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Qian ZM, Li W, Guo Q. Ferroportin1 in the brain. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 88:101961. [PMID: 37236369 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite years of research, it remains unclear why certain brain regions of patients with neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) have abnormally high levels of iron, although it has long been suggested that disrupted expression of iron-metabolizing proteins due to genetic or non-genetic factors is responsible for the enhancement in brain iron contents. In addition to the increased expression of cell-iron importers lactoferrin (lactotransferrin) receptor (LfR) in Parkinson's disease (PD) and melanotransferrin (p97) in Alzheimer's disease (AD), some investigations have suggested that cell-iron exporter ferroportin 1 (Fpn1) may be also associated with the elevated iron observed in the brain. The decreased expression of Fpn1 and the resulting decrease in the amount of iron excreted from brain cells has been thought to be able to enhance iron levels in the brain in AD, PD and other NDs. Cumulative results also suggest that the reduction of Fpn1 can be induced by hepcidin-dependent and -independent pathways. In this article, we discuss the current understanding of Fpn1 expression in the brain and cell lines of rats, mice and humans, with emphasis on the potential involvement of reduced Fpn1 in brain iron enhancement in patients with AD, PD and other NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Ming Qian
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, and Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qi Xiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu China 226019.
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, and Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qi Xiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu China 226019
| | - Qian Guo
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 881 Yonghe Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China.
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2
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Urati A, Dey M, Gautam AS, Singh RK. Iron-induced cellular in vitro neurotoxic responses in rat C6 cell line. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:1968-1978. [PMID: 35446454 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential metal critical for normal cellular and biochemical function and it is used as a cofactor in many vital biological pathways within the brain. However, accumulation of excess iron in brain is commonly associated with several neurodegenerative and neurotoxic adverse effects. Chronic exposure of iron leads to an increased risk for several neurodegenerative diseases. The exact mechanism of iron-induced neurotoxicity is still unclear. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate the mechanism of neurotoxic and neurodegenerative effects through in vitro exposure of ferrous sulphate in rat C6 cell line. The findings of our study have indicated that ferrous sulphate exposure may lead to induction of molecular markers of neuronal inflammation, apoptotic neuronal cell death, amyloid-beta and hyperphosphorylated tau levels. This study provides a basic mechanistic understanding of signaling pathway and biomarkers involved during iron-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Urati
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mangaldeep Dey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Avtar Singh Gautam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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3
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Díaz R, Troncoso J, Jakob E, Skugor S. "Limiting access to iron decreases infection of Atlantic salmon SHK-1 cells with bacterium Piscirickettsia salmonis". BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:155. [PMID: 33849522 PMCID: PMC8043062 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02853-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertebrate hosts limit the availability of iron to microbial pathogens in order to nutritionally starve the invaders. The impact of iron deficiency induced by the iron chelator deferoxamine mesylate (DFO) was investigated in Atlantic salmon SHK-1 cells infected with the facultative intracellular bacterium Piscirickettsia salmonis. RESULTS Effects of the DFO treatment and P. salmonis on SHK-1 cells were gaged by assessing cytopathic effects, bacterial load and activity, and gene expression profiles of eight immune biomarkers at 4- and 7-days post infection (dpi) in the control group, groups receiving single treatments (DFO or P. salmonis) and their combination. The chelator appears to be well-tolerated by host cells, while it had a negative impact on the number of bacterial cells and associated cytotoxicity. DFO alone had minor effects on gene expression of SHK-1 cells, including an early activation of IL-1β at 4 dpi. In contrast to few moderate changes induced by single treatments (either infection or chelator), most genes had highest upregulation in the infected groups receiving DFO. The mildest induction of hepcidin-1 (antimicrobial peptide precursor and regulator of iron homeostasis) was observed in cells exposed to DFO alone, followed by P. salmonis infected cells while the addition of DFO to infected cells further increased the mRNA abundance of this gene. Transcripts encoding TNF-α (immune signaling) and iNOS (immune effector) showed sustained increase at both time points in this group while cathelicidin-1 (immune effector) and IL-8 (immune signaling) were upregulated at 7 dpi. The stimulation of protective gene responses seen in infected cultures supplemented with DFO coincided with the reduction of bacterial load and activity (judged by the expression of P. salmonis 16S rRNA), and damage to cultured host cells. CONCLUSION The absence of immune gene activation under normal iron conditions suggests modulation of host responses by P. salmonis. The negative effect of iron deficiency on bacteria likely allowed host cells to respond in a more protective manner to the infection, further decreasing its progression. Presented findings encourage in vivo exploration of iron chelators as a promising strategy against piscirickettsiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Díaz
- Cargill Innovation Centre, Camino a Pargua km 57, Colaco km 5, Calbuco, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - José Troncoso
- Cargill Innovation Centre, Camino a Pargua km 57, Colaco km 5, Calbuco, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Eva Jakob
- Cargill Innovation Centre, Camino a Pargua km 57, Colaco km 5, Calbuco, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Stanko Skugor
- Cargill Innovation Centre, Dirdalsstranda 51, 4335, Dirdal, Norway.
