1
|
Singh P, Akhtar A, Admane N, Grover A. The antiviral drug Ribavirin effectively modulates the amyloid transformation of α-Synuclein protein. Comput Biol Chem 2024; 112:108155. [PMID: 39084146 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2024.108155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn) is an intrinsically disordered protein, linked genetically and neuropathologically to Parkinson's disease where this protein aggregates within the brain. Hence, identifying compounds capable of impeding α-syn aggregation puts forward a promising approach for the development of disease-modifying therapies. Herein, we investigated the efficacy of Ribavirin, an FDA-approved compound, in curtailing α-syn amyloid transformation, employing an array of bioinformatic tools and systematic analysis using biophysical techniques. Ribavirin shows a dose dependent anti-aggregation propensity where it effectively subdued the formation of mature fibrillar aggregates of α-syn, where even at the lowest concentration there was a 69 % reduction in the ThT maxima. Ribavirin averts the formation of mature fibrillar aggregates by interacting with the NAC domain of α-syn. Ribavirin redirects the amyloid transformation of α-syn by emanating aggregates of lower order with reduced cross β-sheet signature and revokes the formation of on-pathway amyloids. Collectively, our study puts forward the novel potency of Ribavirin as a promising molecule for therapeutic intervention in Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Payal Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Almas Akhtar
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Nikita Admane
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Abhinav Grover
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Carli S, Brugnano L, Caligiore D. Simulating combined monoaminergic depletions in a PD animal model through a bio-constrained differential equations system. Front Comput Neurosci 2024; 18:1386841. [PMID: 39247252 PMCID: PMC11378529 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2024.1386841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Historically, Parkinson's Disease (PD) research has focused on the dysfunction of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which is linked to motor regulation in the basal ganglia. Therapies have mainly aimed at restoring dopamine (DA) levels, showing effectiveness but variable outcomes and side effects. Recent evidence indicates that PD complexity implicates disruptions in DA, noradrenaline (NA), and serotonin (5-HT) systems, which may underlie the variations in therapy effects. Methods We present a system-level bio-constrained computational model that comprehensively investigates the dynamic interactions between these neurotransmitter systems. The model was designed to replicate experimental data demonstrating the impact of NA and 5-HT depletion in a PD animal model, providing insights into the causal relationships between basal ganglia regions and neuromodulator release areas. Results The model successfully replicates experimental data and generates predictions regarding changes in unexplored brain regions, suggesting avenues for further investigation. It highlights the potential efficacy of alternative treatments targeting the locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe nucleus, though these preliminary findings require further validation. Sensitivity analysis identifies critical model parameters, offering insights into key factors influencing brain area activity. A stability analysis underscores the robustness of our mathematical formulation, bolstering the model validity. Discussion Our holistic approach emphasizes that PD is a multifactorial disorder and opens promising avenues for early diagnostic tools that harness the intricate interactions among monoaminergic systems. Investigating NA and 5-HT systems alongside the DA system may yield more effective, subtype-specific therapies. The exploration of multisystem dysregulation in PD is poised to revolutionize our understanding and management of this complex neurodegenerative disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Carli
- Computational and Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (CTNLab-ISTC-CNR), Rome, Italy
- Entersys s.r.l., Padua, Italy
- AI2Life s.r.l., Innovative Start-Up, ISTC-CNR Spin-Off, Rome, Italy
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science "U. Dini", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Luigi Brugnano
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science "U. Dini", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Caligiore
- Computational and Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (CTNLab-ISTC-CNR), Rome, Italy
- AI2Life s.r.l., Innovative Start-Up, ISTC-CNR Spin-Off, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aganj I, Mora J, Fischl B, Augustinack JC. Automatic geometry-based estimation of the locus coeruleus region on T 1-weighted magnetic resonance images. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1375530. [PMID: 38774790 PMCID: PMC11106368 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1375530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) is a key brain structure implicated in cognitive function and neurodegenerative disease. Automatic segmentation of the LC is a crucial step in quantitative non-invasive analysis of the LC in large MRI cohorts. Most publicly available imaging databases for training automatic LC segmentation models take advantage of specialized contrast-enhancing (e.g., neuromelanin-sensitive) MRI. Segmentation models developed with such image contrasts, however, are not readily applicable to existing datasets with conventional MRI sequences. In this work, we evaluate the feasibility of using non-contrast neuroanatomical information to geometrically approximate the LC region from standard 3-Tesla T1-weighted images of 20 subjects from the Human Connectome Project (HCP). We employ this dataset to train and internally/externally evaluate two automatic localization methods, the Expected Label Value and the U-Net. For out-of-sample segmentation, we compare the results with atlas-based segmentation, as well as test the hypothesis that using the phase image as input can improve the robustness. We then apply our trained models to a larger subset of HCP, while exploratorily correlating LC imaging variables and structural connectivity with demographic and clinical data. This report provides an evaluation of computational methods estimating neural structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iman Aganj
- Radiology Department, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Radiology Department, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jocelyn Mora
- Radiology Department, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bruce Fischl
- Radiology Department, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Radiology Department, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jean C. Augustinack
- Radiology Department, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Radiology Department, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Durmaz Celik N, Ozben S, Ozben T. Unveiling Parkinson's disease through biomarker research: current insights and future prospects. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38529882 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2331471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition marked by the gradual depletion of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Despite substantial strides in comprehending potential causative mechanisms, the validation of biomarkers with unequivocal evidence for routine clinical application remains elusive. Consequently, the diagnosis heavily relies on patients' clinical assessments and medical backgrounds. The imperative need for diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers arises due to the prevailing limitations of treatments, which predominantly address symptoms without modifying the disease course. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the existing landscape of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for PD, drawing insights from contemporary literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazlı Durmaz Celik
- Department of Neurology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Serkan Ozben
- Department of Neurology, University of Health Sciences, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Tomris Ozben
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kemp AF, Kinnerup M, Johnsen B, Jakobsen S, Nahimi A, Gjedde A. EEG Frequency Correlates with α 2-Receptor Density in Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2024; 14:209. [PMID: 38397446 PMCID: PMC10886955 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increased theta and delta power and decreased alpha and beta power, measured with quantitative electroencephalography (EEG), have been demonstrated to have utility for predicting the development of dementia in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Noradrenaline modulates cortical activity and optimizes cognitive processes. We claim that the loss of noradrenaline may explain cognitive impairment and the pathological slowing of EEG waves. Here, we test the relationship between the number of noradrenergic α2 adrenoceptors and changes in the spectral EEG ratio in patients with PD. METHODS We included nineteen patients with PD and thirteen healthy control (HC) subjects in the study. We used positron emission tomography (PET) with [11C]yohimbine to quantify α2 adrenoceptor density. We used EEG power in the delta (δ, 1.5-3.9 Hz), theta (θ, 4-7.9 Hz), alpha (α, 8-12.9 Hz) and beta (β, 13-30 Hz) bands in regression analyses to test the relationships between α2 adrenoceptor density and EEG band power. RESULTS PD patients had higher power in the theta and delta bands compared to the HC volunteers. Patients' theta band power was inversely correlated with α2 adrenoceptor density in the frontal cortex. In the HC subjects, age was correlated with, and occipital background rhythm frequency (BRF) was inversely correlated with, α2 adrenoceptor density in the frontal cortex, while occipital BRF was inversely correlated with α2 adrenoceptor density in the thalamus. CONCLUSIONS The findings support the claim that the loss or dysfunction of noradrenergic neurotransmission may relate to the parallel processes of cognitive decline and EEG slowing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam F. Kemp
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark;
| | - Martin Kinnerup
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (M.K.); (B.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Birger Johnsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (M.K.); (B.J.); (S.J.)
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steen Jakobsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (M.K.); (B.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Adjmal Nahimi
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, 211 46 Malmö, Sweden;
- Department of Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Albert Gjedde
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (M.K.); (B.J.); (S.J.)
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 1172 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Reinshagen A. Grid cells: the missing link in understanding Parkinson's disease? Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1276714. [PMID: 38389787 PMCID: PMC10881698 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1276714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease (PD) are complex and not fully understood, and the box-and-arrow model among other current models present significant challenges. This paper explores the potential role of the allocentric brain and especially its grid cells in several PD motor symptoms, including bradykinesia, kinesia paradoxa, freezing of gait, the bottleneck phenomenon, and their dependency on cueing. It is argued that central hubs, like the locus coeruleus and the pedunculopontine nucleus, often narrowly interpreted in the context of PD, play an equally important role in governing the allocentric brain as the basal ganglia. Consequently, the motor and secondary motor (e.g., spatially related) symptoms of PD linked with dopamine depletion may be more closely tied to erroneous computation by grid cells than to the basal ganglia alone. Because grid cells and their associated central hubs introduce both spatial and temporal information to the brain influencing velocity perception they may cause bradykinesia or hyperkinesia as well. In summary, PD motor symptoms may primarily be an allocentric disturbance resulting from virtual faulty computation by grid cells revealed by dopamine depletion in PD.
