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Huang L, Zhong X, Li A, Tu F, He M, Xu X, Liu X, Zeng X, Chi J, Tian T, Wang C, Wang X, Ye J. Syntaxin6 contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma tumorigenesis via enhancing STAT3 phosphorylation. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:197. [PMID: 38834986 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03377-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syntaxin6 (STX6) is a SNARE (Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) protein complex located in the trans-Golgi network and endosomes, which is closely associated with a variety of intracellular membrane transport events. STX6 has been shown to be overexpressed in a variety of human malignant tumors such as esophageal, colorectal, and renal cell carcinomas, and participates in tumorigenesis and development. METHODS Based on clinical public database and clinical liver samples analysis, the expression of STX6 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues was investigated. The effects of STX6 on proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cell in vitro and in vivo were evaluated through gain- and loss-of-function studies. We further performed RNA-seq analysis and protein interactome analysis, to further decifer the detailed mechanisms of STX6 in the regulation of the JAK-STAT pathway in HCC. RESULTS STX6 expression was upregulated in HCC tissues and its expression was highly correlated with the high histological grade of the tumor. STX6 promoted HCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, STX6 mediated tumor progression depending on promoting the activation of JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Receptor for activated protein kinase C (RACK1) as an essential adaptor protein mediating STX6 regulation of JAK-STAT pathway. Specifically, STX6 interacted with RACK1 and then recruited signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) to form a protein-binding complex and activates STAT3 transcriptional activity. CONCLUSIONS This study provided a novel concept that STX6 exerted oncogenic effects by activating the STAT3 signaling pathway, and STX6 might be a promising therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- Department of oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Jiangxi Clinical Medical Research Center for Cancer, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhong
- Department of oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Jiangxi Clinical Medical Research Center for Cancer, Ganzhou, China
| | - An Li
- Department of oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Jiangxi Clinical Medical Research Center for Cancer, Ganzhou, China
| | - Fuping Tu
- Department of oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Jiangxi Clinical Medical Research Center for Cancer, Ganzhou, China
| | - Miao He
- Department of oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Jiangxi Clinical Medical Research Center for Cancer, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xueming Xu
- Department of oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Jiangxi Clinical Medical Research Center for Cancer, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Department of oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Jiangxi Clinical Medical Research Center for Cancer, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Zeng
- Department of oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Jiangxi Clinical Medical Research Center for Cancer, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jun Chi
- Department of oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Jiangxi Clinical Medical Research Center for Cancer, Ganzhou, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Gannan Innovation and Translational Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Chunli Wang
- Department of critical medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiangcai Wang
- Department of oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.
- Jiangxi Clinical Medical Research Center for Cancer, Ganzhou, China.
- , 128 Jinling Road, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, 341000, China.
| | - Jianming Ye
- Department of oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.
- Jiangxi Clinical Medical Research Center for Cancer, Ganzhou, China.
- , 128 Jinling Road, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, 341000, China.
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Vinci M, Costanza C, Galati Rando R, Treccarichi S, Saccone S, Carotenuto M, Roccella M, Calì F, Elia M, Vetri L. STXBP6 Gene Mutation: A New Form of SNAREopathy Leads to Developmental Epileptic Encephalopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16436. [PMID: 38003627 PMCID: PMC10670990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Syntaxin-binding protein 6 (STXBP6), also known as amysin, is an essential component of the SNAP receptor (SNARE) complex and plays a crucial role in neuronal vesicle trafficking. Mutations in genes encoding SNARE proteins are often associated with a broad spectrum of neurological conditions defined as "SNAREopathies", including epilepsy, intellectual disability, and neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders. The present whole exome sequencing (WES) study describes, for the first time, the occurrence of developmental epileptic encephalopathy and autism spectrum disorders as a result of a de novo deletion within the STXBP6 gene. The truncated protein in the STXBP6 gene leading to a premature stop codon could negatively modulate the synaptic vesicles' exocytosis. Our research aimed to elucidate a plausible, robust correlation between STXBP6 gene deletion and the manifestation of developmental epileptic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Vinci
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (M.V.); (R.G.R.); (S.T.); (M.E.); (L.V.)
