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Villa M, Wu J, Hansen S, Pahnke J. Emerging Role of ABC Transporters in Glia Cells in Health and Diseases of the Central Nervous System. Cells 2024; 13:740. [PMID: 38727275 PMCID: PMC11083179 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters play a crucial role for the efflux of a wide range of substrates across different cellular membranes. In the central nervous system (CNS), ABC transporters have recently gathered significant attention due to their pivotal involvement in brain physiology and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Glial cells are fundamental for normal CNS function and engage with several ABC transporters in different ways. Here, we specifically highlight ABC transporters involved in the maintenance of brain homeostasis and their implications in its metabolic regulation. We also show new aspects related to ABC transporter function found in less recognized diseases, such as Huntington's disease (HD) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), as a model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Understanding both their impact on the physiological regulation of the CNS and their roles in brain diseases holds promise for uncovering new therapeutic options. Further investigations and preclinical studies are warranted to elucidate the complex interplay between glial ABC transporters and physiological brain functions, potentially leading to effective therapeutic interventions also for rare CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Villa
- Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, Department of Clinical Medicine (KlinMed), Medical Faculty, University of Oslo (UiO) and Section of Neuropathology Research, Department of Pathology (PAT), Clinics for Laboratory Medicine (KLM), Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, NO-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jingyun Wu
- Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, Department of Clinical Medicine (KlinMed), Medical Faculty, University of Oslo (UiO) and Section of Neuropathology Research, Department of Pathology (PAT), Clinics for Laboratory Medicine (KLM), Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, NO-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefanie Hansen
- Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, Department of Clinical Medicine (KlinMed), Medical Faculty, University of Oslo (UiO) and Section of Neuropathology Research, Department of Pathology (PAT), Clinics for Laboratory Medicine (KLM), Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, NO-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Pahnke
- Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, Department of Clinical Medicine (KlinMed), Medical Faculty, University of Oslo (UiO) and Section of Neuropathology Research, Department of Pathology (PAT), Clinics for Laboratory Medicine (KLM), Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, NO-0372 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine (INUM)/Lübeck Institute of Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck (UzL) and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia (LU), Jelgavas iela 3, LV-1004 Rīga, Latvia
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Georg S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University (TAU), Tel Aviv IL-6997801, Israel
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Paseban T, Alavi MS, Etemad L, Roohbakhsh A. The role of the ATP-Binding Cassette A1 (ABCA1) in neurological disorders: a mechanistic review. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:531-552. [PMID: 37428709 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2235718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cholesterol homeostasis is critical for normal brain function. It is tightly controlled by various biological elements. ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) is a membrane transporter that effluxes cholesterol from cells, particularly astrocytes, into the extracellular space. The recent studies pertaining to ABCA1's role in CNS disorders were included in this study. AREAS COVERED In this comprehensive literature review, preclinical and human studies showed that ABCA1 has a significant role in the following diseases or disorders: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, neuropathy, anxiety, depression, psychosis, epilepsy, stroke, and brain ischemia and trauma. EXPERT OPINION ABCA1 via modulating normal and aberrant brain functions such as apoptosis, phagocytosis, BBB leakage, neuroinflammation, amyloid β efflux, myelination, synaptogenesis, neurite outgrowth, and neurotransmission promotes beneficial effects in aforementioned diseases. ABCA1 is a key molecule in the CNS. By boosting its expression or function, some CNS disorders may be resolved. In preclinical studies, liver X receptor agonists have shown promise in treating CNS disorders via ABCA1 and apoE enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahere Paseban
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Etemad
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Alavi MS, Karimi G, Ghanimi HA, Roohbakhsh A. The potential of CYP46A1 as a novel therapeutic target for neurological disorders: An updated review of mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 949:175726. [PMID: 37062503 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a key component of the cell membrane that impacts the permeability, fluidity, and functions of membrane-bound proteins. It also participates in synaptogenesis, synaptic function, axonal growth, dendrite outgrowth, and microtubule stability. Cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism are in balance in the brain. Its metabolism in the brain is mediated mainly by CYP46A1 or cholesterol 24-hydroxylase. It is responsible for eliminating about 80% of the cholesterol excess from the human brain. CYP46A1 converts cholesterol to 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24HC) that readily crosses the blood-brain barrier and reaches the liver for the final elimination process. Studies show that cholesterol and 24HC levels change during neurological diseases and conditions. So, it was hypothesized that inhibition or activation of CYP46A1 would be an effective therapeutic strategy. Accordingly, preclinical studies, using genetic and pharmacological interventions, assessed the role of CYP46A1 in main neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, spinocerebellar ataxias, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In addition, its role in seizures and brain injury was evaluated. The recent development of soticlestat, as a selective and potent CYP46A1 inhibitor, with significant anti-seizure effects in preclinical and clinical studies, suggests the importance of this target for future drug developments. Previous studies have shown that both activation and inhibition of CYP46A1 are of therapeutic value. This article, using recent studies, highlights the role of CYP46A1 in various brain diseases and insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Zhao J, Wang J, Zhao D, Wang L, Luo X. Association Between ABCA1 R219K Variant and Alzheimer's Disease: An Updated Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Curr Alzheimer Res 2023; 19:734-741. [PMID: 36380407 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666221114112838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over a dozen studies have investigated the effect of the R219K variant in the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) gene on the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the results are conflicting. OBJECTIVE We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to comprehensively assess the association between the ABCA1 R219K variant and the risk of AD. METHODS Studies included in the meta-analysis were obtained by searching PubMed, Web of Science and AlzGene. Review Manager 5.4 was used for meta-analysis. Both the odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to evaluate the effect of ABCA1 R219K polymorphism on AD susceptibility. Heterogeneity between the included studies was assessed using I2 statistics and Cochran Qtest. Funnel plots were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS A total of 14 eligible studies involving 10084 subjects were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science and AlzGene. Meta-analysis results showed that R219K polymorphism was significantly associated with a decreased risk of AD in Chinese under a recessive model (OR = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.51- 0.88; P = 0.004). CONCLUSION The present meta-analysis indicated that the KK genotype of R219K polymorphism may act as a protective factor for AD in the Chinese population. Additional studies with larger sample sizes are needed to further confirm this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Zhao
- Academy of Life Science, School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, Xi'an 710077, China.,Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710077, China
| | - Jinpei Wang
- Academy of Life Science, School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, Xi'an 710077, China.,Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710077, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Academy of Life Science, School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, Xi'an 710077, China.,Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710077, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Academy of Life Science, School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, Xi'an 710077, China.,Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710077, China
| | - Xiaoe Luo
- Academy of Life Science, School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, Xi'an 710077, China.,Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710077, China
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Song J. Comparison of Cerebral Cortex Transcriptome Profiles in Ischemic Stroke and Alzheimer’s Disease Models. Clin Nutr Res 2022; 11:159-170. [PMID: 35949563 PMCID: PMC9348914 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2022.11.3.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are representative geriatric diseases with a rapidly increasing prevalence worldwide. Recent studies have reported an association between ischemic stroke neuropathology and AD neuropathology. Ischemic stroke shares some similar characteristics with AD, such as glia activation-induced neuroinflammation, amyloid beta accumulation, and neuronal cell loss, as well as some common risk factors with AD progression. Although there are considerable similarities in neuropathology between ischemic stroke and AD, no studies have ever compared specific genetic changes of brain cortex between ischemic stroke and AD. Therefore, in this study, I compared the cerebral cortex transcriptome profile of 5xFAD mice, an AD mouse model, with those of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mice, an ischemic stroke mouse model. The data showed that the expression of many genes with important functional implications in MCAO mouse brain cortex were related to synaptic dysfunction and neuronal cell death in 5xFAD mouse model. In addition, changes in various protein-coding RNAs involved in synaptic plasticity, amyloid beta accumulation, neurogenesis, neuronal differentiation, glial activation, inflammation and neurite outgrowth were observed. The findings could serve as an important basis for further studies to elucidate the pathophysiology of AD in patients with ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