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4
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Bonaccorsi di Patti MC, Cutone A, Polticelli F, Rosa L, Lepanto MS, Valenti P, Musci G. The ferroportin-ceruloplasmin system and the mammalian iron homeostasis machine: regulatory pathways and the role of lactoferrin. Biometals 2018; 31:399-414. [PMID: 29453656 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last 20 years, several new genes and proteins involved in iron metabolism in eukaryotes, particularly related to pathological states both in animal models and in humans have been identified, and we are now starting to unveil at the molecular level the mechanisms of iron absorption, the regulation of iron transport and the homeostatic balancing processes. In this review, we will briefly outline the general scheme of iron metabolism in humans and then focus our attention on the cellular iron export system formed by the permease ferroportin and the ferroxidase ceruloplasmin. We will finally summarize data on the role of the iron binding protein lactoferrin on the regulation of the ferroportin/ceruloplasmin couple and of other proteins involved in iron homeostasis in inflamed human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antimo Cutone
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, C.da Fonte Lappone, 86090, Pesche, IS, Italy
| | - Fabio Polticelli
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy.,National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Roma Tre Section, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Rosa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Musci
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, C.da Fonte Lappone, 86090, Pesche, IS, Italy.
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Wu Y, Shen L, Wang R, Tang J, Ding SQ, Wang SN, Guo XY, Hu JG, Lü HZ. Increased ceruloplasmin expression caused by infiltrated leukocytes, activated microglia, and astrocytes in injured female rat spinal cords. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1265-1276. [PMID: 29377294 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ceruloplasmin (Cp), an enzyme containing six copper atoms, has important roles in iron homeostasis and antioxidant defense. After spinal cord injury (SCI), the cellular components in the local microenvironment are very complex and include functional changes of resident cells and the infiltration of leukocytes. It has been confirmed that Cp is elevated primarily in astrocytes and to a lesser extent in macrophages following SCI in mice. However, its expression in other cell types is still not very clear. In this manuscript, we provide a sensible extension of these findings by examining this system within a female Sprague-Dawley rat model and expanding the scope of inquiry to include additional cell types. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis revealed that the Cp mRNA and protein in SCI tissue homogenates were quite consistent with prior publications. However, we observed that Cp was expressed not only in GFAP+ astrocytes (consistent with prior reports) but also in CD11b+ microglia, CNPase+ oligodendrocytes, NeuN+ neurons, CD45+ leukocytes, and CD68+ activated microglia/macrophages. Quantitative analysis proved that infiltrated leukocytes, activated microglia/macrophages, and astrocytes should be the major sources of increased Cp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Shen
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Tang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Qin Ding
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai-Nan Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Yan Guo
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Guo Hu
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - He-Zuo Lü
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
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Mazzio EA, Bauer D, Mendonca P, Taka E, Soliman KFA. Natural product HTP screening for attenuation of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemo attractants (CINCs) and NO2- in LPS/IFNγ activated glioma cells. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 302:10-19. [PMID: 27956075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic and acute central nervous system (CNS) inflammation are contributors toward neurological injury associated with head trauma, stroke, infection, Parkinsons or Alzheimers disease. CNS inflammatory illnesses can also contribute toward risk of developing glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). With growing public interest in complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs), we conduct a high throughput (HTP) screening of >1400 natural herbs, plants and over the counter (OTC) products for anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon gamma (IFNγ) activated C6 glioma cells. Validation studies were performed showing a pro-inflammatory profile of [LPS 3 µg/ml/ IFNγ 3 ng/ml] consistent with greater release [>8.5 fold] of MCP-1, NO2-, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemo-attractants (CINC) 1, CINC 2a and CINC3. The data show no changes to the following, IL-13, TNF-a, fracktaline, leptin, LIX, GM-CSF, ICAM1, L-Selectin, activin A, agrin, IL-1α, MIP-3a, B72/CD86, NGF, IL-1b, MMP-8, IL-1 R6, PDGF-AA, IL-2, IL-4, prolactin R, RAGE, IL-6, Thymus Chemokine-1, CNTF,IL-10 or TIMP-1. A HTP screening was conducted, where we employ an in vitro efficacy index (iEI) defined as the ratio of toxicity (LC50)/anti-inflammatory potency (IC50). The iEI was precautionary to ensure biological effects were occurring in fully viable cells (ratio > 3.8) independent of toxicity. Using NO2- as a guideline molecule, the data show that 1.77% (25 of 1410 tested) had anti-inflammatory effects with iEI ratios >3.8 and IC50s <250µg/ml. These include reference drugs (hydrocortisone, dexamethasone N6-(1-iminoethyl)-l-lysine and NSAIDS: diclofenac, tolfenamic acid), a histone deacetylase inhibitor (apicidin) and the following natural products; Ashwaganda (Withania somnifera), Elecampagne Root (Inula helenium), Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium), Green Tea (Camellia sinensis), Turmeric Root (Curcuma longa) Ganthoda (Valeriana wallichii), Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare), Maddar Root (Rubia tinctoria), Red Sandle wood (Pterocarpus santalinus), Bay Leaf (Laurus nobilis, Lauraceae), quercetin, cardamonin, fisetin, EGCG, biochanin A, galangin, apigenin and curcumin. The herb with the largest iEI was Ashwaganda where the IC50/LC50 was 11.1/>1750.0μg/ml, and the compound with the greatest iEI was quercetin where the IC50/LC50 was 10.0/>363.6μg/ml. These substances also downregulate the production of iNOS expression and attenuate CINC-3 release. In summary, this HTP screening provides guideline information about the efficacy of natural products that could prevent inflammatory processes associated with neurodegenerative disease and aggressive glioma tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Mazzio
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - David Bauer
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Patricia Mendonca
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Equar Taka
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Karam F A Soliman
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States.
