818. [PMID: 35485935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive peptides play important roles in various biological processes. However, the traditional methods for profiling the peptide-interacting proteins require modifications to the peptide molecules, often leading to false identifications. We found that the interaction between peptide ligands and protein receptors induced significant changes in the abundance of the interacting proteins, which is a signature indicating the interaction and providing complementary information for use in the classical thermal proteome profiling (TPP) technique. Herein, we developed a novel Peptide-ligand-induced Abundance Change of proTeinS (PACTS)-assisted TPP strategy for the identification of peptide-interacting proteins based on the peptide-ligand-induced change in protein abundance. The utility and efficacy of this approach were demonstrated by the identification of the interaction of the protein 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDPK1) and PDPK1-interacting fragment (PIF) pair and by large-scale profiling of the interacting proteins of PIF. The PACTS-assisted TPP approach was applied to describe the interactome of amyloid beta (Aβ) 1-42 in THP-1 cells and resulted in the identification of 103 interacting proteins. Validation experiments indicated that Aβ1-42 interacted directly with fatty acid synthase and inhibited its enzymatic activity, providing insights into fatty acid metabolic disorders in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Overall, PACTS-assisted TPP is an efficient approach, and the newly identified Aβ-interacting proteins provide rich resources for the research on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jingya Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China.,College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xiankun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yanan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Mengting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China.,College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yali Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Chenxi Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
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31
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Li W, Shan B, Cheng X, He H, Qin J, Zhao H, Tian M, Zhang X, Jin G. circRNA Acbd6 promotes neural stem cell differentiation into cholinergic neurons via the miR-320-5p-Osbpl2 axis. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101828. [PMID: 35305988 PMCID: PMC9018392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) persist in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus into adulthood and are essential for both neurogenesis and neural circuit integration. Exosomes have also been shown to play vital roles in regulating biological processes of receptor cells as a medium for cell-to-cell communication signaling molecules. The precise molecular mechanisms of exosome-mediated signaling, however, remain largely unknown. Here, we found that exosomes produced by denervated hippocampi following fimbria–fornix transection could promote the differentiation of hippocampal neural precursor cells into cholinergic neurons in coculture with NSCs. Furthermore, we found that 14 circular RNAs (circRNAs) were upregulated in hippocampal exosomes after fimbria–fornix transection using high-throughput RNA-Seq technology. We further characterized the function and mechanism by which the upregulated circRNA Acbd6 (acyl-CoA-binding domain–containing 6) promoted the differentiation of NSCs into cholinergic neurons using RT–quantitative PCR, Western blot, ELISA, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence assay. By luciferase reporter assay, we demonstrated that circAcbd6 functioned as an endogenous miR-320-5p sponge to inhibit miR-320-5p activity, resulting in increased oxysterol-binding protein–related protein 2 expression with subsequent facilitation of NSC differentiation. Taken together, our results suggest that circAcbd6 promotes differentiation of NSCs into cholinergic neurons via miR-320-5p/oxysterol-binding protein–related protein 2 axis, which contribute important insights to our understanding of how circRNAs regulate neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Boquan Shan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui He
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianbing Qin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Heyan Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meiling Tian
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Guohua Jin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
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32