| | - Carola Costanza
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90141 Palermo, Italy; (C.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Rosanna Galati Rando
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (M.V.); (R.G.R.); (S.T.); (M.E.); (L.V.)
| | - Simone Treccarichi
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (M.V.); (R.G.R.); (S.T.); (M.E.); (L.V.)
| | - Salvatore Saccone
- Department Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy;
| | - Marco Carotenuto
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Michele Roccella
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90141 Palermo, Italy; (C.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Francesco Calì
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (M.V.); (R.G.R.); (S.T.); (M.E.); (L.V.)
| | - Maurizio Elia
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (M.V.); (R.G.R.); (S.T.); (M.E.); (L.V.)
| | - Luigi Vetri
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (M.V.); (R.G.R.); (S.T.); (M.E.); (L.V.)
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Bollmann C, Schöning S, Kotschnew K, Grosse J, Heitzig N, Fischer von Mollard G. Primary neurons lacking the SNAREs vti1a and vti1b show altered neuronal development. Neural Dev 2022; 17:12. [PMID: 36419086 PMCID: PMC9682837 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-022-00168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurons are highly specialized cells with a complex morphology generated by various membrane trafficking steps. They contain Golgi outposts in dendrites, which are formed from somatic Golgi tubules. In trafficking membrane fusion is mediated by a specific combination of SNARE proteins. A functional SNARE complex contains four different helices, one from each SNARE subfamily (R-, Qa, Qb and Qc). Loss of the two Qb SNAREs vti1a and vti1b from the Golgi apparatus and endosomes leads to death at birth in mice with massive neurodegeneration in peripheral ganglia and defective axon tracts. METHODS Hippocampal and cortical neurons were isolated from Vti1a-/- Vti1b-/- double deficient, Vti1a-/- Vti1b+/-, Vti1a+/- Vti1b-/- and Vti1a+/- Vti1b+/- double heterozygous embryos. Neurite outgrowth was determined in cortical neurons and after stimulation with several neurotrophic factors or the Rho-associated protein kinase ROCK inhibitor Y27632, which induces exocytosis of enlargeosomes, in hippocampal neurons. Moreover, postsynaptic densities were isolated from embryonic Vti1a-/- Vti1b-/- and Vti1a+/- Vti1b+/- control forebrains and analyzed by western blotting. RESULTS Golgi outposts were present in Vti1a-/- Vti1b+/- and Vti1a+/- Vti1b-/- dendrites of hippocampal neurons but not detected in the absence of vti1a and vti1b. The length of neurites was significantly shorter in double deficient cortical neurons. These defects were not observed in Vti1a-/- Vti1b+/- and Vti1a+/- Vti1b-/- neurons. NGF, BDNF, NT-3, GDNF or Y27632 as stimulator of enlargeosome secretion did not increase the neurite length in double deficient hippocampal neurons. Vti1a-/- Vti1b-/- postsynaptic densities contained similar amounts of scaffold proteins, AMPA receptors and NMDA receptors compared to Vti1a+/- Vti1b+/-, but much more TrkB, which is the receptor for BDNF. CONCLUSION The absence of Golgi outposts did not affect the amount of AMPA and NMDA receptors in postsynaptic densities. Even though TrkB was enriched, BDNF was not able to stimulate neurite elongation in Vti1a-/- Vti1b-/- neurons. Vti1a or vti1b function as the missing Qb-SNARE together with VAMP-4 (R-SNARE), syntaxin 16 (Qa-SNARE) and syntaxin 6 (Qc-SNARE) in induced neurite outgrowth. Our data show the importance of vti1a or vti1b for two pathways of neurite elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bollmann
- grid.7491.b0000 0001 0944 9128Biochemistry III, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Susanne Schöning
- grid.7491.b0000 0001 0944 9128Biochemistry III, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Katharina Kotschnew
- grid.7491.b0000 0001 0944 9128Biochemistry III, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Julia Grosse
- grid.7491.b0000 0001 0944 9128Biochemistry III, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Nicole Heitzig
