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Gholami Ahmadabadi K, Zendehdel M, Vazir B, Asghari A, Babapour V. Possible effects of the central adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors on hypophagia induced by neuromedin S in neonatal layer-type chicks. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 321-322:114032. [PMID: 35331741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The current study was aimed to determine the possible effects of the central adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors in neuromedin S (NMS)-induced hypophagia in neonatal layer-type chickens. In the first experiment, control solution, and NMS (0.25, 0.5, and 1 nmol), were injected (intracerebroventricular (ICV)) in chickens. In the second experiment, birds were injected with a control solution,SCH23390 (D1receptor antagonist, 5 nmol), NMS (1 nmol), and a combination of the SCH23390 + NMS. Experiments 3-11 were similar to experiment 2, except that chickens were injected withAMI-193 (D2receptor antagonist, 5 nmol), NGB2904(D3receptor antagonist, 6.4 nmol), L-741,742(D4receptor antagonist, 6 nmol), 6-OHDA(6-hydroxydopamine, 2.5 nmol),Prazosin(α1receptor antagonist, 10 nmol),Yohimbine(α2receptor antagonist, 13 nmol),Metoprolol(β1receptor antagonist receptor, 24 nmol),ICI 118,551 (β2receptor antagonist, 5 nmol),SR 59230R (β3 receptor antagonist, 20 nmol) instead ofSCH23390. Then, cumulative food intake was recorded at 30, 60, and 120 min following the injection. According to the results, food intake was significantly decreased after ICV injection of NMS in a dose -dependent manner (P < 0.05). Also, the co-injection of the SCH23390 + NMS significantly attenuated NMS-induced hypophagia (P < 0.05). The co-administration of AMI-193 + NMS significantly reduced NMS- induced hypophagia (P < 0.05). In addition, the co-injection of ICI 118,551 + NMS and 6-OHDA + NMS considerably decreased NMS-induced food consumption (P < 0.05). However, NGB2904, L-741742, Prazosin, Yohimbine, Metoprolol and SR 59230R had no effect on hypophagia induced by NMS (P > 0.05). These results demonstrated thatNMS- induced hypophagia might be mediated by D1/D2 dopaminergic andβ2adrenergic receptors in neonatal layer-type chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kourosh Gholami Ahmadabadi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Zendehdel
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, 14155-6453 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bita Vazir
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahamd Asghari
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahab Babapour
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, 14155-6453 Tehran, Iran
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Malendowicz LK, Rucinski M. Neuromedins NMU and NMS: An Updated Overview of Their Functions. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:713961. [PMID: 34276571 PMCID: PMC8283259 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.713961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 35 years have passed since the identification of neuromedin U (NMU). Dozens of publications have been devoted to its physiological role in the organism, which have provided insight into its occurrence in the body, its synthesis and mechanism of action at the cellular level. Two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been identified, with NMUR1 distributed mainly peripherally and NMUR2 predominantly centrally. Recognition of the role of NMU in the control of energy homeostasis of the body has greatly increased interest in this neuromedin. In 2005 a second, structurally related peptide, neuromedin S (NMS) was identified. The expression of NMS is more restricted, it is predominantly found in the central nervous system. In recent years, further peptides related to NMU and NMS have been identified. These are neuromedin U precursor related peptide (NURP) and neuromedin S precursor related peptide (NSRP), which also exert biological effects without acting via NMUR1, or NMUR2. This observation suggests the presence of another, as yet unrecognized receptor. Another unresolved issue within the NMU/NMS system is the differences in the effects of various NMU isoforms on diverse cell lines. It seems that development of highly specific NMUR1 and NMUR2 receptor antagonists would allow for a more detailed understanding of the mechanisms of action of NMU/NMS and related peptides in the body. They could form the basis for attempts to use such compounds in the treatment of disorders, for example, metabolic disorders, circadian rhythm, stress, etc.