Collapse
|
7
|
Aganj I, Mora J, Fischl B, Augustinack JC. Automatic Geometry-based Estimation of the Locus Coeruleus Region on T 1-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Images. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.23.576958. [PMID: 38328208 PMCID: PMC10849695 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) is a key brain structure implicated in cognitive function and neurodegenerative disease. Automatic segmentation of the LC is a crucial step in quantitative non-invasive analysis of the LC in large MRI cohorts. Most publicly available imaging databases for training automatic LC segmentation models take advantage of specialized contrast-enhancing (e.g., neuromelanin-sensitive) MRI. Segmentation models developed with such image contrasts, however, are not readily applicable to existing datasets with conventional MRI sequences. In this work, we evaluate the feasibility of using non-contrast neuroanatomical information to geometrically approximate the LC region from standard 3-Tesla T1-weighted images of 20 subjects from the Human Connectome Project (HCP). We employ this dataset to train and internally/externally evaluate two automatic localization methods, the Expected Label Value and the U-Net. We also test the hypothesis that using the phase image as input can improve the robustness of out-of-sample segmentation. We then apply our trained models to a larger subset of HCP, while exploratorily correlating LC imaging variables and structural connectivity with demographic and clinical data. This report contributes and provides an evaluation of two computational methods estimating neural structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iman Aganj
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Radiology Department, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jocelyn Mora
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Bruce Fischl
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Radiology Department, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jean C. Augustinack
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Radiology Department, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Eijsvogel PP, Borghans LG, Prins S, Moss L, van Kraaij SJ, van Brummelen E, Klaassen E, Martin RS, Bautista E, Ford AP, Kremer PH, Groeneveld GJ, Vargas GA. Cognitive Effects of Three β-Adrenoceptor Acting Drugs in Healthy Volunteers and Patients with Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2024; 14:1149-1161. [PMID: 39213090 PMCID: PMC11380312 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-240039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Background Noradrenergic signaling declines in Parkinson's disease (PD) following locus coeruleus neurodegeneration. Epidemiologic studies demonstrate that β-acting drugs slow PD progression. Objective The primary objective was to compare the safety and effects of 3 β-adrenoceptor (β-AR) acting drugs on central nervous system (CNS) function after a single dose in healthy volunteers (HVs) and evaluate the effects of multiple doses of β-AR acting drugs in HVs and PD-patients. Methods In Part A, HVs received single doses of 32 mg salbutamol, 160μg clenbuterol, 60 mg pindolol and placebo administered in a randomized, 4-way cross-over study. In Part B (randomized cross-over) and Part C (parallel, 2:1 randomized), placebo and/or clenbuterol (20μg on Day 1, 40μg on Day 2, 80μg on Days 3-7) were administered. CNS functions were assessed using the NeuroCart test battery, including pupillometry, adaptive tracking and recall tests. Results Twenty-seven HVs and 12 PD-patients completed the study. Clenbuterol improved and pindolol reduced the adaptive tracking and immediate verbal recall performance. Clenbuterol and salbutamol increased and pindolol decreased pupil-to-iris ratios. Clenbuterol was selected for Parts B and C. In Part B, clenbuterol significantly increased performance in adaptive tracking with a tendency toward improved performance in immediate and delayed verbal recall. In Part C trends toward improved performance in immediate and delayed verbal recall were observed in PD-patients. Typical cardiovascular peripheral β2-AR effects were observed with clenbuterol. Conclusions This study demonstrates the pro-cognitive effects of clenbuterol in HVs with similar trends in PD-patients. The mechanism of action is likely activation of β2-ARs in the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pepijn P.N.M. Eijsvogel
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Samantha Prins
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laurence Moss
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan J.W. van Kraaij
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Philip H.C. Kremer
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Jan Groeneveld
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Matt RA, Martin RS, Evans AK, Gever JR, Vargas GA, Shamloo M, Ford AP. Locus Coeruleus and Noradrenergic Pharmacology in Neurodegenerative Disease. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024; 285:555-616. [PMID: 37495851 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Adrenoceptors (ARs) throughout the brain are stimulated by noradrenaline originating mostly from neurons of the locus coeruleus, a brainstem nucleus that is ostensibly the earliest to show detectable pathology in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The α1-AR, α2-AR, and β-AR subtypes expressed in target brain regions and on a range of cell populations define the physiological responses to noradrenaline, which includes activation of cognitive function in addition to modulation of neurometabolism, cerebral blood flow, and neuroinflammation. As these heterocellular functions are critical for maintaining brain homeostasis and neuronal health, combating the loss of noradrenergic tone from locus coeruleus degeneration may therefore be an effective treatment for both cognitive symptoms and disease modification in neurodegenerative indications. Two pharmacologic approaches are receiving attention in recent clinical studies: preserving noradrenaline levels (e.g., via reuptake inhibition) and direct activation of target adrenoceptors. Here, we review the expression and role of adrenoceptors in the brain, the preclinical studies which demonstrate that adrenergic stimulation can support cognitive function and cerebral health by reversing the effects of noradrenaline depletion, and the human data provided by pharmacoepidemiologic analyses and clinical trials which together identify adrenoceptors as promising targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew K Evans
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Mehrdad Shamloo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jellinger KA. Pathobiology of Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson Disease: Challenges and Outlooks. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:498. [PMID: 38203667 PMCID: PMC10778722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment (CI) is a characteristic non-motor feature of Parkinson disease (PD) that poses a severe burden on the patients and caregivers, yet relatively little is known about its pathobiology. Cognitive deficits are evident throughout the course of PD, with around 25% of subtle cognitive decline and mild CI (MCI) at the time of diagnosis and up to 83% of patients developing dementia after 20 years. The heterogeneity of cognitive phenotypes suggests that a common neuropathological process, characterized by progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic striatonigral system and of many other neuronal systems, results not only in structural deficits but also extensive changes of functional neuronal network activities and neurotransmitter dysfunctions. Modern neuroimaging studies revealed multilocular cortical and subcortical atrophies and alterations in intrinsic neuronal connectivities. The decreased functional connectivity (FC) of the default mode network (DMN) in the bilateral prefrontal cortex is affected already before the development of clinical CI and in the absence of structural changes. Longitudinal cognitive decline is associated with frontostriatal and limbic affections, white matter microlesions and changes between multiple functional neuronal networks, including thalamo-insular, frontoparietal and attention networks, the cholinergic forebrain and the noradrenergic system. Superimposed Alzheimer-related (and other concomitant) pathologies due to interactions between α-synuclein, tau-protein and β-amyloid contribute to dementia pathogenesis in both PD and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). To further elucidate the interaction of the pathomechanisms responsible for CI in PD, well-designed longitudinal clinico-pathological studies are warranted that are supported by fluid and sophisticated imaging biomarkers as a basis for better early diagnosis and future disease-modifying therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, A-1150 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tuominen JA, Bjørnevik K, Romanowska J, Solheim MH, Grydeland TB, Cortese M, Scherzer CR, Riise T, Igland J. Beta2-adrenoreceptor agonists and long-term risk of Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2023; 110:105389. [PMID: 37027994 PMCID: PMC10387752 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is limited information on how the association between Parkinson's disease and the use of beta2-adrenoreceptor (β2AR) agonists varies among groups of short-, long-, and ultra-long-acting β2AR agonists (SABA, LABA and ultraLABA). METHODS In this prospective study of the Norwegian population, we estimated the incidence of Parkinson's disease according to exposure to β2AR agonists as a time-dependent variable by means of Cox regression. We adjusted for educational level, comorbidity and performed a sensitivity analysis excluding individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), all factors associated with smoking. Anticholinergics and corticosteroids as drugs with the same indication were analyzed for comparison. RESULTS In the follow-up period from 2005 to 2019, 15,807 incident Parkinson's cases were identified. After adjustments for sex, education and age as the timescale, SABA (Hazard ratio (HR) = 0.84; 95%CI: 0.79, 0.89; p < 0.001), LABA (HR = 0.85; 95%CI: 0.81, 0.90; p < 0.001) and ultraLABA (HR = 0.6; 95%CI: 0.49, 0.73; p < 0.001) were all associated with a lower risk of Parkinson's disease. After exclusion of COPD patients, corticosteroids and anticholinergics were no longer inversely associated, whereas β2AR agonists remained associated. CONCLUSION Of drugs with the same indication of use, only β2AR agonists remained inversely associated with PD risk after all adjustments, with ultraLABA displaying the overall strongest association. Although the precision of the estimate is limited by the modest number of exposed PD cases without COPD, the association is intriguing and suggest that longer-acting, more lipophilic, and thus likely more brain-penetrant β2AR agonists could be prioritized for further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Tuominen
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 17, 5009, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Kjetil Bjørnevik
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 17, 5009, Bergen, Norway; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Julia Romanowska
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 17, 5009, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Magne H Solheim
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 17, 5009, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies veg 87, 5021, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Thomas B Grydeland
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Marianna Cortese
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 17, 5009, Bergen, Norway; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Clemens R Scherzer
- Neurogenomics Lab, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; APDA Center for Advanced Parkinson Research, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Trond Riise
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 17, 5009, Bergen, Norway; APDA Center for Advanced Parkinson Research, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Jannicke Igland
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 17, 5009, Bergen, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hayley S, Vahid-Ansari F, Sun H, Albert PR. Mood disturbances in Parkinson's disease: From prodromal origins to application of animal models. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 181:106115. [PMID: 37037299 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex illness with a constellation of environmental insults and genetic vulnerabilities being implicated. Strikingly, many studies only focus on the cardinal motor symptoms of the disease and fail to appreciate the major non-motor features which typically occur early in the disease process and are debilitating. Common comorbid psychiatric features, notably clinical depression, as well as anxiety and sleep disorders are thought to emerge before the onset of prominent motor deficits. In this review, we will delve into the prodromal stage of PD and how early neuropsychiatric pathology might unfold, followed by later motor disturbances. It is also of interest to discuss how animal models of PD capture the complexity of the illness, including depressive-like characteristics along with motor impairment. It remains to be determined how the underlying PD disease processes contributes to such comorbidity. But some of the environmental toxicants and microbial pathogens implicated in PD might instigate pro-inflammatory effects favoring α-synuclein accumulation and damage to brainstem neurons fueling the evolution of mood disturbances. We posit that comprehensive animal-based research approaches are needed to capture the complexity and time-dependent nature of the primary and co-morbid symptoms. This will allow for the possibility of early intervention with more novel and targeted treatments that fit with not only individual patient variability, but also with changes that occur over time with the evolution of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Hayley
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Neuroscience), University of Ottawa, Canada.
| | - F Vahid-Ansari
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Neuroscience), University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - H Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Neuroscience), University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - P R Albert
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Neuroscience), University of Ottawa, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tan S, Zhou C, Wen J, Duanmu X, Guo T, Wu H, Wu J, Cao Z, Liu X, Chen J, Wu C, Qin J, Xu J, Gu L, Yan Y, Zhang B, Zhang M, Guan X, Xu X. Presence but not the timing of onset of REM sleep behavior disorder distinguishes evolution patterns in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 180:106084. [PMID: 36931531 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) could develop preceding or come after motor symptoms during Parkinson's disease (PD). It remains unknown that whether PD with different timing of RBD onset relative to motor symptoms suggests different spatiotemporal sequence of neurodegeneration. This study aimed to explore the sequence of disease progression in crucially involved brain regions in PD with different timing of RBD onset. METHOD We recruited 157 PD, 16 isolated RBD (iRBD), and 78 healthy controls. PD patients were identified as (1) PD with RBD preceding motor symptoms (PD-preRBD, n = 50), (2) PD with RBD posterior to motor symptoms (PD-postRBD, n = 31), (3) PD without RBD (PD-nonRBD, n = 75). The volumes of crucial brain regions, including the basal ganglia and limbic structures in T1-weighted imaging, and the contrast-noise-ratios of locus coeruleus (LC) and substantia nigra (SN) in neuromelanin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging, were extracted. To simulate the sequence of disease progression for cross-sectional data, an event-based model was introduced to estimate the maximum likelihood sequence of regions' involvement for each group. Then, a statistical parameter, the Bhattacharya coefficient (BC), was used to evaluate the similarity of the sequence. RESULTS The model predicted that SN occupied the highest likelihood in the maximum likelihood sequence of disease progression in the all PD subgroups, while LC was specifically positioned earlier to SN in iRBD, a prodromal phase of PD. Subsequent early involvement of LC was observed in the both PD-preRBD and PD-postRBD. In contrast, atrophy in the para-hippocampal gyrus but relatively intact LC in the early stage was demonstrated in PD-nonRBD. Then, the similarity comparisons indicated higher BC between PD-postRBD and PD-preRBD (BC = 0.76) but lower BC between PD-postRBD and PD-nonRBD group (BC = 0.41). iRBD had higher BC against PD-preRBD (BC = 0.66) and PD-postRBD (BC = 0.63) but lower BC against PD- nonRBD (BC = 0.48). CONCLUSION The spatiotemporal sequence of neurodegeneration between PD-pre and PD-post were similar but distinct from PD-nonRBD. The presence of RBD may be the essential factor for differentiating the degeneration patterns of PD, but the timing of RBD onset has currently proved to be not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Tan
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jiaqi Wen
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaojie Duanmu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Tao Guo
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Haoting Wu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhengye Cao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaocao Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Chenqing Wu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jianmei Qin
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Luyan Gu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yaping Yan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Baorong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Minming Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaojun Guan
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Updated Parkinson's disease motor subtypes classification and correlation to cerebrospinal homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels. Clin Park Relat Disord 2023; 8:100187. [PMID: 36793590 PMCID: PMC9922918 DOI: 10.1016/j.prdoa.2023.100187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Motor classifications of Parkinson's Disease (PD) have been widely used. This paper aims to update a subtype classification using the MDS-UPDRS-III and determine if cerebrospinal neurotransmitter profiles (HVA and 5-HIAA) differ between these subtypes in a cohort from the Parkinson's Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI). Methods UPDRS and MDS-UPDRS scores were collected for 20 PD patients. Akinetic-rigid (AR), Tremor-dominant (TD), and Mixed (MX) subtypes were calculated using a formula derived from UPDRS, and a new ratio was developed for subtyping patients with the MDS-UPDRS. This new formula was subsequently applied to 95 PD patients from the PPMI dataset, and subtyping was correlated to neurotransmitter levels. Data were analyzed using receiver operating characteristic models and ANOVA. Results Compared to previous UPDRS classifications, the new MDS-UPDRS TD/AR ratios produced significant areas under the curve (AUC) for each subtype. The optimal sensitivity and specificity cutoff scores were ≥0.82 for TD, ≤0.71 for AR, and >0.71 and <0.82 for Mixed. Analysis of variance showed that the AR group had significantly lower HVA and 5-HIAA levels than the TD and HC groups. A logistic model using neurotransmitter levels and MDS-UPDRS-III could predict the subtype classification. Conclusions This MDS-UPDRS motor classification system provides a method to transition from the original UPDRS to the new MDS-UPDRS. It is a reliable and quantifiable subtyping tool for monitoring disease progression. The TD subtype is associated with lower motor scores and higher HVA levels, while the AR subtype is associated with higher motor scores and lower 5-HIAA levels.