- grid.7491.b0000 0001 0944 9128Biochemistry III, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Gabriele Fischer von Mollard
- grid.7491.b0000 0001 0944 9128Biochemistry III, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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Yu L, Boyle PA, Wingo AP, Yang J, Wang T, Buchman AS, Wingo TS, Seyfried NT, Levey AI, De Jager PL, Schneider JA, Bennett DA. Neuropathologic Correlates of Human Cortical Proteins in Alzheimer Disease and Related Dementias. Neurology 2022; 98:e1031-e1039. [PMID: 34937778 PMCID: PMC8967389 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000013252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Alzheimer dementia is a complex clinical syndrome that can be defined broadly as an amnestic multidomain dementia. We previously reported human cortical proteins that are implicated in Alzheimer dementia. To understand the pathologic correlates of these proteins for underlying disease mechanisms, we investigated cortical protein associations with common age-related neuropathologies. METHODS Participants were community-dwelling older adults from 2 cohort studies of aging and dementia. All underwent detailed annual clinical evaluations, and brain autopsies were performed after death. We use Alzheimer disease (AD) to refer to pathologically defined disease and Alzheimer dementia to refer to the clinical syndrome. Indices for AD, cortical Lewy bodies, limbic predominant age-related TAR DNA binding protein 43 encephalopathy neuropathologic changes (LATE-NC), hippocampal sclerosis, macroscopic infarcts, microinfarcts, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, atherosclerosis, and arteriolosclerosis were quantified during uniform structured neuropathologic evaluations. High-throughput protein abundances from frozen dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were quantified with mass spectrometry-based tandem mass tag proteomics analysis. Eleven human cortical proteins implicated in Alzheimer dementia, including angiotensin-converting enzyme, calcium-regulated heat-stable protein 1 (CHSP1), procathepsin H (CATH), double C2-like domain-containing protein α, islet cell autoantigen 1-like protein, serine β-lactamase-like protein LACTB, mitochondrial, pleckstrin homology domain-containing family A member 1, replication termination factor 2, sorting nexin-32, syntaxin-4, and syntaxin-6 (STX6), were previously identified with an integrative approach. Logistic regression analysis examined the association of protein expression with each of the neuropathologic indices. RESULTS A total of 391 older adults were included. We did not observe associations of these protein targets with pathologic diagnosis of AD. In contrast, multiple proteins were associated with non-AD neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular conditions. In particular, higher CHSP1 expression was associated with cortical Lewy bodies and macroscopic infarcts, and higher CATH expression was associated with LATE-NC and arteriolosclerosis. Furthermore, while higher STX6 expression increased the risk of Alzheimer dementia, the protein was not associated with any of the neuropathologic indices investigated. DISCUSSION Cortical proteins implicated in Alzheimer dementia do not necessarily work through AD pathogenesis; rather, non-AD neurodegenerative and vascular diseases and other pathways are at play. Furthermore, some proteins are pleiotrophic and associated with both neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- From the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (L.Y., P.A.B., J.Y., T.W., A.S.B., J.A.S., D.A.B.), Department of Neurological Sciences (L.Y., J.Y., T.W., A.S.B., D.A.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (P.A.B.), and Department of Pathology (J.A.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Division of Mental Health (A.P.W.), Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur; Departments of Psychiatry (A.P.W.), Neurology (T.S.W., A.I.L.), and Human Genetics (T.S.W.), Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry (N.T.S.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology (P.L.D.J.), Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (P.L.D.J.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.
