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Bisht A, Simone K, Bains JS, Murari K. Distinguishing motion artifacts during optical fiber-based in-vivo hemodynamics recordings from brain regions of freely moving rodents. NEUROPHOTONICS 2024; 11:S11511. [PMID: 38799809 PMCID: PMC11123205 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.11.s1.s11511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Significance Motion artifacts in the signals recorded during optical fiber-based measurements can lead to misinterpretation of data. In this work, we address this problem during in-vivo rodent experiments and develop a motion artifacts correction (MAC) algorithm for single-fiber system (SFS) hemodynamics measurements from the brains of rodents. Aim (i) To distinguish the effect of motion artifacts in the SFS signals. (ii) Develop a MAC algorithm by combining information from the experiments and simulations and validate it. Approach Monte-Carlo (MC) simulations were performed across 450 to 790 nm to identify wavelengths where the reflectance is least sensitive to blood absorption-based changes. This wavelength region is then used to develop a quantitative metric to measure motion artifacts, termed the dissimilarity metric (DM). We used MC simulations to mimic artifacts seen during experiments. Further, we developed a mathematical model describing light intensity at various optical interfaces. Finally, an MAC algorithm was formulated and validated using simulation and experimental data. Results We found that the 670 to 680 nm wavelength region is relatively less sensitive to blood absorption. The standard deviation of DM (σ D M ) can measure the relative magnitude of motion artifacts in the SFS signals. The artifacts cause rapid shifts in the reflectance data that can be modeled as transmission changes in the optical lightpath. The changes observed during the experiment were found to be in agreement to those obtained from MC simulations. The mathematical model developed to model transmission changes to represent motion artifacts was extended to an MAC algorithm. The MAC algorithm was validated using simulations and experimental data. Conclusions We distinguished motion artifacts from SFS signals during in vivo hemodynamic monitoring experiments. From simulation and experimental data, we showed that motion artifacts can be modeled as transmission changes. The developed MAC algorithm was shown to minimize artifactual variations in both simulation and experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Bisht
- University of Calgary, Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- University of Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kathryn Simone
- University of Calgary, Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- University of Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jaideep S. Bains
- University of Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kartikeya Murari
- University of Calgary, Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- University of Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- University of Calgary, Electrical and Software Engineering, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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2
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Rahman MS, Islam R, Bhuiyan MIH. Ion transporter cascade, reactive astrogliosis and cerebrovascular diseases. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1374408. [PMID: 38659577 PMCID: PMC11041382 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1374408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular diseases and their sequalae, such as ischemic stroke, chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, and vascular dementia are significant contributors to adult disability and cognitive impairment in the modern world. Astrocytes are an integral part of the neurovascular unit in the CNS and play a pivotal role in CNS homeostasis, including ionic and pH balance, neurotransmission, cerebral blood flow, and metabolism. Astrocytes respond to cerebral insults, inflammation, and diseases through unique molecular, morphological, and functional changes, collectively known as reactive astrogliosis. The function of reactive astrocytes has been a subject of debate. Initially, astrocytes were thought to primarily play a supportive role in maintaining the structure and function of the nervous system. However, recent studies suggest that reactive astrocytes may have both beneficial and detrimental effects. For example, in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, reactive astrocytes can cause oligodendrocyte death and demyelination. In this review, we will summarize the (1) roles of ion transporter cascade in reactive astrogliosis, (2) role of reactive astrocytes in vascular dementia and related dementias, and (3) potential therapeutic approaches for dementing disorders targeting reactive astrocytes. Understanding the relationship between ion transporter cascade, reactive astrogliosis, and cerebrovascular diseases may reveal mechanisms and targets for the development of therapies for brain diseases associated with reactive astrogliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shamim Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | | | - Mohammad Iqbal H. Bhuiyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
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3
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Dempsey S, Argus F, Maso Talou GD, Safaei S. An interaction graph approach to gain new insights into mechanisms that modulate cerebrovascular tone. Commun Biol 2024; 7:404. [PMID: 38570584 PMCID: PMC10991376 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms to modulate cerebrovascular tone are numerous, interconnected, and spatially dependent, increasing the complexity of experimental study design, interpretation of action-effect pathways, and mechanistic modelling. This difficulty is exacerbated when there is an incomplete understanding of these pathways. We propose interaction graphs to break down this complexity, while still maintaining a holistic view of mechanisms to modulate cerebrovascular tone. These graphs highlight the competing processes of neurovascular coupling, cerebral autoregulation, and cerebral reactivity. Subsequent analysis of these interaction graphs provides new insights and suggest potential directions for research on neurovascular coupling, modelling, and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Dempsey
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Level 6/70 Symonds Street, Grafton, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Finbar Argus
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Level 6/70 Symonds Street, Grafton, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Gonzalo Daniel Maso Talou
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Level 6/70 Symonds Street, Grafton, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Soroush Safaei
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Level 6/70 Symonds Street, Grafton, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
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4
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Abdyeva A, Kurtova E, Savinkova I, Galkov M, Gorbacheva L. Long-Term Exposure of Cultured Astrocytes to High Glucose Impact on Their LPS-Induced Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1122. [PMID: 38256196 PMCID: PMC10816293 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with various complications, mainly caused by the chronic exposure of the cells to high glucose (HG) concentrations. The effects of long-term HG exposure in vitro accompanied by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) application on astrocytes are relatively unknown. We used cell medium with normal (NG, 5.5 mM) or high glucose (HG, 25 mM) for rat astrocyte cultures and measured the release of NO, IL-6, β-hexosaminidase and cell survival in response to LPS. We first demonstrated that HG long-term incubation of astrocytes increased the release of β-hexosaminidase without decreasing MTT-detected cell survival, suggesting that there is no cell membrane damage or astrocyte death but could be lysosome exocytosis. Different from what was observed for NG, all LPS concentrations tested at HG resulted in an increase in IL-6, and this was detected for both 6 h and 48 h treatments. Interestingly, β-hexosaminidase level increased after 48 h of LPS and only at HG. The NO release from astrocytes also increased with LPS application at HG but was less significant. These data endorsed the original hypothesis that long-term hyperglycemia increases proinflammatory activation of astrocytes, and β-hexosaminidase could be a specific marker of excessive activation of astrocytes associated with exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayna Abdyeva
- Faculty of Medical Biology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.); (E.K.); (I.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Ekaterina Kurtova
- Faculty of Medical Biology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.); (E.K.); (I.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Irina Savinkova
- Faculty of Medical Biology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.); (E.K.); (I.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Maksim Galkov
- Faculty of Medical Biology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.); (E.K.); (I.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Liubov Gorbacheva
- Faculty of Medical Biology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.); (E.K.); (I.S.); (M.G.)