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7
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McCarthy RC, Kosman DJ. Mechanisms and regulation of iron trafficking across the capillary endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:31. [PMID: 26236187 PMCID: PMC4500905 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcellular trafficking of iron from the blood into the brain interstitium depends on iron uptake proteins in the apical membrane of brain microvascular capillary endothelial cells and efflux proteins at the basolateral, abluminal membrane. In this review, we discuss the three mechanisms by which these cells take-up iron from the blood and the sole mechanism by which they efflux this iron into the abluminal space. We then focus on the regulation of this efflux pathway by exocrine factors that are released from neighboring astrocytes. Also discussed are the cytokines secreted by capillary cells that regulate the expression of these glial cell signals. Among the interstitial factors that regulate iron efflux into the brain is the Amyloid precursor protein (APP). The role of this amyliodogenic species in brain iron metabolism is discussed. Last, we speculate on the potential relationship between iron transport at the blood-brain barrier and neurological disorders associated with iron mismanagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C McCarthy
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Daniel J Kosman
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo Buffalo, NY, USA
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8
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McCarthy RC, Kosman DJ. Activation of C6 glioblastoma cell ceruloplasmin expression by neighboring human brain endothelia-derived interleukins in an in vitro blood-brain barrier model system. Cell Commun Signal 2014; 12:65. [PMID: 25311416 PMCID: PMC4200123 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-014-0065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Iron transport across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) involves the cooperation of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC) and their neighboring astrocytes. Astrocytes secrete a soluble form of ceruloplasmin (sCp) which, in turn, acts to export iron from ferroportin (Fpn) on the basolateral surface of BMVEC. Although regulation of astrocyte sCp gene expression has been demonstrated to be influenced by interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), the role of neighboring BMVEC in this regulation has yet to be determined and is the basis for this work. Results We provide evidence that human BMVEC (hBMVEC) IL-1β and IL-6 positively influence the expression of sCp transcript by neighboring C6 glioma cells (astrocytes). The effect of hBMVEC on C6 glioma sCp expression at the level of transcript and protein was repressed via the addition of IL-1β and IL-6 pathway inhibitors (IL-1 receptor antagonist protein and SC144, respectively). Stimulation of hBMVEC interleukin gene expression by apical exposure to bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide significantly enhanced hBMVEC-mediated C6 glioma sCp gene expression. Conclusion hBMVEC influence the gene expression of neighboring C6 glioma sCp. This change in gene expression is mediated by the secretion of IL-1β and IL-6 from hBMVEC. Furthermore, the hBMVEC-induced increase in neighboring C6 glioma sCp gene expression leads to an increased rate of hBMVEC iron efflux. Taken together, our results indicate that hBMVEC-secreted cytokine activity increases the gene expression of neighboring C6 glioma sCp, which reciprocally acts on basolateral hBMVEC Fpn to enhance brain iron import. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12964-014-0065-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C McCarthy
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Buffalo, Farber Hall Room 140, 3435 Main St., Building 26, Buffalo, NY, 14214-3000, USA.
| | - Daniel J Kosman
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Buffalo, Farber Hall Room 140, 3435 Main St., Building 26, Buffalo, NY, 14214-3000, USA.
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Guo C, Chen X, Xiong P. Baicalin suppresses iron accumulation after substantia nigra injury: relationship between iron concentration and transferrin expression. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:630-6. [PMID: 25206866 PMCID: PMC4146239 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.130108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that baicalin prevented iron accumulation after substantia nigra injury, reduced divalent metal transporter 1 expression, and increased ferroportin 1 expression in the substantia nigra of rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease rats. In the current study, we investigated the relationship between iron accumulation and transferrin expression in C6 cells, to explore the mechanisms of the inhibitory effect of baicalin on iron accumulation observed in Parkinson's disease rats. Iron content was detected using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. Results showed that iron content decreased 41% after blocking divalent metal transporter 1 and ferroportin 1 proteins. After treatment with ferric ammonium citrate of differing concentrations (10, 50, 100, 400μg/mL) in C6 glioma cells, cell survival rate and ferroportin 1 expression were negatively correlated with ferric ammonium citrate concentration, but divalent metal transporter 1 expression positively correlated with ferric ammonium citrate concentration. Baicalin or deferoxamine reduced divalent metal transporter 1 expression, but increased ferroportin 1 expression in the 100μg/mL ferric ammonium citrate-loaded C6 cells. These results indicate that baicalin down-regulated iron concentration, which positively regulated divalent metal transporter 1 expression and negatively regulated ferroportin 1 expression, and decreased iron accumulation in the substantia nigra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Guo
- Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Xiong
- Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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10
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Musci G, Polticelli F, Bonaccorsi di Patti MC. Ceruloplasmin-ferroportin system of iron traffic in vertebrates. World J Biol Chem 2014; 5:204-215. [PMID: 24921009 PMCID: PMC4050113 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v5.i2.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Safe trafficking of iron across the cell membrane is a delicate process that requires specific protein carriers. While many proteins involved in iron uptake by cells are known, only one cellular iron export protein has been identified in mammals: ferroportin (SLC40A1). Ceruloplasmin is a multicopper enzyme endowed with ferroxidase activity that is found as a soluble isoform in plasma or as a membrane-associated isoform in specific cell types. According to the currently accepted view, ferrous iron transported out of the cell by ferroportin would be safely oxidized by ceruloplasmin to facilitate loading on transferrin. Therefore, the ceruloplasmin-ferroportin system represents the main pathway for cellular iron egress and it is responsible for physiological regulation of cellular iron levels. The most recent findings regarding the structural and functional features of ceruloplasmin and ferroportin and their relationship will be described in this review.
