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Gayger-Dias V, Menezes L, Da Silva VF, Stiborski A, Silva ACR, Sobottka TM, Quines-Silva VC, Pakulski-Souto B, Bobermin LD, Quincozes-Santos A, Leite MC, Gonçalves CA. Changes in Astroglial Water Flow in the Pre-amyloid Phase of the STZ Model of AD Dementia. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:1851-1862. [PMID: 38733521 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04144-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-dependent neurodegenerative disease that is typically sporadic and has a high social and economic cost. We utilized the intracerebroventricular administration of streptozotocin (STZ), an established preclinical model for sporadic AD, to investigate hippocampal astroglial changes during the first 4 weeks post-STZ, a period during which amyloid deposition has yet to occur. Astroglial proteins aquaporin 4 (AQP-4) and connexin-43 (Cx-43) were evaluated, as well as claudins, which are tight junction (TJ) proteins in brain barriers, to try to identify changes in the glymphatic system and brain barrier during the pre-amyloid phase. Glial commitment, glucose hypometabolism and cognitive impairment were characterized during this phase. Astroglial involvement was confirmed by an increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP); concurrent proteolysis was also observed, possibly mediated by calpain. Levels of AQP-4 and Cx-43 were elevated in the fourth week post-STZ, possibly accelerating the clearance of extracellular proteins, since these proteins actively participate in the glymphatic system. Moreover, although we did not see a functional disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) at this time, claudin 5 (present in the TJ of the BBB) and claudin 2 (present in the TJ of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier) were reduced. Taken together, data support a role for astrocytes in STZ brain damage, and suggest that astroglial dysfunction accompanies or precedes neuronal damage in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Gayger-Dias
- Biochemistry Laboratory 33, Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2600, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Menezes
- Biochemistry Laboratory 33, Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2600, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Vanessa-Fernanda Da Silva
- Biochemistry Laboratory 33, Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2600, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Amanda Stiborski
- Biochemistry Laboratory 33, Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2600, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Ribeiro Silva
- Biochemistry Laboratory 33, Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2600, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Thomas Michel Sobottka
- Biochemistry Laboratory 33, Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2600, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Vitória Cristine Quines-Silva
- Biochemistry Laboratory 33, Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2600, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Betina Pakulski-Souto
- Biochemistry Laboratory 33, Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2600, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Larissa Daniele Bobermin
- Biochemistry Laboratory 33, Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2600, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2600, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Biochemistry Laboratory 33, Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2600, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2600, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Marina Concli Leite
- Biochemistry Laboratory 33, Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2600, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Biochemistry Laboratory 33, Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2600, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2600, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil.
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Gayger-Dias V, Vizuete AFK, Rodrigues L, Wartchow KM, Bobermin L, Leite MC, Quincozes-Santos A, Kleindienst A, Gonçalves CA. How S100B crosses brain barriers and why it is considered a peripheral marker of brain injury. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:2109-2119. [PMID: 38058025 PMCID: PMC10800124 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231214260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
S100B is a 21-kDa protein that is produced and secreted by astrocytes and widely used as a marker of brain injury in clinical and experimental studies. The majority of these studies are based on measurements in blood serum, assuming an associated increase in cerebrospinal fluid and a rupture of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Moreover, extracerebral sources of S100B are often underestimated. Herein, we will review these interpretations and discuss the routes by which S100B, produced by astrocytes, reaches the circulatory system. We discuss the concept of S100B as an alarmin and its dual activity as an inflammatory and neurotrophic molecule. Furthermore, we emphasize the lack of data supporting the idea that S100B acts as a marker of BBB rupture, and the need to include the glymphatic system in the interpretations of serum changes of S100B. The review is also dedicated to valorizing extracerebral sources of S100B, particularly adipocytes. Furthermore, S100B per se may have direct and indirect modulating roles in brain barriers: on the tight junctions that regulate paracellular transport; on the expression of its receptor, RAGE, which is involved in transcellular protein transport; and on aquaporin-4, a key protein in the glymphatic system that is responsible for the clearance of extracellular proteins from the central nervous system. We hope that the data on S100B, discussed here, will be useful and that it will translate into further health benefits in medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Gayger-Dias
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90.035-003, Brazil
| | - Adriana FK Vizuete
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90.035-003, Brazil
| | - Letícia Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90.035-003, Brazil
| | - Krista Minéia Wartchow
- Brain Health Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10044, USA
| | - Larissa Bobermin
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90.035-003, Brazil
| | - Marina Concli Leite
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90.035-003, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90.035-003, Brazil
| | - Andrea Kleindienst
- Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90.035-003, Brazil
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Hajizadeh Tekmeh H, Vanizor Kural B, Kör S, Arıkan Malkoç M, Yuluğ E, Kutlu A, Abidin İ, Orem A. How does l-theanine treatment affect the levels of serum and hippocampal BDNF, insulin and adipocytokines in diabetic rats? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 667:95-103. [PMID: 37210871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes Mellitus (DM), a metabolic disease characterized by the increased blood glucose level, insulin deficiency or ineffectiveness, may cause structural and functional disorders in the brain. l-Theanine (LTN) has the relaxing, psychoactive, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory and antinecrotic properties, and regulates the functions of hippocampus (HP) in brain. In the present study, the aim was to identify the effects LTN on the levels of BDNF, insulin and adipocytokines (TNF-α, leptin, adiponectin and resistin) in both HP and serum of diabetic rats. METHODS 32 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 8/group): Control, LTN, DM and DM + LTN. Diabetes was induced by by nicotinamide/streptozotocin. 200 mg/kg/day LTN treatment was applied for 28 days. The serum and hippocampal levels of the parameters were determined by using commercial ELISA kits. Additionally, HP tissues examined histopathologically. RESULTS LTN treatment significantly decreased leptin and adiponectin levels in HP tissues in diabetic rats (p < 0.05). Although it decreased the insulin level in both serum and HP, this was not statistically significant. No significant effect on other parameters was observed (p > 0.05). In histopathological analysis, although the damage was reduced by LTN in all sections of HP, this change was significant mainly in CA3 region (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION It was concluded that LTN has the ability to reduce hippocampal degeneration and modulates adipocytokines in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Hajizadeh Tekmeh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Birgul Vanizor Kural
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Sevil Kör
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Meltem Arıkan Malkoç
- Vocational School of Health Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Esin Yuluğ
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Abdulkadir Kutlu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - İsmail Abidin
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Asım Orem
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.