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Jin M, Ma Z, Li X, Su J, Lei Z. The effects of neuromedin S on the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis in male pigs in vitro. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 280:73-81. [PMID: 30981702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has shown that neuromedin S (NMS) and its receptor (NMU2R) are expressed in the hypothalamus, pituitary, and testis of pigs. To determine the potential mechanisms of NMS, we systematically investigated the direct effects of NMS on the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular (HPT) axis of male pigs in vitro. We initially confirmed that NMU2R distributed in isolated hypothalamic cells, anterior pituitary cells and Leydig cells using immunocytochemistry. Subsequently we investigated the direct effects of NMS on hormone secretion from cells (anterior pituitary cells and Leydig cells) treated with different doses of NMS. The results showed that NMS increase the release of LH and FSH from anterior pituitary cells and testosterone from Leydig cells. NMS up-regulated the expression of NMU2R and GnRH mRNAs in hypothalamic cells, NMU2R, LH and FSH mRNAs in anterior pituitary cells, and NMU2R, STAR, P450 and 3β-HSD mRNAs and the expression of PCNA and Cyclin B1 protein in Leydig cells; moreover, it down-regulated the expression of GnIH mRNA in hypothalamic cells. Using immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy, we also demonstrated the colocalization of NMU2R and AR or GnIH in Leydig cells. These data in vitro indicated that NMS may regulate the release and/or synthesis of LH, FSH and testosterone at different levels of the reproductive axis through NMU2R, which provided novel evidence of the potential roles of NMS in regulation of pig reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhiyu Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan, PR China
| | - Juan Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Zhihai Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Wan Y, Zhang J, Fang C, Chen J, Li J, Li J, Wu C, Wang Y. Characterization of neuromedin U (NMU), neuromedin S (NMS) and their receptors (NMUR1, NMUR2) in chickens. Peptides 2018; 101:69-81. [PMID: 29288685 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuromedin U (NMU) and its structurally-related peptide, neuromedin S (NMS), are reported to regulate many physiological processes and their actions are mediated by two NMU receptors (NMUR1, NMUR2) in mammals. However, the information regarding NMU, NMS, and their receptors is limited in birds. In this study, we examined the structure, functionality, and expression of NMS, NMU, NMUR1 and NMUR2 in chickens. The results showed that: 1) chicken (c-) NMU cDNA encodes a 181-amino acid precursor, which may generate two forms of NMU peptide with 9 (cNMU-9) and 25 amino acids (cNMU-25), respectively. 2) Interestingly, two cNMS transcripts encoding two cNMS precursors of different lengths were identified from chicken pituitary, and both cNMS precursors may produce a mature cNMS peptide of 9 amino acids (cNMS-9). 3) cNMU-9, cNMU-25 and cNMS-9 could activate cNMUR1 expressed in HEK293 cells potently, as monitored by three cell-based luciferase reporter systems, indicating that cNMUR1 can act as a receptor common for cNMU and cNMS peptides, whereas cNMUR2 could be potently activated by cNMS-9, but not by cNMU-9/cNMU-25. 4) cNMU and cNMUR1 are widely expressed in chicken tissues with abundant expression noted in the gastrointestinal tract, as detected by quantitative real-time PCR, whereas cNMUR2 expression is mainly restricted to the brain and anterior pituitary, and cNMS is widely expressed in chicken tissues. Collectively, our data helps to elucidate the physiological roles of NMU/NMS peptides in birds and reveal the functional conservation and changes of NMU/NMS-NMUR axis across vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Wan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Jiannan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Chao Fang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Junan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China.
| | - Chenlei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China.