| | - Patricia A Boyle
- From the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (L.Y., P.A.B., J.Y., T.W., A.S.B., J.A.S., D.A.B.), Department of Neurological Sciences (L.Y., J.Y., T.W., A.S.B., D.A.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (P.A.B.), and Department of Pathology (J.A.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Division of Mental Health (A.P.W.), Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur; Departments of Psychiatry (A.P.W.), Neurology (T.S.W., A.I.L.), and Human Genetics (T.S.W.), Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry (N.T.S.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology (P.L.D.J.), Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (P.L.D.J.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Aliza P Wingo
- From the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (L.Y., P.A.B., J.Y., T.W., A.S.B., J.A.S., D.A.B.), Department of Neurological Sciences (L.Y., J.Y., T.W., A.S.B., D.A.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (P.A.B.), and Department of Pathology (J.A.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Division of Mental Health (A.P.W.), Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur; Departments of Psychiatry (A.P.W.), Neurology (T.S.W., A.I.L.), and Human Genetics (T.S.W.), Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry (N.T.S.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology (P.L.D.J.), Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (P.L.D.J.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Jingyun Yang
- From the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (L.Y., P.A.B., J.Y., T.W., A.S.B., J.A.S., D.A.B.), Department of Neurological Sciences (L.Y., J.Y., T.W., A.S.B., D.A.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (P.A.B.), and Department of Pathology (J.A.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Division of Mental Health (A.P.W.), Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur; Departments of Psychiatry (A.P.W.), Neurology (T.S.W., A.I.L.), and Human Genetics (T.S.W.), Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry (N.T.S.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology (P.L.D.J.), Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (P.L.D.J.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Tianhao Wang
- From the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (L.Y., P.A.B., J.Y., T.W., A.S.B., J.A.S., D.A.B.), Department of Neurological Sciences (L.Y., J.Y., T.W., A.S.B., D.A.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (P.A.B.), and Department of Pathology (J.A.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Division of Mental Health (A.P.W.), Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur; Departments of Psychiatry (A.P.W.), Neurology (T.S.W., A.I.L.), and Human Genetics (T.S.W.), Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry (N.T.S.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology (P.L.D.J.), Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (P.L.D.J.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Aron S Buchman
- From the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (L.Y., P.A.B., J.Y., T.W., A.S.B., J.A.S., D.A.B.), Department of Neurological Sciences (L.Y., J.Y., T.W., A.S.B., D.A.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (P.A.B.), and Department of Pathology (J.A.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Division of Mental Health (A.P.W.), Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur; Departments of Psychiatry (A.P.W.), Neurology (T.S.W., A.I.L.), and Human Genetics (T.S.W.), Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry (N.T.S.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology (P.L.D.J.), Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (P.L.D.J.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Thomas S Wingo
- From the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (L.Y., P.A.B., J.Y., T.W., A.S.B., J.A.S., D.A.B.), Department of Neurological Sciences (L.Y., J.Y., T.W., A.S.B., D.A.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (P.A.B.), and Department of Pathology (J.A.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Division of Mental Health (A.P.W.), Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur; Departments of Psychiatry (A.P.W.), Neurology (T.S.W., A.I.L.), and Human Genetics (T.S.W.), Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry (N.T.S.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology (P.L.D.J.), Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (P.L.D.J.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Nicholas T Seyfried
- From the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (L.Y., P.A.B., J.Y., T.W., A.S.B., J.A.S., D.A.B.), Department of Neurological Sciences (L.Y., J.Y., T.W., A.S.B., D.A.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (P.A.B.), and Department of Pathology (J.A.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Division of Mental Health (A.P.W.), Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur; Departments of Psychiatry (A.P.W.), Neurology (T.S.W., A.I.L.), and Human Genetics (T.S.W.), Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry (N.T.S.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology (P.L.D.J.), Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (P.L.D.J.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Allan I Levey