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Acute Methylglyoxal-Induced Damage in Blood-Brain Barrier and Hippocampal Tissue. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1337-1347. [PMID: 36057040 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00571-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) is a reactive dicarbonyl compound formed mostly via the glycolytic pathway. Elevated blood glucose levels can cause MG accumulation in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease. Under these disease conditions, the high reactivity of MG leads to modification of proteins and other biomolecules, generating advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are considered mediators in neurodegenerative diseases. We investigated the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and astrocyte response in the hippocampus to acute insult induced by MG when it was intracerebroventricularly administered to rats. Seventy-two hours later, BBB integrity was lost, as assessed by the entry of Evans dye into the brain tissue and albumin in the cerebrospinal fluid, and a decrease in aquaporin-4 and connexin-43 in the hippocampal tissue. MG did not induce changes in the hippocampal contents of RAGE in this short interval, but decreased the expression of S100B, an astrocyte-secreted protein that binds RAGE. The expression of two important transcription factors of the antioxidant response, NF-κB and Nrf2, was unchanged. However, hemeoxigenase-1 was upregulated in the MG-treated group. These data corroborate the idea that hippocampal cells are targets of MG toxicity and that BBB dysfunction and specific glial alterations induced by this compound may contribute to the behavioral and cognitive alterations observed in these animals.
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Lissner LJ, Rodrigues L, Wartchow KM, Borba E, Bobermin LD, Fontella FU, Hansen F, Quincozes-Santos A, Souza DOG, Gonçalves CA. Short-Term Alterations in Behavior and Astroglial Function After Intracerebroventricular Infusion of Methylglyoxal in Rats. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:183-196. [PMID: 33095439 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03154-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) is a by-product of glycolysis. In pathological conditions, particularly diabetes mellitus, this molecule is unbalanced, causing widespread protein glycation. In addition to protein glycation, other effects resulting from high levels of MG in the central nervous system may involve the direct modulation of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission, with evidence suggesting that the effects of MG may be related to behavioral changes and glial dysfunction. In order to evaluate the direct influence of MG on behavioral and biochemical parameters, we used a high intracerebroventricular final concentration (3 μM/μL) to assess acute effects on memory and locomotor behavior in rats, as well as the underlying alterations in glutamatergic and astroglial parameters. MG induced, 12 h after injection, a decrease in locomotor activity in the Open field and anxiolytic effects in rats submitted to elevated plus-maze. Subsequently, 36 h after surgery, MG injection also induced cognitive impairment in both short and long-term memory, as evaluated by novel object recognition task, and in short-term spatial memory, as evaluated by the Y-maze test. In addition, hippocampal glutamate uptake decreased and glutamine synthetase activity and glutathione levels diminished during seventy-two hours after infusion of MG. Interestingly, the astrocytic protein, S100B, was increased in the cerebrospinal fluid, accompanied by decreased hippocampal S100B mRNA expression, without any change in protein content. Taken together, these results may improve our understanding of how this product of glucose metabolism can induce the brain dysfunction observed in diabetic patients, as well as in other neurodegenerative conditions, and further defines the role of astrocytes in disease and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lílian Juliana Lissner
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil
| | - Leticia Rodrigues
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil
| | - Krista Minéia Wartchow
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil
| | - Ederson Borba
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil
| | - Larissa Daniele Bobermin
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Urruth Fontella
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Hansen
- Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Department of Nutrition, Nutrition Post-Graduate Program, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil
| | - Diogo Onofre Gomes Souza
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil.
