1
|
Wiklund L, Sharma A, Patnaik R, Muresanu DF, Sahib S, Tian ZR, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Lafuente JV, Sharma HS. Upregulation of hemeoxygenase enzymes HO-1 and HO-2 following ischemia-reperfusion injury in connection with experimental cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Neuroprotective effects of methylene blue. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 265:317-375. [PMID: 34560924 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in neuronal injuries after cardiac arrest. Increased production of carbon monoxide (CO) by the enzyme hemeoxygenase (HO) in the brain is induced by the oxidative stress. HO is present in the CNS in two isoforms, namely the inducible HO-1 and the constitutive HO-2. Elevated levels of serum HO-1 occurs in cardiac arrest patients and upregulation of HO-1 in cardiac arrest is seen in the neurons. However, the role of HO-2 in cardiac arrest is not well known. In this review involvement of HO-1 and HO-2 enzymes in the porcine brain following cardiac arrest and resuscitation is discussed based on our own observations. In addition, neuroprotective role of methylene blue- an antioxidant dye on alterations in HO under in cardiac arrest is also presented. The biochemical findings of HO-1 and HO-2 enzymes using ELISA were further confirmed by immunocytochemical approach to localize selective regional alterations in cardiac arrest. Our observations are the first to show that cardiac arrest followed by successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation results in significant alteration in cerebral concentrations of HO-1 and HO-2 levels indicating a prominent role of CO in brain pathology and methylene blue during CPR followed by induced hypothermia leading to superior neuroprotection after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), not reported earlier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Ranjana Patnaik
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Warenits AM, Hatami J, Müllebner A, Ettl F, Teubenbacher U, Magnet IAM, Bauder B, Janata A, Miller I, Moldzio R, Kramer AM, Sterz F, Holzer M, Högler S, Weihs W, Duvigneau JC. Motor Cortex and Hippocampus Display Decreased Heme Oxygenase Activity 2 Weeks After Ventricular Fibrillation Cardiac Arrest in Rats. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:513. [PMID: 33015090 PMCID: PMC7511667 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) and biliverdin reductase (BVR) activities are important for neuronal function and redox homeostasis. Resuscitation from cardiac arrest (CA) frequently results in neuronal injury and delayed neurodegeneration that typically affect vulnerable brain regions, primarily hippocampus (Hc) and motor cortex (mC), but occasionally also striatum and cerebellum. We questioned whether these delayed effects are associated with changes of the HO/BVR system. We therefore analyzed the activities of HO and BVR in the brain regions Hc, mC, striatum and cerebellum of rats subjected to ventricular fibrillation CA (6 min or 8 min) after 2 weeks following resuscitation, or sham operation. From all investigated regions, only Hc and mC showed significantly decreased HO activities, while BVR activity was not affected. In order to find an explanation for the changed HO activity, we analyzed protein abundance and mRNA expression levels of HO-1, the inducible, and HO-2, the constitutively expressed isoform, in the affected regions. In both regions we found a tendency for a decreased immunoreactivity of HO-2 using immunoblots and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, we investigated the histological appearance and the expression of markers indicative for activation of microglia [tumor necrosis factor receptor type I (TNFR1) mRNA and immunoreactivity for ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1])], and activation of astrocytes [immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)] in Hc and mC. Morphological changes were detected only in Hc displaying loss of neurons in the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) region, which was most pronounced in the 8 min CA group. In this region also markers indicating inflammation and activation of pro-death pathways (expression of HO-1 and TNFR1 mRNA, as well as Iba1 and GFAP immunoreactivity) were upregulated. Since HO products are relevant for maintaining neuronal function, our data suggest that neurodegenerative processes following CA may be associated with a decreased capacity to convert heme into HO products in particularly vulnerable brain regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jasmin Hatami
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Müllebner
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Institute for Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Ettl
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Teubenbacher
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Barbara Bauder
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Janata
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingrid Miller
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Moldzio
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Fritz Sterz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Holzer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Högler
- Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Weihs