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Liu H, Jin M, Ji M, Zhang W, Liu A, Wang T. Hypoxic pretreatment of adipose-derived stem cell exosomes improved cognition by delivery of circ-Epc1 and shifting microglial M1/M2 polarization in an Alzheimer's disease mice model. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:3070-3083. [PMID: 35366241 PMCID: PMC9037259 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common dementia in the world. Increasing evidence has shown that exosomes from hypoxic pretreated adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) could be an effective cognitive function therapeutic in AD-associated pathophysiology. However, their role and regulatory mechanism remain largely unknown. High-throughput sequencing was used to identify differentially expressed circRNAs from ADSCs or hypoxia pretreated ADSC exosomes. Luciferase reporter assays and RT-qPCR were used to investigate the relationships between circ-Epc1, miR-770-3p, and TREM2. APP/PS1 double transgenic AD model mice were then used to study therapeutic effects regarding circ-Epc1 in ADSC exosomes. BV2 cells were used to show the regulatory relationships between circ-Epc1, miR-770-3p, and TREM2 and to show how these interactions modulated phenotypic transformations and inflammatory cytokine expressions in microglia. The results showed that exosomes from hypoxia pretreated ADSCs had a good therapeutic effect on improving cognitive functions by decreasing neuronal damage in the hippocampus. High-throughput sequencing showed that circ-Epc1 played an important role in hypoxia-pretreated ADSC exosomes regarding their ability to improve cognitive functions. Luciferase reporter assays showed that TREM2 and miR-770-3p were downstream targets of circ-Epc1. Overexpressing miR-770-3p or downregulating TREM2 reversed the effects of circ-Epc1 on M2 microglia during lipopolysaccharide treatment. In vivo experiments showed that circ-Epc1-containing ADSC exosomes increased the therapeutic effect of exosomes by improving cognitive function, decreasing neuronal damage, and shifting hippocampal microglia from the M1 polarization to the M2 polarization stages. Taken together, the data show that hypoxic pretreatment of ADSC exosomes improved cognition by delivery of circ-Epc1 and by shifting microglial M1/M2 polarization in an AD mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haining Liu
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China.,Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Mingming Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Minxiu Ji
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China.,Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China.,Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - An Liu
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China.,Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China.,Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
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33
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Mason HG, Bush J, Agrawal N, Hakami RM, Veneziano R. A Microfluidic Platform to Monitor Real-Time Effects of Extracellular Vesicle Exchange between Co-Cultured Cells across Selectively Permeable Barriers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3534. [PMID: 35408896 PMCID: PMC8998828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a significant yet poorly understood role in cell-cell communication during homeostasis and various pathological conditions. Conventional in vitro and in vivo approaches for studying exosome/EV function depend on time-consuming and expensive vesicle purification methods to obtain sufficient vesicle populations. Moreover, the existence of various EV subtypes with distinct functional characteristics and submicron size makes their analysis challenging. To help address these challenges, we present here a unique chip-based approach for real-time monitoring of cellular EV exchange between physically separated cell populations. The extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking Matrigel is used to physically separate cell populations confined within microchannels, and mimics tissue environments to enable direct study of exosome/EV function. The submicron effective pore size of the Matrigel allows for the selective diffusion of only exosomes and other smaller EVs, in addition to soluble factors, between co-cultured cell populations. Furthermore, the use of PEGDA hydrogel with a very small pore size of 1.2 nm in lieu of Matrigel allows us to block EV migration and, therefore, differentiate EV effects from effects that may be mediated by soluble factors. This versatile platform bridges purely in vitro and in vivo assays by enabling studies of EV-mediated cellular crosstalk under physiologically relevant conditions, enabling future exosome/EV investigations across multiple disciplines through real-time monitoring of vesicle exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter G. Mason
- School of System Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA;
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Joshua Bush
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Computing, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (J.B.); (N.A.)
| | - Nitin Agrawal
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Computing, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (J.B.); (N.A.)
| | - Ramin M. Hakami
- School of System Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA;
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Remi Veneziano
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Computing, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (J.B.); (N.A.)