Collapse
|
15
|
Caminiti SP, Boccalini C, Nicastro N, Garibotto V, Perani D. Sex differences in brain metabolic connectivity architecture in probable dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 126:14-24. [PMID: 36905876 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
We investigated how sex modulates metabolic connectivity alterations in probable dementia with Lewy bodies (pDLB). We included 131 pDLB patients (males/females: 58/73) and similarly aged healthy controls (HC) (male/female: 59/75) with available (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) scans. We assessed (1) sex differences in the whole-brain connectivity, identifying pathological hubs, (2) connectivity alterations in functional pathways of the neurotransmitter systems, (3) Resting State Networks (RSNs) integrity. Both pDLBM (males) and pDLBF (females) shared dysfunctional hubs in the insula, Rolandic operculum, and inferior parietal lobule, but the pDLBM group showed more severe and diffuse whole-brain connectivity alterations. Neurotransmitters connectivity analysis revealed common alterations in dopaminergic and noradrenergic pathways. Sex differences emerged particularly in the Ch4-perisylvian division, with pDLBM showing more severe alterations than pDLBF. The RSNs analysis showed no sex differences, with decreased connectivity strength in the primary visual, posterior default mode, and attention networks in both groups. Extensive connectivity changes characterize both males and females in the dementia stage, with a major vulnerability of cholinergic neurotransmitter systems in males, possibly contributing to the observed different clinical phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Paola Caminiti
- School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Boccalini
- School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTlab), Geneva University Neurocenter and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Nicastro
- Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Garibotto
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers (NIMTlab), Geneva University Neurocenter and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Perani
- School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hoglund BK, Carfagno V, Olive MF, Leyrer-Jackson JM. Metabotropic glutamate receptors and cognition: From underlying plasticity and neuroprotection to cognitive disorders and therapeutic targets. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 168:367-413. [PMID: 36868635 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are G protein-coupled receptors that play pivotal roles in mediating the activity of neurons and other cell types within the brain, communication between cell types, synaptic plasticity, and gene expression. As such, these receptors play an important role in a number of cognitive processes. In this chapter, we discuss the role of mGlu receptors in various forms of cognition and their underlying physiology, with an emphasis on cognitive dysfunction. Specifically, we highlight evidence that links mGlu physiology to cognitive dysfunction across brain disorders including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Fragile X syndrome, post-traumatic stress disorder, and schizophrenia. We also provide recent evidence demonstrating that mGlu receptors may elicit neuroprotective effects in particular disease states. Lastly, we discuss how mGlu receptors can be targeted utilizing positive and negative allosteric modulators as well as subtype specific agonists and antagonist to restore cognitive function across these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon K Hoglund
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Vincent Carfagno
- School of Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - M Foster Olive
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Jonna M Leyrer-Jackson
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Phoenix, AZ, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Emery DC, Davies M, Cerajewska TL, Taylor J, Hazell M, Paterson A, Allen-Birt SJ, West NX. High resolution 16S rRNA gene Next Generation Sequencing study of brain areas associated with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1026260. [PMID: 36570533 PMCID: PMC9780557 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1026260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are neurodegenerative conditions characterized by incremental deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) and α-synuclein in AD and PD brain, respectively, in relatively conserved patterns. Both are associated with neuroinflammation, with a proposed microbial component for disease initiation and/or progression. Notably, Aβ and α-synuclein have been shown to possess antimicrobial properties. There is evidence for bacterial presence within the brain, including the oral pathobiont Porphyromonas gingivalis, with cognitive impairment and brain pathology being linked to periodontal (gum) disease and gut dysbiosis. Methods Here, we use high resolution 16S rRNA PCR-based Next Generation Sequencing (16SNGS) to characterize bacterial composition in brain areas associated with the early, intermediate and late-stage of the diseases. Results and discussion This study reveals the widespread presence of bacteria in areas of the brain associated with AD and PD pathology, with distinctly different bacterial profiles in blood and brain. Brain area profiles were overall somewhat similar, predominantly oral, with some bacteria subgingival and oronasal in origin, and relatively comparable profiles in AD and PD brain. However, brain areas associated with early disease development, such as the locus coeruleus, were substantially different in bacterial DNA content compared to areas affected later in disease etiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mae Hazell
- Translational Health Sciences, Learning and Research, Bristol Medical School, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Paterson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol Genomics Facility, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Shelley J. Allen-Birt
- Translational Health Sciences, Learning and Research, Bristol Medical School, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola X. West
- Bristol Dental School, Bristol, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Nicola X. West,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Caligiore D, Giocondo F, Silvetti M. The Neurodegenerative Elderly Syndrome (NES) hypothesis: Alzheimer and Parkinson are two faces of the same disease. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 13:330-343. [PMID: 36247524 PMCID: PMC9554826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) share monoamine and alpha-synuclein (αSyn) dysfunctions, often beginning years before clinical manifestations onset. The triggers for these impairments and the causes leading these early neurodegenerative processes to become AD or PD remain unclear. We address these issues by proposing a radically new perspective to frame AD and PD: they are different manifestations of one only disease we call "Neurodegenerative Elderly Syndrome (NES)". NES goes through three phases. The seeding stage, which starts years before clinical signs, and where the part of the brain-body affected by the initial αSyn and monoamine dysfunctions, influences the future possible progression of NES towards PD or AD. The compensatory stage, where the clinical symptoms are still silent thanks to compensatory mechanisms keeping monoamine concentrations homeostasis. The bifurcation stage, where NES becomes AD or PD. We present recent literature supporting NES and discuss how this hypothesis could radically change the comprehension of AD and PD comorbidities and the design of novel system-level diagnostic and therapeutic actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Caligiore
- Computational and Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (CTNLab-ISTC-CNR), Via San Martino della Battaglia 44, Rome 00185, Italy
- AI2Life s.r.l., Innovative Start-Up, ISTC-CNR Spin-Off, Via Sebino 32, Rome 00199, Italy
| | - Flora Giocondo
- Laboratory of Embodied Natural and Artificial Intelligence, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (LENAI-ISTC-CNR), Via San Martino della Battaglia 44, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Massimo Silvetti
- Computational and Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (CTNLab-ISTC-CNR), Via San Martino della Battaglia 44, Rome 00185, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jellinger KA. The pathobiological basis of depression in Parkinson disease: challenges and outlooks. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:1397-1418. [PMID: 36322206 PMCID: PMC9628588 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Depression, with an estimated prevalence of about 40% is a most common neuropsychiatric disorder in Parkinson disease (PD), with a negative impact on quality of life, cognitive impairment and functional disability, yet the underlying neurobiology is poorly understood. Depression in PD (DPD), one of its most common non-motor symptoms, can precede the onset of motor symptoms but can occur at any stage of the disease. Although its diagnosis is based on standard criteria, due to overlap with other symptoms related to PD or to side effects of treatment, depression is frequently underdiagnosed and undertreated. DPD has been related to a variety of pathogenic mechanisms associated with the underlying neurodegenerative process, in particular dysfunction of neurotransmitter systems (dopaminergic, serotonergic and noradrenergic), as well as to disturbances of cortico-limbic, striato-thalamic-prefrontal, mediotemporal-limbic networks, with disruption in the topological organization of functional mood-related, motor and other essential brain network connections due to alterations in the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) fluctuations in multiple brain areas. Other hypothetic mechanisms involve neuroinflammation, neuroimmune dysregulation, stress hormones, neurotrophic, toxic or metabolic factors. The pathophysiology and pathogenesis of DPD are multifactorial and complex, and its interactions with genetic factors, age-related changes, cognitive disposition and other co-morbidities awaits further elucidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, 1150, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Waterhouse BD, Predale HK, Plummer NW, Jensen P, Chandler DJ. Probing the structure and function of locus coeruleus projections to CNS motor centers. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:895481. [PMID: 36247730 PMCID: PMC9556855 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.895481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The brainstem nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) sends projections to the forebrain, brainstem, cerebellum and spinal cord and is a source of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) in these areas. For more than 50 years, LC was considered to be homogeneous in structure and function such that NE would be released uniformly and act simultaneously on the cells and circuits that receive LC projections. However, recent studies have provided evidence that LC is modular in design, with segregated output channels and the potential for differential release and action of NE in its projection fields. These new findings have prompted a radical shift in our thinking about LC operations and demand revision of theoretical constructs regarding impact of the LC-NE system on behavioral outcomes in health and disease. Within this context, a major gap in our knowledge is the relationship between the LC-NE system and CNS motor control centers. While we know much about the organization of the LC-NE system with respect to sensory and cognitive circuitries and the impact of LC output on sensory guided behaviors and executive function, much less is known about the role of the LC-NE pathway in motor network operations and movement control. As a starting point for closing this gap in understanding, we propose using an intersectional recombinase-based viral-genetic strategy TrAC (Tracing Axon Collaterals) as well as established ex vivo electrophysiological assays to characterize efferent connectivity and physiological attributes of mouse LC-motor network projection neurons. The novel hypothesis to be tested is that LC cells with projections to CNS motor centers are scattered throughout the rostral-caudal extent of the nucleus but collectively display a common set of electrophysiological properties. Additionally, we expect to find these LC projection neurons maintain an organized network of axon collaterals capable of supporting selective, synchronous release of NE in motor circuitries for the purpose of coordinately regulating operations across networks that are responsible for balance and movement dynamics. Investigation of this hypothesis will advance our knowledge of the role of the LC-NE system in motor control and provide a basis for treating movement disorders resulting from disease, injury, or normal aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barry D. Waterhouse
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, United States,*Correspondence: Barry D. Waterhouse,
| | - Haven K. Predale
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, United States
| | - Nicholas W. Plummer
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Patricia Jensen
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Daniel J. Chandler
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Morphological basis of Parkinson disease-associated cognitive impairment: an update. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:977-999. [PMID: 35726096 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is one of the most salient non-motor symptoms of Parkinson disease (PD) that poses a significant burden on the patients and carers as well as being a risk factor for early mortality. People with PD show a wide spectrum of cognitive dysfunctions ranging from subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to frank dementia. The mean frequency of PD with MCI (PD-MCI) is 25.8% and the pooled dementia frequency is 26.3% increasing up to 83% 20 years after diagnosis. A better understanding of the underlying pathological processes will aid in directing disease-specific treatment. Modern neuroimaging studies revealed considerable changes in gray and white matter in PD patients with cognitive impairment, cortical atrophy, hypometabolism, dopamine/cholinergic or other neurotransmitter dysfunction and increased amyloid burden, but multiple mechanism are likely involved. Combined analysis of imaging and fluid markers is the most promising method for identifying PD-MCI and Parkinson disease dementia (PDD). Morphological substrates are a combination of Lewy- and Alzheimer-associated and other concomitant pathologies with aggregation of α-synuclein, amyloid, tau and other pathological proteins in cortical and subcortical regions causing destruction of essential neuronal networks. Significant pathological heterogeneity within PD-MCI reflects deficits in various cognitive domains. This review highlights the essential neuroimaging data and neuropathological changes in PD with cognitive impairment, the amount and topographical distribution of pathological protein aggregates and their pathophysiological relevance. Large-scale clinicopathological correlative studies are warranted to further elucidate the exact neuropathological correlates of cognitive impairment in PD and related synucleinopathies as a basis for early diagnosis and future disease-modifying therapies.