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Halder A, Yadav K, Aggarwal A, Singhal N, Sandhir R. Activation of TNFR1 and TLR4 following oxygen glucose deprivation promotes mitochondrial fission in C6 astroglial cells. Cell Signal 2020; 75:109714. [PMID: 32693013 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes have emerged as active players in the innate immune response triggered by various types of insults. Recent literature suggests that mitochondria are key participants in innate immunity. The present study investigates the role of ischemia-induced innate immune response on p65/PGC-1α mediated mitochondrial dynamics in C6 astroglial cells. OGD conditions induced astroglial differentiation in C6 cells and increased the expression of hypoxia markers; HIF-1α, HO-1 and Cox4i2. OGD conditions resulted in induction of innate immune response in terms of expression of TNFR1 and TLR4 along with increase in IL-6 and TNF-α levels. OGD conditions resulted in decreased expression of I-κB with a concomitant increase in phos-p65 levels. The expression of PGC-1α, a key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, was also increased. Immunochemical staining suggested that phos-p65 and PGC-1α was co-localized. Studies on mitochondrial fusion (Mfn-1) and fission (DRP1) markers revealed shift toward fission. In addition, mitochondrial membrane potential decreased with increased DNA degradation and apoptosis confirming mitochondrial fission under OGD conditions. However, inhibition of phos-p65 by MG132 reduced the co-localization of phos-p65/ PGC-1α and significantly increased the Mfn-1 expression. The findings demonstrate the involvement of TNFR1 and TLR4 mediated immune response followed by interaction between phos-p65 and PGC-1α in promoting fission in C6 cells under hypoxic condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Halder
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Science Block II, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kamalendra Yadav
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Aanchal Aggarwal
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Nitin Singhal
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Science Block II, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Peng T, Jiang Y, Farhan M, Lazarovici P, Chen L, Zheng W. Anti-inflammatory Effects of Traditional Chinese Medicines on Preclinical in vivo Models of Brain Ischemia-Reperfusion-Injury: Prospects for Neuroprotective Drug Discovery and Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:204. [PMID: 30930774 PMCID: PMC6423897 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired brain ischemia-and reperfusion-injury (IRI), including both Ischemic stroke (IS) and Traumatic Brain injury (TBI), is one of the most common causes of disability and death in adults and represents a major burden in both western and developing countries worldwide. China’s clinical neurological therapeutic experience in the use of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), including TCM-derived active compounds, Chinese herbs, TCM formulations and decoction, in brain IRI diseases indicated a trend of significant improvement in patients’ neurological deficits, calling for blind, placebo-controlled and randomized clinical trials with careful meta-analysis evaluation. There are many TCMs in use for brain IRI therapy in China with significant therapeutic effects in preclinical studies using different brain IRI-animal. The basic hypothesis in this field claims that in order to avoid the toxicity and side effects of the complex TCM formulas, individual isolated and identified compounds that exhibited neuroprotective properties could be used as lead compounds for the development of novel drugs. China’s efforts in promoting TCMs have contributed to an explosive growth of the preclinical research dedicated to the isolation and identification of TCM-derived neuroprotective lead compounds. Tanshinone, is a typical example of TCM-derived lead compounds conferring neuroprotection toward IRI in animals with brain middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) or TBI models. Recent reports show the significance of the inflammatory response accompanying brain IRI. This response appears to contribute to both primary and secondary ischemic pathology, and therefore anti-inflammatory strategies have become popular by targeting pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, other inflammatory mediators, reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and several transcriptional factors. Here, we review recent selected studies and discuss further considerations for critical reevaluation of the neuroprotection hypothesis of TCMs in IRI therapy. Moreover, we will emphasize several TCM’s mechanisms of action and attempt to address the most promising compounds and the obstacles to be overcome before they will enter the clinic for IRI therapy. We hope that this review will further help in investigations of neuroprotective effects of novel molecular entities isolated from Chinese herbal medicines and will stimulate performance of clinical trials of Chinese herbal medicine-derived drugs in IRI patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tangming Peng
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Neurosurgical Clinical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
| | - Yizhou Jiang
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Mohd Farhan
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Philip Lazarovici