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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5
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Edwards NC, Lao PJ, Alshikho MJ, Ericsson OM, Rizvi B, Petersen ME, O’Bryant S, Flores-Aguilar L, Simoes S, Mapstone M, Tudorascu DL, Janelidze S, Hansson O, Handen BL, Christian BT, Lee JH, Lai F, Rosas HD, Zaman S, Lott IT, Yassa MA, Gutierrez J, Wilcock DM, Head E, Brickman AM. Cerebrovascular disease drives Alzheimer plasma biomarker concentrations in adults with Down syndrome. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.11.28.23298693. [PMID: 38076904 PMCID: PMC10705616 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.28.23298693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Importance By age 40 years over 90% of adults with Down syndrome (DS) have Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology and most progress to dementia. Despite having few systemic vascular risk factors, individuals with DS have elevated cerebrovascular disease (CVD) markers that track with the clinical progression of AD, suggesting a role for CVD that is hypothesized to be mediated by inflammatory factors. Objective To examine the pathways through which small vessel CVD contributes to AD-related pathophysiology and neurodegeneration in adults with DS. Design Cross sectional analysis of neuroimaging, plasma, and clinical data. Setting Participants were enrolled in Alzheimer's Biomarker Consortium - Down Syndrome (ABC-DS), a multisite study of AD in adults with DS. Participants One hundred eighty-five participants (mean [SD] age=45.2 [9.3] years) with available MRI and plasma biomarker data were included. White matter hyperintensity (WMH) volumes were derived from T2-weighted FLAIR MRI scans and plasma biomarker concentrations of amyloid beta (Aβ42/Aβ40), phosphorylated tau (p-tau217), astrocytosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP), and neurodegeneration (neurofilament light chain, NfL) were measured with ultrasensitive immunoassays. Main Outcomes and Measures We examined the bivariate relationships of WMH, Aβ42/Aβ40, p-tau217, and GFAP with age-residualized NfL across AD diagnostic groups. A series of mediation and path analyses examined causal pathways linking WMH and AD pathophysiology to promote neurodegeneration in the total sample and groups stratified by clinical diagnosis. Results There was a direct and indirect bidirectional effect through GFAP of WMH on p-tau217 concentration, which was associated with NfL concentration in the entire sample. Among cognitively stable participants, WMH was directly and indirectly, through GFAP, associated with p-tau217 concentration, and in those with MCI, there was a direct effect of WMH on p-tau217 and NfL concentrations. There were no associations of WMH with biomarker concentrations among those diagnosed with dementia. Conclusions and Relevance The findings suggest that among individuals with DS, CVD promotes neurodegeneration by increasing astrocytosis and tau pathophysiology in the presymptomatic phases of AD. This work joins an emerging literature that implicates CVD and its interface with neuroinflammation as a core pathological feature of AD in adults with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C. Edwards
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Patrick J. Lao
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Mohamad J. Alshikho
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Olivia M. Ericsson
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Batool Rizvi
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Sid O’Bryant
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Lisi Flores-Aguilar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sabrina Simoes
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Mark Mapstone
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dana L. Tudorascu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shorena Janelidze
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oskar Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | | | - Joseph H. Lee
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Florence Lai
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H Diana Rosas
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Center for Neuroimaging of Aging and neurodegenerative Diseases, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Shahid Zaman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ira T. Lott
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Michael A. Yassa
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - José Gutierrez
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Donna M. Wilcock
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Adam M. Brickman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
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6
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Aderinto N, Olatunji G, Abdulbasit M, Ashinze P, Faturoti O, Ajagbe A, Ukoaka B, Aboderin G. The impact of diabetes in cognitive impairment: A review of current evidence and prospects for future investigations. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35557. [PMID: 37904406 PMCID: PMC10615478 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment in individuals with diabetes represents a multifaceted and increasingly prevalent health concern. This review critically examines the current evidence regarding the intricate relationship between diabetes and cognitive decline. It highlights the existing knowledge on the impact of diabetes on cognitive function, spanning from mild cognitive impairment to dementia, including vascular and Alzheimer dementia. The review underscores the need for a standardized diagnostic paradigm and explores research gaps, such as the implications of cognitive impairment in younger populations and various diabetes types. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the relevance of diabetes-related comorbidities, including hypertension and dyslipidemia, in influencing cognitive decline. It advocates for a comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach, integrating insights from neuroscience, endocrinology, and immunology to elucidate the mechanistic underpinnings of diabetes-related cognitive impairment. The second part of this review outlines prospective research directions and opportunities. It advocates for longitudinal studies to understand disease progression better and identifies critical windows of vulnerability. The search for accurate biomarkers and predictive factors is paramount, encompassing genetic and epigenetic considerations. Personalized approaches and tailored interventions are essential in addressing the substantial variability in cognitive outcomes among individuals with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Aderinto
- Department of Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Gbolahan Olatunji
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Muili Abdulbasit
- Department of Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Patrick Ashinze
- Saint Francis Catholic Hospital, Okpara Inland, Warri Catholic Diocesan Hospital Commission, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Olamide Faturoti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Abayomi Ajagbe
- Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Bonaventure Ukoaka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asokoro District Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Gbolahan Aboderin
- Department of Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
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7
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Sámano C, Mazzone GL. The role of astrocytes response triggered by hyperglycaemia during spinal cord injury. Arch Physiol Biochem 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37798949 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2023.2264538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This manuscript aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the physiological, molecular, and cellular mechanisms triggered by reactive astrocytes (RA) in the context of spinal cord injury (SCI), with a particular focus on cases involving hyperglycaemia.Methods: The compilation of articles related to astrocyte responses in neuropathological conditions, with a specific emphasis on those related to SCI and hyperglycaemia, was conducted by searching through databases including Science Direct, Web of Science, and PubMed.Results and Conclusions: This article explores the dual role of astrocytes in both neurophysiological and neurodegenerative conditions within the central nervous system (CNS). In the aftermath of SCI and hyperglycaemia, astrocytes undergo a transformation into RA, adopting a distinct phenotype. While there are currently no approved therapies for SCI, various therapeutic strategies have been proposed to alleviate the detrimental effects of RAs following SCI and hyperglycemia. These strategies show promising potential in the treatment of SCI and its likely comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sámano
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Cuajimalpa (UAM-C), Ciudad de México, México
| | - G L Mazzone
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), CONICET-Universidad Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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8
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Liu H, Wei JY, Li Y, Ban M, Sun Q, Wang HJ, Zhao D, Tong PG, Wang L, Wang KJ, Yue JL, Zhang HY, Fang WG, Liu DX, Shang DS, Li B, Jin YP, Cao L, Zhao WD, Chen YH. Endothelial depletion of Atg7 triggers astrocyte-microvascular disassociation at blood-brain barrier. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202103098. [PMID: 36995368 PMCID: PMC10067974 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202103098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Microvascular basement membrane (BM) plays a pivotal role in the interactions of astrocyte with endothelium to maintain the blood-brain barrier (BBB) homeostasis; however, the significance and precise regulation of the endothelial cell-derived BM component in the BBB remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that conditional knockout of Atg7 in endothelial cells (Atg7-ECKO) leads to astrocyte-microvascular disassociation in the brain. Our results reveal astrocytic endfeet detachment from microvessels and BBB leakage in Atg7-ECKO mice. Furthermore, we find that the absence of endothelial Atg7 downregulates the expression of fibronectin, a major BM component of the BBB, causing significantly reduced coverage of astrocytes along cerebral microvessels. We reveal Atg7 triggers the expression of endothelial fibronectin via regulating PKA activity to affect the phosphorylation of cAMP-responsive element-binding protein. These results suggest that Atg7-regulated endothelial fibronectin production is required for astrocytes adhesion to microvascular wall for maintaining the BBB homeostasis. Thus, endothelial Atg7 plays an essential role in astrocyte-endothelium interactions to maintain the BBB integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Yi Wei
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meng Ban
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui-Jie Wang
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pai-Ge Tong
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kang-Ji Wang
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jin-Li Yue
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong-Yan Zhang
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wen-Gang Fang
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dong-Xin Liu
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - De-Shu Shang
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ya-Ping Jin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liu Cao
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhao
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu-Hua Chen