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Sepiani A, Cheraghzadeh M, Nazeri Z, Azizidoost S, Shalbafan B, Kheirollah A. Correlation of R219K polymorphism of ABCA1 gene and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in the southwest of Iran. Meta Gene 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Zhu M, Jia L, Jia J. Inhibition of miR-96-5p May Reduce Aβ42/Aβ40 Ratio via Regulating ATP-binding cassette transporter A1. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:367-377. [PMID: 34334400 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imbalance between amyloid-β (Aβ) production and clearance results in Aβ accumulation. Regulating Aβ levels is still a hot point in the research of Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE To identify the differential expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and its upstream microRNA (miRNA) in AD models, and to explore their relationships with Aβ levels. METHODS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting were performed to determine the expression of ABCA1 in 5xFAD mice, SH-SY5Y cells treated with Aβ oligomers and SH-SY5YAβPP695 cells (AD models). TargetScan was used to predict the upstream miRNAs for ABCA1. Dual-luciferase assay was conducted to identify the regulation of the miRNA on ABCA1. qRT-PCR was used to measure the expression of miRNA in AD models. Finally, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed to detect Aβ42 and Aβ40 levels. RESULTS The expression of ABCA1 was significantly downregulated in AD models at both mRNA and protein levels. Dual-luciferase assay showed that miR-96-5p could regulate the expression of ABCA1 through binding to the 3 untranslated region of ABCA1. The level of miR-96-5p was significantly elevated in AD models. The expression of ABCA1 was enhanced while Aβ42 levels and Aβ42/Aβ40 ratios were reduced in SH-SY5YAβPP695 cells after treated with miR-96-5p inhibitor. CONCLUSION The current study found that miR-96-5p is the upstream miRNA for ABCA1. Suppression of miR-96-5p in AD models could reduce Aβ42/Aβ40 ratios via upregulating the expression of ABCA1, indicating that miR-96-5p plays an important role in regulating the content of Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Longfei Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P.R. China
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Chen Y, Colonna M. Microglia in Alzheimer's disease at single-cell level. Are there common patterns in humans and mice? J Exp Med 2021; 218:212499. [PMID: 34292312 PMCID: PMC8302448 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by extracellular aggregates of amyloid β peptides, intraneuronal tau aggregates, and neuronal death. This pathology triggers activation of microglia. Because variants of genes expressed in microglia correlate with AD risk, microglial response to pathology plausibly impacts disease course. In mouse AD models, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analyses delineated this response as progressive conversion of homeostatic microglia into disease-associated microglia (DAM); additional reactive microglial populations have been reported in other models of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. We review all of these microglial signatures, highlighting four fundamental patterns: DAM, IFN–microglia, MHC-II microglia, and proliferating microglia. We propose that all reported microglia populations are either just one or a combination, depending on the clustering strategy applied and the disease model. We further review single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) data from human AD specimens and discuss reasons for parallels and discrepancies between human and mouse transcriptional profiles. Finally, we outline future directions for delineating the microglial impact in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO.,Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
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Alatshan A, Benkő S. Nuclear Receptors as Multiple Regulators of NLRP3 Inflammasome Function. Front Immunol 2021; 12:630569. [PMID: 33717162 PMCID: PMC7952630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.630569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are important bridges between lipid signaling molecules and transcription responses. Beside their role in several developmental and physiological processes, many of these receptors have been shown to regulate and determine the fate of immune cells, and the outcome of immune responses under physiological and pathological conditions. While NLRP3 inflammasome is assumed as key regulator for innate and adaptive immune responses, and has been associated with various pathological events, the precise impact of the nuclear receptors on the function of inflammasome is hardly investigated. A wide variety of factors and conditions have been identified as modulators of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and at the same time, many of the nuclear receptors are known to regulate, and interact with these factors, including cellular metabolism and various signaling pathways. Nuclear receptors are in the focus of many researches, as these receptors are easy to manipulate by lipid soluble molecules. Importantly, nuclear receptors mediate regulatory mechanisms at multiple levels: not only at transcription level, but also in the cytosol via non-genomic effects. Their importance is also reflected by the numerous approved drugs that have been developed in the past decade to specifically target nuclear receptors subtypes. Researches aiming to delineate mechanisms that regulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation draw a wide range of attention due to their unquestionable importance in infectious and sterile inflammatory conditions. In this review, we provide an overview of current reports and knowledge about NLRP3 inflammasome regulation from the perspective of nuclear receptors, in order to bring new insight to the potentially therapeutic aspect in targeting NLRP3 inflammasome and NLRP3 inflammasome-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Alatshan
- Departments of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cellular and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Benkő
- Departments of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cellular and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Teresa JC, Fernado C, Nancy MR, Gilberto VA, Alberto CR, Roberto RR. Association of genetic variants of ABCA1 with susceptibility to dementia: (SADEM study). Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:915-922. [PMID: 32447570 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Because of the importance of cholesterol metabolism in the physiopathogenesis of dementia, and knowing the function of ATP-binding cassette A1 transporter (ABCA1) as a cholesterol flow pump at the cellular and cerebral level, it has been noted that the ABCA1 gene may be a good candidate for disease study. In order to evaluate the relationship between ABCA1 genetic variants and the risk of Alzheimer's disease and other dementia in Mexican individuals, we examined three ABCA1 polymorphisms located in the exonic region (rs2230808, rs2066718, rs2230806) and two in the promoter region (rs1800977, rs2422493) in a group of 557 normal controls and 221 cases of dementia. It was possible to distinguish one protective haplotype: CCCCGC (OR = 0,502, 95% CI = 0,370-0,681, p < 0.001), and one risk haplotype TCCCAT (OR = 2208, 95% CI = 1609-3031, p < 0.000) for the development of dementia. The results suggest that ABCA1 plays an important role in the pathophysiological mechanisms for the development of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juárez-Cedillo Teresa
- Unidad de Investigación Epidemiológica y en Servicios de Salud, Área Envejecimiento. Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (Actualmente comisionada en la Unidad de Investigación en Epidemiológica Clínica, Hospital General Regional Núm. 1 Dr. Carlos Mac Gregor Sánchez Navarro, Gabriel Mancera 222 esq. Xola. Colonia Del Valle. Delegación. Benito Juárez, IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Calzada Fernado
- Unidad de invetigación Médica en Farmacología UMAE, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martínez-Rodríguez Nancy
- Community Health Research. Department, Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez, Ministry of Health (SSA), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Vargas-Alarcón Gilberto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cruz-Rocha Alberto
- Laboratorio de Urgencias del Hospital de Pediatría. Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Robles-Ramirez Roberto
- Laboratorio de Urgencias del Hospital de Pediatría. Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
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Wong MY, Lewis M, Doherty JJ, Shi Y, Cashikar AG, Amelianchik A, Tymchuk S, Sullivan PM, Qian M, Covey DF, Petsko GA, Holtzman DM, Paul SM, Luo W. 25-Hydroxycholesterol amplifies microglial IL-1β production in an apoE isoform-dependent manner. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:192. [PMID: 32552741 PMCID: PMC7298825 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01869-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have implicated pathways related to lipid homeostasis and innate immunity in AD pathophysiology. However, the exact cellular and chemical mediators of neuroinflammation in AD remain poorly understood. The oxysterol 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) is an important immunomodulator produced by peripheral macrophages with wide-ranging effects on cell signaling and innate immunity. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H), the enzyme responsible for 25-HC production, has also been found to be one of the disease-associated microglial (DAM) genes that are upregulated in the brain of AD and AD transgenic mouse models. METHODS We used real-time PCR and immunoblotting to examine CH25H expression in human AD brain tissue and in transgenic mouse brain tissue-bearing amyloid-β plaques or tau pathology. The innate immune response of primary mouse microglia under different treatment conditions or bearing different genetic backgrounds was analyzed using ELISA, western blotting, or immunocytochemistry. RESULTS We found that CH25H expression is upregulated in human AD brain tissue and in transgenic mouse brain tissue-bearing amyloid-β plaques or tau pathology. Treatment with the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) markedly upregulates CH25H expression in the mouse brain and stimulates CH25H expression and 25-HC secretion in mouse primary microglia. We found that LPS-induced microglial production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β is markedly potentiated by 25-HC and attenuated by the deletion of CH25H. Microglia expressing apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4), a genetic risk factor for AD, produce greater amounts of 25-HC than apoE3-expressing microglia following treatment with LPS. Remarkably, 25-HC treatment results in a greater level of IL-1β secretion in LPS-activated apoE4-expressing microglia than in apoE2- or apoE3-expressing microglia. Blocking potassium efflux or inhibiting caspase-1 prevents 25-HC-potentiated IL-1β release in apoE4-expressing microglia, indicating the involvement of caspase-1 inflammasome activity. CONCLUSION 25-HC may function as a microglial-secreted inflammatory mediator in the brain, promoting IL-1β-mediated neuroinflammation in an apoE isoform-dependent manner (E4>>E2/E3) and thus may be an important mediator of neuroinflammation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Ying Wong
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XAppel Alzheimer’s Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Michael Lewis
- grid.476678.c0000 0004 5913 664XSage Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts USA
| | - James J. Doherty
- grid.476678.c0000 0004 5913 664XSage Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts USA
| | - Yang Shi
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Anil G. Cashikar
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Taylor Family Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Anna Amelianchik
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XAppel Alzheimer’s Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Svitlana Tymchuk
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XAppel Alzheimer’s Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Patrick M. Sullivan