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ligang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Neurosurgical Clinical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang X, Wang C, Yang Y, Ni J. New monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor analogs protect against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2017; 17:221-227. [PMID: 28273031 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2017.1622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF) is an oligopeptide with anti-inflammatory properties. The carboxyl-terminal end group Cys-Asn-Ser serves as the pharmacophore of MLIF. The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of two new synthetic analogs, Arg-Cys-Asn-Ser and D-Cys-Asn-Ser, on focal cerebral ischemia, which were designed and synthesized to increase the penetrability and enzymatic stability of Cys-Asn-Ser. Ninety-one male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups: I - Sham; II - Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R); III - Nimodipine; IV - Cys-Asn-Ser; V - D-Cys-Asn-Ser; and VI - Arg-Cys-Asn-Ser. The rats in groups II-VI were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion. After 24 hours of reperfusion, the neurological deficit, cerebral infarct volume, and levels of the pro-inflammatory factors interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in brain tissue homogenates were assessed. Compared with the sham group, the mean neurological deficit scores were significantly higher in groups II-VI (p ≤ 0.019 for all). The mean infarct volumes were significantly higher in I/R and Cys-Asn-Ser groups compared with the sham group (both p ≤ 0.046). The mean IL-1β level was significantly lower in D-Cys-Asn-Ser and Arg-Cys-Asn-Ser groups compared with I/R group (both p ≤ 0.046). In conclusion, the results showed that Arg-Cys-Asn-Ser and D-Cys-Asn-Ser have the potential for protective effects against focal cerebral ischemia injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ramagiri S, Taliyan R. Protective effect of remote limb post conditioning via upregulation of heme oxygenase-1/BDNF pathway in rat model of cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury. Brain Res 2017; 1669:44-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
7
|
Amantea D, Micieli G, Tassorelli C, Cuartero MI, Ballesteros I, Certo M, Moro MA, Lizasoain I, Bagetta G. Rational modulation of the innate immune system for neuroprotection in ischemic stroke. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:147. [PMID: 25972779 PMCID: PMC4413676 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system plays a dualistic role in the evolution of ischemic brain damage and has also been implicated in ischemic tolerance produced by different conditioning stimuli. Early after ischemia, perivascular astrocytes release cytokines and activate metalloproteases (MMPs) that contribute to blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption and vasogenic oedema; whereas at later stages, they provide extracellular glutamate uptake, BBB regeneration and neurotrophic factors release. Similarly, early activation of microglia contributes to ischemic brain injury via the production of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-1, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and proteases. Nevertheless, microglia also contributes to the resolution of inflammation, by releasing IL-10 and tumor growth factor (TGF)-β, and to the late reparative processes by phagocytic activity and growth factors production. Indeed, after ischemia, microglia/macrophages differentiate toward several phenotypes: the M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype is classically activated via toll-like receptors or interferon-γ, whereas M2 phenotypes are alternatively activated by regulatory mediators, such as ILs 4, 10, 13, or TGF-β. Thus, immune cells exert a dualistic role on the evolution of ischemic brain damage, since the classic phenotypes promote injury, whereas alternatively activated M2 macrophages or N2 neutrophils prompt tissue remodeling and repair. Moreover, a subdued activation of the immune system has been involved in ischemic tolerance, since different preconditioning stimuli act via modulation of inflammatory mediators, including toll-like receptors and cytokine signaling pathways. This further underscores that the immuno-modulatory approach for the treatment of ischemic stroke should be aimed at blocking the detrimental effects, while promoting the beneficial responses of the immune reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Amantea
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria Rende, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Tassorelli
- C. Mondino National Neurological Institute Pavia, Italy ; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - María I Cuartero
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Ballesteros
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid, Spain
| | - Michelangelo Certo
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria Rende, Italy
| | - María A Moro
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid, Spain
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria Rende, Italy ; Section of Neuropharmacology of Normal and Pathological Neuronal Plasticity, University Consortium for Adaptive Disorders and Head Pain, University of Calabria Rende, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hsu J, Rappaport J, Muro S. Specific binding, uptake, and transport of ICAM-1-targeted nanocarriers across endothelial and subendothelial cell components of the blood-brain barrier. Pharm Res 2014; 31:1855-66. [PMID: 24558007 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1289-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents a target for therapeutic intervention and an obstacle for brain drug delivery. Targeting endocytic receptors on brain endothelial cells (ECs) helps transport drugs and carriers into and across this barrier. While most receptors tested are associated with clathrin-mediated pathways, clathrin-independent routes are rather unexplored. We have examined the potential for one of these pathways, cell adhesion molecule (CAM)-mediated endocytosis induced by targeting intercellular adhesion molecule -1 (ICAM-1), to transport drug carriers into and across BBB models. METHODS Model polymer nanocarriers (NCs) coated with control IgG or antibodies against ICAM-1 (IgG NCs vs. anti-ICAM NCs; ~250-nm) were incubated with human brain ECs, astrocytes (ACs), or pericytes (PCs) grown as monocultures or bilayered (endothelial+subendothelial) co-cultures. RESULTS ICAM-1 was present and overexpressed in disease-like conditions on ECs and, at a lesser extent, on ACs and PCs which are BBB subendothelial components. Specific targeting and CAM-mediated uptake of anti-ICAM NCs occurred in these cells, although this was greater for ECs. Anti-ICAM NCs were transported across endothelial monolayers and endothelial+subendothelial co-cultures modeling the BBB. CONCLUSIONS CAM-mediated transport induced by ICAM-1 targeting operates in endothelial and subendothelial cellular components of the BBB, which may provide an avenue to overcome this barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet Hsu