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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9
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Lia A, Di Spiezio A, Speggiorin M, Zonta M. Two decades of astrocytes in neurovascular coupling. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 3:1162757. [PMID: 37078069 PMCID: PMC10106690 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2023.1162757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The brain is a highly energy demanding organ, which accounts in humans for the 20% of total energy consumption at resting state although comprising only 2% of the body mass. The necessary delivery of nutrients to brain parenchyma is ensured by the cerebral circulatory system, through the exchange of glucose and oxygen (O2) at the capillary level. Notably, a tight spatial and temporal correlation exists between local increases in neuronal activity and the subsequent changes in regional cerebral blood flow. The recognized concept of neurovascular coupling (NVC), also named functional hyperemia, expresses this close relationship and stands at the basis of the modern functional brain imaging techniques. Different cellular and molecular mechanisms have been proposed to mediate this tight coupling. In this context, astrocytes are ideally positioned to act as relay elements that sense neuronal activity through their perisynaptic processes and release vasodilator agents at their endfeet in contact with brain parenchymal vessels. Two decades after the astrocyte involvement in neurovascular coupling has been proposed, we here review the experimental evidence that contributed to unraveling the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying cerebral blood flow regulation. While traveling through the different controversies that moved the research in this field, we keep a peculiar focus on those exploring the role of astrocytes in neurovascular coupling and conclude with two sections related to methodological aspects in neurovascular research and to some pathological conditions resulting in altered neurovascular coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Lia
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandro Di Spiezio
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Padua, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Micaela Zonta
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Padua, Italy
- *Correspondence: Micaela Zonta,
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10
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Truter N, Malan L, Essop MF. Glial cell activity in cardiovascular diseases and risk of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 324:H373-H390. [PMID: 36662577 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00332.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that the pathophysiological link between the brain and heart underlies cardiovascular diseases, specifically acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system and provide support/protection for neurons. Astrocytes and peripheral glial cells are emerging as key modulators of the brain-heart axis in AMI, by affecting sympathetic nervous system activity (centrally and peripherally). This review, therefore, aimed to gain an improved understanding of glial cell activity and AMI risk. This includes discussions on the potential role of contributing factors in AMI risk, i.e., autonomic nervous system dysfunction, glial-neurotrophic and ischemic risk markers [glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), astrocytic S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B), silent myocardial ischemia, and cardiac troponin T (cTnT)]. Consideration of glial cell activity and related contributing factors in certain brain-heart disorders, namely, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, myocardial ischemia, and chronic psychological stress, may improve our understanding regarding the pathological role that glial dysfunction can play in the development/onset of AMI. Here, findings demonstrated perturbations in glial cell activity and contributing factors (especially sympathetic activity). Moreover, emerging AMI risk included sympathovagal imbalance, low GDNF levels reflecting prothrombic risk, hypertension, and increased ischemia due to perfusion deficits (indicated by S100B and cTnT levels). Such perturbations impacted blood-barrier function and perfusion that were exacerbated during psychological stress. Thus, greater insights and consideration regarding such biomarkers may help drive future studies investigating brain-heart axis pathologies to gain a deeper understanding of astrocytic glial cell contributions and unlock potential novel therapies for AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Truter
- Centre for Cardio-metabolic Research in Africa, Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leoné Malan
- Technology Transfer and Innovation-Support Office, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - M Faadiel Essop
- Centre for Cardio-metabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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11
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Luo P, Li L, Huang J, Mao D, Lou S, Ruan J, Chen J, Tang R, Shi Y, Zhou S, Yang H. The role of SUMOylation in the neurovascular dysfunction after acquired brain injury. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1125662. [PMID: 37033632 PMCID: PMC10073463 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1125662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquired brain injury (ABI) is the most common disease of the nervous system, involving complex pathological processes, which often leads to a series of nervous system disorders. The structural destruction and dysfunction of the Neurovascular Unit (NVU) are prominent features of ABI. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanism underlying NVU destruction and its reconstruction is the key to the treatment of ABI. SUMOylation is a protein post-translational modification (PTM), which can degrade and stabilize the substrate dynamically, thus playing an important role in regulating protein expression and biological signal transduction. Understanding the regulatory mechanism of SUMOylation can clarify the molecular mechanism of the occurrence and development of neurovascular dysfunction after ABI and is expected to provide a theoretical basis for the development of potential treatment strategies. This article reviews the role of SUMOylation in vascular events related to ABI, including NVU dysfunction and vascular remodeling, and puts forward therapeutic prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengren Luo
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiashang Huang
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Deqiang Mao
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Silong Lou
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Ruan
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Ronghua Tang
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - You Shi
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Shuai Zhou, ; Haifeng Yang,
| | - Haifeng Yang
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Shuai Zhou, ; Haifeng Yang,
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12
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Hu J, Ran H, Chen G, He Y, Li Q, Liu J, Li F, Liu H, Zhang T. Altered neurovascular coupling in children with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 29:609-618. [PMID: 36480481 PMCID: PMC9873522 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Alterations in neuronal activity and cerebral hemodynamics have been reported in idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) patients, possibly resulting in neurovascular decoupling; however, no neuroimaging evidence confirmed this disruption. This study aimed to investigate the possible presence of neurovascular decoupling and its clinical implications in childhood IGE using resting-state fMRI and arterial spin labeling imaging. METHODS IGE patients and healthy participants underwent resting-state fMRI and arterial spin labeling imaging to calculate degree centrality (DC) and cerebral blood flow (CBF), respectively. Across-voxel CBF-DC correlations were analyzed to evaluate the neurovascular coupling within the whole gray matter, and the regional coupling of brain region was assessed with the CBF/DC ratio. RESULTS The study included 26 children with IGE and 35 sex- and age-matched healthy controls (HCs). Compared with the HCs, the IGE group presented lower across-voxel CBF-DC correlations, higher CBF/DC ratio in the right posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus, middle frontal gyrus, and medial frontal gyrus (MFG), and lower ratio in the left inferior frontal gyrus. The increased CBF/DC ratio in the right MFG was correlated with lower performance intelligence quotient scores in the IGE group. CONCLUSION Children with IGE present altered neurovascular coupling, associated with lower performance intelligence quotient scores. The study shed a new insight into the pathophysiology of epilepsy and provided potential imaging biomarkers of cognitive performances in children with IGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hu
- Department of RadiologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Medical Imaging Center of Guizhou ProvinceZunyiChina,Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineXuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Haifeng Ran
- Department of RadiologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Medical Imaging Center of Guizhou ProvinceZunyiChina
| | - Guiqin Chen
- Department of RadiologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Medical Imaging Center of Guizhou ProvinceZunyiChina
| | - Yulun He
- Department of RadiologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Medical Imaging Center of Guizhou ProvinceZunyiChina
| | - Qinghui Li
- Department of RadiologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Medical Imaging Center of Guizhou ProvinceZunyiChina
| | - Junwei Liu
- Department of RadiologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Medical Imaging Center of Guizhou ProvinceZunyiChina
| | - Fangling Li
- Department of RadiologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Medical Imaging Center of Guizhou ProvinceZunyiChina
| | - Heng Liu
- Department of RadiologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Medical Imaging Center of Guizhou ProvinceZunyiChina
| | - Tijiang Zhang
- Department of RadiologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Medical Imaging Center of Guizhou ProvinceZunyiChina
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13
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The Pathology of Primary Familial Brain Calcification: Implications for Treatment. Neurosci Bull 2022; 39:659-674. [PMID: 36469195 PMCID: PMC10073384 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00980-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPrimary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder mainly characterized by progressive calcium deposition bilaterally in the brain, accompanied by various symptoms, such as dystonia, ataxia, parkinsonism, dementia, depression, headaches, and epilepsy. Currently, the etiology of PFBC is largely unknown, and no specific prevention or treatment is available. During the past 10 years, six causative genes (SLC20A2, PDGFRB, PDGFB, XPR1, MYORG, and JAM2) have been identified in PFBC. In this review, considering mechanistic studies of these genes at the cellular level and in animals, we summarize the pathogenesis and potential preventive and therapeutic strategies for PFBC patients. Our systematic analysis suggests a classification for PFBC genetic etiology based on several characteristics, provides a summary of the known composition of brain calcification, and identifies some potential therapeutic targets for PFBC.