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11
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Bonaccorsi di Patti MC, Polticelli F, Cece G, Cutone A, Felici F, Persichini T, Musci G. A structural model of human ferroportin and of its iron binding site. FEBS J 2014; 281:2851-60. [PMID: 24767627 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A structural model of human ferroportin has been built using two Escherichia coli proteins belonging to the major facilitator superfamily of transporters. A potential iron binding site was identified in the inward-open conformation of the model, and its relevance was tested through measurement of iron export of HEK293T cells expressing wild-type or mutated ferroportin. Aspartates 39 and 181 were found to be essential for the transport ability of the protein. Noteworthy, the D181V mutation is naturally found in type 4 hemochromatosis with reticuloendothelial system iron retention phenotype. The outward-open conformation of ferroportin was also predicted, and showed that significant conformational changes must occur in the inward- to outward-open transition of ferroportin. In particular, putative iron ligands move several ångströms away from each other, leading to the logical conclusion that the iron binding site is not occupied by the metal in the outward-open conformation of ferroportin.
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Cutone A, Frioni A, Berlutti F, Valenti P, Musci G, Bonaccorsi di Patti MC. Lactoferrin prevents LPS-induced decrease of the iron exporter ferroportin in human monocytes/macrophages. Biometals 2014; 27:807-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-014-9742-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Hennessy MD, Zak RS, Gay CL, Pullinger CR, Lee KA, Aouizerat BE. Polymorphisms of interleukin-1 Beta and interleukin-17Alpha genes are associated with restless legs syndrome. Biol Res Nurs 2013; 16:143-51. [PMID: 23460603 DOI: 10.1177/1099800413478827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dopamine, iron, and inflammatory pathways are considered important to the development of restless legs syndrome (RLS). Recent genetic studies support involvement of dopamine and iron; however, cytokine gene variation in the inflammatory component remains unexplored. A recent study reported a high prevalence of RLS among HIV-infected adults. We estimate occurrence of RLS in an ethnically diverse sample of HIV-infected adults and examine differences in demographic factors, clinical characteristics, and biomarkers relating to dopamine, iron, and inflammation between adults with and without RLS symptoms. DESIGN A prospective longitudinal study aimed at identifying biomarkers of RLS symptom experience among HIV-infected adults. METHOD 316 HIV-positive adults were evaluated using International RLS Study Group criteria. Genes were chosen for hypothesized relationships to dopamine (NOS1, NOS2), iron (HFE) or inflammation-mediated by cytokine genes (interferon [IFN], interleukin [IL], nuclear factor kappa-B [NFKB], and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNFA]). RESULTS Similar to general population estimates, 11% of the sample met all four RLS diagnostic criteria. Controlling for race, gender, and hemoglobin, carrying two copies of the minor allele for IL1B rs1143643, rs1143634, or rs1143633 or carrying the minor allele for IL17A rs8193036 was associated with increased likelihood of meeting RLS diagnostic criteria. CONCLUSION This study provides preliminary evidence of a genetic association between IL1B and IL17A genes and RLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Dawn Hennessy
- 1Department of Women, Children, and Family Health Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
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Rathore KI, Redensek A, David S. Iron homeostasis in astrocytes and microglia is differentially regulated by TNF-α and TGF-β1. Glia 2012; 60:738-50. [PMID: 22298416 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal iron homeostasis is increasingly thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders. We have previously reported impaired iron homeostasis in a mouse model of spinal cord injury and in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Both these disorders are associated with CNS inflammation. However, what effect inflammation, and in particular, inflammatory cytokines have on iron homeostasis in CNS glia remains largely unknown. Here we report that the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β1 affect iron homeostasis in astrocytes and microglia in distinct ways. Treatment of astrocytes in vitro with TNF-α induced the expression of the iron importer "divalent iron transporter 1" (DMT1) and suppressed the expression of the iron exporter ferroportin (FPN). However, TGF-β1 had no effect on DMT1 expression but increased the expression of FPN in astrocytes. In microglia, on the other hand, both cytokines caused induction of DMT1 and suppression of FPN expression. Iron influx and efflux assays in vitro confirmed that iron homeostasis in astrocytes and microglia is differentially regulated by these cytokines. In particular, TNF-α caused an increase in iron uptake and retention by both astrocytes and microglia, while TGF-β1 promoted iron efflux from astrocytes but caused iron retention in microglia. These data suggest that these two cytokines, which are expressed in CNS inflammation in injury and disease, can have profound and divergent effects on iron homeostasis in astrocytes and microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khizr I Rathore
- Center for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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15