- grid.281208.10000 0004 0419 3073Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham Veterans Health Administration Medical Center’s Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | - Mingxing Qian
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Departments of Developmental Biology, Anesthesiology, Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Douglas F. Covey
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Departments of Developmental Biology, Anesthesiology, Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Gregory A. Petsko
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XAppel Alzheimer’s Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - David M. Holtzman
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Steven M. Paul
- grid.476678.c0000 0004 5913 664XSage Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts USA ,grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Taylor Family Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Wenjie Luo
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Chew H, Solomon VA, Fonteh AN. Involvement of Lipids in Alzheimer's Disease Pathology and Potential Therapies. Front Physiol 2020; 11:598. [PMID: 32581851 PMCID: PMC7296164 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids constitute the bulk of the dry mass of the brain and have been associated with healthy function as well as the most common pathological conditions of the brain. Demographic factors, genetics, and lifestyles are the major factors that influence lipid metabolism and are also the key components of lipid disruption in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Additionally, the most common genetic risk factor of AD, APOE ϵ4 genotype, is involved in lipid transport and metabolism. We propose that lipids are at the center of Alzheimer's disease pathology based on their involvement in the blood-brain barrier function, amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing, myelination, membrane remodeling, receptor signaling, inflammation, oxidation, and energy balance. Under healthy conditions, lipid homeostasis bestows a balanced cellular environment that enables the proper functioning of brain cells. However, under pathological conditions, dyshomeostasis of brain lipid composition can result in disturbed BBB, abnormal processing of APP, dysfunction in endocytosis/exocytosis/autophagocytosis, altered myelination, disturbed signaling, unbalanced energy metabolism, and enhanced inflammation. These lipid disturbances may contribute to abnormalities in brain function that are the hallmark of AD. The wide variance of lipid disturbances associated with brain function suggest that AD pathology may present as a complex interaction between several metabolic pathways that are augmented by risk factors such as age, genetics, and lifestyles. Herewith, we examine factors that influence brain lipid composition, review the association of lipids with all known facets of AD pathology, and offer pointers for potential therapies that target lipid pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Chew
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Alfred N. Fonteh
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
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13
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Kölsch H, Lütjohann D, Jessen F, Popp J, Hentschel F, Kelemen P, Schmitz S, Maier W, Heun R. CYP46A1 variants influence Alzheimer’s disease risk and brain cholesterol metabolism. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 24:183-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundCholesterol 24S-hydroxylase (CYP46) catalyzes the conversion of cholesterol to 24S-hydroxycholesterol, the primary cerebral cholesterol elimination product. Only few gene variations in CYP46 gene (CYP46A1) have been investigated for their relevance as genetic risk factors of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and results are contradictory.MethodsWe performed a gene variability screening in CYP46A1 and investigated the effect of gene variants on the risk of AD and on CSF levels of cholesterol and 24S-hydroxycholesterol.ResultsTwo of the identified 16 SNPs in CYP46A1 influenced AD risk in our study (rs7157609: p = 0.016; rs4900442: p = 0.019). The interaction term of both SNPs was also associated with an increased risk of AD (p = 0.006). Haplotypes including both SNPs were calculated and haplotype G–C was identified to influence the risk of AD (p = 0.005). AD patients and non-demented controls, who were carriers of the G–C haplotype, presented with reduced CSF levels of 24S-hydroxycholesterol (p = 0.001) and cholesterol (p < 0.001).ConclusionOur results suggest that CYP46A1 gene variations might act as risk factor for AD via an influence on brain cholesterol metabolism.
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14
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Wang J, Liu C, Chen J, Bai Y, Wang K, Wang Y, Fang M. Genome-Wide Analysis Reveals Human-Mediated Introgression from Western Pigs to Indigenous Chinese Breeds. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E275. [PMID: 32143300 PMCID: PMC7140852 DOI: 10.3390/genes11030275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variations introduced via introgression from Western to Chinese pigs have contributed to the performance of Chinese breeds in traits such as growth rate and feed conversion efficiency. However, little is known about the underlying genomic changes that occurred during introgression and the types of traits affected by introgression. To address these questions, 525 animals were characterized using an SNP array to detect genomic regions that had been introgressed from European to indigenous Chinese breeds. The functions of genes located in introgressed regions were also investigated. Our data show that five out of six indigenous Chinese breeds show evidence of introgression from Western pigs, and eight introgressed genome regions are shared by five of the Chinese breeds. A region located on chr13: 12.8-13.1 M was affected by both introgression and artificial selection, and this region contains the glucose absorption related gene, OXSM, and the sensory related gene, NGLY. The results provide a foundation for understanding introgression from Western to indigenous Chinese pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Beijing key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (J.W.)
| | - Chengkun Liu
- Berry Genomics Corporation, Beijing 102206, China;
| | - Jie Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Beijing key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (J.W.)
| | - Ying Bai
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China;
| | - Kejun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China;
| | - Yubei Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Beijing key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (J.W.)
| | - Meiying Fang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Beijing key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (J.W.)
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15
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Loera-Valencia R, Goikolea J, Parrado-Fernandez C, Merino-Serrais P, Maioli S. Alterations in cholesterol metabolism as a risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease: Potential novel targets for treatment. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 190:104-114. [PMID: 30878503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and it is characterized by the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. However, the complete pathogenesis of the disease is still unknown. High level of serum cholesterol has been found to positively correlate with an increased risk of dementia and some studies have reported a decreased prevalence of AD in patients taking cholesterol-lowering drugs. Years of research have shown a strong correlation between blood hypercholesterolemia and AD, however cholesterol is not able to cross the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) into the brain. Cholesterol lowering therapies have shown mixed results in cognitive performance in AD patients, raising questions of whether brain cholesterol metabolism in the brain should be studied separately from peripheral cholesterol metabolism and what their relationship is. Unlike cholesterol, oxidized cholesterol metabolites known as oxysterols are able to cross the BBB from the circulation into the brain and vice-versa. The main oxysterols present in the circulation are 24S-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol. These oxysterols and their catalysing enzymes have been found to be altered in AD brains and there is evidence indicating their influence in the progression of the disease. This review gives a broad perspective on the relationship between hypercholesterolemia and AD, cholesterol lowering therapies for AD patients and the role of oxysterols in pathological and non-pathological conditions. Also, we propose cholesterol metabolites as valuable targets for prevention and alternative AD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Loera-Valencia
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Julen Goikolea
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cristina Parrado-Fernandez
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics-IBGM, (University of Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Paula Merino-Serrais
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden; Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Maioli
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden.
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16
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Zhu Z, Hu Y, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Yu L, Tao L, Guo A, Fang Q. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Promotes Chemotaxis of Astrocytes through Regulation of Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase Following Rat Spinal Cord Injury. Neuroscience 2019; 408:349-360. [PMID: 31026565 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterol derived from cholesterol metabolism is involved in the inflammatory activation, and consequently in development of major chronic diseases. Multiple cytokines have been found to induce the expression of cholesterol metabolism-related enzymes. Several studies have shown that the protein level of cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H) is remarkably increased in response to injury of central nervous system (CNS), but little is known about the mechanisms of cytokine-induced expression of CH25H in specific cell types, and the resultant effects. In the present study, we demonstrated that ch25h expression was significantly upregulated in the astrocytes of rat injured spinal cord, in parallel with those of MIF. Administration of MIF inhibitor 4-IPP in the lesion sites attenuated injury-induced ch25h expression. MIF facilitated ch25h expression of astrocytes through interaction with CD74 membrane receptor, which in turn promoted production of chemokines, as identified by transcriptome profiles. MIF-induced release of oxysterol 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) from astrocytes affects cell migration, but inhibited cell viability in dose-dependent manner, suggesting that MIF aggravates progressive neuropathology through regulation of cholesterol metabolism following CNS injury. These results have provided a novel mechanism and a potential therapeutic strategy for injured CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjie Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, PR China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, PR China
| | - Yuming Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, PR China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, PR China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, PR China
| | - Liqiang Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, PR China.
| | - Lihong Tao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, PR China
| | - Aisong Guo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, PR China
| | - Qi Fang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, PR China.