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland College Park, Maryland, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Reperfusion of ischemic brain can reduce injury and improve outcome, but secondary injury due to inflammatory mechanisms limits the efficacy and time window of such treatments for stroke. This review summarizes the cellular and molecular basis of inflammation in ischemic injury as well as possible therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muzamil Ahmad
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center (00-GR-H), V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, 7180 Highland Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhao W, Xu S, Peng Y, Ji X, Cao D, Li J, Liu B, Shi Q, Wang L, Wang X. Potassium 2-(1-hydroxypentyl)-benzoate improves learning and memory deficits in chronic cerebral hypoperfused rats. Neurosci Lett 2013; 541:155-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
11
|
Abstract
Inflammation is a hallmark of stroke pathology. The cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6, modulate tissue injury in experimental stroke and are therefore potential targets in future stroke therapy. The effect of these cytokines on infarct evolution depends on their availability in the ischemic penumbra in the early phase after stroke onset, corresponding to the therapeutic window (<4.5 hours), which is similar in human and experimental stroke. This review summarizes a large body of literature on the spatiotemporal and cellular production of TNF, IL-1, and IL-6, focusing on the early phase in experimental and human stroke. We also review studies of cytokines in blood and cerebrospinal fluid in stroke. Tumor necrosis factor and IL-1 are upregulated early in peri-infarct microglia. Newer literature suggests that IL-6 is produced by microglia, in addition to neurons. Tumor necrosis factor- and IL-1-producing macrophages infiltrate the infarct and peri-infarct with a delay. This information is discussed in the context of suggestions that neuronal sensitivity to ischemia may be modulated by cytokines. The fact that TNF and IL-1, and suppossedly also IL-6, are produced by microglia within the therapeutic window place these cells centrally in potential future stroke therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Barreto GE, White RE, Xu L, Palm CJ, Giffard RG. Effects of heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) on evolution of astrocyte activation following stroke in the mouse. Exp Neurol 2012; 238:284-96. [PMID: 22940431 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Astrocyte activation is a hallmark of the response to brain ischemia consisting of changes in gene expression and morphology. Heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) protects from cerebral ischemia, and although several protective mechanisms have been investigated, effects on astrocyte activation have not been studied. To identify potential mechanisms of protection, microarray analysis was used to assess gene expression in the ischemic hemispheres of wild-type (WT) and Hsp72-overexpressing (Hsp72Tg) mice 24 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion or sham surgery. After stroke both genotypes exhibited changes in genes related to apoptosis, inflammation, and stress, with more downregulated genes in Hsp72Tg and more inflammation-related genes increased in WT mice. Genes indicative of astrocyte activation were also upregulated in both genotypes. To measure the extent and time course of astrocyte activation after stroke, detailed histological and morphological analyses were performed in the cortical penumbra. We observed a marked and persistent increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and a transient increase in vimentin. No change in overall astrocyte number was observed based on glutamine synthetase immunoreactivity. Hsp72Tg and WT mice were compared for density of astrocytes expressing activation markers and astrocytic morphology. In animals with comparable infarct size, overexpression of Hsp72 reduced the density of GFAP- and vimentin-expressing cells, and decreased astrocyte morphological complexity 72 h following stroke. However, by 30 days astrocyte activation was similar between genotypes. These data indicate that early modulation of astrocyte activation provides an additional novel mechanism associated with Hsp72 overexpression in the setting of ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George E Barreto
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yao J, Xu Y, Ji F, Wang C, Zhang Y, Ni J, Wang R. Protective effects of MLIF analogs on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Peptides 2011; 32:1047-54. [PMID: 21402115 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF) is an anti-inflammatory oligopeptide produced by Entamoeba histolytica. Among its different effects, it inhibits locomotion of human monocytes, hence its original name. The carboxyl-terminal end group Cys-Asn-Ser is the pharmacophore of anti-inflammatory peptide Met-Gln-Cys-Asn-Ser. In this study, the N-terminal of Cys-Asn-Ser was modified. With the aim to enhance the antioxidant ability and penetrability of Cys-Asn-Ser, we designed and synthesized two tetrapeptides Tyr-Cys-Asn-Ser and His-Cys-Asn-Ser. The neuroprotective effects of Tyr-Cys-Asn-Ser and His-Cys-Asn-Ser on focal ischemia reperfusion were investigated, and their pharmacological activities compared with Cys-Asn-Ser were studied. In order to study the mechanism of neuroprotective effect of these peptides, the level of oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and pro-inflammatory factors interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were detected in brain tissue homogenate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yao