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14
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Molecular and Cellular Interactions in Pathogenesis of Sporadic Parkinson Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113043. [PMID: 36361826 PMCID: PMC9657547 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of the population all around the world suffer from age-associated neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease (PD). This disorder presents different signs of genetic, epigenetic and environmental origin, and molecular, cellular and intracellular dysfunction. At the molecular level, α-synuclein (αSyn) was identified as the principal molecule constituting the Lewy bodies (LB). The gut microbiota participates in the pathogenesis of PD and may contribute to the loss of dopaminergic neurons through mitochondrial dysfunction. The most important pathogenetic link is an imbalance of Ca2+ ions, which is associated with redox imbalance in the cells and increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this review, genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors that cause these disorders and their cause-and-effect relationships are considered. As a constituent of environmental factors, the example of organophosphates (OPs) is also reviewed. The role of endothelial damage in the pathogenesis of PD is discussed, and a ‘triple hit hypothesis’ is proposed as a modification of Braak’s dual hit one. In the absence of effective therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, more and more evidence is emerging about the positive impact of nutritional structure and healthy lifestyle on the state of blood vessels and the risk of developing these diseases.
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15
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TGF-β as a Key Modulator of Astrocyte Reactivity: Disease Relevance and Therapeutic Implications. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051206. [PMID: 35625943 PMCID: PMC9138510 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are essential for normal brain development and functioning. They respond to brain injury and disease through a process referred to as reactive astrogliosis, where the reactivity is highly heterogenous and context-dependent. Reactive astrocytes are active contributors to brain pathology and can exert beneficial, detrimental, or mixed effects following brain insults. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has been identified as one of the key factors regulating astrocyte reactivity. The genetic and pharmacological manipulation of the TGF-β signaling pathway in animal models of central nervous system (CNS) injury and disease alters pathological and functional outcomes. This review aims to provide recent understanding regarding astrocyte reactivity and TGF-β signaling in brain injury, aging, and neurodegeneration. Further, it explores how TGF-β signaling modulates astrocyte reactivity and function in the context of CNS disease and injury.
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16
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Stelmashook EV, Kapkaeva MR, Rozanova NA, Alexandrova OP, Genrikhs EE, Obmolov VV, Novikova SV, Isaev NK. The in vitro Effect of the Neuroinflammation Inducer on Brain Neurovascular Unit Components. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s002209302203019x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Li X, Cai Y, Zhang Z, Zhou J. Glial and Vascular Cell Regulation of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Diabetes. Diabetes Metab J 2022; 46:222-238. [PMID: 35299293 PMCID: PMC8987684 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2021.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As a structural barrier, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is located at the interface between the brain parenchyma and blood, and modulates communication between the brain and blood microenvironment to maintain homeostasis. The BBB is composed of endothelial cells, basement membrane, pericytes, and astrocytic end feet. BBB impairment is a distinguishing and pathogenic factor in diabetic encephalopathy. Diabetes causes leakage of the BBB through downregulation of tight junction proteins, resulting in impaired functioning of endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, nerve/glial antigen 2-glia, and oligodendrocytes. However, the temporal regulation, mechanisms of molecular and signaling pathways, and consequences of BBB impairment in diabetes are not well understood. Consequently, the efficacy of therapies diabetes targeting BBB leakage still lags behind the requirements. This review summarizes the recent research on the effects of diabetes on BBB composition and the potential roles of glial and vascular cells as therapeutic targets for BBB disruption in diabetic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Li
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Cai
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zuo Zhang
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiyin Zhou
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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18
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Waxman S, Brazile BL, Yang B, Lee PY, Hua Y, Gogola AL, Lam P, Voorhees AP, Rizzo JF, Jakobs TC, Sigal IA. Lamina cribrosa vessel and collagen beam networks are distinct. Exp Eye Res 2022; 215:108916. [PMID: 34973204 PMCID: PMC8923914 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Our goal was to analyze the spatial interrelation between vascular and collagen networks in the lamina cribrosa (LC). Specifically, we quantified the percentages of collagen beams with/without vessels and of vessels inside/outside of collagen beams. To do this, the vasculature of six normal monkey eyes was labeled by perfusion post-mortem. After enucleation, coronal cryosections through the LC were imaged using fluorescence and polarized light microscopy to visualize the blood vessels and collagen beams, respectively. The images were registered to form 3D volumes. Beams and vessels were segmented, and their spatial interrelationship was quantified in 3D. We found that 22% of the beams contained a vessel (range 14%-32%), and 21% of vessels were outside beams (13%-36%). Stated differently, 78% of beams did not contain a vessel (68%-86%), and 79% of vessels were inside a beam (64%-87%). Individual monkeys differed significantly in the fraction of vessels outside beams (p < 0.01 by linear mixed effect analysis), but not in the fraction of beams with vessels (p > 0.05). There were no significant differences between contralateral eyes in the percent of beams with vessels and of vessels outside beams (p > 0.05). Our results show that the vascular and collagenous networks of the LC in monkey are clearly distinct, and the historical notions that each LC beam contains a vessel and all vessels are within beams are inaccurate. We postulate that vessels outside beams may be relatively more vulnerable to mechanical compression by elevated IOP than are vessels shielded inside of beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah Waxman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Bryn L. Brazile
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA, USA,Department of Engineering, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Po-Yi Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Yi Hua
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Alexandra L. Gogola
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Po Lam
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Andrew P. Voorhees
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Joseph F. Rizzo
- Neuro-Ophthalmology Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Neuro-Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tatjana C. Jakobs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary/Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ian A. Sigal
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA, USA,Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA,Correspondence: Ian A. Sigal, Ph.D., Laboratory of Ocular Biomechanics, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 203 Lothrop St. Rm. 930, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. 15213, Phone: (412) 864-2220; fax: (412) 647-5880, www.OcularBiomechanics.org
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19
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McConnell HL, Mishra A. Cells of the Blood-Brain Barrier: An Overview of the Neurovascular Unit in Health and Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2492:3-24. [PMID: 35733036 PMCID: PMC9987262 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2289-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