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Persichini T, Maio N, di Patti MCB, Rizzo G, Toscano S, Colasanti M, Musci G. Interleukin-1β induces ceruloplasmin and ferroportin-1 gene expression via MAP kinases and C/EBPβ, AP-1, and NF-κB activation. Neurosci Lett 2010; 484:133-8. [PMID: 20727382 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that IL-1β was able to increase iron efflux from glial cells through a coordinate induction of both ferroportin-1 (Fpn) and ceruloplasmin (Cp) synthesis. In this study, we have investigated the signaling pathways that are involved in the transcriptional activation of the Cp and Fpn. Our data show that the expression of Cp and Fpn in response to IL-1β requires the activation of MAP kinase pathways as a consequence of an IL-1β receptor stimulation. Moreover, we have observed that IL-1β regulates the expression of Cp and Fpn genes through (i) p38 MAPK-mediated activation of C/EBP transcription factor, (ii) ERK1/2-, JNK1- and partially p38 MAPK-dependent activation of AP-1, and through (iii) activation of NF-κB partially mediated by p38 MAPK.
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16
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Poli M, Derosas M, Luscieti S, Cavadini P, Campanella A, Verardi R, Finazzi D, Arosio P. Pantothenate kinase-2 (Pank2) silencing causes cell growth reduction, cell-specific ferroportin upregulation and iron deregulation. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 39:204-10. [PMID: 20399859 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pantothenate kinase 2 (Pank2) is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyses the first regulatory step of Coenzyme A synthesis and that is responsible for a genetic movement disorder named Pank-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN). This is characterized by abnormal iron accumulation in the brain, particularly in the globus pallidus. We downregulated Pank2 in some cell lines by using specific siRNAs to study its effect on iron homeostasis. In HeLa cells this caused a reduction of cell proliferation and of aconitase activity, signs of cytosolic iron deficiency without mitochondrial iron deposition, and a 12-fold induction of ferroportin mRNA. Pank2 silencing caused a strong induction of ferroportin mRNA also in hepatoma HepG2, a modest one in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y and none in glioma U373 cells. A reduction of cell growth was observed in all these cell types. The strong Pank2-mediated alteration of ferroportin expression in some cell types might alter iron transfer to the brain and be connected with brain iron accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Poli
- Dipartimento Materno Infantile e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università di Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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17
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Genistein up-regulates the iron efflux system in glial cells. Neurosci Lett 2010; 470:145-9. [PMID: 20056127 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.12.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes accumulate iron under chronic oxidative stress conditions in ageing and neurological disorders. The soybean isoflavone genistein possesses antioxidant properties and selective estrogen-like activities. Here, a possible role of genistein in modulation of iron transport was explored in glial cells. Genistein significantly increased iron export through estrogen receptor-beta-dependent p38 MAPK activation. Evidence is presented that this effect is associated to a p38 MAPK-triggered up-regulation of the iron export system made by ceruloplasmin and ferroportin-1, a pathway requiring activation of the transcription factor C/EBP.
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18
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Kartikasari AER, Wagener FADTG, Yachie A, Wiegerinck ETG, Kemna EHJM, Swinkels DW, Winkels DW. Hepcidin suppression and defective iron recycling account for dysregulation of iron homeostasis in heme oxygenase-1 deficiency. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:3091-102. [PMID: 18774956 PMCID: PMC4516468 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) contribution to iron homeostasis has been postulated, because it facilitates iron recycling by liberating iron mostly from heme catabolism. This enzyme also appears to be responsible for the resolution of inflammatory conditions. In a patient with HO-1 deficiency, inflammation and dysregulation of body iron homeostasis, including anemia and liver and kidney hemosiderosis, are evidenced. Here we postulated that HO-1 is critical in the regulation of ferroportin, the major cellular iron exporter, and hepcidin, the key regulator of iron homeostasis central in the pathogenesis of anemia of inflammation. Our current experiments in human THP-1 monocytic cells indicate a HO-1-induced iron-mediated surface-ferroportin expression, consistent with the role of HO-1 in iron recycling. Surprisingly, we observed low hepcidin levels in the HO-1-deficient patient, despite the presence of inflammation and hemosiderosis, both inducers of hepcidin. Instead, we observed highly increased soluble transferrin receptor levels. This suggests that the decreased hepcidin levels in HO-1 deficiency reflect the increased need for iron in the bone marrow due to the anaemia. Using human hepatoma cells, we demonstrate that HO-activity did not have a direct modulating effect on expression of HAMP, the gene that encodes for hepcidin. Therefore, we argue that the decreased iron recycling may, in part, have contributed to the low hepcidin levels. These findings indicate that dysregulation of iron homeostasis in HO-1 deficiency is the result of both defective iron recycling and erythroid activity-associated inhibition of hepcidin expression. This study therefore shows a crucial role for HO-1 in maintaining body iron balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apriliana E R Kartikasari
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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19