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tian Shui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fernandes A, Barateiro A, Falcão AS, Silva SLA, Vaz AR, Brito MA, Silva RFM, Brites D. Astrocyte reactivity to unconjugated bilirubin requires TNF-α and IL-1β receptor signaling pathways. Glia 2010; 59:14-25. [PMID: 20967881 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Jaundice and sepsis are common neonatal conditions that can lead to neurodevelopment sequelae, namely if present at the same time. We have reported that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β are produced by cultured neurons and mainly by glial cells exposed to unconjugated bilirubin (UCB). The effects of these cytokines are mediated by cell surface receptors through a nuclear factor (NF)-κB-dependent pathway that we have showed to be activated by UCB. The present study was designed to evaluate the role of TNF-α and IL-1β signaling on astrocyte reactivity to UCB in rat cortical astrocytes. Exposure of astrocytes to UCB increased the expression of both TNF-α receptor (TNFR)1 and IL-1β receptor (IL-1R)1, but not TNFR2, as well as their activation, observed by augmented binding of receptors' molecular adaptors, TRAF2 and TRAF6, respectively. Silencing of TNFR1, using siRNA technology, or blockade of IL-1β cascade, using its endogenous antagonist, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), prevented UCB-induced cytokine release and NF-κB activation. Interestingly, lack of TNF-α signal transduction reduced UCB-induced cell death for short periods of incubation, although an increase was observed after extended exposure; in contrast, inhibition of IL-1β cascade produced a sustained blockade of astrocyte injury by UCB. Together, our data show that inflammatory pathways are activated during in vitro exposure of rat cortical astrocytes to UCB and that this activation is prolonged in time. This supports the concept that inflammatory pathways play a role in brain damage by UCB, and that they may represent important pharmacological targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide Fernandes
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (IMedUL), Faculdade de Farmácia, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Focosi D, Pelosini M, Palla P, Galimberti S, Caracciolo F, Benedetti E, Papineschi F, Petrini M. Hypercytokinemia-induced metabolic encephalopathy in a multiple myeloma patient on hemodialysis undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation: clinical response after plasma exchange. Transpl Immunol 2009; 21:240-3. [PMID: 19539028 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We report here a 50-years old female with multiple myeloma-associated chronic renal failure who underwent high-dose chemotherapy supported by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. She developed progressive encephalopathy on day 5 progressing to coma despite hemodialysis and no obvious organ failure. She finally recovered after a single 1-liter plasma exchange. The final diagnosis was metabolic encephalopathy due to hypercytokinemia, particularly high serum TNF levels. We discuss here the pathogenesis and raise an alert for monitoring cytokine levels in patients with renal failure undergoing high-dose chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Focosi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Oncology, Transplants and Advances in Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Harry GJ, Lefebvre d'Hellencourt C, McPherson CA, Funk JA, Aoyama M, Wine RN. Tumor necrosis factor p55 and p75 receptors are involved in chemical-induced apoptosis of dentate granule neurons. J Neurochem 2008; 106:281-98. [PMID: 18373618 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Localized tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) elevation has diverse effects in brain injury often attributed to signaling via TNFp55 or TNFp75 receptors. Both dentate granule cells and CA pyramidal cells express TNF receptors (TNFR) at low levels in a punctate pattern. Using a model to induce selective death of dentate granule cells (trimethyltin; 2 mg/kg, i.p.), neuronal apoptosis [terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin in situ end labeling, active caspase 3 (AC3)] was accompanied by amoeboid microglia and elevated TNFalpha mRNA levels. TNFp55R (55 kDa type-1 TNFR) and TNFp75R (75 kDa type-2 TNFR) immunoreactivity in AC3(+) neurons displayed a pattern suggestive of receptor internalization and a temporal sequence of expression of TNFp55R followed by TNFp75R associated with the progression of apoptosis. A distinct ramified microglia response occurred around CA1 neurons and healthy dentate neurons that displayed an increase in the normal punctate pattern of TNFRs. Neuronal damage was decreased with i.c.v. injection of TNFalpha antibody and in TNFp55R-/-p75R-/- mice that showed higher constitutive mRNA levels for interleukin (IL-1alpha), macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha (MIP-1alpha), TNFalpha, transforming growth factor beta1, Fas, and TNFRSF6-assoicated via death domain (FADD). TNFp75R-/- mice showed exacerbated injury and elevated mRNA levels for IL-1alpha, MIP-1alpha, and TNFalpha. In TNFp55R-/- mice, constitutive mRNA levels for TNFalpha, IL-6, caspase 8, FADD, and Fas-associated phosphatase were higher; IL-1alpha, MIP-1alpha, and transforming growth factor beta1 lower. The mice displayed exacerbated neuronal death, delayed microglia response, increased FADD and TNFp75R mRNA levels, and co-expression of TNFp75R in AC3(+) neurons. The data demonstrate TNFR-mediated apoptotic death of dentate granule neurons utilizing both TNFRs and suggest a TNFp75R-mediated apoptosis in the absence of normal TNFp55R activity.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/drug effects