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17
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Over the last decade over 40 loci have been associated with risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, most studies have either focused on identifying risk loci or performing unbiased screens without a focus on protective variation in AD. Here, we provide a review of known protective variants in AD and their putative mechanisms of action. Additionally, we recommend strategies for finding new protective variants. RECENT FINDINGS Recent Genome-Wide Association Studies have identified both common and rare protective variants associated with AD. These include variants in or near APP, APOE, PLCG2, MS4A, MAPT-KANSL1, RAB10, ABCA1, CCL11, SORL1, NOCT, SCL24A4-RIN3, CASS4, EPHA1, SPPL2A, and NFIC. SUMMARY There are very few protective variants with functional evidence and a derived allele with a frequency below 20%. Additional fine mapping and multi-omic studies are needed to further validate and characterize known variants as well as specialized genome-wide scans to identify novel variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shea J Andrews
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Equal first author
| | - Brian Fulton-Howard
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Equal first author
| | - Alison Goate
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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18
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Association between selected cholesterol-related gene polymorphisms and Alzheimer's disease in a Turkish cohort. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:1701-1707. [PMID: 30684189 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04619-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Numerous genetic evidence has pointed out that variations in cholesterol-related genes may be associated with an Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. We aimed to investigate the association between polymorphisms in several cholesterol-related genes [APOA5 (rs662799), APOC1 (rs11568822), APOD (rs1568565), CH25H (rs13500), LDLR (rs5930), SORL1 (rs2282649)] and AD in a cohort of Turkish patients. The study group consisted of 257 AD patients (mean age: 75.9 years ± 10.4) and 414 controls (mean age: 62.2 years ± 13.1). Genotyping was performed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction using hydrolysis probes. Our results showed that the 'TT' genotype of CH25H rs13500 polymorphism was significantly more frequent in the AD group (p < 0.001) and individuals carrying the CH25H 'T' allele had an increased risk for AD (OR 3.07, 95% CI 2.13-4.44, p = 2.20e-09) independently from age, gender and APOE ε4 allele. Moreover, this risk was excessively increased (OR 14.04, 95% CI 6.99-28.23, p = 9.78e-14) in the presence of APOE ε4 allele. The 'ins/ins' genotype of APOC1 rs11568822 was significantly more frequent in the AD group compared to controls (p = 1.95e-08). However, this increased AD risk in 'ins/ins' carriers was found to be dependent on their APOE ε4 carrier status. No significant associations were found in allele and genotype distributions of APOA5, APOD, LDLR and SORL1 gene polymorphisms. Our results suggest that the association between APOC1 'ins/ins' genotype and AD risk can be explained by linkage disequilibrium with the APOE locus. CH25H rs13500 polymorphism is associated with an AD risk in the Turkish population and CH25H might have a role in the pathogenesis of AD together with, and independently from APOE.
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19
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Pan W, Wang X, Xiao W, Zhu H. A Generic Sure Independence Screening Procedure. J Am Stat Assoc 2018; 114:928-937. [PMID: 31692981 PMCID: PMC6831100 DOI: 10.1080/01621459.2018.1462709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracting important features from ultra-high dimensional data is one of the primary tasks in statistical learning, information theory, precision medicine and biological discovery. Many of the sure independent screening methods developed to meet these needs are suitable for special models under some assumptions. With the availability of more data types and possible models, a model-free generic screening procedure with fewer and less restrictive assumptions is desirable. In this paper, we propose a generic nonparametric sure independence screening procedure, called BCor-SIS, on the basis of a recently developed universal dependence measure: Ball correlation. We show that the proposed procedure has strong screening consistency even when the dimensionality is an exponential order of the sample size without imposing sub-exponential moment assumptions on the data. We investigate the flexibility of this procedure by considering three commonly encountered challenging settings in biological discovery or precision medicine: iterative BCor-SIS, interaction pursuit, and survival outcomes. We use simulation studies and real data analyses to illustrate the versatility and practicability of our BCor-SIS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Pan
- Department of Statistical Science, School of Mathematics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xueqin Wang
- Department of Statistical Science, School of Mathematics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China; and Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; and Xinhua College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Weinan Xiao
- Department of Statistical Science, School of Mathematics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Hongtu Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030
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20
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Cai R, Han J, Sun J, Huang R, Tian S, Shen Y, Wang S. Effects of ABCA1 R219K Polymorphism and Serum Lipid Profiles on Mild Cognitive Impairment in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:257. [PMID: 28824418 PMCID: PMC5540897 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Accumulated evidence suggests that adverse lipid changes are risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and neurodegenerative disorders. The ATP-binding cassette A1 transporter (ABCA1) gene contributes to both lipid processing and amyloid-β formation and thus shows promise as a biological target in the pathology of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in T2DM. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the interactions among lipids, ABCA1 R219K polymorphism, and cognitive function in T2DM. Methods: Clinical parameters, including lipids, were measured. The testing scores of different cognitive domains were recorded, and the ABCA1 R219K polymorphisms were analyzed. Results: A total of 226 patients, including 124 MCI patients and 102 controls, were enrolled in this study. T2DM patients with MCI showed lower cognitive functions, serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c), and apolipoprotein A1 (apoA-I) levels; and higher total cholesterol level than the controls. Serum HDL-c (P = 0.001) and apoA-I (P = 0.016) were positively associated with the MoCA score in MCI patients. Further stratification analyses revealed that the subjects with higher HDL-c concentration showed better attention and memory for verbal, visual, and logical functions than the group with lower HDL-c concentration (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed among the distributions of ABCA1 R219K variants between MCI patients and controls; however, the KK genotype carriers presented higher apoA-I levels than those with RR genotype in MCI individuals. Conclusion: This study does not support the association between R219K polymorphism and T2DM-related MCI. However, our data suggested that the serum HDL-c level might positively influence cognition, especially memory function, in T2DM patients. Further studies are needed to determine the interaction between lipids and ABCA1 genotype and its effect on cognition in T2DM patients. Trial registration: Advanced Glycation End Products Induced Cognitive Impairment in Diabetes: BDNF Signal Meditated Hippocampal Neurogenesis ChiCTR-OCC-15006060; http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=10536.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast UniversityNanjing, China.,Medical school of Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Sai Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yanjue Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
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Racimo F, Marnetto D, Huerta-Sánchez E. Signatures of Archaic Adaptive Introgression in Present-Day Human Populations. Mol Biol Evol 2017; 34:296-317. [PMID: 27756828 PMCID: PMC5400396 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparisons of DNA from archaic and modern humans show that these groups interbred, and in some cases received an evolutionary advantage from doing so. This process-adaptive introgression-may lead to a faster rate of adaptation than is predicted from models with mutation and selection alone. Within the last couple of years, a series of studies have identified regions of the genome that are likely examples of adaptive introgression. In many cases, once a region was ascertained as being introgressed, commonly used statistics based on both haplotype as well as allele frequency information were employed to test for positive selection. Introgression by itself, however, changes both the haplotype structure and the distribution of allele frequencies, thus confounding traditional tests for detecting positive selection. Therefore, patterns generated by introgression alone may lead to false inferences of positive selection. Here we explore models involving both introgression and positive selection to investigate the behavior of various statistics under adaptive introgression. In particular, we find that the number and allelic frequencies of sites that are uniquely shared between archaic humans and specific present-day populations are particularly useful for detecting adaptive introgression. We then examine the 1000 Genomes dataset to characterize the landscape of uniquely shared archaic alleles in human populations. Finally, we identify regions that were likely subject to adaptive introgression and discuss some of the most promising candidate genes located in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Racimo
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Davide Marnetto
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
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22