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Wartchow KM, Rodrigues L, Lissner LJ, Federhen BC, Selistre NG, Moreira A, Gonçalves CA, Sesterheim P. Insulin-producing cells from mesenchymal stromal cells: Protection against cognitive impairment in diabetic rats depends upon implant site. Life Sci 2020; 251:117587. [PMID: 32224027 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious public health problem and can cause long-term damage to the brain, resulting in cognitive impairment in these patients. Insulin therapy for type 1 DM (DM1) can achieve overall blood glucose control, but glycemic variations can occur during injection intervals, which may contribute to some complications. Among the additional therapies available for DM1 treatment is the implantation of insulin-producing cells (IPCs) to attenuate hyperglycemia and even reverse diabetes. Here, we studied the strategy of implanting IPCs obtained from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from adipose tissue, comparing two different IPC implant sites, subcapsular renal (SR) and subcutaneous (SC), to investigate their putative protection against hippocampal damage, induced by STZ, in a rat DM1 model. Both implants improved hyperglycemia and reduced the serum content of advanced-glycated end products in diabetic rats, but serum insulin was not observed in the SC group. The SC-implanted group demonstrated ameliorated cognitive impairment (evaluated by novel object recognition) and modulation of hippocampal astroglial reactivity (evaluated by S100B and GFAP). Using GFP+ cell implants, the survival of cells at the implant sites was confirmed, as well as their migration to the pancreas and hippocampus. The presence of undifferentiated MSCs in our IPC preparation may explain the peripheral reduction in AGEs and subsequent cognitive impairment recovery, mediated by autophagic depuration and immunomodulation at the hippocampus, respectively. Together, these data reinforce the importance of MSCs for use in neuroprotective strategies, and highlight the logistic importance of the subcutaneous route for their administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Minéia Wartchow
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leticia Rodrigues
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lílian Juliana Lissner
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Barbara Carolina Federhen
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Nicholas Guerini Selistre
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Aline Moreira
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Sesterheim
- Institute of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul, Experimental Center, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Levels of serum S100B are associated with cognitive dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:4193-4203. [PMID: 32112645 PMCID: PMC7093188 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Previous studies have provided robust evidence that cognitive impairment exists in patients with type 2 diabetes. The predictive role of S100B in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, has been shown to be closely related to cognitive function. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between serum S100B levels and cognitive function in type 2 diabetes patients. Results: The type 2 diabetes group scored lower than the healthy control group in all domains of cognitive function except language and attention, and the former group also had lower serum levels of S100B. Besides, serum S100B levels were lower in the type 2 diabetes patients with impaired cognition than in those with normal cognition. In addition, the moderate to severe cognitive impairment group had significantly lower levels than that in mild cognitive impairment group. After adjusting for confounding factors, serum S100B levels were positively correlated with cognitive function in type 2 diabetes patients. Conclusions: Serum S100B levels were positively correlated with cognitive function in type 2 diabetes patients with cognitive impairment. It is suggested that S100B may be involved in the occurrence and development of cognitive dysfunction in type 2 diabetes patients and play a protective role. Methods: The clinical data and biochemical indexes of ninety-six patients with type 2 diabetes and sixty-eight healthy subjects were collected. The levels of serum S100B were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Ninety-six type 2 diabetes patients were divided into a cognitive dysfunction group and a normal cognition group according to Mini-mental State Examination scores. To better understand the differences in various aspects of cognition, we used the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status scale for further evaluation. To study the relationship between serum S100B levels and cognitive impairment, the cognitive dysfunction group was divided into a mild cognitive impairment group and a moderate to severe cognitive impairment group for further study.
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Barilar JO, Knezovic A, Perhoc AB, Homolak J, Riederer P, Salkovic-Petrisic M. Shared cerebral metabolic pathology in non-transgenic animal models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:231-250. [PMID: 32030485 PMCID: PMC7035309 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are the most common chronic neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by motoric dysfunction or cognitive decline in the early stage, respectively, but often by both symptoms in the advanced stage. Among underlying molecular pathologies that PD and AD patients have in common, more attention is recently paid to the central metabolic dysfunction presented as insulin resistant brain state (IRBS) and altered cerebral glucose metabolism, both also explored in animal models of these diseases. This review aims to compare IRBS and alterations in cerebral glucose metabolism in representative non-transgenic animal PD and AD models. The comparison is based on the selectivity of the neurotoxins which cause experimental PD and AD, towards the cellular membrane and intracellular molecular targets as well as towards the selective neurons/non-neuronal cells, and the particular brain regions. Mitochondrial damage and co-expression of insulin receptors, glucose transporter-2 and dopamine transporter on the membrane of particular neurons as well as astrocytes seem to be the key points which are further discussed in a context of alterations in insulin signalling in the brain and its interaction with dopaminergic transmission, particularly regarding the time frame of the experimental AD/PD pathology appearance and the correlation with cognitive and motor symptoms. Such a perspective provides evidence on IRBS being a common underlying metabolic pathology and a contributor to neurodegenerative processes in representative non-transgenic animal PD and AD models, instead of being a direct cause of a particular neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Osmanovic Barilar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Knezovic
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Babic Perhoc
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jan Homolak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Peter Riederer
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Würzburg, Füchsleinstrasse 15, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Department and Research Unit of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Melita Salkovic-Petrisic
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
- Institute of Fundamental Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Research Centre of Excellence, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 12, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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