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Tye SL, Gilg AG, Tolliver LB, Wheeler WG, Toole BP, Maria BL. Hyaluronan regulates ceruloplasmin production by gliomas and their treatment-resistant multipotent progenitors. J Child Neurol 2008; 23:1221-30. [PMID: 18952589 PMCID: PMC3640370 DOI: 10.1177/0883073808321066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ceruloplasmin (glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked ferroxidase associated with normal astrocytes) can also be secreted by glioma cells, where its function is unknown. Ceruloplasmin is not only present in glioma cells and in human glioma specimens but also is enriched in highly malignant glioma stem-like cells. Hyaluronan is a large extracellular glycosaminoglycan that enhances malignant glioma behaviors by interacting with CD44 receptors and by downstream activation of signaling proteins and transporters associated with malignancy. We examined the relationship between hyaluronan and ceruloplasmin expression in glioma stem-like cells. Antagonism of hyaluronan interactions with short-fragment hyaluronan oligomers decreased ceruloplasmin expression in parental and stem-like glioma cells in vivo and in cell culture, implying that hyaluronan regulates ceruloplasmin expression. Further gain and loss-of-function studies are needed to fully define the relationship between hyaluronan and ceruloplasmin, and ceruloplasmin's effect on malignant behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Tye
- Department of Pediatrics, Charles P Darby Children's Research Institute, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, South Carolina 29425, USA
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20
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Oliva KT, Ayhan M, Barker G, Dellios NL, Quinn MA, Rice GE. Proteomic Profiling of Ovarian Cancer Plasma using Immunoaffinity Depleted Plasma and Two-Dimensional PAGE. Clin Proteomics 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s12014-007-9001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate a multiple immunoaffinity protein depletion (multiple affinity removal system, MARS) pre-treatment strategy with subsequent two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D PAGE) and peptide mass finger printing analysis for the detection of ovarian cancer-associated plasma proteins.
Materials and Methods
Following immunoaffinity depletion, total plasma protein content was reduced by 84.2 ± 1.8% (mean ± SE, n = 32). The number of proteins detected in the control and ovarian cancer groups was 349 and 357, respectively. This represented an increase in spot detection of almost twofold when compared to 2D PAGE displays of untreated plasma (174 spots). Of the proteins displayed, post-depletion, 300 (control) and 302 (ovarian cancer, OC) were common within each group. PDQuest analysis indicated that 109 protein spots were statistically different between the two groups and, of these, 59 exhibited greater than or equal to twofold difference in spot density (Student’s t test, p = 0.01). Thirty-nine of these proteins were successfully identified with reliable confidence.
Results and Discussion
The data obtained in this study demonstrates that immunodepletion of plasma before 2D PAGE profiling have generated identifiable plasma proteins that are differentially expressed in the high-grade ovarian cancer sample set compared to controls. This approach, therefore, may be useful in identifying candidate biomarkers for inclusion in multi-marker tests for ovarian cancer that may exhibit greater sensitivity and specificity than those currently available. It was evident, however, from the predominant identification of host response proteins that immunodepletion did not generate sufficient levels of enrichment of lower abundance tumor-specific proteins to facilitate detection.
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21
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Ke Y, Qian ZM. Brain iron metabolism: neurobiology and neurochemistry. Prog Neurobiol 2007; 83:149-73. [PMID: 17870230 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Revised: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
New findings obtained during the past years, especially the discovery of mutations in the genes associated with brain iron metabolism, have provided key insights into the homeostatic mechanisms of brain iron metabolism and the pathological mechanisms responsible for neurodegenerative diseases. The accumulated evidence demonstrates that misregulation in brain iron metabolism is one of the initial causes for neuronal death in some neurodegenerative disorders. The errors in brain iron metabolism found in these disorders have a multifactorial pathogenesis, including genetic and nongenetic factors. The disturbances of iron metabolism might occur at multiple levels, including iron uptake and release, storage, intracellular metabolism and regulation. It is the increased brain iron that triggers a cascade of deleterious events, leading to neuronal death in these diseases. In the article, the recent advances in studies on neurochemistry and neuropathophysiology of brain iron metabolism were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Ke
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Hong Kong
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22
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Molina-Holgado F, Hider RC, Gaeta A, Williams R, Francis P. Metals ions and neurodegeneration. Biometals 2007; 20:639-54. [PMID: 17294125 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-006-9033-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders include a variety of pathological conditions, which share similar critical metabolic processes such as protein aggregation and oxidative stress, both of which are associated with the involvement of metal ions. In this review Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are mainly discussed, with the aim of identifying common trends underlying these neurological conditions. Chelation therapy could be a valuable therapeutic approach, since metals are considered to be a pharmacological target for the rationale design of new therapeutic agents directed towards the treatment of neurodegeneration.