The brain is endowed with highly specialized vasculature that is both structurally and functionally unique compared to vasculature supplying peripheral organs. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed by endothelial cells of the cerebral vasculature and prevents extravasation of blood products into the brain to protect neural tissue and maintain a homeostatic environment. The BBB functions as part of the neurovascular unit (NVU), which is composed of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in addition to the specialized endothelial cells, mural cells, and the basement membrane. Through coordinated intercellular signaling, these cells function as a dynamic unit to tightly regulate brain blood flow, vascular function, neuroimmune responses, and waste clearance. In this chapter, we review the functions of individual NVU components, describe neurovascular coupling as a classic example of NVU function, and discuss archetypal NVU pathophysiology during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L McConnell
- Department of Neurology, Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Office of Academic Development, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anusha Mishra
- Department of Neurology, Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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20
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Hetzer SM, Shalosky EM, Torrens JN, Evanson NK. Chronic Histological Outcomes of Indirect Traumatic Optic Neuropathy in Adolescent Mice: Persistent Degeneration and Temporally Regulated Glial Responses. Cells 2021; 10:3343. [PMID: 34943851 PMCID: PMC8699438 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the optic nerve, termed, traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) is a known comorbidity of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is now known to cause chronic and progressive retinal thinning up to 35 years after injury. Although animal models of TBI have described the presence of optic nerve degeneration and research exploring acute mechanisms is underway, few studies in humans or animals have examined chronic TON pathophysiology outside the retina. We used a closed-head weight-drop model of TBI/TON in 6-week-old male C57BL/6 mice. Mice were euthanized 7-, 14-, 30-, 90-, and 150-days post-injury (DPI) to assess histological changes in the visual system of the brain spanning a total of 12 regions. We show chronic elevation of FluoroJade-C, indicative of neurodegeneration, throughout the time course. Intriguingly, FJ-C staining revealed a bimodal distribution of mice indicating the possibility of subpopulations that may be more or less susceptible to injury outcomes. Additionally, we show that microglia and astrocytes react to optic nerve damage in both temporally and regionally different ways. Despite these differences, astrogliosis and microglial changes were alleviated between 14-30 DPI in all regions examined, perhaps indicating a potentially critical period for intervention/recovery that may determine chronic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby M. Hetzer
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
| | - Emily M. Shalosky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA;
| | - Jordyn N. Torrens
- Division of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Nathan K. Evanson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
- Division of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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21
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Lemon N, Canepa E, Ilies MA, Fossati S. Carbonic Anhydrases as Potential Targets Against Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease and Stroke. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:772278. [PMID: 34867298 PMCID: PMC8635164 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.772278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Neurovascular Unit (NVU) is an important multicellular structure of the central nervous system (CNS), which participates in the regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF), delivery of oxygen and nutrients, immunological surveillance, clearance, barrier functions, and CNS homeostasis. Stroke and Alzheimer Disease (AD) are two pathologies with extensive NVU dysfunction. The cell types of the NVU change in both structure and function following an ischemic insult and during the development of AD pathology. Stroke and AD share common risk factors such as cardiovascular disease, and also share similarities at a molecular level. In both diseases, disruption of metabolic support, mitochondrial dysfunction, increase in oxidative stress, release of inflammatory signaling molecules, and blood brain barrier disruption result in NVU dysfunction, leading to cell death and neurodegeneration. Improved therapeutic strategies for both AD and stroke are needed. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are well-known targets for other diseases and are being recently investigated for their function in the development of cerebrovascular pathology. CAs catalyze the hydration of CO2 to produce bicarbonate and a proton. This reaction is important for pH homeostasis, overturn of cerebrospinal fluid, regulation of CBF, and other physiological functions. Humans express 15 CA isoforms with different distribution patterns. Recent studies provide evidence that CA inhibition is protective to NVU cells in vitro and in vivo, in models of stroke and AD pathology. CA inhibitors are FDA-approved for treatment of glaucoma, high-altitude sickness, and other indications. Most FDA-approved CA inhibitors are pan-CA inhibitors; however, specific CA isoforms are likely to modulate the NVU function. This review will summarize the literature regarding the use of pan-CA and specific CA inhibitors along with genetic manipulation of specific CA isoforms in stroke and AD models, to bring light into the functions of CAs in the NVU. Although pan-CA inhibitors are protective and safe, we hypothesize that targeting specific CA isoforms will increase the efficacy of CA inhibition and reduce side effects. More studies to further determine specific CA isoforms functions and changes in disease states are essential to the development of novel therapies for cerebrovascular pathology, occurring in both stroke and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lemon
- Alzheimer’s Center at Temple (ACT), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elisa Canepa
- Alzheimer’s Center at Temple (ACT), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Marc A. Ilies
- Alzheimer’s Center at Temple (ACT), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Silvia Fossati
- Alzheimer’s Center at Temple (ACT), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Silvia Fossati,
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22
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Impaired neurovascular coupling and cognitive deficits in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 16:1065-1076. [PMID: 34735667 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-021-00588-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is a recently identified autoimmune disorder with heterogeneous neurological, psychiatric, and cognitive manifestations. The NMDAR is a key signaling node for neurovascular coupling, the mechanism by which cerebral blood perfusion is enhanced to meet local metabolic requirements from increased neuronal activity. Therefore, anti-NMDAR encephalitis may disrupt neurovascular coupling and induce cognitive deficits. This study examined neurovascular coupling and cognitive function in anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients to identify prognostic biomarkers, reveal potential pathogenic mechanisms, and provide clues to possible therapeutic strategies. In this study, twenty-three anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients and thirty healthy controls received neuropsychological testing and multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was calculated from arterial spin labeling, and regional homogeneity (ReHo) was computed from functional MRI. Pearson's correlation coefficients between CBF and ReHo were calculated to obtain neurovascular coupling. At the whole gray matter level, CBF‒ReHo coupling was reduced in patients compared to healthy controls. At the regional level, CBF‒ReHo was significantly lower among patients in the precentral gyrus, frontal gyrus, insula, cuneus, inferior parietal lobe, supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, precuneus, temporal gyrus, and temporal pole. Reduced CBF‒ReHo in the left superior medial frontal gyrus of patients was significantly correlated with a deficit in verbal inhibition control, and the reduced CBF‒ReHo in the left insula was significantly correlated with impaired executive function. In conclusion, anti-NMDAR encephalitis is associated with both global and regional disruptions in neurovascular coupling that may in turn lead to deficits in specific cognitive domains.