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/genetics
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism
- Cytokines/drug effects
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dentate Gyrus/immunology
- Dentate Gyrus/metabolism
- Dentate Gyrus/pathology
- Endocytosis/drug effects
- Endocytosis/physiology
- Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein/drug effects
- Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein/genetics
- Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/immunology
- Nerve Degeneration/chemically induced
- Nerve Degeneration/immunology
- Nerve Degeneration/metabolism
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/immunology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurotoxins/toxicity
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/drug effects
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/drug effects
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/drug effects
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/metabolism
- Trimethyltin Compounds/toxicity
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Jean Harry
- Department of Health and Human Services, Neurotoxicology Group, Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chaparro-Huerta V, Flores-Soto ME, Gudiño-Cabrera G, Rivera-Cervantes MC, Bitzer-Quintero OK, Beas-Zárate C. Role of p38 MAPK and pro-inflammatory cytokines expression in glutamate-induced neuronal death of neonatal rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2008; 26:487-95. [PMID: 18396383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 rises significantly during neuronal damage and activate the signaling p38 MAPK pathway, which is involved in the apoptotic (AP) neuronal death. Systemic administration of glutamate as monosodium salt (MSG) to newborn animals induces neuronal death, however whether neurons die by AP or necrosis through MAPK p38 pathway activation it is unknown. In this study, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 expression levels, AP neuronal death and cellular type that produces TNF-alpha was also identified in the cerebral cortex (CC) and striatum (St) of rats at 8, 10, and 14 days of age after neonatal exposure to MSG. TNF-alpha production and AP neuronal death was significantly increased in the CC at PD8-10, and in the St in all ages studied by excitotoxicity effect induced with MSG. This effect was completely inhibited by SB203580 (p38 inhibitor) in both regions studied. TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 RNAm increased after MSG administration, whereas SB203580 did not modify their expression. These data indicates that neuronal death induced by excitotoxicity appears to be mediated through p38 signaling pathway activated by TNF-alpha and their inhibition may have an important neuroprotective role as part of anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Chaparro-Huerta
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Villapol S, Acarin L, Faiz M, Castellano B, Gonzalez B. Distinct spatial and temporal activation of caspase pathways in neurons and glial cells after excitotoxic damage to the immature rat brain. J Neurosci Res 2008; 85:3545-56. [PMID: 17668855 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although cleaved caspase-3 is known to be involved in apoptotic cell death mechanisms in neurons, it can also be involved in a nonapoptotic role in astrocytes after postnatal excitotoxic injury. Here we evaluate participation of upstream pathways activating caspase-3 in neurons and glial cells, by studying the intrinsic pathway via caspase-9, the extrinsic pathway via caspase-8, and activation of the p53-dependent pathway. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) was injected intracortically in 9-day-old postnatal rats, which were sacrificed at several survival times between 4 hr postlesion (pl) and 7 days pl. We analyzed temporal and spatial expression of caspase-8, caspase-9, and p53 and correlation with neuronal and glial markers and caspase-3 activation. Caspase-9 was significantly activated at 10 hpl, strongly correlating with caspase-3. It was present mainly in damaged cortical and hippocampal neurons but was also seen in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in layer VI and corpus callosum (cc). Caspase-8 showed a diminished correlation with caspase-3. It was present in cortical neurons at 10-72 hpl, showing layer specificity, and also in astroglial and microglial nuclei, mainly in layer VI and cc. p53 Expression increased at 10-72 hpl but did not correlate with caspase-3. p53 Was seen in neurons of the degenerating cortex and in some astrocytes and microglial cells of layer VI and cc. In conclusion, after neonatal excitotoxicity, mainly the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway mediates neuronal caspase-3 and cell death. In astrocytes, caspase-3 is not widely correlated with caspase-8, caspase-9, or p53, except in layer VI-cc astrocytes, where activation of upstream cascades occurs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Villapol