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Ding L, Yang X, Xia X, Li Y, Wang Y, Li C, Sun Y, Gao G, Zhao S, Sheng S, Liu J, Zheng JC. Exosomes Mediate APP Dysregulation via APP-miR-185-5p Axis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:793388. [PMID: 35223832 PMCID: PMC8873530 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.793388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
APP misexpression plays a crucial role in triggering a complex pathological cascade, leading to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). But how the expression of APP is regulated in pathological conditions remains poorly understood. In this study, we found that the exosomes isolated from AD mouse brain promoted APP expression in neuronal N2a cells. Moreover, exosomes derived from N2a cells with ectopic expression of APP (APP-EXO) also induced APP dysregulation in normal N2a cells. Surprisingly, the effects of APP-EXO on APP expression in recipient cells were not mediated by the direct transferring of APP gene products. Instead, the effects of APP-EXO were highly likely mediated by the reduction of the expression levels of exosomal miR-185-5p. We found that the 3′UTR of APP transcripts binds to miR-185-5p, therefore inhibiting the sorting of miR-185-5p to exosomes. N2a cell-derived exosomes with less amount of miR-185-5p exert similar roles in APP expression to APP-EXO. Lastly, we demonstrated a significant decline of serum exosomal miR-185-5p in AD patients and AD mice, versus the corresponding controls. Together, our results demonstrate a novel mechanism in the exosome-dependent regulation of APP, implying exosomes and exosomal miRNAs as potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers for AD treatment and diagnosis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai 10th People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohuan Xia, ; Jianhui Liu, ; Jialin C. Zheng,
| | - Yunxia Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai 10th People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhong Li
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyan Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ge Gao
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Zhao
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyang Sheng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohuan Xia, ; Jianhui Liu, ; Jialin C. Zheng,
| | - Jialin C. Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai 10th People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohuan Xia, ; Jianhui Liu, ; Jialin C. Zheng,
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Wang Y, Xu H, Wang J, Yi H, Song Y. Extracellular Vesicles in the Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Diagnosis of Spinal Cord Injury: A Mini-Review. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 17:317-327. [PMID: 35352667 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x17666220330005937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benefiting from in-depth research into stem cells, extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are byproducts of cells and membrane-wrapped microvesicles (30-120 nm) containing lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, may cast light on the research and development of therapeutics capable of improving the neurological recovery of spinal cord injury (SCI) animals. However, the mechanistic modes of action for EVs in alleviating the lesion size of SCI remain to be solved, thus presenting a tremendous gap existing in translation from the laboratory to the clinic. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this minireview was to cover a wide range of basic views on EVs involved in SCI treatment, including the effects of EVs on the pathogenesis, treatment, and diagnosis of spinal cord injury. METHODS We searched databases (i.e., PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Medline, and EMBASE) and acquired all accessible articles published in the English language within five years. Studies reporting laboratory applications of EVs in the treatment of SCI were included and screened to include studies presenting relevant molecular mechanisms. RESULTS This review first summarized the basic role of EVs in cell communication, cell death, inflammatory cascades, scar formation, neuronal regrowth, and angiogenesis after SCI, thereby providing insights into neuroprotection and consolidated theories for future clinical application of EVs. CONCLUSION EVs participate in an extremely wide range of cell activities, play a critical role in cell communication centring neurons, and are considered potential therapies and biomarkers for SCI. miRNAs are the most abundant nucleic acids shipped by EVs and effluent cytokines, and they may represent important messengers of EVs and important factors in SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; No. 19 Nonglinxia Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hualiang Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; No. 19 Nonglinxia Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; No. 19 Nonglinxia Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hanxiao Yi
- Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 107, YanJiang Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yancheng Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; No. 19 Nonglinxia Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Senigagliesi B, Bedolla DE, Birarda G, Zanetti M, Lazzarino M, Vaccari L, Parisse P, Casalis L. Subcellular elements responsive to the biomechanical activity of triple-negative breast cancer-derived small extracellular vesicles. Biomol Concepts 2022; 13:322-333. [PMID: 36482512 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2022-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) stands out for its aggressive, fast spread, and highly metastatic behavior and for being unresponsive to the classical hormonal therapy. It is considered a disease with a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Among the mechanisms that contribute to TNBC spreading, attention has been recently paid to small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), nano-sized vesicles that by transferring bioactive molecules to recipient cells play a crucial role in the intercellular communication among cancer, healthy cells, and tumor microenvironment. In particular, TNBC-derived sEVs have been shown to alter proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance, and biomechanical properties of target cells. To shed light on the molecular mechanisms involved in sEVs mediation of cell biomechanics, we investigated the effects of sEVs on the main subcellular players, i.e., cell membrane, cytoskeleton, and nuclear chromatin organization. Our results unveiled that TNBC-derived sEVs are able to promote the formation and elongation of cellular protrusions, soften the cell body, and induce chromatin decondensation in recipient cells. In particular, our data suggest that chromatin decondensation is the main cause of the global cell softening. The present study added new details and unveiled a novel mechanism of activity of the TNBC-derived sEVs, providing information for the efficient translation of sEVs to cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Senigagliesi