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23
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The link between neurology and behavior in veterinary medicine: A review. J Vet Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Youwakim J, Girouard H. Inflammation: A Mediator Between Hypertension and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Am J Hypertens 2021; 34:1014-1030. [PMID: 34136907 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the most prevalent and modifiable risk factor for stroke, vascular cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease. However, the mechanistic link between hypertension and neurodegenerative diseases remains to be understood. Recent evidence indicates that inflammation is a common pathophysiological trait for both hypertension and neurodegenerative diseases. Low-grade chronic inflammation at the systemic and central nervous system levels is now recognized to contribute to the physiopathology of hypertension. This review speculates that inflammation represents a mediator between hypertension and neurodegenerative diseases, either by a decrease in cerebral blood flow or a disruption of the blood-brain barrier which will, in turn, let inflammatory cells and neurotoxic molecules enter the brain parenchyma. This may impact brain functions including cognition and contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. This review will thus discuss the relationship between hypertension, systemic inflammation, cerebrovascular functions, neuroinflammation, and brain dysfunctions. The potential clinical future of immunotherapies against hypertension and associated cerebrovascular risks will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Youwakim
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l’apprentissage (CIRCA); Montreal, QC, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hélène Girouard
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l’apprentissage (CIRCA); Montreal, QC, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériaterie de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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25
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Ouellette J, Lacoste B. From Neurodevelopmental to Neurodegenerative Disorders: The Vascular Continuum. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:749026. [PMID: 34744690 PMCID: PMC8570842 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.749026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural and functional integrity of the cerebral vasculature ensures proper brain development and function, as well as healthy aging. The inability of the brain to store energy makes it exceptionally dependent on an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients from the blood stream for matching colossal demands of neural and glial cells. Key vascular features including a dense vasculature, a tightly controlled environment, and the regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) all take part in brain health throughout life. As such, healthy brain development and aging are both ensured by the anatomical and functional interaction between the vascular and nervous systems that are established during brain development and maintained throughout the lifespan. During critical periods of brain development, vascular networks remodel until they can actively respond to increases in neural activity through neurovascular coupling, which makes the brain particularly vulnerable to neurovascular alterations. The brain vasculature has been strongly associated with the onset and/or progression of conditions associated with aging, and more recently with neurodevelopmental disorders. Our understanding of cerebrovascular contributions to neurological disorders is rapidly evolving, and increasing evidence shows that deficits in angiogenesis, CBF and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are causally linked to cognitive impairment. Moreover, it is of utmost curiosity that although neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders express different clinical features at different stages of life, they share similar vascular abnormalities. In this review, we present an overview of vascular dysfunctions associated with neurodevelopmental (autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, Down Syndrome) and neurodegenerative (multiple sclerosis, Huntington's, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's diseases) disorders, with a focus on impairments in angiogenesis, CBF and the BBB. Finally, we discuss the impact of early vascular impairments on the expression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ouellette
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Baptiste Lacoste
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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26
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Hatakeyama N, Unekawa M, Murata J, Tomita Y, Suzuki N, Nakahara J, Takuwa H, Kanno I, Matsui K, Tanaka KF, Masamoto K. Differential pial and penetrating arterial responses examined by optogenetic activation of astrocytes and neurons. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2676-2689. [PMID: 33899558 PMCID: PMC8504944 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211010355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A variety of brain cells participates in neurovascular coupling by transmitting and modulating vasoactive signals. The present study aimed to probe cell type-dependent cerebrovascular (i.e., pial and penetrating arterial) responses with optogenetics in the cortex of anesthetized mice. Two lines of the transgenic mice expressing a step function type of light-gated cation channel (channelrhodopsine-2; ChR2) in either cortical neurons (muscarinic acetylcholine receptors) or astrocytes (Mlc1-positive) were used in the experiments. Photo-activation of ChR2-expressing astrocytes resulted in a widespread increase in cerebral blood flow (CBF), extending to the nonstimulated periphery. In contrast, photo-activation of ChR2-expressing neurons led to a relatively localized increase in CBF. The differences in the spatial extent of the CBF responses are potentially explained by differences in the involvement of the vascular compartments. In vivo imaging of the cerebrovascular responses revealed that ChR2-expressing astrocyte activation led to the dilation of both pial and penetrating arteries, whereas ChR2-expressing neuron activation predominantly caused dilation of the penetrating arterioles. Pharmacological studies showed that cell type-specific signaling mechanisms participate in the optogenetically induced cerebrovascular responses. In conclusion, pial and penetrating arterial vasodilation were differentially evoked by ChR2-expressing astrocytes and neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Hatakeyama
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Unekawa
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Juri Murata
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tomita
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Tomita Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Shonan Keiiku Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jin Nakahara
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takuwa
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Iwao Kanno
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ko Matsui
- Super-Network Brain Physiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kenji F Tanaka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuto Masamoto
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.,Center for Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Zhang S, Shang D, Shi H, Teng W, Tian L. Function of Astrocytes in Neuroprotection and Repair after Ischemic Stroke. Eur Neurol 2021; 84:426-434. [PMID: 34455410 DOI: 10.1159/000517378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astrocytes are the most numerous cell types within the central nervous system, and many efforts have been put into determining the exact role of astrocytes in neuroprotection and repair after ischemic stroke. Although numerous studies have been done in recent years, there is still no thorough understanding of the exact function of astrocytes in the whole course of the stroke. SUMMARY According to the recent literature, there are many structures and factors that play important roles in the process of ischemic stroke, among which blood-brain barrier, various growth factors, gap junctions, AQP4, and glial scars have been studied most comprehensively, and all these factors are closely related to astrocytes. The role of astrocytes in ischemic stroke, therefore, can be analyzed more comprehensively. Key Message: The present review mainly summarized the current knowledge about astrocytes and their potential roles after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufen Zhang
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,
| | - Deshu Shang
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Han Shi
- The First Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weiyu Teng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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28
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Rinaldi C, Donato L, Alibrandi S, Scimone C, D’Angelo R, Sidoti A. Oxidative Stress and the Neurovascular Unit. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080767. [PMID: 34440511 PMCID: PMC8398978 DOI: 10.3390/life11080767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a relatively recent concept that clearly describes the relationship between brain cells and their blood vessels. The components of the NVU, comprising different types of cells, are so interrelated and associated with each other that they are considered as a single functioning unit. For this reason, even slight disturbances in the NVU could severely affect brain homeostasis and health. In this review, we aim to describe the current state of knowledge concerning the role of oxidative stress on the neurovascular unit and the role of a single cell type in the NVU crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Rinaldi