Collapse
|
22
|
Kaczyńska K, Orłowska ME, Andrzejewski K. Respiratory Abnormalities in Parkinson's Disease: What Do We Know from Studies in Humans and Animal Models? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073499. [PMID: 35408858 PMCID: PMC8998219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by movement disorders due to the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the ventrolateral region of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Apart from the cardinal motor symptoms such as rigidity and bradykinesia, non-motor symptoms including those associated with respiratory dysfunction are of increasing interest. Not only can they impair the patients’ quality of life but they also can cause aspiration pneumonia, which is the leading cause of death among PD patients. This narrative review attempts to summarize the existing literature on respiratory impairments reported in human studies, as well as what is newly known from studies in animal models of the disease. Discussed are not only respiratory muscle dysfunction, apnea, and dyspnea, but also altered central respiratory control, responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia, and how they are affected by the pharmacological treatment of PD.
Collapse
|
23
|
Matschke LA, Komadowski MA, Stöhr A, Lee B, Henrich MT, Griesbach M, Rinné S, Geibl FF, Chiu WH, Koprich JB, Brotchie JM, Kiper AK, Dolga AM, Oertel WH, Decher N. Enhanced firing of locus coeruleus neurons and SK channel dysfunction are conserved in distinct models of prodromal Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3180. [PMID: 35210472 PMCID: PMC8873463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06832-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is clinically defined by the presence of the cardinal motor symptoms, which are associated with a loss of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). While SNpc neurons serve as the prototypical cell-type to study cellular vulnerability in PD, there is an unmet need to extent our efforts to other neurons at risk. The noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) represents one of the first brain structures affected in Parkinson's disease (PD) and plays not only a crucial role for the evolving non-motor symptomatology, but it is also believed to contribute to disease progression by efferent noradrenergic deficiency. Therefore, we sought to characterize the electrophysiological properties of LC neurons in two distinct PD models: (1) in an in vivo mouse model of focal α-synuclein overexpression; and (2) in an in vitro rotenone-induced PD model. Despite the fundamental differences of these two PD models, α-synuclein overexpression as well as rotenone exposure led to an accelerated autonomous pacemaker frequency of LC neurons, accompanied by severe alterations of the afterhyperpolarization amplitude. On the mechanistic side, we suggest that Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) channels are mediators of the increased LC neuronal excitability, as pharmacological activation of these channels is sufficient to prevent increased LC pacemaking and subsequent neuronal loss in the LC following in vitro rotenone exposure. These findings suggest a role of SK channels in PD by linking α-synuclein- and rotenone-induced changes in LC firing rate to SK channel dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina A Matschke
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Vegetative Physiology and Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior - MCMBB, Philipps-University Marburg, 35037, Marburg, Germany.,Clinic for Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marlene A Komadowski
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Vegetative Physiology and Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior - MCMBB, Philipps-University Marburg, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Annette Stöhr
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Vegetative Physiology and Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior - MCMBB, Philipps-University Marburg, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bolam Lee
- Clinic for Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin T Henrich
- Clinic for Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Markus Griesbach
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Vegetative Physiology and Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior - MCMBB, Philipps-University Marburg, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Rinné
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Vegetative Physiology and Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior - MCMBB, Philipps-University Marburg, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Fanni F Geibl
- Clinic for Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Wei-Hua Chiu
- Clinic for Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - James B Koprich
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 8KD402, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Brotchie
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 8KD402, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Aytug K Kiper
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Vegetative Physiology and Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior - MCMBB, Philipps-University Marburg, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Amalia M Dolga
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang H Oertel
- Clinic for Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany.,Hertie Senior Research Professor of the Charitable Hertie Foundation, 60323, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Niels Decher
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Vegetative Physiology and Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior - MCMBB, Philipps-University Marburg, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pike AF, Longhena F, Faustini G, van Eik JM, Gombert I, Herrebout MAC, Fayed MMHE, Sandre M, Varanita T, Teunissen CE, Hoozemans JJM, Bellucci A, Veerhuis R, Bubacco L. Dopamine signaling modulates microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation: implications for Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:50. [PMID: 35172843 PMCID: PMC8848816 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02410-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons leading to impaired striatal dopamine signaling, α-synuclein- (α-syn-) rich inclusions, and neuroinflammation. Degenerating neurons are surrounded by activated microglia with increased secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), driven largely by the NLRP3 inflammasome. A critical role for microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the progression of both dopaminergic neurodegeneration and α-syn pathology has been demonstrated in parkinsonism mouse models. Fibrillar α-syn activates this inflammasome in mouse and human macrophages, and we have shown previously that the same holds true for primary human microglia. Dopamine blocks microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the MPTP model, but its effects in this framework, highly relevant to PD, remain unexplored in primary human microglia and in other in vivo parkinsonism models. METHODS Biochemical techniques including quantification of IL-1β secretion and confocal microscopy were employed to gain insight into dopamine signaling-mediated inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome mechanism in primary human microglia and the SYN120 transgenic mouse model. Dopamine and related metabolites were applied to human microglia together with various inflammasome activating stimuli. The involvement of the receptors through which these catecholamines were predicted to act were assessed with agonists in both species. RESULTS We show in primary human microglia that dopamine, L-DOPA, and high extracellular K+, but not norepinephrine and epinephrine, block canonical, non-canonical, and α-syn-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome-driven IL-1β secretion. This suggests that dopamine acts as an inflammasome inhibitor in human microglia. Accordingly, we provide evidence that dopamine exerts its inhibitory effect through dopamine receptor D1 and D2 (DRD1 and DRD2) signaling. We also show that aged mice transgenic for human C-terminally truncated (1-120) α-syn (SYN120 tg mice) display increased NLRP3 inflammasome activation in comparison to WT mice that is diminished upon DRD1 agonism. CONCLUSIONS Dopamine inhibits canonical, non-canonical, and α-syn-mediated activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in primary human microglia, as does high extracellular K+. We suggest that dopamine serves as an endogenous repressor of the K+ efflux-dependent microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation that contributes to dopaminergic neurodegeneration in PD, and that this reciprocation may account for the specific vulnerability of these neurons to disease pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrianne F Pike
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurochemistry Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Francesca Longhena
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gaia Faustini
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Jean-Marc van Eik
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurochemistry Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Gombert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurochemistry Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike A C Herrebout
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurochemistry Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mona M H E Fayed
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurochemistry Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michele Sandre
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurochemistry Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J M Hoozemans
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuropathology Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Robert Veerhuis
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurochemistry Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Research Progress on the Pharmacological Action of Schisantherin A. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:6420865. [PMID: 35190748 PMCID: PMC8858060 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6420865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Schisantherin A (Sch A) is a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan monomer isolated from the fruit of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (S. chinensis). At present, many studies have shown that Sch A has a wide range of pharmacological effects, including its anti-Parkinson and anti-inflammatory effects and ability to protect the liver, protect against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, suppress osteoclast formation, and improve learning and memory. Its mechanism may be related to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties of Sch A through the MAPK, NF-κB, AKT/GSK3β, and PI3K/AKT pathways. This is the first review of the recent studies on the pharmacological mechanism of Sch A.
Collapse
|
26
|
Chou MC, Lee HC, Liu YC, Yen PSY, Liu CK, Chen CH, Hsieh TH, Chen SL. Long-Term High-Fat Diet Consumption Depletes Glial Cells and Tyrosine Hydroxylase-Containing Neurons in the Brain of Middle-Aged Rats. Cells 2022; 11:295. [PMID: 35053411 PMCID: PMC8773849 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have indicated that dyslipidemia may facilitate the progression of neuronal degeneration. However, the effects of chronic dyslipidemia on brain function, especially in older individuals, remain unclear. In this study, middle-aged 37-week-old male Wistar-Kyoto rats were fed a normal diet (ND) or a 45% high-fat diet (HFD) for 30 weeks (i.e., until 67 weeks of age). To study the effects of chronic dyslipidemia on the brain, we analyzed spontaneous locomotor activity, cognitive function, and brain tissues in both groups of rats after 30 weeks. Compared with age-matched rats fed a ND, Wistar-Kyoto rats fed a HFD had dyslipidemia and showed decreased movement but normal recognition of a novel object. In our brain analyses, we observed a significant decrease in astrocytes and tyrosine hydroxylase-containing neurons in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus of rats fed a HFD compared with rats fed a ND. However, hippocampal pyramidal neurons were not affected. Our findings indicate that the long-term consumption of a HFD may cause lipid metabolism overload in the brain and damage to glial cells. The decrease in astrocytes may lead to reduced protection of the brain and affect the survival of tyrosine hydroxylase-containing neurons but not pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chuan Chou
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-C.C.); (C.-K.L.)
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, KMU, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, KMU, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, KMU, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Patrick Szu-Ying Yen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, KMU, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (P.S.-Y.Y.); (T.-H.H.)
| | - Ching-Kuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-C.C.); (C.-K.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, KMU, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (P.S.-Y.Y.); (T.-H.H.)
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 37660, USA;
| | - Tzu-Han Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, KMU, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (P.S.-Y.Y.); (T.-H.H.)
| | - Shiou-Lan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, KMU, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (P.S.-Y.Y.); (T.-H.H.)