- Medical Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Alexander JJ, Jacob A, Cunningham P, Hensley L, Quigg RJ. TNF is a key mediator of septic encephalopathy acting through its receptor, TNF receptor-1. Neurochem Int 2007; 52:447-56. [PMID: 17884256 PMCID: PMC3191465 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate that mice deficient in TNFR1 (TNFR1(-/-)) were resistant to LPS-induced encephalopathy. Systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces a widespread inflammatory response similar to that observed in sepsis. Following LPS administration TNFR1(-/-) mice had less caspase-dependent apoptosis in brain cells and fewer neutrophils infiltrating the brain (p<0.039), compared to control C57Bl6 (TNFR1(+/+)) mice. TNFR1-dependent increase in aquaporin (AQP)-4 mRNA and protein expression was observed with a concomitant increase in water content, in brain (18% increase in C57Bl6 mice treated with LPS versus those treated with saline), similar to cerebral edema observed in sepsis. Furthermore, absence of TNFR1 partially but significantly reduced the activation of astrocytes, as shown by immunofluorescence and markedly inhibited iNOS mRNA expression (p<0.01). Septic encephalopathy is a devastating complication of sepsis. Although, considerable work has been done to identify the mechanism causing the pathological alterations in this setting, the culprit still remains an enigma. Our results demonstrate for the first time that endotoxemia leads to inflammation in brain, with alteration in blood-brain barrier, up-regulation of AQP4 and associated edema, neutrophil infiltration, astrocytosis, as well as apoptotic cellular death, all of which appear to be mediated by TNF-alpha signaling through TNFR1.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Aquaporin 4/genetics
- Aquaporin 4/metabolism
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism
- Blood-Brain Barrier/physiopathology
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/physiopathology
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic/metabolism
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic/pathology
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic/physiopathology
- Brain Edema/genetics
- Brain Edema/metabolism
- Brain Edema/physiopathology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/genetics
- Encephalitis/metabolism
- Encephalitis/microbiology
- Encephalitis/physiopathology
- Gliosis/genetics
- Gliosis/metabolism
- Gliosis/physiopathology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/metabolism
- Sepsis/complications
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessy J Alexander
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC5100, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang Q, Tang XN, Yenari MA. The inflammatory response in stroke. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 184:53-68. [PMID: 17188755 PMCID: PMC1868538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 888] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent works in the area of stroke and brain ischemia has demonstrated the significance of the inflammatory response accompanying necrotic brain injury. Acutely, this response appears to contribute to ischemic pathology, and anti-inflammatory strategies have become popular. This chapter will discuss the current knowledge of the contribution of systemic and local inflammation in experimental stroke. It will review the role of specific cell types including leukocytes, endothelium, glia, microglia, the extracellular matrix and neurons. Intracellular inflammatory signaling pathways such as nuclear factor kappa beta and mitogen-activated protein kinases, and mediators produced by inflammatory cells such as cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species and arachidonic acid metabolites will be reviewed as well as the potential for therapy in stroke and hypoxic-ischemic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Xian Nan Tang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Midori A. Yenari
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fernandes A, Falcão AS, Silva RFM, Gordo AC, Gama MJ, Brito MA, Brites D. Inflammatory signalling pathways involved in astroglial activation by unconjugated bilirubin. J Neurochem 2006; 96:1667-79. [PMID: 16476078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia, astrocytes activated by unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) may contribute to brain toxicity through the production of cytokines. As a first step in addressing the signal transduction cascades involved in the UCB-induced astroglial immunological response, we tested whether tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha receptor 1 (TNFR1), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) would be activated in astrocytes exposed to UCB, and examined the profile of cytokine production. Astrocyte cultures stimulated with UCB showed a rapid rise in TNFR1 protein levels, followed by activation of the MAPKs p38, Jun N-terminal kinase1/2 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2, and NF-kappaB. Interestingly, the induction of these signal effectors preceded the early up-regulation of TNF-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta mRNAs, and later secretion of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6. Treatment of astrocytes with UCB also induced cell death, with levels comparable to those obtained after exposure of astrocytes to recombinant TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. Moreover, loss of cell viability and cytokine secretion were reduced when the NF-kappaB signal transduction pathway was inhibited, suggesting a key role for NF-kappaB in the astroglial response to UCB. These results demonstrate the complexity of the molecular mechanisms involved in cell injury by UCB during hyperbilirubinaemia and provide a basis for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Astrocytes/drug effects
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Bilirubin/metabolism
- Bilirubin/toxicity