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (L.D.); (S.A.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Luigi Donato
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (L.D.); (S.A.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics and Avant-Garde Therapies, Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia (I.E.ME.S.T.), Via Michele Miraglia, 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona Alibrandi
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (L.D.); (S.A.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Concetta Scimone
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (L.D.); (S.A.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics and Avant-Garde Therapies, Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia (I.E.ME.S.T.), Via Michele Miraglia, 90139 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Rosalia D’Angelo
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (L.D.); (S.A.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonina Sidoti
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (L.D.); (S.A.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
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29
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Stackhouse TL, Mishra A. Neurovascular Coupling in Development and Disease: Focus on Astrocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:702832. [PMID: 34327206 PMCID: PMC8313501 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.702832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurovascular coupling is a crucial mechanism that matches the high energy demand of the brain with a supply of energy substrates from the blood. Signaling within the neurovascular unit is responsible for activity-dependent changes in cerebral blood flow. The strength and reliability of neurovascular coupling form the basis of non-invasive human neuroimaging techniques, including blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging. Interestingly, BOLD signals are negative in infants, indicating a mismatch between metabolism and blood flow upon neural activation; this response is the opposite of that observed in healthy adults where activity evokes a large oversupply of blood flow. Negative neurovascular coupling has also been observed in rodents at early postnatal stages, further implying that this is a process that matures during development. This rationale is consistent with the morphological maturation of the neurovascular unit, which occurs over a similar time frame. While neurons differentiate before birth, astrocytes differentiate postnatally in rodents and the maturation of their complex morphology during the first few weeks of life links them with synapses and the vasculature. The vascular network is also incomplete in neonates and matures in parallel with astrocytes. Here, we review the timeline of the structural maturation of the neurovascular unit with special emphasis on astrocytes and the vascular tree and what it implies for functional maturation of neurovascular coupling. We also discuss similarities between immature astrocytes during development and reactive astrocytes in disease, which are relevant to neurovascular coupling. Finally, we close by pointing out current gaps in knowledge that must be addressed to fully elucidate the mechanisms underlying neurovascular coupling maturation, with the expectation that this may also clarify astrocyte-dependent mechanisms of cerebrovascular impairment in neurodegenerative conditions in which reduced or negative neurovascular coupling is noted, such as stroke and Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L Stackhouse
- Department of Neurology, Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Anusha Mishra
- Department of Neurology, Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States
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30
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Shityakov S, Hayashi K, Störk S, Scheper V, Lenarz T, Förster CY. The Conspicuous Link between Ear, Brain and Heart-Could Neurotrophin-Treatment of Age-Related Hearing Loss Help Prevent Alzheimer's Disease and Associated Amyloid Cardiomyopathy? Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060900. [PMID: 34204299 PMCID: PMC8235707 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with neurovascular dysfunction and cognitive decline. While the deposition of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are the pathological hallmarks of AD-affected brains, the majority of cases exhibits a combination of comorbidities that ultimately lead to multi-organ failure. Of particular interest, it can be demonstrated that Aβ pathology is present in the hearts of patients with AD, while the formation of NFT in the auditory system can be detected much earlier than the onset of symptoms. Progressive hearing impairment may beget social isolation and accelerate cognitive decline and increase the risk of developing dementia. The current review discusses the concept of a brain-ear-heart axis by which Aβ and NFT inhibition could be achieved through targeted supplementation of neurotrophic factors to the cochlea and the brain. Such amyloid inhibition might also indirectly affect amyloid accumulation in the heart, thus reducing the risk of developing AD-associated amyloid cardiomyopathy and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Shityakov
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany;
- Infochemistry Scientific Center, Laboratory of Chemoinformatics, ITMO University, 191002 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kentaro Hayashi
- Advanced Stroke Center, Shimane University Hospital, 89-1 Enya, Shimane, Izumo 693-8501, Japan;
| | - Stefan Störk
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Q9 Center, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Verena Scheper
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School and Cluster of Excellence “Hearing4All”, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Thomas Lenarz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School and Cluster of Excellence “Hearing4All”, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (C.Y.F.)
| | - Carola Y. Förster
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany;
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (C.Y.F.)
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31
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Shekhar S, Liu Y, Wang S, Zhang H, Fang X, Zhang J, Fan L, Zheng B, Roman RJ, Wang Z, Fan F, Booz GW. Novel Mechanistic Insights and Potential Therapeutic Impact of TRPC6 in Neurovascular Coupling and Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2074. [PMID: 33669830 PMCID: PMC7922996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the most disabling diseases and a leading cause of death globally. Despite advances in medical care, the global burden of stroke continues to grow, as no effective treatments to limit or reverse ischemic injury to the brain are available. However, recent preclinical findings have revealed the potential role of transient receptor potential cation 6 (TRPC6) channels as endogenous protectors of neuronal tissue. Activating TRPC6 in various cerebral ischemia models has been found to prevent neuronal death, whereas blocking TRPC6 enhances sensitivity to ischemia. Evidence has shown that Ca2+ influx through TRPC6 activates the cAMP (adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate) response element-binding protein (CREB), an important transcription factor linked to neuronal survival. Additionally, TRPC6 activation may counter excitotoxic damage resulting from glutamate release by attenuating the activity of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors of neurons by posttranslational means. Unresolved though, are the roles of TRPC6 channels in non-neuronal cells, such as astrocytes and endothelial cells. Moreover, TRPC6 channels may have detrimental effects on the blood-brain barrier, although their exact role in neurovascular coupling requires further investigation. This review discusses evidence-based cell-specific aspects of TRPC6 in the brain to assess the potential targets for ischemic stroke management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Shekhar
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Yedan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (Y.L.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (X.F.); (J.Z.); (L.F.); (B.Z.); (R.J.R.); (F.F.); (G.W.B.)
| | - Shaoxun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (Y.L.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (X.F.); (J.Z.); (L.F.); (B.Z.); (R.J.R.); (F.F.); (G.W.B.)
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (Y.L.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (X.F.); (J.Z.); (L.F.); (B.Z.); (R.J.R.); (F.F.); (G.W.B.)
| | - Xing Fang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (Y.L.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (X.F.); (J.Z.); (L.F.); (B.Z.); (R.J.R.); (F.F.); (G.W.B.)
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119048, Russia
| | - Letao Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (Y.L.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (X.F.); (J.Z.); (L.F.); (B.Z.); (R.J.R.); (F.F.); (G.W.B.)
| | - Baoying Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (Y.L.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (X.F.); (J.Z.); (L.F.); (B.Z.); (R.J.R.); (F.F.); (G.W.B.)
| | - Richard J. Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (Y.L.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (X.F.); (J.Z.); (L.F.); (B.Z.); (R.J.R.); (F.F.); (G.W.B.)
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA;
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (Y.L.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (X.F.); (J.Z.); (L.F.); (B.Z.); (R.J.R.); (F.F.); (G.W.B.)
| | - George W. Booz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (Y.L.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (X.F.); (J.Z.); (L.F.); (B.Z.); (R.J.R.); (F.F.); (G.W.B.)