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23
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Chang YZ, Qian ZM, Du JR, Zhu L, Xu Y, Li LZ, Wang CY, Wang Q, Ge XH, Ho KP, Niu L, Ke Y. Ceruloplasmin expression and its role in iron transport in C6 cells. Neurochem Int 2007; 50:726-33. [PMID: 17316903 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Revised: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ceruloplasmin (CP) is essential for brain iron homeostasis. However, little is known about the effect of iron on CP expression in the brain. Also, the role of CP in brain iron transport has not been well determined. In this study, we investigated the effects of iron on CP expression and the role of CP in iron transport in the C6 rat glioma cells. Our data showed that treatment of the cells with iron (cell iron overload) or iron chelators (cell iron deficiency) did not induce a significant change in the expression of CP mRNA. However, western blotting analysis demonstrated that cell iron overload induced a significant decrease in CP protein content in the cells and that treatment with iron chelators led to a significant increase in CP protein level in the cells. These findings suggest a translational regulation of CP expression by iron in the cells. We also examined the effects of CP on iron transport in the cells. We found that glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored CP did not have any impact on iron uptake by normal iron or iron-deficient cells nor on iron release from normal iron or iron-sufficient cells. However, low concentrations of soluble CP (2-8 microg/ml) increased iron uptake by iron-deficient C6 glioma cells, while the same concentrations of CP had no effect on iron uptake by normal iron cells and iron release from normal iron and iron-sufficient cells. The possible reason for the difference between our results in vitro and those obtained from in vivo studies was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhong Chang
- Laboratory of Brain Iron Metabolism, Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, and National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Shenzhen), Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China
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24
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Almon RR, Lai W, DuBois DC, Jusko WJ. Corticosteroid-regulated genes in rat kidney: mining time series array data. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 289:E870-82. [PMID: 15985454 PMCID: PMC3752664 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00196.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Kidney is a major target for adverse effects associated with corticosteroids. A microarray dataset was generated to examine changes in gene expression in rat kidney in response to methylprednisolone. Four control and 48 drug-treated animals were killed at 16 times after drug administration. Kidney RNA was used to query 52 individual Affymetrix chips, generating data for 15,967 different probe sets for each chip. Mining techniques applicable to time series data that identify drug-regulated changes in gene expression were applied. Four sequential filters eliminated probe sets that were not expressed in the tissue, not regulated by drug, or did not meet defined quality control standards. These filters eliminated 14,890 probe sets (94%) from further consideration. Application of judiciously chosen filters is an effective tool for data mining of time series datasets. The remaining data can then be further analyzed by clustering and mathematical modeling. Initial analysis of this filtered dataset identified a group of genes whose pattern of regulation was highly correlated with prototype corticosteroid enhanced genes. Twenty genes in this group, as well as selected genes exhibiting either downregulation or no regulation, were analyzed for 5' GRE half-sites conserved across species. In general, the results support the hypothesis that the existence of conserved DNA binding sites can serve as an important adjunct to purely analytic approaches to clustering genes into groups with common mechanisms of regulation. This dataset, as well as similar datasets on liver and muscle, are available online in a format amenable to further analysis by others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Almon
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, SUNY at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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25
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Knapp J, Olson L, Tye S, Bethard JR, Welsh CA, Rumbolt Z, Takacs I, Maria BL. Case of desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma secreting ceruloplasmin. J Child Neurol 2005; 20:920-4. [PMID: 16417865 DOI: 10.1177/08830738050200111201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma is a rare World Health Organization (WHO) grade I tumor commonly arising in early infancy and usually presenting with both solid and cystic components. We report a case of a large midline-enhancing desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma in which newly formed cysts in communication with lateral ventricles contained highly proteinaceous fluid. Proteomic analysis of the fluid showed three proteins not normally found in cerebrospinal fluid. Immunohistochemical analysis of the tumor sample showed that the desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma produced a high concentration of ceruloplasmin, which probably accounts for most of the 30- to 40-fold increase in protein compared with normal cerebrospinal fluid. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ceruloplasmin secretion by a brain tumor, and ongoing studies on the mechanism might yield novel approaches to reducing cyst production and protein content in an otherwise stable solid tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Knapp
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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26
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Collard KJ. Is there a causal relationship between the receipt of blood transfusions and the development of chronic lung disease of prematurity? Med Hypotheses 2005; 66:355-64. [PMID: 16236459 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2005.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The number and total volume of blood transfusions received by premature babies is, after gestational age and birth weight a good predictor of the likelihood of developing chronic lung disease of prematurity (CLD) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Oxidative damage, inflammation and pulmonary infections are also strongly associated with the development of CLD. It is currently not clear whether there is a causal relationship between the receipt of blood transfusions and oxidative damage, infection, inflammation and CLD in these babies. Strong arguments may be made both for and against a causal relationship. The babies who receive blood transfusions are usually smaller than those who do not, and are ventilated, often with high oxygen levels, for a longer period of time. The longer the baby is on a ventilator the more likely it is to develop pulmonary infection and inflammation. All these factors will promote free radical production and oxidative damage irrespective of the receipt of blood transfusion. This would argue against a causal relationship. On the other hand, an argument may be presented which is based on iron promoted free radical generation, infection and fibrosis consequent to the breakdown of haeme released from transfused erythrocytes. Haeme is broken down by haeme oxygenase (HO) to iron, CO and bilirubin. Under normal circumstances the products of HO activity are beneficial to the organism, but when HO activity is excessive, the products are potentially damaging. Free iron, (in the Fe2+ form) if not sequestered with protein or urate, will generate highly toxic free radicals via the Fenton and Heber-Wiess reactions, predispose the tissue to infection and promote fibrosis. The iron chelating ability of the premature baby appears to be limited so that it would be difficult to deal with any increase in free iron production. Free iron will in turn induce HO activity leading to a potentially serious positive feedback process. The lung is particularly sensitive to iron induced HO activity. In addition, HO activity may be enhanced by other events occurring in the premature lung such as the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the reduced level of glutathione. Thus, the possibility of a causal relationship clearly exists and needs to be examined. This can be attempted by measuring the products of HO activity in relation to the receipt of blood transfusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith J Collard
- University of Plymouth, School of Health Professions, Millbrook House Site, Millbrook Lane, Topsham Road, Exeter, Devon EX2 6ES, UK.