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Jang J, Park S, Jin Hur H, Cho HJ, Hwang I, Pyo Kang Y, Im I, Lee H, Lee E, Yang W, Kang HC, Won Kwon S, Yu JW, Kim DW. 25-hydroxycholesterol contributes to cerebral inflammation of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy through activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13129. [PMID: 27779191 PMCID: PMC5093305 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), caused by an ABCD1 mutation, is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with the accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA). Cerebral inflammatory demyelination is the major feature of childhood cerebral ALD (CCALD), the most severe form of ALD, but its underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we identify the aberrant production of cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) and 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) in the cellular context of CCALD based on the analysis of ALD patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells and ex vivo fibroblasts. Intriguingly, 25-HC, but not VLCFA, promotes robust NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation via potassium efflux-, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS)- and liver X receptor (LXR)-mediated pathways. Furthermore, stereotaxic injection of 25-HC into the corpus callosum of mouse brains induces microglial recruitment, interleukin-1β production, and oligodendrocyte cell death in an NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent manner. Collectively, our results indicate that 25-HC mediates the neuroinflammation of X-ALD via activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. The mechanism underlying neuroinflammation in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is poorly understood. Here authors identify aberrant production of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) in ALD patient-derived cells, and show that 25-HC mediates neuroinflammation via activating the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Jang
- Department of Physiology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Sangjun Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Hur
- Department of Physiology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Cho
- Department of Physiology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Inhwa Hwang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Yun Pyo Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Isak Im
- Department of Physiology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hyunji Lee
- Department of Physiology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Eunju Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Wonsuk Yang
- Department of Physiology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hoon-Chul Kang
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Epilepsy Research Institute, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Je-Wook Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Department of Physiology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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23
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Koldamova R, Fitz NF, Lefterov I. ATP-binding cassette transporter A1: from metabolism to neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 72 Pt A:13-21. [PMID: 24844148 PMCID: PMC4302328 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) mediates cholesterol efflux to lipid-free apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and apolipoprotein E (apoE). ABCA1 is an essential regulator of high density lipoproteins (HDL) and reverse cholesterol transport - a role that determines its importance for atherosclerosis. Over the last 10 years studies have provided convincing evidence that ABCA1, via its control of apoE lipidation, also has a role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). A series of reports have revealed a significant impact of ABCA1 on Aβ deposition and clearance in AD model mice, as well as an association of common and rare ABCA1 gene variants with the risk for AD. Since APOE is the major genetic risk factor for late onset AD, the regulation of apoE level or its functionality by ABCA1 may prove significant for AD pathogenesis. ABCA1 is transcriptionally regulated by Liver X Receptors (LXR) and Retinoic X Receptors (RXR) which provides a starting point for drug discovery and development of synthetic LXR and RXR agonists for treatment of metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders. This review summarizes the recent results of research on ABCA1, particularly relevant to atherosclerosis and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosveta Koldamova
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| | - Nicholas F Fitz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Iliya Lefterov
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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Wang Y, Thinakaran G, Kar S. Overexpression of the IGF-II/M6P receptor in mouse fibroblast cell lines differentially alters expression profiles of genes involved in Alzheimer's disease-related pathology. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98057. [PMID: 24846272 PMCID: PMC4028253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of senile dementia affecting elderly people. The processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) leading to the generation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide contributes to neurodegeneration and development of AD pathology. The endocytic trafficking pathway, which comprises of the endosomes and lysosomes, acts as an important site for Aβ generation, and endocytic dysfunction has been linked to increased Aβ production and loss of neurons in AD brains. Since insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) receptor plays a critical role in the transport of lysosomal enzymes from the trans-Golgi network to endosomes, it is likely that the receptor may have a role in regulating Aβ metabolism in AD pathology. However, very little is known on how altered levels of the IGF-II receptor can influence the expression/function of various molecules involved in AD pathology. To address this issue, we evaluated the expression profiles of 87 selected genes related to AD pathology in mouse fibroblast MS cells that are deficient in murine IGF-II receptor and corresponding MS9II cells overexpressing ∼500 times the human IGF-II receptors. Our results reveal that an elevation in IGF-II receptor levels alters the expression profiles of a number of genes including APP as well as enzymes regulating Aβ production, degradation and clearance mechanisms. Additionally, it influences the expression of various lysosomal enzymes and protein kinases that are involved in Aβ toxicity. IGF-II receptor overexpression also alters expression of several genes involved in intracellular signalling as well as cholesterol metabolism, which play a critical role in AD pathology. The altered gene profiles observed in this study closely match with the corresponding protein levels, with a few exceptions. These results, taken together, suggest that an elevation in IGF-II receptor levels can influence the expression profiles of transcripts as well as proteins that are involved in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gopal Thinakaran
- Departments of Neurobiology, Neurology and Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Satyabrata Kar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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25
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On the formation and possible biological role of 25-hydroxycholesterol. Biochimie 2013; 95:455-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Reitz C. Dyslipidemia and dementia: current epidemiology, genetic evidence, and mechanisms behind the associations. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 30 Suppl 2:S127-45. [PMID: 21965313 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-110599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The role of cholesterol in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still controversial. Some studies exploring the association between lipids and/or lipid lowering treatment and AD indicate a harmful effect of dyslipidemia and a beneficial effect of statin therapy on AD risk. The findings are supported by genetic linkage and association studies that have clearly identified several genes involved in cholesterol metabolism or transport as AD susceptibility genes, including apolipoprotein E, apolipoprotein J, and the sortilin-related receptor. Functional cell biology studies support a critical involvement of lipid raft cholesterol in the modulation of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) processing by β- and γ-secretase resulting in altered amyloid-β production. Contradictory evidence comes from epidemiological studies showing no or controversial association between dyslipidemia and AD risk. Additionally, cell biology studies suggest that there is little exchange between circulating and brain cholesterol, that increased membrane cholesterol is protective by inhibiting loss of membrane integrity through amyloid cytotoxicity, and that cellular cholesterol inhibits co-localization of BACE1 and AβPP in non-raft membrane domains, thereby increasing generation of plasmin, an amyloid-β-degrading enzyme. The aim of this review is to summarize the findings of epidemiological and cell biological studies to elucidate the role of cholesterol in AD etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Reitz
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and The Aging Brain New York, NY, USA.
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Abca1 deficiency affects Alzheimer's disease-like phenotype in human ApoE4 but not in ApoE3-targeted replacement mice. J Neurosci 2012; 32:13125-36. [PMID: 22993429 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1937-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) transporter regulates cholesterol efflux and is an essential mediator of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) formation. In amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice, Abca1 deficiency increased amyloid deposition in the brain paralleled by decreased levels of Apolipoprotein E (ApoE). The APOEε4 allele is the major genetic risk factor of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we reveal the effect of Abca1 deficiency on phenotype in mice expressing human ApoE3 or ApoE4. We used APP/E3 and APP/E4 mice generated by crossing APP/PS1ΔE9 transgenic mice to human APOE3- and APOE4-targeted replacement mice and examined Abca1 gene dose effect on amyloid deposition and cognition. The results from two behavior tests demonstrate that lack of one copy of Abca1 significantly exacerbates memory deficits in APP/E4/Abca1(-/+) but not in APP/E3/Abca1(-/+) mice. The data for amyloid plaques and insoluble amyloid-β (Aβ) also show that Abca1 hemizygosity increases Aβ deposition only in APP/E4/Abca1(-/+) but not in APP/E3/Abca1(-/+) mice. Our in vivo microdialysis assays indicate that Abca1 deficiency significantly decreases Aβ clearance in ApoE4-expressing mice, while the effect of Abca1 on Aβ clearance in ApoE3-expressing mice was insignificant. In addition, we demonstrate that plasma HDL and Aβ42 levels in APP/E4/Abca1(-/+) mice are significantly decreased, and there is a negative correlation between plasma HDL and amyloid plaques in brain, suggesting that plasma lipoproteins may be involved in Aβ clearance. Overall, our results prove that the presence of functional Abca1 significantly influences the phenotype of APP mice expressing human ApoE4 and further substantiate therapeutic approaches in AD based on ABCA1-APOE regulatory axis.