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center and MSc Program in Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine Research, KMU Hospital, KMU, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- College of Professional Studies, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 900, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fluid intelligence and the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2110630118. [PMID: 34764223 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110630118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has seen significant progress identifying genetic and brain differences related to intelligence. However, there remain considerable gaps in our understanding of how cognitive mechanisms that underpin intelligence map onto various brain functions. In this article, we argue that the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system is essential for understanding the biological basis of intelligence. We review evidence suggesting that the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system plays a central role at all levels of brain function, from metabolic processes to the organization of large-scale brain networks. We connect this evidence with our executive attention view of working-memory capacity and fluid intelligence and present analyses on baseline pupil size, an indicator of locus coeruleus activity. Using a latent variable approach, our analyses showed that a common executive attention factor predicted baseline pupil size. Additionally, the executive attention function of disengagement--not maintenance--uniquely predicted baseline pupil size. These findings suggest that the ability to control attention may be important for understanding how cognitive mechanisms of fluid intelligence map onto the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system. We discuss how further research is needed to better understand the relationships between fluid intelligence, the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system, and functionally organized brain networks.
Collapse
|
28
|
Powell A, Ireland C, Lewis SJG. Visual Hallucinations and the Role of Medications in Parkinson's Disease: Triggers, Pathophysiology, and Management. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 32:334-343. [PMID: 32374649 DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.19110316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Visual hallucinations, which are part of the syndrome of Parkinson's disease (PD) psychosis, affect patients' quality of life and increase the likelihood of residential aged-care placement. The association between visual hallucinations and dopaminergic and other medications that are necessary for the symptomatic management of motor and other symptoms of PD is a common clinical dilemma. While dopaminergic medications have long been associated with PD psychosis, a clear causal link has not been established, and other neurotransmitter systems, particularly noradrenaline, serotonin, and acetylcholine, are implicated and important. A diverse range of demographic and disease-related risk factors, some being modifiable, highlight the complexity of potential underlying pathophysiological processes but also broaden practical options for prevention and treatment that can be multifaceted and individualized. The investigators reviewed the clinical features and epidemiology of visual hallucinations and PD, explored the pathological evidence for dysfunction of multiple neurotransmitter systems that may be relevant to these phenomena, and addressed the potential of medications commonly used in PD to either trigger or treat these symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Powell
- Parkinson's Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre (Powell, Lewis), and Healthy Brain Ageing Program (Ireland), University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catriona Ireland
- Parkinson's Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre (Powell, Lewis), and Healthy Brain Ageing Program (Ireland), University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon J G Lewis
- Parkinson's Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre (Powell, Lewis), and Healthy Brain Ageing Program (Ireland), University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mather M. Noradrenaline in the aging brain: Promoting cognitive reserve or accelerating Alzheimer's disease? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 116:108-124. [PMID: 34099360 PMCID: PMC8292227 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many believe that engaging in novel and mentally challenging activities promotes brain health and prevents Alzheimer's disease in later life. However, mental stimulation may also have risks as well as benefits. As neurons release neurotransmitters, they often also release amyloid peptides and tau proteins into the extracellular space. These by-products of neural activity can aggregate into the tau tangle and amyloid plaque signatures of Alzheimer's disease. Over time, more active brain regions accumulate more pathology. Thus, increasing brain activity can have a cost. But the neuromodulator noradrenaline, released during novel and mentally stimulating events, may have some protective effects-as well as some negative effects. Via its inhibitory and excitatory effects on neurons and microglia, noradrenaline sometimes prevents and sometimes accelerates the production and accumulation of amyloid-β and tau in various brain regions. Both α2A- and β-adrenergic receptors influence amyloid-β production and tau hyperphosphorylation. Adrenergic activity also influences clearance of amyloid-β and tau. Furthermore, some findings suggest that Alzheimer's disease increases noradrenergic activity, at least in its early phases. Because older brains clear the by-products of synaptic activity less effectively, increased synaptic activity in the older brain risks accelerating the accumulation of Alzheimer's pathology more than it does in the younger brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Mather
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, Department of Psychology, & Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tilley BS, Patel SR, Goldfinger MH, Pearce RKB, Gentleman SM. Locus Coeruleus Pathology Indicates a Continuum of Lewy Body Dementia. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 11:1641-1650. [PMID: 34334423 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lewy body dementia (LBD) has two main phenotypes of LBD, Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), separated by the 'one-year-rule'. They also show different symptom profiles: core DLB features include fluctuating cognition, REM-sleep behaviur disorder, and visual hallucinations. These symptoms are sometimes present in PDD, representing an intermediate 'PDD-DLB' phenotype. OBJECTIVE DLB-like features may reflect deficits in the functions of the noradrenergic nucleus locus coeruleus (LC). Therefore, we compared the LC in the LBD phenotypes, PD, and controls. METHODS 38 PD, 56 PDD, 22 DLB, and 11 age-matched control cases from the Parkinson's UK tissue bank were included. LC tissue sections were immunostained for tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH), α-synuclein, tau, and amyloid-β. TH-neurons were quantified and pathologic burden calculated by %-coverage method. RESULTS The LC shows a stepwise reduction in neuron count from controls, PD, PDD, to DLB. PDD-DLB cases showed an intermediate clinical phenotype that was reflected pathologically. Cell counts were significantly reduced in DLB compared to PDD after correction for demographic factors. LC degeneration contributed significantly to the onset of all DLB symptoms. While α-synuclein was not significantly different between PDD and DLB cases, DLB exhibited significantly less tau pathology. CONCLUSION DLB and DLB-like symptoms represent noradrenergic deficits resulting from neuronal loss in the LC. PDD and DLB are likely to represent a clinical continuum based on the presence or absence of DLB-like symptoms mirrored by a pathological continuum in the LC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bension S Tilley
- Neuropathology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Shivani R Patel
- Neuropathology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marc H Goldfinger
- Neuropathology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ronald K B Pearce
- Neuropathology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Steve M Gentleman
- Neuropathology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hart CG, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Recent insights on astrocyte mechanisms in CNS homeostasis, pathology, and repair. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:2427-2462. [PMID: 34259342 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play essential roles in development, homeostasis, injury, and repair of the central nervous system (CNS). Their development is tightly regulated by distinct spatial and temporal cues during embryogenesis and into adulthood throughout the CNS. Astrocytes have several important responsibilities such as regulating blood flow and permeability of the blood-CNS barrier, glucose metabolism and storage, synapse formation and function, and axon myelination. In CNS pathologies, astrocytes also play critical parts in both injury and repair mechanisms. Upon injury, they undergo a robust phenotypic shift known as "reactive astrogliosis," which results in both constructive and deleterious outcomes. Astrocyte activation and migration at the site of injury provides an early defense mechanism to minimize the extent of injury by enveloping the lesion area. However, astrogliosis also contributes to the inhibitory microenvironment of CNS injury and potentiate secondary injury mechanisms, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and glutamate excitotoxicity, which facilitate neurodegeneration in CNS pathologies. Intriguingly, reactive astrocytes are increasingly a focus in current therapeutic strategies as their activation can be modulated toward a neuroprotective and reparative phenotype. This review will discuss recent advancements in knowledge regarding the development and role of astrocytes in the healthy and pathological CNS. We will also review how astrocytes have been genetically modified to optimize their reparative potential after injury, and how they may be transdifferentiated into neurons and oligodendrocytes to promote repair after CNS injury and neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Hart
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tong Q, Chen L. Associations of Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathologic Changes with Clinical Presentations of Parkinson's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 81:201-207. [PMID: 33720903 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are the two most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases associated with age. Pathological studies have shown that these two diseases share a certain degree of neuropathological overlap. AD neuropathologic change contributes to cognitive impairment in PD. However, the impact of AD pathology on other clinical phenotypes in PD remains largely unknown. OBJECTIVE Herein we aimed to assess the impact of co-occurring AD neuropathologic change on the clinical phenotypes of PD. METHODS We examined 46 autopsy brains of PD patients and available clinical information to retrospectively assess the effects of comorbid AD pathology on dementia, hallucinations, and dyskinesia commonly seen in advanced PD. RESULTS AD neuropathology significantly increased the risk of hallucinations and dementia, but not dyskinesia in PD patients. Surprisingly, diffuse Lewy body pathology, but not AD pathology, was associated with the occurrence of dementia and hallucinations. Most importantly, we reported that the severity of neuronal loss in the locus coeruleus (LC), but not the severity of neuronal loss in the substantia nigra (SN), was associated with the occurrence of dyskinesia in advanced PD patients, while neither Lewy body scores in SN nor LC had significant effects. CONCLUSION We show for the first time that neuronal loss in LC contributes to dyskinesia. Understanding the relationships between the two distinct pathologies and their relevant clinical phenotypes will be crucial in the development of effective disease-modifying therapies for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Tong
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Huaian First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China.,Division of Neuropathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Liam Chen
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hansen N. Locus Coeruleus Malfunction Is Linked to Psychopathology in Prodromal Dementia With Lewy Bodies. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:641101. [PMID: 33732141 PMCID: PMC7956945 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.641101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The locus coeruleus (LC) is a nucleus in the human brainstem with a variety of noradrenaline-driven functions involved in cognition, emotions, and perception. Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) constitutes a neurodegenerative disease involving deposits of alpha-synuclein, first appearing in the brainstem. The goal of this narrative review is to delineate the relationship between the expression of psychiatric symptoms as an early-onset of DLB and the degeneration of the LC's noradrenaline system. Methods: We searched in PubMed for relevant articles concerning LC degeneration and psychiatric symptoms in prodromal DLB in this narrative review. We rely on the McKeith criteria for prodromal psychiatric DLB. Results: We found four studies that document neuronal loss, deposits of Lewy bodies and other hints for neurodegeneration in the LC in patients with DLB. Furthermore, we reviewed theories and studies on how the degenerated noradrenaline LC system contributes to psychiatric DLB's phenotype. We hypothesized how anxiety, hallucinations, delusions, and depressive symptoms might occur in DLB patients due to degenerated noradrenergic neurons entailing consecutive altered noradrenergic transmission in the LC's projection areas. Conclusions: LC degeneration in prodromal DLB might cause psychiatric symptoms as the first and non-motor manifestation of DLB, as the LC is affected earlier by degeneration than are dopaminergic structures such as the substantia nigra, which are impaired later in the disease course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Hansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Vecchia DD, Kanazawa LKS, Wendler E, Hocayen PDAS, Vital MABF, Takahashi RN, Da Cunha C, Miyoshi E, Andreatini R. Ketamine reversed short-term memory impairment and depressive-like behavior in animal model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res Bull 2021; 168:63-73. [PMID: 33359641 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The most common features of Parkinson's disease (PD) are motor impairments, but many patients also present depression and memory impairment. Ketamine, an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, has been shown to be effective in patients with treatment-resistant major depression. Thus, the present study evaluated the action of ketamine on memory impairment and depressive-like behavior in an animal model of PD. Male Wistar rats received a bilateral infusion of 6 μg/side 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Short-term memory was evaluated by the social recognition test, and depressive-like behaviors were evaluated by the sucrose preference and forced swimming tests (FST). Drug treatments included vehicle (i.p., once a week); ketamine (5, 10 and 15 mg/kg, i.p., once a week); and imipramine (20 mg/kg, i.p., daily). The treatments were administered 21 days after the SNc lesion and lasted for 28 days. The SNc lesion impaired short-term social memory, and all ketamine doses reversed the memory impairment and anhedonia (reduction of sucrose preference) induced by 6-OHDA. In the FST, 6-OHDA increased immobility, and all doses of ketamine and imipramine reversed this effect. The anti-immobility effect of ketamine was associated with an increase in swimming but not in climbing, suggesting a serotonergic effect. Ketamine and imipramine did not reverse the 6-OHDA-induced reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry in the SNc. In conclusion, ketamine reversed depressive-like behaviors and short-term memory impairment in rats with SNc bilateral lesions, indicating a promising profile for its use in PD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Débora Dalla Vecchia