- From the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (L.Y., P.A.B., J.Y., T.W., A.S.B., J.A.S., D.A.B.), Department of Neurological Sciences (L.Y., J.Y., T.W., A.S.B., D.A.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (P.A.B.), and Department of Pathology (J.A.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Division of Mental Health (A.P.W.), Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur; Departments of Psychiatry (A.P.W.), Neurology (T.S.W., A.I.L.), and Human Genetics (T.S.W.), Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry (N.T.S.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology (P.L.D.J.), Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (P.L.D.J.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Philip L De Jager
- From the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (L.Y., P.A.B., J.Y., T.W., A.S.B., J.A.S., D.A.B.), Department of Neurological Sciences (L.Y., J.Y., T.W., A.S.B., D.A.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (P.A.B.), and Department of Pathology (J.A.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Division of Mental Health (A.P.W.), Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur; Departments of Psychiatry (A.P.W.), Neurology (T.S.W., A.I.L.), and Human Genetics (T.S.W.), Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry (N.T.S.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology (P.L.D.J.), Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (P.L.D.J.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Julie A Schneider
- From the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (L.Y., P.A.B., J.Y., T.W., A.S.B., J.A.S., D.A.B.), Department of Neurological Sciences (L.Y., J.Y., T.W., A.S.B., D.A.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (P.A.B.), and Department of Pathology (J.A.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Division of Mental Health (A.P.W.), Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur; Departments of Psychiatry (A.P.W.), Neurology (T.S.W., A.I.L.), and Human Genetics (T.S.W.), Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry (N.T.S.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology (P.L.D.J.), Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (P.L.D.J.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - David A Bennett
- From the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (L.Y., P.A.B., J.Y., T.W., A.S.B., J.A.S., D.A.B.), Department of Neurological Sciences (L.Y., J.Y., T.W., A.S.B., D.A.B.), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (P.A.B.), and Department of Pathology (J.A.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Division of Mental Health (A.P.W.), Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur; Departments of Psychiatry (A.P.W.), Neurology (T.S.W., A.I.L.), and Human Genetics (T.S.W.), Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry (N.T.S.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology (P.L.D.J.), Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (P.L.D.J.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
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Song Y, Wu Y, Xu L, Jiang T, Tang C, Yin C. Caveolae-Mediated Endocytosis Drives Robust siRNA Delivery of Polymeric Nanoparticles to Macrophages. ACS NANO 2021; 15:8267-8282. [PMID: 33915044 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) remains challenging, and a profound understanding of the cellular uptake and intracellular processing of siRNA delivery systems could greatly improve the development of siRNA-based therapeutics. Here, we show that caveolae-mediated endocytosis (CvME) accounts for the robust siRNA delivery of mannose-modified trimethyl chitosan-cysteine/tripolyphosphate nanoparticles (MTC/TPP NPs) to macrophages by circumventing lysosomes. We show that the Golgi complex and ER are key organelles required for the efficient delivery of siRNA to macrophages in which the siRNA accumulation positively correlates with its silencing efficiency (r = 0.94). We also identify syntaxin6 and Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) as indispensable regulators for MTC/TPP NPs-delivered siRNA into macrophages both in vitro and in vivo. Syntaxin6 and NPC1 knockout substantially decrease the cellular uptake and gene silencing of the siRNA delivered in MTC/TPP NPs in macrophages, which result in poor therapeutic outcomes for mice bearing acute hepatic injury. Our results suggest that highly efficient siRNA delivery can be achieved via CvME, which would give ideas for designing optimal delivery vectors to facilitate the clinical translation of siRNA drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Yanhua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Lu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Ting Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Cui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Chunhua Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