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Wang XF, Cao YW, Feng ZZ, Fu D, Ma YS, Zhang F, Jiang XX, Shao YC. Quantitative assessment of the effect of ABCA1 gene polymorphism on the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:779-85. [PMID: 23111454 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2115-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) is a membrane-associated protein which has attracted considerable attention as a candidate gene for Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on its function as a key factor in lipid metabolism by mediating cellular cholesterol efflux, the rate-limiting step in the production of nascent high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. The relationship between ABCA1 common variations (R219 K rs2230806, I883 M rs4149313 and R1587 K rs2230808) and AD has been reported in various ethnic groups; however, these studies have yielded contradictory results. To investigate this inconsistency, we performed a meta-analysis of 13 studies involving a total of 12,248 subjects to evaluate the effect of ABCA1 on genetic susceptibility for AD. Overall, the summary OR of AD was 1.01 (95 % CI: 0.93-1.10; P = 0.77), 1.10 (95 % CI: 0.96-1.26; P = 0.16), and 1.08 (95 % CI: 0.96-1.23; P = 0.21) for R219 K, I883 M and R1587 K polymorphism, respectively. No significant results were observed in dominant and recessive when compared with wild genotype for these polymorphisms. In the stratified analyses by ethnicity and sample size, no evidence of any gene-disease association was obtained. In conclusion, the present meta-analysis does not support the notion that common SNPs on ABCA1 is a major genetic risk factor for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
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Li L, Yin Z, Liu J, Li G, Wang Y, Yan J, Zhou H. CYP46A1 T/C polymorphism associated with the APOEε4 allele increases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol 2012; 260:1701-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-012-6690-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Maulik M, Westaway D, Jhamandas JH, Kar S. Role of cholesterol in APP metabolism and its significance in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 47:37-63. [PMID: 22983915 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8337-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder believed to be initiated by accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ)-related peptides derived from proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Research over the past two decades provided a mechanistic link between cholesterol and AD pathogenesis. Genetic polymorphisms in genes regulating the pivotal points in cholesterol metabolism have been suggested to enhance the risk of developing AD. Altered neuronal membrane cholesterol level and/or subcellular distribution have been implicated in aberrant formation, aggregation, toxicity, and degradation of Aβ-related peptides. However, the results are somewhat contradictory and we still do not have a complete understanding on how cholesterol can influence AD pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize our current understanding on the role of cholesterol in regulating the production/function of Aβ-related peptides and also examine the therapeutic potential of regulating cholesterol homeostasis in the treatment of AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maulik
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M8
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31
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Jiang M, Lv L, Wang H, Yang X, Ji H, Zhou F, Zhu W, Cai L, Gu X, Sun J, Dong Q. Meta-analysis on association between the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 gene (ABCA1) and Alzheimer's disease. Gene 2012; 510:147-53. [PMID: 22982414 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the past decade, a number of case-control studies have been carried out to investigate the relationship between ABCA1 polymorphisms and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, these studies have yielded contradictory results. To investigate this inconsistency, a meta-analysis was performed. METHODS Databases including PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE and CNKI were searched to find relevant studies. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of association. RESULTS A total of 13 case-control studies, involving 6214 patients and 6034 controls for ABCA1 polymorphisms were included. In a combined analysis, the summary per-allele odds ratio for AD of the 219K was 1.03 (95% CI: 0.93-1.14, p=0.56). A meta-analysis of studies on the 883M and 1587K variant showed no significant overall association with AD, yielding a per-allele odds ratio of 1.10 (95% CI: 0.96-1.26, p=0.16), and 1.09 (95% CI: 0.97-1.24, p=0.16) respectively. Similar results were also found for heterozygous and homozygous. In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, sample size, APOE status and onset type, no significant associations were found in almost all genetic models. CONCLUSIONS In summary, there was no significant association detected between ABCA1 R219K, I883M and R1587K polymorphisms and risk for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, 219 Miao Pu Road, Shanghai 200135, PR China
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Sugiura H, Koarai A, Ichikawa T, Minakata Y, Matsunaga K, Hirano T, Akamatsu K, Yanagisawa S, Furusawa M, Uno Y, Yamasaki M, Satomi Y, Ichinose M. Increased 25-hydroxycholesterol concentrations in the lungs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respirology 2012; 17:533-40. [PMID: 22295989 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2012.02136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE 25-Hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) is produced from cholesterol by the enzyme cholesterol 25-hydroxylase and is associated with atherosclerosis of vessels. Recently, 25-HC was reported to cause inflammation in various types of tissues. The aim of this study was to assess the production of 25-HC in the airways and to elucidate the role of 25-HC in neutrophil infiltration in the airways of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS Eleven control never-smokers, six control ex-smokers without COPD and 13 COPD patients participated in the lung tissue study. The expression of cholesterol 25-hydroxylase in the lung was investigated. Twelve control subjects and 17 patients with COPD also participated in the sputum study. The concentrations of 25-HC in sputum were quantified by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry analysis. To elucidate the role of 25-HC in neutrophilic inflammation of the airways, the correlation between 25-HC levels and neutrophil counts in sputum was investigated. RESULTS The expression of cholesterol 25-hydroxylase was significantly enhanced in lung tissue from COPD patients compared with that from control subjects. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase was localized in alveolar macrophages and pneumocytes of COPD patients. The concentration of 25-HC in sputum was significantly increased in COPD patients and was inversely correlated with percent of predicted forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 s and diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide. The concentrations of 25-HC in sputum were significantly correlated with sputum interleukin-8 levels and neutrophil counts. CONCLUSIONS 25-HC production was enhanced in the airways of COPD patients and may play a role in neutrophilic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisatoshi Sugiura
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan.
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Sun YM, Li HL, Guo QH, Wu P, Hong Z, Lu CZ, Wu ZY. The polymorphism of the ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 gene modulates Alzheimer disease risk in Chinese Han ethnic population. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2012; 20:603-11. [PMID: 22377775 DOI: 10.1097/jgp.0b013e3182423b6a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies highlight a potential role of cholesterol metabolic disturbance in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer disease (AD). The adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette transporter 1 (ABCA1) gene resides within proximity of linkage peaks on chromosome 9q influence AD and plays a key role in cellular cholesterol efflux in the brain. METHODS We studied the role of R219K and V825I polymorphisms of ABCA1 in modulating the risk of AD in 321 AD patients and 349 comparisons of Chinese Han. Genotyping of R219K and V825I were performed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. RESULTS The genotype distribution of R219K was different with more RK in total AD group (χ(2) = 8.705, df = 2, p = 0.013), late-onset AD (LOAD) group (χ(2) = 10.636, df = 2, p = 0.005), APOE non-ε4ε4 group (χ(2) = 9.900, df = 2, p = 0.007), and female AD group (χ(2) = 8.369, df = 2, p = 0.015). Logistic regression manifested the risk of AD increased in RK carriers in total AD group (Wald = 6.102, df = 1, p = 0.014, odds ratio [OR]: 1.546, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.094-2.185), LOAD group (Wald = 7.746, df = 1, p = 0.005, OR: 1.921, 95% CI: 1.213-3.041), and APOE non-ε4ε4 group (Wald = 6.399, df = 1, p = 0.011, OR: 1.586, 95% CI: 1.109-2.266). K allele (RK + KK) also increased the risk of AD compared with RR allele in LOAD group (Wald = 4.750, df = 1, p = 0.029, OR: 1.619, 95% CI: 1.050-2.497). However, no discrepancy was found in V825I. In R219K, age at onset (AAO) was significantly lower by 4.9 years on average in patients of KK genotype than those of RK in APOE ε4 carrying group and higher by 5.5 years in patients of KK genotype than those of RR in APOE ε4 noncarrying group. In V825I, AAO was diseased by 4.3 years in II genotype compared with VV genotype in APOE ε4 noncarrying group and 3.4 years in APOE ε4ε4 noncarrying group. CONCLUSION The results indicated that the RK genotype or K allele (RK + KK) of R219K may relate to the development of AD in the east of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min Sun
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Oligomeric amyloid-β peptide affects the expression of genes involved in steroid and lipid metabolism in primary neurons. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:321-33. [PMID: 22579571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is the principal component of plaques in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the most toxic form of Aβ may be as soluble oligomers. We report here the results of a microarray study of gene expression profiles in primary mouse cortical neurons in response to oligomeric Aβ(1-42). A major and unexpected finding was the down-regulation of genes involved in the biosynthesis of cholesterol and other steroids and lipids (such as Fdft1, Fdps, Idi1, Ldr, Mvd, Mvk, Nsdhl, Sc4mol), the expression of which was verified by quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qPCR). The ATP-binding cassette gene Abca1, which has a major role in cholesterol transport in brain and other tissues and has been genetically linked to AD, was notably up-regulated. The possible involvement of cholesterol and other lipids in Aβ synthesis and action in Alzheimer's disease has been studied and debated extensively but remains unresolved. These new data suggest that Aβ may influence steroid and lipid metabolism in neurons via multiple gene-expression changes.