- Department of Pharmacology, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Uniandrade, Centro Universitário Campos de Andrade, Santa Quiteria, 80310-310, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Luiz Kae Sales Kanazawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Etiéli Wendler
- Department of Pharmacology, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Uniandrade, Centro Universitário Campos de Andrade, Santa Quiteria, 80310-310, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Palloma de Almeida Soares Hocayen
- Department of Pharmacology, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Barbato Frazão Vital
- Department of Pharmacology, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Naoto Takahashi
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, 88049-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Claudio Da Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Edmar Miyoshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Ponta Grossa, Avenida General Carlos Cavalcanti 4748, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Roberto Andreatini
- Department of Pharmacology, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tong Q, Chen L. Lack of Association of Locus Coeruleus Pathology with Orthostatic Hypotension in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 11:233-237. [PMID: 33104044 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-202325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is a common non-motor symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) and is linked with increased mortality risk among the elderly. Although the locus coeruleus (LC) is the major source of noradrenaline (NA) modulation in the brain, its role in the pathogenesis of OH in PD remains largely elusive. Here we examined 44 well characterized postmortem brains of PD patients and available clinical data to explore the relationship between OH and LC pathology in PD. Our results failed to indicate that the LC pathology as well as the substantia nigra pathology were robustly associated with the presence of OH in PD patients, suggesting targeting LC norepinephrinergic system alone may not be sufficient to treat OH in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Tong
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Huaian First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, China.,Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Liam Chen
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Clark I, Vissel B. Broader Insights into Understanding Tumor Necrosis Factor and Neurodegenerative Disease Pathogenesis Infer New Therapeutic Approaches. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:931-948. [PMID: 33459706 PMCID: PMC7990436 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), with its now appreciated key roles in neurophysiology as well as neuropathophysiology, are sufficiently well-documented to be useful tools for enquiry into the natural history of neurodegenerative diseases. We review the broader literature on TNF to rationalize why abruptly-acquired neurodegenerative states do not exhibit the remorseless clinical progression seen in those states with gradual onsets. We propose that the three typically non-worsening neurodegenerative syndromes, post-stroke, post-traumatic brain injury (TBI), and post cardiac arrest, usually become and remain static because of excess cerebral TNF induced by the initial dramatic peak keeping microglia chronically activated through an autocrine loop of microglial activation through excess cerebral TNF. The existence of this autocrine loop rationalizes post-damage repair with perispinal etanercept and proposes a treatment for cerebral aspects of COVID-19 chronicity. Another insufficiently considered aspect of cerebral proinflammatory cytokines is the fitness of the endogenous cerebral anti-TNF system provided by norepinephrine (NE), generated and distributed throughout the brain from the locus coeruleus (LC). We propose that an intact LC, and therefore an intact NE-mediated endogenous anti-cerebral TNF system, plus the DAMP (damage or danger-associated molecular pattern) input having diminished, is what allows post-stroke, post-TBI, and post cardiac arrest patients a strong long-term survival advantage over Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease sufferers. In contrast, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease patients remorselessly worsen, being handicapped by sustained, accumulating, DAMP and PAMP (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) input, as well as loss of the LC-origin, NE-mediated, endogenous anti-cerebral TNF system. Adrenergic receptor agonists may counter this.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I.A. Clark
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - B. Vissel
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Carli G, Caminiti SP, Sala A, Galbiati A, Pilotto A, Ferini-Strambi L, Padovani A, Perani D. Impaired metabolic brain networks associated with neurotransmission systems in the α-synuclein spectrum. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 81:113-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
38
|
Lopez-Chaichio L, Padial-Molina M, O'Valle F, Gil-Montoya JA, Catena A, Galindo-Moreno P. Oral health and healthy chewing for healthy cognitive ageing: A comprehensive narrative review. Gerodontology 2020; 38:126-135. [PMID: 33179281 DOI: 10.1111/ger.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ageing leads to physiological cognitive decline that it is worsened in people with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Despite the ongoing search for a solution to this cognitive decline, no effective remedies have been established. It has been determined that modifiable external factors, such as oral health and occlusal function, prevent cognitive decline. OBJECTIVE To analyse the primary interactions between occlusal function and cognitive functions. MAIN FINDINGS Masticatory function is related to cognitive functions. In particular, current evidence, from both animal and human studies, suggests that the activation of masticatory muscles and proper mastication, with natural teeth or dental prosthesis, induces the release of several mediators and the activation of specific brain areas. Together, they result in higher neuronal activity, neurotrophic support, blood flow and the prevention of amyloid-beta plaque formation. Thus, all the components of the masticatory system must work together in order to preserve cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS Available evidence suggests that oral and cognitive health are more interconnected than previously thought. Therefore, maintenance and adequate restoration of the whole masticatory system are important for the prevention of cognitive decline. In summary, oral and chewing health lead to healthy cognitive ageing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Lopez-Chaichio
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Padial-Molina
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco O'Valle
- Department of Pathology and IBIMER, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.Granada), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Gil-Montoya
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.Granada), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Gerodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Andres Catena
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Galindo-Moreno
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pascarelli MT, Del Percio C, De Pandis MF, Ferri R, Lizio R, Noce G, Lopez S, Rizzo M, Soricelli A, Nobili F, Arnaldi D, Famà F, Orzi F, Buttinelli C, Giubilei F, Salvetti M, Cipollini V, Franciotti R, Onofri M, Fuhr P, Gschwandtner U, Ransmayr G, Aarsland D, Parnetti L, Farotti L, Marizzoni M, D'Antonio F, De Lena C, Güntekin B, Hanoğlu L, Yener G, Emek-Savaş DD, Triggiani AI, Paul Taylor J, McKeith I, Stocchi F, Vacca L, Hampel H, Frisoni GB, Bonanni L, Babiloni C. Abnormalities of resting-state EEG in patients with prodromal and overt dementia with Lewy bodies: Relation to clinical symptoms. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 131:2716-2731. [PMID: 33039748 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Here we tested if cortical sources of resting state electroencephalographic (rsEEG) rhythms may differ in sub-groups of patients with prodromal and overt dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) as a function of relevant clinical symptoms. METHODS We extracted clinical, demographic and rsEEG datasets in matched DLB patients (N = 60) and control Alzheimer's disease (AD, N = 60) and healthy elderly (Nold, N = 60) seniors from our international database. The eLORETA freeware was used to estimate cortical rsEEG sources. RESULTS As compared to the Nold group, the DLB and AD groups generally exhibited greater spatially distributed delta source activities (DLB > AD) and lower alpha source activities posteriorly (AD > DLB). As compared to the DLB "controls", the DLB patients with (1) rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorders showed lower central alpha source activities (p < 0.005); (2) greater cognitive deficits exhibited higher parietal and central theta source activities as well as higher central, parietal, and occipital alpha source activities (p < 0.01); (3) visual hallucinations pointed to greater parietal delta source activities (p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Relevant clinical features were associated with abnormalities in spatial and frequency features of rsEEG source activities in DLB patients. SIGNIFICANCE Those features may be used as neurophysiological surrogate endpoints of clinical symptoms in DLB patients in future cross-validation prospective studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudio Del Percio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Susanna Lopez
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation - Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Rizzo
- Oasi Research Institute - IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - Andrea Soricelli
- IRCCS SDN, Napoli, Italy; Department of Motor Sciences and Healthiness, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Flavio Nobili
- Clinica neurologica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Oftalmologia, Genetica, Riabilitazione e Scienze Materno-infantili (DiNOGMI), Università di Genova, Italy
| | - Dario Arnaldi
- Clinica neurologica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Oftalmologia, Genetica, Riabilitazione e Scienze Materno-infantili (DiNOGMI), Università di Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Famà
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Oftalmologia, Genetica, Riabilitazione e Scienze Materno-infantili (DiNOGMI), Università di Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Orzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Buttinelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Giubilei
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Neuromed: IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Virginia Cipollini
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Franciotti
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences and CESI, University G d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Onofri
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences and CESI, University G d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Peter Fuhr
- Universitätsspital Basel, Abteilung Neurophysiologie, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ute Gschwandtner
- Universitätsspital Basel, Abteilung Neurophysiologie, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Ransmayr
- Department of Neurology 2, Med Campus III, Faculty of Medicine, Johannes Kepler University, Kepler University Hospital, Krankenhausstr. 9, A-4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, King's College University, London, UK
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Centre for Memory Disturbances, Lab of Clinical Neurochemistry, Section of Neurology, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucia Farotti
- Centre for Memory Disturbances, Lab of Clinical Neurochemistry, Section of Neurology, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Moira Marizzoni
- Laboratory of Alzheimer's Neuroimaging and Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Carlo De Lena
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Bahar Güntekin
- Department of Biophysics, International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lutfu Hanoğlu
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Görsev Yener
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Derya Durusu Emek-Savaş
- Department of Psychology and Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | | | - Ian McKeith
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Fabrizio Stocchi
- Institute for Research and Medical Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Vacca
- Institute for Research and Medical Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Harald Hampel
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), François Lhermitte Building, France
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- Laboratory of Alzheimer's Neuroimaging and Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Memory Clinic and LANVIE - Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laura Bonanni