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Urbina FL, Gupton SL. SNARE-Mediated Exocytosis in Neuronal Development. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:133. [PMID: 32848598 PMCID: PMC7427632 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of the nervous system involves establishing complex networks of synaptic connections between proper partners. This developmental undertaking requires the rapid expansion of the plasma membrane surface area as neurons grow and polarize, extending axons through the extracellular environment. Critical to the expansion of the plasma membrane and addition of plasma membrane material is exocytic vesicle fusion, a regulated mechanism driven by soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment proteins receptors (SNAREs). Since their discovery, SNAREs have been implicated in several critical neuronal functions involving exocytic fusion in addition to synaptic transmission, including neurite initiation and outgrowth, axon specification, axon extension, and synaptogenesis. Decades of research have uncovered a rich variety of SNARE expression and function. The basis of SNARE-mediated fusion, the opening of a fusion pore, remains an enigmatic event, despite an incredible amount of research, as fusion is not only heterogeneous but also spatially small and temporally fast. Multiple modes of exocytosis have been proposed, with full-vesicle fusion (FFV) and kiss-and-run (KNR) being the best described. Whereas most in vitro work has reconstituted fusion using VAMP-2, SNAP-25, and syntaxin-1; there is much to learn regarding the behaviors of distinct SNARE complexes. In the past few years, robust heterogeneity in the kinetics and fate of the fusion pore that varies by cell type have been uncovered, suggesting a paradigm shift in how the modes of exocytosis are viewed is warranted. Here, we explore both classic and recent work uncovering the variety of SNAREs and their importance in the development of neurons, as well as historical and newly proposed modes of exocytosis, their regulation, and proteins involved in the regulation of fusion kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio L. Urbina
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Stephanie L. Gupton
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- UNC Neuroscience Center, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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7
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Jones E, Mead S. Genetic risk factors for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 142:104973. [PMID: 32565065 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are a group of fatal neurodegenerative disorders of mammals that share a central role for prion protein (PrP, gene PRNP) in their pathogenesis. Prions are infectious agents that account for the observed transmission of prion diseases between humans and animals in certain circumstances. The prion mechanism invokes a misfolded and multimeric assembly of PrP (a prion) that grows by templating of the normal protein and propagates by fission. Aside from the medical and public health notoriety of acquired prion diseases, the conditions have attracted interest as it has been realized that common neurodegenerative disorders share so-called prion-like mechanisms. In this article we will expand on recent evidence for new genetic loci that alter the risk of human prion disease. The most common human prion disease, sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), is characterized by the seemingly spontaneous appearance of prions in the brain. Genetic variation within PRNP is associated with all types of prion diseases, in particular, heterozygous genotypes at codons 129 and 219 have long been known to be strong protective factors against sCJD. A large number of rare mutations have been described in PRNP that cause autosomal dominant inherited prion diseases. Two loci recently identified by genome-wide association study increase sCJD risk, including variants in or near to STX6 and GAL3ST1. STX6 encodes syntaxin-6, a component of SNARE complexes with cellular roles that include the fusion of intracellular vesicles with target membranes. GAL3ST1 encodes cerebroside sulfotransferase, the only enzyme that sulfates sphingolipids to make sulfatides, a major lipid component of myelin. We discuss how these roles may modify the pathogenesis of prion diseases and their relevance for other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Jones
- MRC Prion Unit at University College London (UCL), UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, 33 Cleveland Street, W1W 7FF, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Mead
- MRC Prion Unit at University College London (UCL), UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, 33 Cleveland Street, W1W 7FF, United Kingdom.