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McCue DL, Kasper JM, Hommel JD. Regulation of motivation for food by neuromedin U in the paraventricular nucleus and the dorsal raphe nucleus. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:120-128. [PMID: 27748746 PMCID: PMC5209284 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motivation for high-fat food is thought to contribute to excess caloric intake in obese individuals. A novel regulator of motivation for food may be neuromedin U (NMU), a highly-conserved neuropeptide that influences food intake. Although these effects of NMU have primarily been attributed to signaling in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), NMU has also been found in other brain regions involved in both feeding behavior and motivation. We investigate the effects of NMU on motivation for food and food intake, and identify the brain regions mediating these effects. METHODS The motivational state for a particular reinforcer (e.g., high-fat food) can be assessed using a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement under which an increasing number of lever presses are required to obtain subsequent reinforcers. Here, we have used a progressive-ratio operant responding paradigm in combination with an assessment of cumulative food intake to evaluate the effects of NMU administration in rats, and identify the brain regions mediating these effects. RESULTS We found that peripheral administration of NMU decreases operant responding for high-fat food in rats. Evaluation of Fos-like immunoreactivity in response to peripheral NMU indicated the PVN and dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) as sites of action for NMU. NMU infusion into either region mimics the effects of peripheral NMU on food intake and operant responding for food. NMU-containing projections from the lateral hypothalamus (LH) to the PVN and DRN were identified as an endogenous source of NMU. CONCLUSIONS These results identify the DRN as a site of action for NMU, demonstrate that the LH provides endogenous NMU to the PVN and DRN and implicate NMU signaling in the PVN and DRN as a novel regulator of motivation for high-fat foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. McCue
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0615
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0615
| | - James M. Kasper
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0615
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0615
| | - Jonathan D. Hommel
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0615
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0615
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Chen H, Huang H, Chen X, Deng S, Zhu C, Huang H, Li G. Structural and functional characterization of neuromedin S in the teleost fish, zebrafish (Danio rerio). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 191:76-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Li S, Xiao L, Liu Q, Zheng B, Chen H, Liu X, Zhang Y, Lin H. Distinct functions of neuromedin u and neuromedin s in orange-spotted grouper. J Mol Endocrinol 2015; 55:95-106. [PMID: 26162607 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuromedin U (NMU) and neuromedin S (NMS) play inhibitory roles in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis in mammals. However, their functions are not clearly established in teleost fish. In the present study, nmu and nms homologs were identified in several fish species. Subsequently, their cDNA sequences were cloned from the orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Sequence analysis showed that the orange-spotted grouper Nmu proprotein contains a 21-amino acid mature Nmu peptide (Nmu-21). The Nms proprotein lost the typical mature Nms peptide, but it retains a putative 34-amino acid peptide (Nmsrp). In situ hybridization revealed that nmu- and nms-expressing cells are mainly localized in the hypothalamic regions associated with appetite regulation. Food deprivation decreased the hypothalamic nmu mRNA levels but induced an increase of nms mRNA levels. Periprandial expression analysis showed that hypothalamic expression of nmu increased significantly at 3 h post-feeding, while nms expression was elevated at the normal feeding time. I.p. injection of synthetic Nmu-21 peptide suppressed the hypothalamic neuropeptide y (npy) expression, while Nmsrp administration significantly increased the expression of npy and orexin in orange-spotted grouper. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of LH beta subunit (lhβ) and gh in the pituitary were significantly down-regulated after Nmu-21 peptide administration, while Nmsrp was able to significantly stimulate the expression of FSH beta subunit (fshβ), prolactin (prl), and somatolaction (sl). Our results indicate that nmu and nms possess distinct neuroendocrine functions and pituitary functions in the orange spotted grouper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuisheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of BiocontrolInstitute of Aquatic Economic Animals, and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, ChinaFisheries CollegeGuangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ling Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of BiocontrolInstitute of Aquatic Economic Animals, and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, ChinaFisheries CollegeGuangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Qiongyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of BiocontrolInstitute of Aquatic Economic Animals, and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, ChinaFisheries CollegeGuangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Binbin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of BiocontrolInstitute of Aquatic Economic Animals, and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, ChinaFisheries CollegeGuangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Huapu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of BiocontrolInstitute of Aquatic Economic Animals, and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, ChinaFisheries CollegeGuangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of BiocontrolInstitute of Aquatic Economic Animals, and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, ChinaFisheries CollegeGuangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of BiocontrolInstitute of Aquatic Economic Animals, and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, ChinaFisheries CollegeGuangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Haoran Lin
- State Key Laboratory of BiocontrolInstitute of Aquatic Economic Animals, and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, ChinaFisheries CollegeGuangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
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Nelson MD, Trojanowski NF, George-Raizen JB, Smith CJ, Yu CC, Fang-Yen C, Raizen DM. The neuropeptide NLP-22 regulates a sleep-like state in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2846. [PMID: 24301180 PMCID: PMC3867200 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides play central roles in the regulation of homeostatic behaviors such as sleep and feeding. Caenorhabditis elegans displays sleep-like quiescence of locomotion and feeding during a larval transition stage called lethargus and feeds during active larval and adult stages. Here we show that the neuropeptide NLP-22 is a regulator of Caenorhabditis elegans sleep-like quiescence observed during lethargus. nlp-22 shows cyclical mRNA expression in synchrony with lethargus; it is regulated by LIN-42, an orthologue of the core circadian protein PERIOD; and it is expressed solely in the two RIA interneurons. nlp-22 and the RIA interneurons are required for normal lethargus quiescence, and forced expression of nlp-22 during active stages causes anachronistic locomotion and feeding quiescence. Optogenetic stimulation of RIA interneurons has a movement-promoting effect, demonstrating functional complexity in a single neuron type. Our work defines a quiescence-regulating role for NLP-22 and expands our knowledge of the neural circuitry controlling Caenorhabditis elegans behavioral quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Nelson
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Yang G, Su J, Yao Y, Lei Z, Zhang G, Liu Y, Liu J, Li X. Distribution of neuromedin S and its receptor NMU2R in pigs. Res Vet Sci 2012; 92:180-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Tachibana T, Matsuda K, Khan MSI, Ueda H, Cline MA. Feeding and drinking response following central administration of neuromedin S in chicks. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2010; 157:63-7. [PMID: 20451649 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuromedin S (NMS) is recognized as an anorexigenic peptide in the brain of mammals. In chicks (Gallus gallus), however, the effect of NMS has not been investigated. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate whether intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of NMS affected feeding and drinking behavior in chicks. The injection of NMS (0.01-1 nmol) significantly decreased food intake under both ad libitum and food deprivation-induced feeding conditions. However, NMS did not affect water deprivation-induced drinking behavior. ICV injection of NMS stimulated voluntary locomotion and wing-flapping behavior. In addition, we found that those effects of NMS might be related to the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis because ICV injection of NMS stimulated corticosterone release. The present study suggests that central NMS functions an anorexigenic factor in chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Tachibana
- Department of Agrobiological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan.
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Peier A, Kosinski J, Cox-York K, Qian Y, Desai K, Feng Y, Trivedi P, Hastings N, Marsh DJ. The antiobesity effects of centrally administered neuromedin U and neuromedin S are mediated predominantly by the neuromedin U receptor 2 (NMUR2). Endocrinology 2009; 150:3101-9. [PMID: 19324999 PMCID: PMC2703546 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuromedin U (NMU) and neuromedin S (NMS) are structurally related neuropeptides that have been reported to modulate energy homeostasis. Pharmacological data have shown that NMU and NMS inhibit food intake when administered centrally and that NMU increases energy expenditure. Additionally, NMU-deficient mice develop obesity, whereas transgenic mice overexpressing NMU are lean and hypophagic. Two high-affinity NMU/NMS receptors, NMUR1 and NMUR2, have been identified. NMUR1 is predominantly expressed in the periphery, whereas NMUR2 is predominantly expressed in the brain, suggesting that the effects of centrally administered NMU and NMS are mediated by NMUR2. To evaluate the role of NMUR2 in the regulation of energy homeostasis, we characterized NMUR2-deficient (Nmur2(-/-)) mice. Nmur2(-/-) mice exhibited a modest resistance to diet-induced obesity that was at least in part due to reduced food intake. Acute central administration of NMU and NMS reduced food intake in wild-type but not in Nmur2(-/-) mice. The effects on activity and core temperature induced by centrally administered NMU were also absent in Nmur2(-/-) mice. Moreover, chronic central administration of NMU and NMS evoked significant reductions in body weight and sustained reductions in food intake in mice. In contrast, Nmur2(-/-) mice were largely resistant to these effects. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the anorectic and weight-reducing actions of centrally administered NMU and NMS are mediated predominantly by NMUR2, suggesting that NMUR2-selective agonists may be useful for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Peier
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Metabolic Disorders, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, RY80L-126, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA
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Mitchell JD, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. Emerging pharmacology and physiology of neuromedin U and the structurally related peptide neuromedin S. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 158:87-103. [PMID: 19519756 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromedin U (NMU) has been paired with the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPRs) NMU(1) (formerly designated as the orphan GPR66 or FM-3) and NMU(2) (FM-4 or hTGR-1). Recently, a structurally related peptide, neuromedin S (NMS), which shares an amidated C-terminal heptapeptide motif, has been identified in both rat and human, and has been proposed as a second ligand for these receptors. Messenger RNA encoding NMU receptor subtypes shows differential expression: NMU(1) is predominantly expressed in peripheral tissues, particularly the gastrointestinal tract, whereas NMU(2) is abundant within the brain and spinal cord. NMU peptide parallels receptor distribution with highest expression in the gastrointestinal tract and specific structures within the brain, reflecting its major role in the regulation of energy balance. The NMU knockout mouse has an obese phenotype and, in agreement, the Arg165Trp amino acid variant of NMU-25 in humans, which is functionally inactive, co-segregated with childhood-onset obesity. Emerging physiological roles for NMU include vasoconstriction mediated predominantly via NMU(1) with nociception and bone remodelling via NMU(2). The NMU system has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of septic shock and cancers including bladder carcinoma and acute myeloid leukaemia. Intriguingly, NMS is more potent at NMU(2) receptors in vivo where it has similar central actions in suppression of feeding and regulation of circadian rhythms to NMU. Taken together with its vascular actions, NMU may be a functional link between energy balance and the cardiovascular system and may provide a future target for therapies directed against the disorders that comprise metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Mitchell
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Level 6 Centre for Clinical Investigation, Cambridge, UK
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Mangold C, Ksiazek I, Yun SW, Berger E, Binkert C. Distribution of neuromedin U binding sites in the rat CNS revealed by in vitro receptor autoradiography. Neuropeptides 2008; 42:377-86. [PMID: 18547640 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuromedin U (NMU), a neuropeptide implicated in feeding, inflammation, pain control and anxiety-related behaviours, is widely distributed in peripheral organs and the CNS. These effects are thought to be mediated by its receptors NMU(1) and NMU(2). Since its precise sites of interaction in the CNS were to date unknown, we studied the distribution of in vitro binding sites for (125)I-NMU-23 in the rat CNS by receptor autoradiography. High-density specific binding was found in discrete areas of the brain and spinal cord, namely in the limbic system (hippocampal formation, septohippocampal nucleus, indusium griseum, hypothalamus, amygdaloid nuclei), superior colliculus, dorsal raphé, and substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord. Our findings provide further supportive evidence for a multifunctional role for the peptide in the brain and spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mangold
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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Abstract
Neuromedin S, a novel neuropeptide of 36 amino acids, was isolated from rat brain as an endogenous ligand for the orphan G protein-coupled receptors FM-3/GPR66 and FM-4/TGR-1, identified to date as type-1 and type-2 neuromedin U (NMU) receptors, respectively. The peptide was designated neuromedin S (NMS) because it is specifically expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. NMS is structurally related to NMU; these peptides share a C-terminal core structure. In this review, we will outline the recent discoveries regarding the structure, cognate receptors, distribution, and possible physiological functions of NMS.