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy.,Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Trieste, Italy
| | - Diana E Bedolla
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Trieste, Italy.,Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Michele Zanetti
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR-IOM, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Lazzarino
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR-IOM, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lisa Vaccari
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Trieste, Italy
| | - Pietro Parisse
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Trieste, Italy.,Istituto Officina dei Materiali Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR-IOM, Trieste, Italy
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Kaur S, Verma H, Dhiman M, Tell G, Gigli GL, Janes F, Mantha AK. Brain Exosomes: Friend or Foe in Alzheimer's Disease? Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:6610-6624. [PMID: 34595669 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02547-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease. It is known to be a multifactorial disease and several causes are associated with its occurrence as well as progression. However, the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) is widely considered its major pathogenic hallmark. Additionally, neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and aging (cellular senescence) are considered as additional hits affecting the disease pathology. Several studies are now suggesting important role of inflammation in AD, which shifts our thought towards the brain's resident immune cells, microglia, and astrocytes; how they interact with neurons; and how these interactions are affected by intra and extracellular stressful factors. These interactions can be modulated by different mechanisms and pathways, in which exosomes could play an important role. Exosomes are multivesicular bodies secreted by nearly all types of cells. The exosomes secreted by glial cells or neurons affect the interactions and thus the physiology of these cells by transmitting miRNAs, proteins, and lipids. Exosomes can serve as a friend or foe to the neuron function, depending upon the carried signals. Exosomes, from the healthy microenvironment, may assist neuron function and health, whereas, from the stressed microenvironment, they carry oxidative and inflammatory signals to the neurons and thus prove detrimental to the neuronal function. Furthermore, exosomes can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and from the blood plasma they can enter the brain cells and activate microglia and astrocytes. Exosomes can transport Aβ or Tau, cytokines, miRNAs between the cells, and alter the physiology of recipient cells. They can also assist in Aβ clearance and regulation of synaptic activity. The exosomes derived from different cells play different roles, and this field is still in its infancy stage. This review advocates exosomes' role as a friend or foe in neurodegenerative diseases, especially in the case of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanjot Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences , Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Harkomal Verma
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Village Ghudda151 401, Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Monisha Dhiman
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences , Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Gianluca Tell
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Gigli
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Clinical Neurology, Udine University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Anil K Mantha
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Village Ghudda151 401, Punjab, Bathinda, India.
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Mattingly J, Li Y, Bihl JC, Wang J. The promise of exosome applications in treating central nervous system diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:1437-1445. [PMID: 34636491 PMCID: PMC8611778 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes (EXs), a type of extracellular vesicles, are secreted from virtually all types of cells. EXs serve as cell-to-cell communicators by conveying proteins and nucleic acids with regulatory functions. Increasing evidence shows that EXs are implicated in the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Moreover, EXs have recently been highlighted as a new promising therapeutic strategy for in vivo delivery of nucleotides and drugs. Studies have revealed that infusion of EXs elicits beneficial effects on the CNS injury animal models. As compared to cell-based therapy, EXs-based therapy for CNS diseases has unique advantages, opening a new path for neurological medicine. In this review, we summarized the current state of knowledge of EXs, the roles and applications of EXs as a viable pathological biomarker, and EX-based therapy for CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Mattingly
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJoan C. Edwards School of MedicineMarshall UniversityHuntingtonWest VirginiaUSA
| | - Yuchen Li
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyBoonshoft School of MedicineWright State UniversityDaytonOhioUSA
| | - Ji C. Bihl