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An Intronic CYP46A1 Polymorphism Is Associated with Alzheimer Disease in a Chinese Han Population. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 47:514-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9778-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Piehler AP, Ozcürümez M, Kaminski WE. A-Subclass ATP-Binding Cassette Proteins in Brain Lipid Homeostasis and Neurodegeneration. Front Psychiatry 2012; 3:17. [PMID: 22403555 PMCID: PMC3293240 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The A-subclass of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters comprises 12 structurally related members of the evolutionarily highly conserved superfamily of ABC transporters. ABCA transporters represent a subgroup of "full-size" multispan transporters of which several members have been shown to mediate the transport of a variety of physiologic lipid compounds across membrane barriers. The importance of ABCA transporters in human disease is documented by the observations that so far four members of this protein family (ABCA1, ABCA3, ABCA4, ABCA12) have been causatively linked to monogenetic disorders including familial high-density lipoprotein deficiency, neonatal surfactant deficiency, degenerative retinopathies, and congenital keratinization disorders. Recent research also point to a significant contribution of several A-subfamily ABC transporters to neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review will give a summary of our current knowledge of the A-subclass of ABC transporters with a special focus on brain lipid homeostasis and their involvement in AD.
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Wolf A, Bauer B, Hartz AMS. ABC Transporters and the Alzheimer's Disease Enigma. Front Psychiatry 2012; 3:54. [PMID: 22675311 PMCID: PMC3366330 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered the "disease of the twenty-first century." With a 10-fold increase in global incidence over the past 100 years, AD is now reaching epidemic proportions and by all projections, AD patient numbers will continue to rise. Despite intense research efforts, AD remains a mystery and effective therapies are still unavailable. This represents an unmet need resulting in clinical, social, and economic problems. Over the last decade, a new AD research focus has emerged: ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. In this article, we provide an overview of the ABC transporters ABCA1, ABCA2, P-glycoprotein (ABCB1), MRP1 (ABCC1), and BCRP (ABCG2), all of which are expressed in the brain and have been implicated in AD. We summarize recent findings on the role of these five transporters in AD, and discuss their potential to serve as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Wolf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota Duluth, MN, USA
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Ota M, Fujii T, Nemoto K, Tatsumi M, Moriguchi Y, Hashimoto R, Sato N, Iwata N, Kunugi H. A polymorphism of the ABCA1 gene confers susceptibility to schizophrenia and related brain changes. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:1877-83. [PMID: 21839797 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) mediates cellular cholesterol efflux through the transfer of cholesterol from the inner to the outer layer of the cell membrane and regulates extracellular cholesterol levels in the central nervous system. Several lines of evidence have indicated lipid and myelin abnormalities in schizophrenia. METHOD Initially, we examined the possible association of the polymorphisms of the ABCA1 gene (ABCA1) with susceptibility to schizophrenia in 506 patients with schizophrenia (DSM-IV) and 941 controls. The observed association was then subject to a replication analysis in an independent sample of 511 patients and 539 controls. We further examined the possible effect of the risk allele on gray matter volume assessed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 86 patients with schizophrenia (49 males) and 139 healthy controls (47 males). RESULTS In the initial association study, the 1587 K allele (rs2230808) was significantly more common in male patients with schizophrenia than in male controls. Although such a significant difference was not observed in the second sample alone, the increased frequency of the 1587 K allele in male patients remained to be significant in the combined male sample of 556 patients and 594 controls. Male schizophrenia patients carrying the 1587 K allele had a smaller amount of gray matter volume than those who did not carry the allele. CONCLUSION Our data suggest a male-specific association of the 1587 K allele of ABCA1 with susceptibility to schizophrenia and smaller gray matter volume in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Ota
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.
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Holmes RS, VandeBerg JL, Cox LA. Genomics and proteomics of vertebrate cholesterol ester lipase (LIPA) and cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H). 3 Biotech 2011; 1:99-109. [PMID: 22582164 PMCID: PMC3324826 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-011-0013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol ester lipase (LIPA; EC 3.1.1.13) and cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H; EC 1.14.99.48) play essential role in cholesterol metabolism in the body by hydrolysing cholesteryl esters and triglycerides within lysosomes (LIPA) and catalysing the formation of 25-hydroxycholesterol from cholesterol (CH25H) which acts to repress cholesterol biosynthesis. Bioinformatic methods were used to predict the amino acid sequences, structures and genomic features of several vertebrate LIPA and CH25H genes and proteins, and to examine the phylogeny of vertebrate LIPA. Amino acid sequence alignments and predicted subunit structures enabled the identification of key sequences previously reported for human LIPA and CH25H and transmembrane structures for vertebrate CH25H sequences. Vertebrate LIPA and CH25H genes were located in tandem on all vertebrate genomes examined and showed several predicted transcription factor binding sites and CpG islands located within the 5′ regions of the human genes. Vertebrate LIPA genes contained nine coding exons, while all vertebrate CH25H genes were without introns. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the distinct nature of the vertebrate LIPA gene and protein family in comparison with other vertebrate acid lipases and has apparently evolved from an ancestral LIPA gene which predated the appearance of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger S. Holmes
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
- School of Biomolecular and Physical Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD Australia
| | - John L. VandeBerg
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
| | - Laura A. Cox
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
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Mathew A, Yoshida Y, Maekawa T, Sakthi Kumar D. Alzheimer's disease: Cholesterol a menace? Brain Res Bull 2011; 86:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Khorram Khorshid HR, Gozalpour E, Kamali K, Ohadi M, Karimloo M, Shahhosseiny MH. The Association between Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease and the Human ABCA1 and APOE Gene Polymorphisms in Iranian Population. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2011; 13:256-62. [PMID: 22737475 PMCID: PMC3371965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E (APOE), which its ε4 allele has been reported as a risk factor in late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), is the main cholesterol carrier in the brain. ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) gene on chromosome 9, which has been known by genome-wide AD linkage study, has an important role in cellular cholesterol efflux. This study determines the association between sporadic AD and the human ABCA1 and APOE gene polymorphisms in Iranian population. METHODS 154 AD cases and 162 control subjects from Iranian population were genotyped for APOE genotypes and ABCA1 polymorphism (R219K). RESULTS The frequency of ε2ε3 genotype was higher in control subjects comparing AD patients but was not significant (13% versus 5.8%) and ε3ε4 genotype frequency was significantly higher in AD cases comparing with control subjects. APOE-ε2 allele frequency in cases was lower than control subjects but this difference was not significant (4.5% versus 8%). Individuals carrying ε4 allele, developed AD 6.5 times more than non-carriers (OR=6.52, 95%CI=2.63-16.17). There was no significant association between ABCA1 polymorphism and AD. CONCLUSION Unlike other studies, R219K polymorphism was not dependent on gender and APOE-ε4 allele and there was no association between APOE and ABCA1 in AD patients compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Khorram Khorshid
- Genetic Research Centre, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Correspondence: Hamid Reza Khorram Khorshid, MD,PhD Genetic Research Centre, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Tel.: +98-21-22180138, Fax: +98-21-22180138, E-mail:
| | - E Gozalpour
- Genetic Research Centre, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - K Kamali
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Centre, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - M Ohadi
- Genetic Research Centre, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Karimloo
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M H Shahhosseiny
- Microbiology Department, Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Tehran, Iran
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Park K, Scott AL. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase production by dendritic cells and macrophages is regulated by type I interferons. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:1081-7. [PMID: 20699362 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0610318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxysterol-producing enzyme CH25H plays an important role in regulating lipid metabolism, gene expression, and immune activation. In vitro experiments using a panel of TLR agonists to activate BMDCs and macrophages demonstrated that Ch25h expression is induced rapidly, selectively, and robustly by the TLR ligands poly I:C and LPS. The mechanism of TLR3- and TLR4-induced transcription levels of Ch25h relies on the TRIF-mediated production of type I IFNs and requires signaling through the IFNαR and JAK/STAT1 pathway. Treatment of BMDCs and macrophages with IFN-α or IFN-β induces Ch25h in a STAT1-dependent manner. IFN-γ also up-regulated Ch25h expression by signaling through STAT1, suggesting that multiple pathways regulate the production of this enzyme. In addition, we demonstrated that regulation of Ch25h expression in vivo in lung-derived DCs and macrophages is dependent on signaling through the IFNαR and STAT1. The results suggest that the rapid induction of Ch25h and subsequent oxysterol synthesis may represent a component of the regulatory network that modulates the magnitude of innate immune reactions and possibly the nature and intensity of subsequent adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwon Park