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/physiopathology
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Cell Death/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytokines/toxicity
- Encephalitis/etiology
- Encephalitis/immunology
- Encephalitis/metabolism
- Gliosis/etiology
- Gliosis/immunology
- Gliosis/metabolism
- Hyperbilirubinemia, Neonatal/immunology
- Hyperbilirubinemia, Neonatal/metabolism
- Hyperbilirubinemia, Neonatal/physiopathology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/physiology
- NF-kappa B/drug effects
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Nerve Degeneration/chemically induced
- Nerve Degeneration/immunology
- Nerve Degeneration/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/drug effects
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Decoy Receptors
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide Fernandes
- Centro de Patogénese Molecular, UBMBE, Faculdade de Farmácia, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pan W, Ding Y, Yu Y, Ohtaki H, Nakamachi T, Kastin AJ. Stroke upregulates TNFalpha transport across the blood-brain barrier. Exp Neurol 2006; 198:222-33. [PMID: 16412421 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To determine how cytokine transport systems at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) participate in stroke progression and recovery, we generated a mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). After 1 h of occlusion followed by nearly complete reperfusion, the neurological deficits lasted more than a week as shown by several behavioral tests. Despite the prominent infarct area indicated by reduced cerebral perfusion and confirmed by vital staining, the volume of distribution of (131)I-albumin in various brain regions was not significantly altered over time (12 h to 14 days). In sharp contrast, the blood-to-brain permeation of 125I-TNFalpha was significantly increased 5 days after tMCAO. Furthermore, excess unlabeled TNFalpha abolished this enhanced 125I-TNFalpha uptake. Thus, not only did the known saturable transport system for TNFalpha persist, but it functioned at a higher capacity in tMCAO mice. Upregulation of TNFR1 and TNFR2 partially explains the increased transport, as mRNA for both receptors showed the most pronounced increase (15-fold and 30-fold, respectively) in the ischemic hemisphere 5-7 days after tMCAO. However, even in the hemisphere contralateral to the ischemia induced by stroke, there was increased TNFalpha transport. The bilateral increase in 125I-TNFalpha entry from blood to brain suggests that TNFalpha trafficking in cerebral endothelial cells is influenced by global mediators in addition to the transporting receptors. Given the known multiple modulatory effects of TNFalpha after stroke, the results indicate that the TNFalpha transport system at the BBB facilitates neuroplasticity and plays an important role in stroke recovery.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Aldehyde Oxidase
- Animals
- Arabidopsis Proteins
- Biological Transport/physiology
- Blood-Brain Barrier/physiopathology
- Cerebral Infarction/etiology
- Cerebral Infarction/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression/physiology
- Iodine Isotopes/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Motor Activity/physiology
- Neurologic Examination/methods
- Psychomotor Performance/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Stroke/metabolism
- Stroke/pathology
- Stroke/physiopathology
- Tetrazolium Salts
- Time Factors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Pan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ohtaki H, Nakamachi T, Dohi K, Yofu S, Hodoyama K, Matsunaga M, Aruga T, Shioda S. Controlled normothermia during ischemia is important for the induction of neuronal cell death after global ischemia in mouse. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2006; 96:249-53. [PMID: 16671464 DOI: 10.1007/3-211-30714-1_53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A stable model of neuronal damage after ischemia is needed in mice to enable progression of transgenic strategies. We performed transient global ischemia induced by common carotid artery occlusions with and without maintaining normal rectal temperature (Trec) in order to determine the importance of body temperature control during ischemia. We measured brain temperature (Tb) during ischemia/reperfusion. Mice with normothermia (Trec within +/- 1 degrees C) had increased mortality and neuronal cell death in the CA1 region of hippocampus, which did not occur in hypothermic animals. If the Trec was kept within +/- 1 degrees C, the Tb decreased during ischemia. After reperfusion, Tb in the normothermia group developed hyperthermia, which reached > 40 degrees C and was > 2 degrees C higher than Trec. We suggest that tightly controlled normothermia and prevention of hypothermia (Trec) during ischemia are important factors in the development of a stable neuronal damage model in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Ohtaki
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ohtaki H, Dohi K, Nakamachi T, Yofu S, Endo S, Kudo Y, Shioda S. Evaluation of Brain Ischemia in Mice. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2005. [DOI: 10.1267/ahc.38.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Ohtaki
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine
- Japan Science and Technology (JST)
| | - Kenji Dohi
- Emergency and Clinical Care Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | | | - Sachiko Yofu
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Sakura Endo
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Yoshifumi Kudo
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Seiji Shioda
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine
- Japan Science and Technology (JST)
| |
Collapse
|