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJoan C. Edwards School of MedicineMarshall UniversityHuntingtonWest VirginiaUSA
| | - Jinju Wang
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJoan C. Edwards School of MedicineMarshall UniversityHuntingtonWest VirginiaUSA
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Wei Z, Zhao Y, Hsu P, Guo S, Zhang C, Zhong B. Exosomes for gene therapy effectively inhibit the endothelial-mesenchymal transition in mouse aortic endothelial cells. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:1000. [PMID: 34847881 PMCID: PMC8630863 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heterotopic ossification (HO) can limit joint activity, causes ankylosis and impairs the function and rehabilitation of patients. Endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of HO, and high expression of SMAD7(Mothers Against Decapentaplegic Homolog 7) in endothelial cells can effectively reverse the TGF-β1 mediated EndMT. This article studied an appropriately engineered exosome with high biocompatibility and good targeting property to administrate SMAD7 gene therapy to inhibit the EndMT. Methods Exosomes from mouse aortic endothelial cells were cultured and harvested. DSPE-PEG and antibody CD34 were combined to exosomes to synthesize the endothelial cell targeting exosome vector (Exosome-DSPE-PEG-AbCD34). The biocompatibility, stability, targeting and cell internalization of exosome vector were tested, then the Exosome-DSPE-PEG-AbCD34 was loaded with Smad7 plasmid and administrated to MAECs to examine its therapeutic effect on EndMT of MAEC mediated by TGF-β1. Results The Exosome-DSPE-PEG-AbCD34 has no impact on MAEC cell viability at high concentration, and exosome-DSPE-PEG-AbCD34 could be stably stored at 4°C and 37°C for at least 8 days. Exosome-DSPE-PEG-AbCD34 has better targeting property to MAEC cells and can enter into the cells more effectively. The Exosome-DSPE-PEG-AbCD34-Smad7 could significantly increase the level of SMAD7, decrease the expression of TGF-β1, and effectively reverse the EndMT of MAEC mediated by TGF- β1 in MAEC cells. Conclusions The synthesized Exosome-DSPE-PEG-AbCD34-Smad7 has good biological properties and can effectively reverse the EndMT of MAEC mediated by TGF-β1. Thus, Exosome-DSPE-PEG-AbCD34-Smad7 may has the potential for the prevention and treatment of HO. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12891-021-04896-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyuan Wei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, and Shanghai Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, and Shanghai Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Peichun Hsu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, and Shanghai Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Shang Guo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, and Shanghai Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, and Shanghai Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Biao Zhong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, and Shanghai Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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Soliman HM, Ghonaim GA, Gharib SM, Chopra H, Farag AK, Hassanin MH, Nagah A, Emad-Eldin M, Hashem NE, Yahya G, Emam SE, Hassan AEA, Attia MS. Exosomes in Alzheimer's Disease: From Being Pathological Players to Potential Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10794. [PMID: 34639135 PMCID: PMC8509246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes (EXOs) were given attention as an extracellular vesicle (EV) with a pivotal pathophysiological role in the development of certain neurodegenerative disorders (NDD), such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease (AD). EXOs have shown the potential to carry pathological and therapeutic cargo; thus, researchers have harnessed EXOs in drug delivery applications. EXOs have shown low immunogenicity as natural drug delivery vehicles, thus ensuring efficient drug delivery without causing significant adverse reactions. Recently, EXOs provided potential drug delivery opportunities in AD and promising future clinical applications with the diagnosis of NDD and were studied for their usefulness in disease detection and prediction prior to the emergence of symptoms. In the future, the microfluidics technique will play an essential role in isolating and detecting EXOs to diagnose AD before the development of advanced symptoms. This review is not reiterative literature but will discuss why EXOs have strong potential in treating AD and how they can be used as a tool to predict and diagnose this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagar M. Soliman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (H.M.S.); (G.A.G.); (S.M.G.); (A.K.F.); (M.H.H.); (A.N.); (N.E.H.); (S.E.E.)
| | - Ghada A. Ghonaim
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (H.M.S.); (G.A.G.); (S.M.G.); (A.K.F.); (M.H.H.); (A.N.); (N.E.H.); (S.E.E.)
| | - Shaza M. Gharib
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (H.M.S.); (G.A.G.); (S.M.G.); (A.K.F.); (M.H.H.); (A.N.); (N.E.H.); (S.E.E.)
| | - Hitesh Chopra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India;
| | - Aya K. Farag
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (H.M.S.); (G.A.G.); (S.M.G.); (A.K.F.); (M.H.H.); (A.N.); (N.E.H.); (S.E.E.)
| | - Mohamed H. Hassanin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (H.M.S.); (G.A.G.); (S.M.G.); (A.K.F.); (M.H.H.); (A.N.); (N.E.H.); (S.E.E.)
| | - Abdalrazeq Nagah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (H.M.S.); (G.A.G.); (S.M.G.); (A.K.F.); (M.H.H.); (A.N.); (N.E.H.); (S.E.E.)
| | - Mahmoud Emad-Eldin
- Department of Clinical, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Nevertary E. Hashem
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (H.M.S.); (G.A.G.); (S.M.G.); (A.K.F.); (M.H.H.); (A.N.); (N.E.H.); (S.E.E.)
| | - Galal Yahya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Sherif E. Emam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (H.M.S.); (G.A.G.); (S.M.G.); (A.K.F.); (M.H.H.); (A.N.); (N.E.H.); (S.E.E.)
| | - Abdalla E. A. Hassan
- Applied Nucleic Acids Research Center & Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed S. Attia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (H.M.S.); (G.A.G.); (S.M.G.); (A.K.F.); (M.H.H.); (A.N.); (N.E.H.); (S.E.E.)