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32
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Howarth C, Mishra A, Hall CN. More than just summed neuronal activity: how multiple cell types shape the BOLD response. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20190630. [PMID: 33190598 PMCID: PMC7116385 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging techniques are widely applied to investigations of human cognition and disease. The most commonly used among these is blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging. The BOLD signal occurs because neural activity induces an increase in local blood supply to support the increased metabolism that occurs during activity. This supply usually outmatches demand, resulting in an increase in oxygenated blood in an active brain region, and a corresponding decrease in deoxygenated blood, which generates the BOLD signal. Hence, the BOLD response is shaped by an integration of local oxygen use, through metabolism, and supply, in the blood. To understand what information is carried in BOLD signals, we must understand how several cell types in the brain-local excitatory neurons, inhibitory neurons, astrocytes and vascular cells (pericytes, vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells), and their modulation by ascending projection neurons-contribute to both metabolism and haemodynamic changes. Here, we review the contributions of each cell type to the regulation of cerebral blood flow and metabolism, and discuss situations where a simplified interpretation of the BOLD response as reporting local excitatory activity may misrepresent important biological phenomena, for example with regards to arousal states, ageing and neurological disease. This article is part of the theme issue 'Key relationships between non-invasive functional neuroimaging and the underlying neuronal activity'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Howarth
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 2LT, UK
| | - Anusha Mishra
- Department of Neurology, Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, and Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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33
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Giorgi FS, Galgani A, Puglisi-Allegra S, Limanaqi F, Busceti CL, Fornai F. Locus Coeruleus and neurovascular unit: From its role in physiology to its potential role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:2406-2434. [PMID: 32875628 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Locus coeruleus (LC) is the main noradrenergic (NA) nucleus of the central nervous system. LC degenerates early during Alzheimer's disease (AD) and NA loss might concur to AD pathogenesis. Aside from neurons, LC terminals provide dense innervation of brain intraparenchymal arterioles/capillaries, and NA modulates astrocyte functions. The term neurovascular unit (NVU) defines the strict anatomical/functional interaction occurring between neurons, glial cells, and brain vessels. NVU plays a fundamental role in coupling the energy demand of activated brain regions with regional cerebral blood flow, it includes the blood-brain barrier (BBB), plays an active role in neuroinflammation, and participates also to the glymphatic system. NVU alteration is involved in AD pathophysiology through several mechanisms, mainly related to a relative oligoemia in activated brain regions and impairment of structural and functional BBB integrity, which contributes also to the intracerebral accumulation of insoluble amyloid. We review the existing data on the morphological features of LC-NA innervation of the NVU, as well as its contribution to neurovascular coupling and BBB proper functioning. After introducing the main experimental data linking LC with AD, which have repeatedly shown a key role of neuroinflammation and increased amyloid plaque formation, we discuss the potential mechanisms by which the loss of NVU modulation by LC might contribute to AD pathogenesis. Surprisingly, thus far not so many studies have tested directly these mechanisms in models of AD in which LC has been lesioned experimentally. Clarifying the interaction of LC with NVU in AD pathogenesis may disclose potential therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Sean Giorgi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Fiona Limanaqi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Fornai
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,I.R.C.C.S. I.N.M. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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34
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Freitas-Andrade M, Raman-Nair J, Lacoste B. Structural and Functional Remodeling of the Brain Vasculature Following Stroke. Front Physiol 2020; 11:948. [PMID: 32848875 PMCID: PMC7433746 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of cerebral blood vessel integrity and regulation of cerebral blood flow ensure proper brain function. The adult human brain represents only a small portion of the body mass, yet about a quarter of the cardiac output is dedicated to energy consumption by brain cells at rest. Due to a low capacity to store energy, brain health is heavily reliant on a steady supply of oxygen and nutrients from the bloodstream, and is thus particularly vulnerable to stroke. Stroke is a leading cause of disability and mortality worldwide. By transiently or permanently limiting tissue perfusion, stroke alters vascular integrity and function, compromising brain homeostasis and leading to widespread consequences from early-onset motor deficits to long-term cognitive decline. While numerous lines of investigation have been undertaken to develop new pharmacological therapies for stroke, only few advances have been made and most clinical trials have failed. Overall, our understanding of the acute and chronic vascular responses to stroke is insufficient, yet a better comprehension of cerebrovascular remodeling following stroke is an essential prerequisite for developing novel therapeutic options. In this review, we present a comprehensive update on post-stroke cerebrovascular remodeling, an important and growing field in neuroscience, by discussing cellular and molecular mechanisms involved, sex differences, limitations of preclinical research design and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Raman-Nair
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Baptiste Lacoste
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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35
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Occhieppo VB, Basmadjian OM, Marchese NA, Silvero C MJ, Rodríguez A, Armonelli S, Becerra MC, Baiardi G, Bregonzio C. AT 1 -R is involved in the development of long-lasting, region-dependent and oxidative stress-independent astrocyte morphological alterations induced by Ketamine. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 54:5705-5716. [PMID: 32320503 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes play an essential role in the genesis, maturation and regulation of the neurovascular unit. Multiple evidence support that astrocyte reactivity has a close relationship to neurovascular unit dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation, providing a suitable scenario for the development of mental disorders. Ketamine has been proposed as a single-use antidepressant treatment in major depression, and its antidepressant effects have been associated with anti-inflammatory properties. However, Ketamine long-lasting effects over the neurovascular unit components remain unclear. Angiotensin II AT1 receptor (AT1 -R) blockers have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. The present work aims to distinguish the acute and long-term Ketamine effects over astrocytes response extended to other neurovascular unit components, and the involvement of AT1 -R, in prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area. Male Wistar rats were administered with AT1 -R antagonist Candesartan/Vehicle (days 1-10) and Ketamine/Saline (days 6-10). After 14 days drug-free, at basal conditions or after Ketamine Challenge, the brains were processed for oxidative stress analysis, cresyl violet staining and immunohistochemistry for glial, neuronal activation and vascular markers. Repeated Ketamine administration induced long-lasting region-dependent astrocyte reactivity and morphological alterations, and neuroadaptative changes observed as exacerbated oxidative stress and neuronal activation, prevented by the AT1 -R blockade. Ketamine Challenge decreased microglial and astrocyte reactivity and augmented cellular apoptosis, independently of previous treatment. Overall, AT1 -R is involved in the development of neuroadaptative changes induced by repeated Ketamine administration but does not interfere with the acute effects supporting the potential use of AT1 -R blockers as a Ketamine complementary therapy in mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria B Occhieppo
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET) Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo M Basmadjian
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET) Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Natalia A Marchese
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET) Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M Jazmin Silvero C
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET) Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Anahí Rodríguez
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET) Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Samanta Armonelli
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET) Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María C Becerra
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET) Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Baiardi
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, (IIBYT-CONICET) Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia Bregonzio
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET) Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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36
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Sung K, Jimenez-Sanchez M. Autophagy in Astrocytes and its Implications in Neurodegeneration. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:2605-2621. [PMID: 31931011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a major degradation pathway where double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes deliver cytoplasmic content to the lysosome. Increasing evidence suggests that autophagy dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, misfolded proteins that accumulate in these diseases and constitute a common pathological hallmark are substrates for autophagic degradation. Astrocytes, a major type of glial cells, are emerging as a critical component in most neurodegenerative diseases. This review will summarize the recent efforts to investigate the role that autophagy plays in astrocytes in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. While the field has mostly focused on the implications of autophagy in neurons, autophagy may also be involved in the clearance of disease-related proteins in astrocytes as well as in maintaining astrocyte function, which could impact the cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous contribution of astrocytes to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Sung
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, 5 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Maria Jimenez-Sanchez
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, 5 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RX, UK.
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Haruwaka K, Ikegami A, Tachibana Y, Ohno N, Konishi H, Hashimoto A, Matsumoto M, Kato D, Ono R, Kiyama H, Moorhouse AJ, Nabekura J, Wake H. Dual microglia effects on blood brain barrier permeability induced by systemic inflammation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5816. [PMID: 31862977 PMCID: PMC6925219 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13812-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia survey brain parenchyma, responding to injury and infections. Microglia also respond to systemic disease, but the role of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity in this process remains unclear. Using simultaneous in vivo imaging, we demonstrated that systemic inflammation induces CCR5-dependent migration of brain resident microglia to the cerebral vasculature. Vessel-associated microglia initially maintain BBB integrity via expression of the tight-junction protein Claudin-5 and make physical contact with endothelial cells. During sustained inflammation, microglia phagocytose astrocytic end-feet and impair BBB function. Our results show microglia play a dual role in maintaining BBB integrity with implications for elucidating how systemic immune-activation impacts neural functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Haruwaka
- Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate School for Advanced Study, Hayama, Japan
| | - Ako Ikegami
- Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Tachibana
- Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.,Division of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Konishi
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akari Hashimoto
- Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mami Matsumoto
- Section of Electron Microscopy, Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kato
- Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Riho Ono
- Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyama
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Andrew J Moorhouse
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Junichi Nabekura
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate School for Advanced Study, Hayama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Wake
- Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan. .,Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan. .,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan. .,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
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38
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Takarada-Iemata M, Westenskow PD, Muramatsu R. Neurovascular interaction. Neurochem Int 2019; 129:104506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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