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8
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Ulloa F, Cotrufo T, Ricolo D, Soriano E, Araújo SJ. SNARE complex in axonal guidance and neuroregeneration. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:386-392. [PMID: 29623913 PMCID: PMC5900491 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.228710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Through complex mechanisms that guide axons to the appropriate routes towards their targets, axonal growth and guidance lead to neuronal system formation. These mechanisms establish the synaptic circuitry necessary for the optimal performance of the nervous system in all organisms. Damage to these networks can be repaired by neuroregenerative processes which in turn can re-establish synapses between injured axons and postsynaptic terminals. Both axonal growth and guidance and the neuroregenerative response rely on correct axonal growth and growth cone responses to guidance cues as well as correct synapses with appropriate targets. With this in mind, parallels can be drawn between axonal regeneration and processes occurring during embryonic nervous system development. However, when studying parallels between axonal development and regeneration many questions still arise; mainly, how do axons grow and synapse with their targets and how do they repair their membranes, grow and orchestrate regenerative responses after injury. Major players in the cellular and molecular processes that lead to growth cone development and movement during embryonic development are the Soluble N-ethylamaleimide Sensitive Factor (NSF) Attachment Protein Receptor (SNARE) proteins, which have been shown to be involved in axonal growth and guidance. Their involvement in axonal growth, guidance and neuroregeneration is of foremost importance, due to their roles in vesicle and membrane trafficking events. Here, we review the recent literature on the involvement of SNARE proteins in axonal growth and guidance during embryonic development and neuroregeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Ulloa
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tiziana Cotrufo
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Delia Ricolo
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Cientific de Barcelona; Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Soriano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid; Vall d´Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sofia J Araújo
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Cientific de Barcelona; Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Lin M, Jiang M, Ding F, Cao Z. Syntaxin-4 and SNAP23 act as exocytic SNAREs to release NGF from cultured Schwann cells. Neurosci Lett 2017; 653:97-104. [PMID: 28119011 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays peripheral nerve (PN) injury occurs more frequently, the outcome is often poor because of the ineffective treatment. Once the PN was injured, Schwann cells (SCs) release neurotrophins to guide the regeneration of axons. Recent researches revealed the duration of NGF administration acts a positive role during the nerve regeneration, but the molecular mechanisms of NGF release from SCs are unknown. To investigate components of the exocytic machinery of NGF, we used RT-PCR, Western blot and immunocytochemistry to investigate expressions and locations of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) in rat primary cultured SCs. We found that Syntaxin-4 and SNAP23 were co-localized with NGF by immunocytochemistry. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and RNA interference (RNAi) confirmed Syntaxin-4 associated with SNAP23 to regulate the release of NGF from SCs. Knockdown of Syntaxin-4 and SNAP23 dramatically decreased the exocytosis of NGF and inhibited the neurite outgrowth of dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Syntaxin-4 and SNAP23 acted as exocytic SNAREs to release NGF from SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsi Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, JS 226001, PR China; Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Nantong, 399 Century Avenue, Nantong, JS 226018, PR China
| | - Maorong Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, JS 226001, PR China; Laboratory Animals Center, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, JS 226001, PR China
| | - Fei Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, JS 226001, PR China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, JS 226001, PR China; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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10
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Climer LK, Dobretsov M, Lupashin V. Defects in the COG complex and COG-related trafficking regulators affect neuronal Golgi function. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:405. [PMID: 26578865 PMCID: PMC4621299 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Conserved Oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex is an evolutionarily conserved hetero-octameric protein complex that has been proposed to organize vesicle tethering at the Golgi apparatus. Defects in seven of the eight COG subunits are linked to Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG)-type II, a family of rare diseases involving misregulation of protein glycosylation, alterations in Golgi structure, variations in retrograde trafficking through the Golgi and system-wide clinical pathologies. A troublesome aspect of these diseases are the neurological pathologies such as low IQ, microcephaly, and cerebellar atrophy. The essential function of the COG complex is dependent upon interactions with other components of trafficking machinery, such as Rab-GTPases and SNAREs. COG-interacting Rabs and SNAREs have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Defects in Golgi maintenance disrupts trafficking and processing of essential proteins, frequently associated with and contributing to compromised neuron function and human disease. Despite the recent advances in molecular neuroscience, the subcellular bases for most neurodegenerative diseases are poorly understood. This article gives an overview of the potential contributions of the COG complex and its Rab and SNARE partners in the pathogenesis of different neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie K Climer
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Maxim Dobretsov
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Vladimir Lupashin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock, AR, USA
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11
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Grassi D, Plonka FB, Oksdath M, Guil AN, Sosa LJ, Quiroga S. Selected SNARE proteins are essential for the polarized membrane insertion of igf-1 receptor and the regulation of initial axonal outgrowth in neurons. Cell Discov 2015; 1:15023. [PMID: 27462422 PMCID: PMC4860833 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2015.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of polarity necessitates initial axonal outgrowth and,
therefore, the addition of new membrane to the axon’s plasmalemma.