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences and CESI, University G d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Claudio Babiloni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; San Raffaele of Cassino, Cassino, FR, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Dragašević-Mišković NT, Bobić V, Kostić M, Stanković I, Radovanović S, Dimitrijević K, Svetel M, Petrović I, Đurić-Jovičić M. Impact of depression on gait variability in Parkinson's disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2020; 200:106324. [PMID: 33129594 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to analyze how depression associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) affected gait variability in these patients using a dual-task paradigm. Additionally, the dependency of the executive functions and the impact of depression on gait variability were analyzed. PATIENTS AND METHODS Three subject groups were included: patients with PD, but no depression (PD-NonDep; 14 patients), patients with both PD and depression (PD-Dep; 16 patients) and healthy controls (HC; 15 subjects). Gait was recorded using the wireless sensors. The participants walked under four conditions: single-task, motor dual- task, cognitive dual-task, and combined dual-task. Variability of stride length, stride duration, and swing time was calculated and analyzed using the statistical methods. RESULTS Variability of stride duration and stride length were not significantly different between PD-Dep and PD-NonDep patients. The linear mixed model showed that swing time variability was statistically significantly higher in PD-Dep patients compared to controls (p = 0.001). Hamilton Disease Rating Scale scores were significantly correlated with the swing time variability (p = 0.01). Variability of all three parameters of gait was significantly higher while performing combined or cognitive task and this effect was more pronounced in PD-Dep group of patients. CONCLUSIONS Depression in PD was associated with swing time variability, and this effect was more prominent while performing a dual-task. SIGNIFICANCE Diagnosing and treating depression might be important for gait improvement and fall reduction in PD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nataša T Dragašević-Mišković
- Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center Serbia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade; dr Subotića 6a, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Vladislava Bobić
- Innovation Center, School of Electrical Engineering in Belgrade, Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milutin Kostić
- Institute of Mental Health, Palmotićeva 37, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Iva Stanković
- Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center Serbia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade; dr Subotića 6a, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Saša Radovanović
- Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, dr Subotića 4, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Kosta Dimitrijević
- Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center Serbia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade; dr Subotića 6a, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Svetel
- Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center Serbia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade; dr Subotića 6a, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Igor Petrović
- Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center Serbia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade; dr Subotića 6a, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Đurić-Jovičić
- Innovation Center, School of Electrical Engineering in Belgrade, Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
Li S, Shi Y, Yao X, Wang X, Shen L, Rao Z, Yuan J, Liu Y, Zhou Z, Zhang Z, Liu F, Han S, Geng J, Yang H, Cheng L. Conversion of Astrocytes and Fibroblasts into Functional Noradrenergic Neurons. Cell Rep 2020; 28:682-697.e7. [PMID: 31315047 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of noradrenergic (NA) neurons is associated with a number of neuronal disorders. Diverse neuronal subtypes can be generated by direct reprogramming. However, it is still unknown how to convert non-neuronal cells into NA neurons. Here, we show that seven transcription factors (TFs) (Ascl1, Phox2b, AP-2α, Gata3, Hand2, Nurr1, and Phox2a) are able to convert astrocytes and fibroblasts into induced NA (iNA) neurons. These iNA neurons express the genes required for the biosynthesis, release, and re-uptake of noradrenaline. Moreover, iNA neurons fire action potentials, receive synaptic inputs, and control the beating rate of co-cultured ventricular myocytes. Furthermore, iNA neurons survive and integrate into neural circuits after transplantation. Last, human fibroblasts can be converted into functional iNA neurons as well. Together, iNA neurons are generated by direct reprogramming, and they could be potentially useful for disease modeling and cell-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanlan Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuhan Shi
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuan Yao
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Libing Shen
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhiping Rao
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiacheng Yuan
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yueguang Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhenning Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ziheng Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Su'e Han
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junlan Geng
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Leping Cheng
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Privitera M, Ferrari KD, von Ziegler LM, Sturman O, Duss SN, Floriou-Servou A, Germain PL, Vermeiren Y, Wyss MT, De Deyn PP, Weber B, Bohacek J. A complete pupillometry toolbox for real-time monitoring of locus coeruleus activity in rodents. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:2301-2320. [PMID: 32632319 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) is a region in the brainstem that produces noradrenaline and is involved in both normal and pathological brain function. Pupillometry, the measurement of pupil diameter, provides a powerful readout of LC activity in rodents, primates and humans. The protocol detailed here describes a miniaturized setup that can screen LC activity in rodents in real-time and can be established within 1-2 d. Using low-cost Raspberry Pi computers and cameras, the complete custom-built system costs only ~300 euros, is compatible with stereotaxic surgery frames and seamlessly integrates into complex experimental setups. Tools for pupil tracking and a user-friendly Pupillometry App allow quantification, analysis and visualization of pupil size. Pupillometry can discriminate between different, physiologically relevant firing patterns of the LC and can accurately report LC activation as measured by noradrenaline turnover. Pupillometry provides a rapid, non-invasive readout that can be used to verify accurate placement of electrodes/fibers in vivo, thus allowing decisions about the inclusion/exclusion of individual animals before experiments begin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Privitera
- Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kim David Ferrari
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Experimental Imaging and Neuroenergetics, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas M von Ziegler
- Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Sturman
- Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sian N Duss
- Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Amalia Floriou-Servou
- Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Luc Germain
- Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Vermeiren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk (Antwerp), Antwerpen, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Matthias T Wyss
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Experimental Imaging and Neuroenergetics, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter P De Deyn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk (Antwerp), Antwerpen, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Memory Clinic of Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bruno Weber
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Experimental Imaging and Neuroenergetics, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Johannes Bohacek
- Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Role of Prefrontal Cortex on Recognition Memory Deficits in Rats following 6-OHDA-Induced Locus Coeruleus Lesion. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8324565. [PMID: 32733637 PMCID: PMC7369663 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8324565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Degeneration of the locus coeruleus (LC), the main source of cerebral noradrenaline (NA), has been reported in diverse neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's diseases (PD). There is increasing evidence indicating the role of NA deficiency in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the development of early cognitive impairments in PD. Here, we evaluated whether a selective noradrenergic lesion of LC caused by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) may induce memory deficits and neurochemical alterations in the PFC. Adult male Wistar rats received stereotaxic bilateral injections of 6-OHDA (5 μg/2 μl) into the LC, and two stainless-steel guide cannulas were implanted in the PFC. The SHAM group received just vehicle. To induce a selective noradrenergic lesion, animals received nomifensine (10 mg/kg), a dopamine transporter blocker, one hour before surgery. 6-OHDA-lesioned rats displayed impairments of the short- and long-term object recognition memory associated to reduced content of tyrosine hydroxylase in the LC. Neurochemical analysis revealed an altered mitochondrial membrane potential in LC. Regarding the PFC, an increased ROS production, cell membrane damage, and mitochondrial membrane potential disruption were observed. Remarkably, bilateral NA (1 μg/0.2 μl) infusion into the PFC restored the recognition memory deficits in LC-lesioned rats. These findings indicate that a selective noradrenergic LC lesion induced by 6-OHDA deregulates a noradrenergic network in the PFC, which could be involved in the early memory impairments observed in nondemented PD patients.
Collapse
|
45
|
Muñoz A, Lopez-Lopez A, Labandeira CM, Labandeira-Garcia JL. Interactions Between the Serotonergic and Other Neurotransmitter Systems in the Basal Ganglia: Role in Parkinson's Disease and Adverse Effects of L-DOPA. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:26. [PMID: 32581728 PMCID: PMC7289026 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. However, other non-dopaminergic neuronal systems such as the serotonergic system are also involved. Serotonergic dysfunction is associated with non-motor symptoms and complications, including anxiety, depression, dementia, and sleep disturbances. This pathology reduces patient quality of life. Interaction between the serotonergic and other neurotransmitters systems such as dopamine, noradrenaline, glutamate, and GABA controls the activity of striatal neurons and are particularly interesting for understanding the pathophysiology of PD. Moreover, serotonergic dysfunction also causes motor symptoms. Interestingly, serotonergic neurons play an important role in the effects of L-DOPA in advanced PD stages. Serotonergic terminals can convert L-DOPA to dopamine, which mediates dopamine release as a "false" transmitter. The lack of any autoregulatory feedback control in serotonergic neurons to regulate L-DOPA-derived dopamine release contributes to the appearance of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). This mechanism may also be involved in the development of graft-induced dyskinesias (GID), possibly due to the inclusion of serotonin neurons in the grafted tissue. Consistent with this, the administration of serotonergic agonists suppressed LID. In this review article, we summarize the interactions between the serotonergic and other systems. We also discuss the role of the serotonergic system in LID and if therapeutic approaches specifically targeting this system may constitute an effective strategy in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Muñoz
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Deptartment of Morphological Sciences, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Lopez-Lopez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Deptartment of Morphological Sciences, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen M Labandeira
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, University Hospital Complex, Vigo, Spain
| | - Jose L Labandeira-Garcia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Deptartment of Morphological Sciences, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Pamphlett R, Mak R, Lee J, Buckland ME, Harding AJ, Kum Jew S, Paterson DJ, Jones MWM, Lay PA. Concentrations of toxic metals and essential trace elements vary among individual neurons in the human locus ceruleus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233300. [PMID: 32428015 PMCID: PMC7237016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Damage to locus ceruleus neurons could play a part in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis because of impairment of the blood-brain barrier and enhanced neuroinflammation. The locus ceruleus has connections throughout the brain and spinal cord, so the characteristic widespread multifocal pathology in these disorders could be due to damage to different subsets of locus ceruleus neurons. Previous studies have shown that only certain locus ceruleus neurons accumulate the neurotoxic metal mercury. To find out if concentrations of other toxic metals or of essential trace elements also vary between individual locus ceruleus neurons, we used synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy on frozen sections of locus ceruleus neurons taken from people with multiple sclerosis, in whom the locus ceruleus is structurally intact. Materials and methods Paraffin embedded sections containing the locus ceruleus from seven people with multiple sclerosis were stained with autometallography that demonstrates accumulations of mercury, silver and bismuth. These were compared to maps of multiple elements obtained from frozen sections of locus ceruleus neurons from the same people using X-ray fluorescence microscopy. Neurons in the anterior pons from three of these donors were used as internal controls. Results Autometallography staining was observed in scattered locus ceruleus neurons from three of the seven donors. X-ray fluorescence microscopy showed variations among individual locus ceruleus neurons in levels of mercury, selenium, iron, copper, lead, bromine, and rubidium. Variations between donors of locus ceruleus neuronal average levels of mercury, iron, copper, and bromine were also detected. Anterior pons neurons contained no mercury, had varied levels of iron, and had lower copper levels than locus ceruleus neurons. Conclusions Individual human locus ceruleus neurons contain varying levels of toxic metals and essential trace elements. In contrast, most toxic metals are absent or at low levels in nearby anterior pons neurons. The locus ceruleus plays a role in numerous central nervous system functions, including maintaining the blood-brain-barrier and limiting neuroinflammation. Toxic metals, or alterations in essential trace metals within individual locus ceruleus neurons, could be one factor determining the non-random destruction of locus ceruleus neurons in normal aging and neurodegenerative diseases, and subsequently the sites of the widespread multifocal central nervous system pathology in these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Pamphlett
- Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Neuropathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Rachel Mak
- School of Chemistry and Sydney Analytical, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joonsup Lee
- School of Chemistry and Sydney Analytical, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael E. Buckland
- Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Neuropathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Antony J. Harding
- Department of Neuropathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen Kum Jew
- Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Peter A. Lay