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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43
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Koldamova R, Fitz NF, Lefterov I. The role of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 in Alzheimer's disease and neurodegeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2010; 1801:824-30. [PMID: 20188211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 - ABCA1, is the most extensively studied transporter in human pathology. ABCA1 became a primary subject of research in many academic and pharmaceutical laboratories immediately after the discovery that mutations at the gene locus cause severe familial High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) deficiency and, in the homozygous form - Tangier disease. The protein is the major regulator of intracellular cholesterol efflux which is the initial and essential step in the biogenesis and formation of nascent HDL particles. The transcriptional regulation of ABCA1 by nuclear Liver X Receptors (LXR) provided a starting point for drug discovery and development of synthetic LXR ligands/ABCA1 activators for treatment of arteriosclerosis. A series of reports that revealed the role of ABCA1 in Abeta deposition and clearance, as well as the possibility for association of some ABCA1 genetic variants with risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) brought a new dimension to ABCA1 research. The LXR-ABCA1-APOE regulatory axis is now considered a promising therapeutic target in AD, which includes the only proven risk factor for AD - APOE, at two distinct levels - transcriptional regulation by LXR, and ABCA1 controlled lipidation which can influence Abeta aggregation and amyloid clearance. This review will summarize the results of research on ABCA1, particularly related to AD and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosveta Koldamova
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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44
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Liu JP, Tang Y, Zhou S, Toh BH, McLean C, Li H. Cholesterol involvement in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 43:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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45
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Reynolds CA, Hong MG, Eriksson UK, Blennow K, Bennet AM, Johansson B, Malmberg B, Berg S, Wiklund F, Gatz M, Pedersen NL, Prince JA. A survey of ABCA1 sequence variation confirms association with dementia. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:1348-54. [PMID: 19606474 PMCID: PMC2758418 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We and others have conducted targeted genetic association analyses of ABCA1 in relation to Alzheimer disease risk with a resultant mixture of both support and refutation, but all previous studies have been based upon only a few markers. Here, a detailed survey of genetic variation in the ABCA1 region has been performed in a total of 1,567 Swedish dementia cases (including 1,275 with Alzheimer disease) and 2,203 controls, providing evidence of association with maximum significance at marker rs2230805 (odds ratio [OR]=1.39; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23-1.57, p=7.7x10(-8)). Haplotype-based tests confirmed association of this genomic region after excluding rs2230805, and imputation did not reveal additional markers with greater support. Significantly associating markers reside in two distinct linkage disequilibrium blocks with maxima near the promoter and in the terminal exon of a truncated ABCA1 splice form. The putative risk allele of rs2230805 was also found to be associated with reduced cerebrospinal fluid levels of beta-amyloid. The strongest evidence of association was obtained when all forms of dementia were considered together, but effect sizes were similar when only confirmed Alzheimer disease cases were assessed. Results further implicate ABCA1 in dementia, reinforcing the putative involvement of lipid transport in neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra A. Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Mun-Gwan Hong
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika K. Eriksson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, 431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anna M. Bennet
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Boo Johansson
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Bo Malmberg
- Institute of Gerontology, School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, 551 11 Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Stig Berg
- Institute of Gerontology, School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, 551 11 Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Wiklund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margaret Gatz
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1061, USA
| | - Nancy L. Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1061, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Prince
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Combarros O, Cortina-Borja M, Smith AD, Lehmann DJ. Epistasis in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 30:1333-49. [PMID: 18206267 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Russell DW, Halford RW, Ramirez DMO, Shah R, Kotti T. Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase: an enzyme of cholesterol turnover in the brain. Annu Rev Biochem 2009; 78:1017-40. [PMID: 19489738 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.78.072407.103859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase is a highly conserved cytochrome P450 that is responsible for the majority of cholesterol turnover in the vertebrate central nervous system. The enzyme is expressed in neurons, including hippocampal and cortical neurons that are important for learning and memory formation. Disruption of the cholesterol 24-hydroxylase gene in the mouse reduces both cholesterol turnover and synthesis in the brain but does not alter steady-state levels of cholesterol in the tissue. The decline in synthesis reduces the flow of metabolites through the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, of which one, geranylgeraniol diphosphate, is required for learning in the whole animal and for synaptic plasticity in vitro. This review focuses on how the link between cholesterol metabolism and higher-order brain function was experimentally established.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Russell
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Kim WS, Weickert CS, Garner B. Role of ATP-binding cassette transporters in brain lipid transport and neurological disease. J Neurochem 2008; 104:1145-66. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) deficiency does not attenuate the brain-to-blood efflux transport of human amyloid-beta peptide (1-40) at the blood-brain barrier. Neurochem Int 2007; 52:956-61. [PMID: 18201804 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) mediates apolipoprotein-dependent cholesterol release from cellular membranes. Recent studies using ABCA1 knockout mice have demonstrated that ABCA1 affects amyloid-beta peptide (A beta) levels in the brain and the production of senile plaque. Cerebral A beta(1-40) was eliminated from the brain to the circulating blood via the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which expresses ABCA1. Therefore, in the present study, we examined whether ABCA1 affects the brain-to-blood efflux transport of human A beta(1-40)(hA beta(1-40)) at the BBB. The apparent uptake of [125I]hA beta(1-40) into ABCA1-expressing HEK293 cells was not significantly different from that into parental HEK293 cells. In addition, the apparent uptake was not significantly affected even in the presence of apolipoprotein A-I as a cholesterol release acceptor. Moreover, [125I]hA beta(1-40) elimination from mouse brain across the BBB was not significantly different between ABCA1-deficient and wild-type mice 60 min after its administration into the cerebrum. These results suggest that ABCA1 does not directly transport hA beta(1-40) and a deficiency of ABCA1 does not attenuate the brain-to-blood efflux transport of hA beta(1-40) across the BBB.
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Chu LW, Li Y, Li Z, Tang AYB, Cheung BMY, Leung RYH, Yik PY, Jin DY, Song YQ. A novel intronic polymorphism of ABCA1 gene reveals risk for sporadic Alzheimer's disease in Chinese. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:1007-13. [PMID: 17510949 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent genetic studies have shown that variants of the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1, ABCA1, may be implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this case-control study, a panel of 19 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) (including three amino-acid-coding SNPs used for replication of previous work, and 16 newly selected intronic tag SNPs) was genotyped. Nominally significant single marker P-values were observed in four SNPs, with the highest score of 0.003 for rs2297404 (OR = 1.88, 95%CI 1.23-2.87). In addition, six distinct linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks were detected. LD block1 harbored three nominally significant SNPs (rs2297404, rs2230808, and rs2020927), and showed a different haplotype structure in the affected and unaffected groups. Of the four haplotypes identified, haplotype2 (CAC) was more prevalent in the disease group (0.323 in AD vs. 0.202 in control); while haplotype1 (TGG) was over-represented in the healthy controls (0.595 in control vs. 0.493 in AD), indicating disease risk conferring possibility of haplotype2. After doubling the sample size, the three nominally significant SNPs were still significantly associated with AD. Although coding SNP (rs2230808) was confirmed to have a significant association with AD, prediction of the effects of an amino acid substitution SNP rs2230808 (R1587K) on the three-dimensional structure and function of the ABCA1 protein using PolyPhen program revealed that it is unlikely to be functionally significant. However, the adjacent rs2297404 in the same LD block is potentially functionally significant because of its position in the immediate vicinity of a splicing branch site. Further functional analysis of this polymorphism should be a high priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leung Wing Chu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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