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Jászberényi M, Bagosi Z, Thurzó B, Földesi I, Telegdy G. Endocrine and behavioral effects of neuromedin S. Horm Behav 2007; 52:631-9. [PMID: 17900576 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present experiments focused on the effects of neuromedin S on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activation and behavior. The peptide (0.25-1 nmol) was administered intracerebroventricularly to rats, the behavior of which was monitored by means of telemetry, open field observations and an elevated plus-maze (EPM) test. Autonomic functions such as the temperature and the heart rate were recorded by telemetry. The action on the HPA axis was assessed via measurements of the plasma corticosterone and ACTH levels. To reveal the transmission of the endocrine responses, animals were pretreated with corticotrophin releasing hormone receptor (CRHR) antagonists (1 nmol). In the open field test, the animals were pretreated with either a CRHR(1) antagonist (antalarmin) or haloperidol (10 microg/kg), while in the EPM test they were pretreated with antalarmin or diazepam (1 mg/kg). The dopamine release from striatal and amygdala slices after peptide treatment was measured with a superfusion apparatus. Neuromedin S exerted dose-dependent effects on the HPA system, which were inhibited by antalarmin. It also activated grooming and decreased the entries to and time spent in the open arms during the EPM test. The grooming response was abolished by haloperidol and antalarmin pretreatment, while diazepam and antalarmin showed a tendency to attenuate the response evoked in the EPM test. In the superfusion studies, neuromedin S enhanced the dopamine release from the amygdala slices. These results demonstrate that neuromedin S stimulates the HPA axis through the CRHR(1) pathway and evokes stereotyped behavior and anxiety through mesolimbic dopamine and corticotrophin releasing hormone release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Jászberényi
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, H-6701, Szeged, Semmelweis u. 1., PO Box 427, Hungary
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Shousha S, Nakahara K, Nasu T, Sakamoto T, Murakami N. Effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 and -2 on regulation of food intake, body temperature and locomotor activity in the Japanese quail. Neurosci Lett 2007; 415:102-7. [PMID: 17267112 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Revised: 12/27/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the physiological roles of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) in avian species, we elucidated the effect of intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of GLP-1 and GLP-2 on food intake, body temperature and gross locomotor activity in adult Japanese quail. Both i.p. and i.c.v. administration of GLP-1 suppressed food intake at 2, 4 and 12h after administration. Moreover, both i.p. and i.c.v. administration of GLP-1 significantly decreased both body temperature and gross locomotor activity 2h after administration. On the other hand, both i.p. and i.c.v. administration of GLP-2 had no effect on food intake, body temperature or gross locomotor activity. These results suggest that GLP-1 may have an important role in the regulation of food intake, body temperature and locomotor activity while GLP-2 may have no apparent effect on feeding regulation in adult Japanese quail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Shousha
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2155, Japan
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Wu Y, McRoberts K, Berr SS, Frierson HF, Conaway M, Theodorescu D. Neuromedin U is regulated by the metastasis suppressor RhoGDI2 and is a novel promoter of tumor formation, lung metastasis and cancer cachexia. Oncogene 2006; 26:765-73. [PMID: 16878152 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Most deaths from urinary bladder cancer are owing to metastatic disease. A reduction in Rho GDP Dissociation Inhibitor 2 (RhoGDI2) protein has been associated with increased risk of metastasis in patients with locally advanced bladder cancer, whereas in animal models, RhoGDI2 reconstitution in cells without expression results in lung metastasis suppression. Recently, we noted an inverse correlation between tumor RhoGDI2 and Neuromedin U (NMU) expression, suggesting that NMU might be a target of the lung metastasis suppressor effect of RhoGDI2. Here we evaluated whether NMU is regulated by RhoGDI2 and is functionally important in tumor progression. We used small interfering RNA knockdown of endogenous RhoGDI2 in poorly tumorigenic and non-metastatic human bladder cancer T24 cells and observed increased NMU RNA expression. Although NMU overexpression did not increase the monolayer growth of T24 or related T24T poorly metastatic human bladder cancer cells, it did augment anchorage-independent growth for the latter. Overexpression of NMU in T24 and T24T cells significantly promoted tumor formation of both cell lines in nude mice, but did not alter the growth rate of established tumors. Furthermore, NMU-overexpressing xenografts were associated with lower animal body weight than control tumors, indicating a possible role of NMU in cancer cachexia. NMU overexpression in T24T cells significantly enhanced their lung metastatic ability. Bioluminescent in vivo imaging revealed that lung metastases in T24T grew faster than the same tumors in the subcutaneous microenvironment. In conclusion, NMU is a RhoGDI2-regulated gene that appears important for tumorigenicity, lung metastasis and cancer cachexia, and thus a promising therapeutic target in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wu
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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