- School of Chemistry and Sydney Analytical, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Janitzky K. Impaired Phasic Discharge of Locus Coeruleus Neurons Based on Persistent High Tonic Discharge-A New Hypothesis With Potential Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurol 2020; 11:371. [PMID: 32477246 PMCID: PMC7235306 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) is a small brainstem nucleus with widely distributed noradrenergic projections to the whole brain, and loss of LC neurons is a prominent feature of age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). This article discusses the hypothesis that in early stages of neurodegenerative diseases, the discharge mode of LC neurons could be changed to a persistent high tonic discharge, which in turn might impair phasic discharge. Since phasic discharge of LC neurons is required for the release of high amounts of norepinephrine (NE) in the brain to promote anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, persistent high tonic discharge of LC neurons could be a key factor in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Transcutaneous vagal stimulation (t-VNS), a non-invasive technique that potentially increases phasic discharge of LC neurons, could therefore provide a non-pharmacological treatment approach in specific disease stages. This article focuses on LC vulnerability in neurodegenerative diseases, discusses the hypothesis that a persistent high tonic discharge of LC neurons might affect neurodegenerative processes, and finally reflects on t-VNS as a potentially useful clinical tool in specific stages of AD and PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Janitzky
- Department of Neurology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hou L, Qu X, Qiu X, Huang R, Zhao X, Wang Q. Integrin CD11b mediates locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurodegeneration in a mouse Parkinson's disease model. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:148. [PMID: 32375810 PMCID: PMC7201626 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01823-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The loss of locus coeruleus noradrenergic (LC/NE) neurons in the brainstem is reported in multiple neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the mechanisms remain unclear. Strong evidence suggested that microglia-mediated neuroinflammation contributes to neurodegeneration in PD. We recently recognized integrin CD11b, the α-chain of macrophage antigen complex-1 (Mac-1, also called CR3), as a key regulator for microglial activation. However, whether CD11b is involved in LC/NE neurodegeneration in PD remains to be investigated. METHODS LC/NE neurodegeneration and microglial activation were compared between wild type (WT) and CD11b KO mice after treated with paraquat and maneb, two pesticides that widely used to create PD model. The role of NLRP3 inflammasome in CD11b-mediated microglial dysfunction and LC/NE neurodegeneration was further explored. LC/NE neurodegeneration, microglial phenotype, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation were determined by using Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and RT-PCR technologies. RESULTS Paraquat and maneb co-exposure elevated the expressions of CD11b in the brainstem of mice, and CD11b knockout significantly reduced LC/NE neurodegeneration induced by paraquat and maneb. Mitigated microglial activation and gene expressions of proinflammatory cytokines were also observed in paraquat and maneb-treated CD11b-/- mice. Mechanistically, CD11b-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation contributes to paraquat and maneb-induced LC/NE neurodegeneration. Compared with WT controls, CD11b deficiency reduced paraquat and maneb-induced NLRP3 expression, caspase-1 activation, and interleukin-1β production in mice. Furthermore, inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome by glybenclamide, a sulfonylurea inhibitor of NLRP3 inflammasome, was found to be able to suppress microglial proinflammatory activation and nuclear factor-κB activation induced by paraquat and maneb. Moreover, reduced reactive oxygen species production, NADPH oxidase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase expressions as well as 4-hydroxynonenal and malondialdehyde levels were detected in combined glybenclamide and paraquat and maneb-treated mice compared with paraquat and maneb alone group. Finally, we found that glybenclamide treatment ameliorated LC/NE neurodegeneration and α-synuclein aggregation in paraquat and maneb-treated mice. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that CD11b mediates LC/NE neurodegeneration through NLRP3 inflammation-dependent microglial proinflammatory activation in a two pesticide-induced mouse PD model, providing a novel insight into the immune pathogenesis of LC/NE neuronal damage in related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Hou
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xingyue Qu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaofei Qiu
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention/Qingdao Institute of Preventive Medicine, Qingdao, 266033, China.,School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Ruixue Huang
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xiulan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - Qingshan Wang
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China. .,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Waters S, Sonesson C, Svensson P, Tedroff J, Carta M, Ljung E, Gunnergren J, Edling M, Svanberg B, Fagerberg A, Kullingsjö J, Hjorth S, Waters N. Preclinical Pharmacology of [2-(3-Fluoro-5-Methanesulfonyl-phenoxy)Ethyl](Propyl)amine (IRL790), a Novel Dopamine Transmission Modulator for the Treatment of Motor and Psychiatric Complications in Parkinson Disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 374:113-125. [PMID: 32358046 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.264226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
IRL790 ([2-(3-fluoro-5-methanesulfonylphenoxy)ethyl](propyl)amine, mesdopetam) is a novel compound in development for the clinical management of motor and psychiatric disabilities in Parkinson disease. The discovery of IRL790 was made applying a systems pharmacology approach based on in vivo response profiling. The chemical design idea was to develop a new type of DA D3/D2 receptor type antagonist built on agonist rather than antagonist structural motifs. We hypothesized that such a dopamine antagonist with physicochemical properties similar to agonists would exert antidyskinetic and antipsychotic effects in states of dysregulated dopaminergic signaling while having little negative impact on physiologic dopamine transmission and, hence, minimal liability for side effects related to dopamine-dependent functions. At the level of in vivo pharmacology, IRL790 displays balancing effects on aberrant motor phenotypes, reducing l-DOPA-induced dyskinesias in the rodent 6-hydroxydopamine lesion model and reducing psychostimulant-induced locomotor hyperactivity elicited by pretreatment with either d-amphetamine or dizocilpine, without negatively impacting normal motor performance. Thus, IRL790 has the ability to normalize the behavioral phenotype in hyperdopaminergic as well as hypoglutamatergic states. Neurochemical and immediate early gene (IEG) response profiles suggest modulation of DA neurotransmission, with some features, such as increased DA metabolites and extracellular DA, shared by atypical antipsychotics and others, such as increased frontal cortex IEGs, unique to IRL790. IRL790 also increases extracellular levels of acetylcholine in the prefrontal cortex and ventral hippocampus. At the receptor level, IRL790 appears to act as a preferential DA D3 receptor antagonist. Computational docking studies support preferential affinity at D3 receptors with an agonist-like binding mode. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This paper reports preclinical pharmacology along with molecular modeling results on IRL790, a novel compound in clinical development for the treatment of motor and psychiatric complications in advanced Parkinson disease. IRL790 is active in models of perturbed dopaminergic and glutamatergic signaling, including rodent 6-hydroxydopamine l-DOPA-induced dyskinesias and psychostimulant-induced hyperactivity, in a dose range that does not impair normal behavior. This effect profile is attributed to interactions at dopamine D2/D3 receptors, with a 6- to 8-fold preference for the D3 subtype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Waters
- Integrative Research Laboratories Sweden AB, Göteborg, Sweden (S.W., C.S., P.S., J.T., E.L., J.G., M.E., B.S., A.F., J.K., N.W.); Pharmacilitator AB, Vallda, Sweden (S.H.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.H.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy (M.C.); Department of Pharmacology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.W.); and Department of Clin Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (J.T.)
| | - Clas Sonesson
- Integrative Research Laboratories Sweden AB, Göteborg, Sweden (S.W., C.S., P.S., J.T., E.L., J.G., M.E., B.S., A.F., J.K., N.W.); Pharmacilitator AB, Vallda, Sweden (S.H.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.H.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy (M.C.); Department of Pharmacology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.W.); and Department of Clin Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (J.T.)
| | - Peder Svensson
- Integrative Research Laboratories Sweden AB, Göteborg, Sweden (S.W., C.S., P.S., J.T., E.L., J.G., M.E., B.S., A.F., J.K., N.W.); Pharmacilitator AB, Vallda, Sweden (S.H.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.H.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy (M.C.); Department of Pharmacology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.W.); and Department of Clin Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (J.T.)
| | - Joakim Tedroff
- Integrative Research Laboratories Sweden AB, Göteborg, Sweden (S.W., C.S., P.S., J.T., E.L., J.G., M.E., B.S., A.F., J.K., N.W.); Pharmacilitator AB, Vallda, Sweden (S.H.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.H.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy (M.C.); Department of Pharmacology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.W.); and Department of Clin Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (J.T.)
| | - Manolo Carta
- Integrative Research Laboratories Sweden AB, Göteborg, Sweden (S.W., C.S., P.S., J.T., E.L., J.G., M.E., B.S., A.F., J.K., N.W.); Pharmacilitator AB, Vallda, Sweden (S.H.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.H.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy (M.C.); Department of Pharmacology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.W.); and Department of Clin Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (J.T.)
| | - Elisabeth Ljung
- Integrative Research Laboratories Sweden AB, Göteborg, Sweden (S.W., C.S., P.S., J.T., E.L., J.G., M.E., B.S., A.F., J.K., N.W.); Pharmacilitator AB, Vallda, Sweden (S.H.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.H.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy (M.C.); Department of Pharmacology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.W.); and Department of Clin Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (J.T.)
| | - Jenny Gunnergren
- Integrative Research Laboratories Sweden AB, Göteborg, Sweden (S.W., C.S., P.S., J.T., E.L., J.G., M.E., B.S., A.F., J.K., N.W.); Pharmacilitator AB, Vallda, Sweden (S.H.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.H.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy (M.C.); Department of Pharmacology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.W.); and Department of Clin Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (J.T.)
| | - Malin Edling
- Integrative Research Laboratories Sweden AB, Göteborg, Sweden (S.W., C.S., P.S., J.T., E.L., J.G., M.E., B.S., A.F., J.K., N.W.); Pharmacilitator AB, Vallda, Sweden (S.H.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.H.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy (M.C.); Department of Pharmacology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.W.); and Department of Clin Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (J.T.)
| | - Boel Svanberg
- Integrative Research Laboratories Sweden AB, Göteborg, Sweden (S.W., C.S., P.S., J.T., E.L., J.G., M.E., B.S., A.F., J.K., N.W.); Pharmacilitator AB, Vallda, Sweden (S.H.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.H.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy (M.C.); Department of Pharmacology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.W.); and Department of Clin Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (J.T.)
| | - Anne Fagerberg
- Integrative Research Laboratories Sweden AB, Göteborg, Sweden (S.W., C.S., P.S., J.T., E.L., J.G., M.E., B.S., A.F., J.K., N.W.); Pharmacilitator AB, Vallda, Sweden (S.H.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.H.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy (M.C.); Department of Pharmacology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.W.); and Department of Clin Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (J.T.)
| | - Johan Kullingsjö
- Integrative Research Laboratories Sweden AB, Göteborg, Sweden (S.W., C.S., P.S., J.T., E.L., J.G., M.E., B.S., A.F., J.K., N.W.); Pharmacilitator AB, Vallda, Sweden (S.H.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.H.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy (M.C.); Department of Pharmacology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.W.); and Department of Clin Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (J.T.)
| | - Stephan Hjorth
- Integrative Research Laboratories Sweden AB, Göteborg, Sweden (S.W., C.S., P.S., J.T., E.L., J.G., M.E., B.S., A.F., J.K., N.W.); Pharmacilitator AB, Vallda, Sweden (S.H.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.H.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy (M.C.); Department of Pharmacology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.W.); and Department of Clin Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (J.T.)
| | - Nicholas Waters
- Integrative Research Laboratories Sweden AB, Göteborg, Sweden (S.W., C.S., P.S., J.T., E.L., J.G., M.E., B.S., A.F., J.K., N.W.); Pharmacilitator AB, Vallda, Sweden (S.H.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.H.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy (M.C.); Department of Pharmacology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.W.); and Department of Clin Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (J.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Taylor NL, Müller EJ, Shine JM. Shaking with fear: the role of noradrenaline in modulating resting tremor. Brain 2020; 143:1288-1291. [PMID: 32438411 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This scientific commentary refers to ‘Cognitive load amplifies Parkinson’s tremor through excitatory network influences onto the thalamus’, by Dirkx etal. (doi: 10.1093/brain/awaa083).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha L Taylor
- Brain and Mind Center, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Eli J Müller
- Brain and Mind Center, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Center for Complex Systems, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - James M Shine
- Brain and Mind Center, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Center for Complex Systems, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|