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Wu Q, Cortez L, Kamali-Jamil R, Sim V, Wille H, Kar S. Implications of exosomes derived from cholesterol-accumulated astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease pathology. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm048929. [PMID: 34524402 PMCID: PMC8560497 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) peptides generated from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) play a critical role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Aβ-containing neuronal exosomes, which represent a novel form of intercellular communication, have been shown to influence the function/vulnerability of neurons in AD. Unlike neurons, the significance of exosomes derived from astrocytes remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the significance of exosomes derived from U18666A-induced cholesterol-accumulated astrocytes in the development of AD pathology. Our results show that cholesterol accumulation decreases exosome secretion, whereas lowering cholesterol increases exosome secretion, from cultured astrocytes. Interestingly, exosomes secreted from U18666A-treated astrocytes contain higher levels of APP, APP-C-terminal fragments, soluble APP, APP secretases and Aβ1-40 than exosomes secreted from control astrocytes. Furthermore, we show that exosomes derived from U18666A-treated astrocytes can lead to neurodegeneration, which is attenuated by decreasing Aβ production or by neutralizing exosomal Aβ peptide with an anti-Aβ antibody. These results, taken together, suggest that exosomes derived from cholesterol-accumulated astrocytes can play an important role in trafficking APP/Aβ peptides and influencing neuronal viability in the affected regions of the AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Leonardo Cortez
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Razieh Kamali-Jamil
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Valerie Sim
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Holger Wille
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Satyabrata Kar
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
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Identifying extracellular vesicle populations from single cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2106630118. [PMID: 34518226 PMCID: PMC8463870 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106630118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are constantly secreted from both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. EVs, including those referred to as exosomes, may have an impact on cell signaling and an incidence in diseased cells. In this manuscript, a platform to capture, quantify, and phenotypically classify the EVs secreted from single cells is introduced. Microfluidic chambers of about 300 pL are employed to trap and isolate individual cells. The EVs secreted within these chambers are then captured by surface-immobilized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), irrespective of their intracellular origin. Immunostaining against both plasma membrane and cytosolic proteins was combined with highly sensitive, multicolor total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to characterize the immobilized vesicles. The data analysis of high-resolution images allowed the assignment of each detected EV to one of 15 unique populations and demonstrated the presence of highly heterogeneous phenotypes even at the single-cell level. The analysis also revealed that each mAb isolates phenotypically different EVs and that more vesicles were effectively immobilized when CD63 was targeted instead of CD81. Finally, we demonstrate how a heterogeneous suppression in the secreted vesicles is obtained when the enzyme neutral sphingomyelinase is inhibited.
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Imbimbo BP, Ippati S, Watling M, Balducci C. A critical appraisal of tau-targeting therapies for primary and secondary tauopathies. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 18:1008-1037. [PMID: 34533272 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary tauopathies are neurological disorders in which tau protein deposition is the predominant pathological feature. Alzheimer's disease is a secondary tauopathy with tau forming hyperphosphorylated insoluble aggregates. Tau pathology can propagate from region to region in the brain, while alterations in tau processing may impair tau physiological functions. METHODS We reviewed literature on tau biology and anti-tau drugs using PubMed, meeting abstracts, and ClnicalTrials.gov. RESULTS The past 15 years have seen >30 drugs interfering with tau aggregation, processing, and accumulation reaching the clinic. Initial results with tau aggregation inhibitors and anti-tau monoclonal antibodies have not shown clinical efficacy. DISCUSSION The reasons for these clinical failures are unclear but could be linked to the clearing of physiological forms of tau by non-specific drugs. Research is now concentrating efforts on developing reliable translational animal models and selective compounds targeting specific tau epitopes, neurotoxic tau aggregates, and post-translational tau modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P Imbimbo
- Department of Research & Development, Chiesi Farmaceutici, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefania Ippati
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Mark Watling
- CNS & Pain Department, TranScrip Ltd, Reading, UK