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27
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Tilleman K, Van Beneden K, Dhondt A, Hoffman I, De Keyser F, Veys E, Elewaut D, Deforce D. Chronically inflamed synovium from spondyloarthropathy and rheumatoid arthritis investigated by protein expression profiling followed by tandem mass spectrometry. Proteomics 2005; 5:2247-57. [PMID: 15846842 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200401109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the cytosolic proteome of inflamed synovial tissue by hierarchical clustering analysis and validated the feasibility of this proteome analysis by identifying proteins that were differentially expressed between rheumatoid arthritis (RA), spondyloarthropathy (SpA), and osteoarthritis (OA). Synovial biopsy samples were obtained from 18 patients undergoing needle arthroscopy for knee synovitis associated with RA (n = 6) and SpA (n = 6), and for joint effusion of the knee associated with OA (n = 6). Cytosolic proteins were extracted from the tissue and subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Protein expression patterns were statistically analyzed and used for hierarchical cluster analysis. Proteins of interest were independently identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization- and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Hierarchical cluster analysis of the complete match set, containing 640 spots, remarkably segregated SpA from RA and OA. Next, we used a subset of spots that was statistically, differentially expressed (P < 0.01), between RA and SpA, SpA and OA, or RA and OA, in both Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test. The dendrograms revealed distinct clustering of RA versus SpA and RA versus OA. Spots that were differentially expressed between the groups were identified by tandem mass spectrometry. Fructose bisphosphate aldolase A and alpha-enolase showed higher expression levels in SpA than in OA (P < 0.01). Calgranulin A myeloid related protein-8 (MRP-8) was markedly up-regulated in RA and SpA patients in comparison to OA patients where this spot was below detection limit. The analysis of the cytosolic proteome of synovial tissue is a useful approach to identify disease-associated proteins in chronic inflammatory arthritis.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Biopsy, Needle
- Calgranulin A/metabolism
- Cytosol/chemistry
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Feasibility Studies
- Female
- Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Male
- Mass Spectrometry
- Middle Aged
- Osteoarthritis/genetics
- Osteoarthritis/pathology
- Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/metabolism
- Proteins/chemistry
- Proteins/isolation & purification
- Proteins/metabolism
- Proteomics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Spondylarthropathies/genetics
- Spondylarthropathies/pathology
- Synovectomy
- Synovial Membrane/chemistry
- Synovial Membrane/pathology
- Synovitis/pathology
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Tilleman
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Belgium
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28
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Aguirre P, Mena N, Tapia V, Arredondo M, Núñez MT. Iron homeostasis in neuronal cells: a role for IREG1. BMC Neurosci 2005; 6:3. [PMID: 15667655 PMCID: PMC548319 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-6-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Iron is necessary for neuronal function but in excess generates neurodegeneration. Although most of the components of the iron homeostasis machinery have been described in neurons, little is known about the particulars of their iron homeostasis. In this work we characterized the response of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and hippocampal neurons to a model of progressive iron accumulation. Results We found that iron accumulation killed a large proportion of cells, but a sub-population became resistant to iron. The surviving cells evoked an adaptative response consisting of increased synthesis of the iron-storage protein ferritin and the iron export transporter IREG1, and decreased synthesis of the iron import transporter DMT1. Increased expression of IREG1 was further substantiated by immunocytochemistry and iron efflux experiments. IREG1 expression directly correlated with iron content in SH-SY5Y and hippocampal cells. Similarly, a high correlation was found between IREG1 expression and the rate of iron efflux from SH-SY5Y cells. Conclusions Neuronal survival of iron accumulation associates with increased expression of the efflux transporter IREG1. Thus, the capacity of neurons to express IREG1 may be one of the clues to iron accumulation survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pabla Aguirre
- Millennium Institute for Advanced Studies in Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Mena
- Millennium Institute for Advanced Studies in Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victoria Tapia
- Millennium Institute for Advanced Studies in Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Arredondo
- Micronutrients Unit, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco T Núñez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Advanced Studies in Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Santiago, Chile
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