| | - Claudia Balducci
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Zeng CY, Xu J, Liu X, Lu YQ. Cardioprotective Roles of Endothelial Progenitor Cell-Derived Exosomes. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:717536. [PMID: 34513956 PMCID: PMC8428070 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.717536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the globally increasing prevalence, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have become the leading cause of mortality. The transplantation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) holds a great promise due to their potential for vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and protective cytokine release, whose mechanisms are essential for CVD therapies. In reality, many investigations have attributed the therapeutic effects of EPC transplantation to the secretion of paracrine factors rather than the differentiation function. Of note, previous studies have suggested that EPCs could also release exosomes (diameter range of 30–150 nm), which carry various lipids and proteins and are abundant in microRNAs. The EPC-derived exosomes (EPC-EXs) were reported to act on the heart and blood vessels and were implicated in anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-apoptosis, the inhibition of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), and cardiac fibrosis, as well as anti-vascular remodeling and angiogenesis, which were considered as protective effects against CVDs. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on using EPC-EXs as therapeutic agents and provide a detailed description of their identified mechanisms of action to promote the prognosis of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Yu Zeng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Aging and Physic-Chemical Injury Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Aging and Physic-Chemical Injury Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Aging and Physic-Chemical Injury Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Qiang Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Aging and Physic-Chemical Injury Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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45
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Wang Y, Pei L, Yue Z, Jia M, Wang H, Cao LL. The Potential of Serum Exosomal hsa_circ_0028861 as the Novel Diagnostic Biomarker of HBV-Derived Hepatocellular Cancer. Front Genet 2021; 12:703205. [PMID: 34367259 PMCID: PMC8345012 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.703205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-derived hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is a serious threat to human health, especially in China. There is no highly sensitive and specific HCC biomarker at present, which makes it difficult to detect HCC at the early stage. Serum exosomal circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been reported as novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of cancers. In the present study, we aimed to explore the diagnostic performance of serum exosomal circRNAs for HBV-derived HCC screening. At first, many circRNAs were found to be differentially expressed in the serum exosomes of HCC individuals by microarray analysis. The validation of dysregulated circRNAs by qRT-PCR revealed that serum exosomal hsa_circ_0028861 was decreased in HCC compared to chronic HBV and cirrhosis. Then, hsa_circ_0028861 was identified as a novel biomarker for HCC diagnosis with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.79 for discriminating HCC from chronic HBV and cirrhosis individuals. Hsa_circ_0028861 was capable of detecting small (AUC = 0.81), early-stage (AUC = 0.82) and AFP-negative [AFP (-)] (AUC = 0.78) tumors as well. The combination of hsa_circ_0028861 and AFP exhibited better diagnostic ability (AUC = 0.86 for discriminating HCC from chronic HBV and cirrhosis). Moreover, bioinformatics prediction suggested that hsa_circ_0028861 might influence HCC progression by regulating its targeted microRNAs (miRNAs) and downstream tumor-related signaling pathways. Collectively, our study reveals a novel diagnostic tool for HBV-derived HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxiao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Pei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Yue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Jia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lin-Lin Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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46
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Central Nervous System Cell-Derived Exosomes in Neurodegenerative Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9965564. [PMID: 34336127 PMCID: PMC8294976 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9965564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles secreted by almost all kinds of mammalian cells that shuttle "cargo" from one cell to another, indicative of its role in cell-to-cell transportation. Interestingly, exosomes are known to undergo alterations or serve as a pathway in multiple diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. In the central nervous system (CNS), exosomes originating from neurons or glia cells contribute to or inhibit the progression of CNS-related diseases in special ways. In lieu of this, the current study investigated the effect of CNS cell-derived exosomes on different neurodegenerative diseases.
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47
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Jouida A, McCarthy C, Fabre A, Keane MP. Exosomes: a new perspective in EGFR-mutated lung cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:589-601. [PMID: 33855679 PMCID: PMC8213600 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-09962-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are major contributors in cell to cell communication due to their ability to transfer biological material such as protein, RNA, DNA, and miRNA. Additionally, they play a role in tumor initiation, promotion, and progression, and recently, they have emerged as a potential source of information on tumor detection and may be useful as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive tools. This review focuses on exosomes from lung cancer with a focus on EGFR mutations. Here, we outline the role of exosomes and their functional effect in carcinogenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis. Finally, we discuss the possibility of exosomes as novel biomarkers in early detection, diagnosis, assessment of prognosis, and prediction of therapeutic response in EGFR-mutated lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Jouida
- UCD School of Medicine, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cormac McCarthy
- UCD School of Medicine, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- St. Vincent's University Hospital and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aurelie Fabre
- UCD School of Medicine, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- St. Vincent's University Hospital and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael P Keane
- UCD School of Medicine, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- St. Vincent's University Hospital and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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48
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Microglial Extracellular Vesicles as Vehicles for Neurodegeneration Spreading. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060770. [PMID: 34063832 PMCID: PMC8224033 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells are the neuroimmune competent cells of the central nervous system. In the adult, microglia are responsible for screening the neuronal parenchyma searching for alterations in homeostasis. Chronic neuroinflammation plays a role in neurodegenerative disease. Indeed, microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is involved in the onset and progression of several disorders in the brain and retina. Microglial cell reactivity occurs in an orchestrated manner and propagates across the neural parenchyma spreading the neuroinflammatory signal from cell to cell. Extracellular vesicles are important vehicles of intercellular communication and act as message carriers across boundaries. Extracellular vesicles can be subdivided in several categories according to their cellular origin (apoptotic bodies, microvesicles and exosomes), each presenting, different but sometimes overlapping functions in cell communication. Mounting evidence suggests a role for extracellular vesicles in regulating microglial cell action. Herein, we explore the role of microglial extracellular vesicles as vehicles for cell communication and the mechanisms that trigger their release. In this review we covered the role of microglial extracellular vesicles, focusing on apoptotic bodies, microvesicles and exosomes, in the context of neurodegeneration and the impact of these vesicles derived from other cells in microglial cell reactivity.
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49
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Ouyang Q, Meng Y, Zhou W, Tong J, Cheng Z, Zhu Q. New advances in brain-targeting nano-drug delivery systems for Alzheimer's disease. J Drug Target 2021; 30:61-81. [PMID: 33983096 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.1927055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide and its incidence is increasing due to the ageing population. Currently, the main limitations of AD treatment are low blood-brain barrier permeability, severe off-target of drugs, and immune abnormality. In this review, four hypotheses for Alzheimer's pathogenesis and three challenges for Alzheimer's drug delivery are discussed. In addition, this article summarises the different strategies of brain targeting nano-drug delivery systems (NDDSs) developed in the last 10 years. These strategies include receptor-mediated (transferrin receptor, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein, lactoferrin receptor, etc.), adsorption-mediated (cationic, alkaline polypeptide, cell-penetrating peptides, etc.), and transporter-mediated (P-gp, GLUT1, etc.). Moreover, it provides insights into novel strategies used in AD, such as exosomes, virus-like particles, and cell membrane coating particles. Hence, this review will help researchers to understand the current progress in the field of NDDSs for the central nervous system and find new directions for AD therapy.HighlightsCharacteristics and challenges based on the pathogenesis of AD were discussed.Recent advances in novel brain-targeting NDDSs for AD over the past 10 years were summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Ouyang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yingcai Meng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenhu Zhou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianbin Tong
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Brain Homeostasis, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Zeneng Cheng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qubo Zhu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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50
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Sun R, Wang H, Shi Y, Sun Z, Jiang H, Zhang J. Changes in the Morphology, Number, and Pathological Protein Levels of Plasma Exosomes May Help Diagnose Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 73:909-917. [PMID: 31884461 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles that are secreted by cells and usually found in body fluids. Since they freely cross the blood-brain barrier, neuronal exosomes respond directly to changes in the brain's environment. Recent studies have shown that exosomes contain both amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau proteins and have a controversial role in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) process. In this study, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the levels of P-S396-tau and Aβ1-42 in plasma exosomes. We found that levels of P-S396-tau and Aβ1-42 in plasma exosomes of AD patients were significantly higher compared to those in matched healthy controls. The difference between plasma exosomes of AD patients and those of matched healthy controls was determined using transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Exosomes from AD patients were smaller and lower in quantity. These data together may provide a basis for early diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Sun
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huayuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yingying Shi
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhikun Sun
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haisong Jiang
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiewen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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