Axolemmal expansion occurs by exocytosis of plasmalemmal precursor vesicles
(PPVs) primarily at the neuronal growth cone. Little is known about the SNAREs
family proteins involved in the regulation of PPV fusion with the neuronal
plasmalemma at early stages of differentiation. We show here that five SNARE
proteins (VAMP2, VAMP4, VAMP7, Syntaxin6 and SNAP23) were expressed by
hippocampal pyramidal neurons before polarization. Expression silencing of three
of these proteins (VAMP4, Syntaxin6 and SNAP23) repressed axonal outgrowth and
the establishment of neuronal polarity, by inhibiting IGF-1 receptor exocytotic
polarized insertion, necessary for neuronal polarization. In addition,
stimulation with IGF-1 triggered the association of VAMP4, Syntaxin6 and SNAP23
to vesicular structures carrying the IGF-1 receptor and overexpression of a
negative dominant form of Syntaxin6 significantly inhibited exocytosis of IGF-1
receptor containing vesicles at the neuronal growth cone. Taken together, our
results indicated that VAMP4, Syntaxin6 and SNAP23 functions are essential for
regulation of PPV exocytosis and the polarized insertion of IGF-1 receptor and,
therefore, required for initial axonal elongation and the establishment of
neuronal polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Grassi
- Departamento de Química Biológica-CIQUIBIC, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba-CONICET , Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Florentyna Bustos Plonka
- Departamento de Química Biológica-CIQUIBIC, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba-CONICET , Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariana Oksdath
- Departamento de Química Biológica-CIQUIBIC, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba-CONICET , Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alvaro Nieto Guil
- Departamento de Química Biológica-CIQUIBIC, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba-CONICET , Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lucas J Sosa
- Departamento de Química Biológica-CIQUIBIC, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba-CONICET , Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Santiago Quiroga
- Departamento de Química Biológica-CIQUIBIC, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba-CONICET , Córdoba, Argentina
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12
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Perez JD, Rubinstein ND, Fernandez DE, Santoro SW, Needleman LA, Ho-Shing O, Choi JJ, Zirlinger M, Chen SK, Liu JS, Dulac C. Quantitative and functional interrogation of parent-of-origin allelic expression biases in the brain. eLife 2015; 4:e07860. [PMID: 26140685 PMCID: PMC4512258 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The maternal and paternal genomes play different roles in mammalian brains as a result of genomic imprinting, an epigenetic regulation leading to differential expression of the parental alleles of some genes. Here we investigate genomic imprinting in the cerebellum using a newly developed Bayesian statistical model that provides unprecedented transcript-level resolution. We uncover 160 imprinted transcripts, including 41 novel and independently validated imprinted genes. Strikingly, many genes exhibit parentally biased--rather than monoallelic--expression, with different magnitudes according to age, organ, and brain region. Developmental changes in parental bias and overall gene expression are strongly correlated, suggesting combined roles in regulating gene dosage. Finally, brain-specific deletion of the paternal, but not maternal, allele of the paternally-biased Bcl-x, (Bcl2l1) results in loss of specific neuron types, supporting the functional significance of parental biases. These findings reveal the remarkable complexity of genomic imprinting, with important implications for understanding the normal and diseased brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio D Perez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Nimrod D Rubinstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | | | - Stephen W Santoro
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, United States
| | - Leigh A Needleman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Olivia Ho-Shing
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - John J Choi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | | | | | - Jun S Liu
- Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Catherine Dulac
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
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13
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Tojima T, Kamiguchi H. Exocytic and endocytic membrane trafficking in axon development. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 57:291-304. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Tojima
- Laboratory for Neuronal Growth Mechanisms; RIKEN Brain Science Institute; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kamiguchi
- Laboratory for Neuronal Growth Mechanisms; RIKEN Brain Science Institute; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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14
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Mazzio E, Georges B, McTier O, Soliman KFA. Neurotrophic Effects of Mu Bie Zi (Momordica cochinchinensis) Seed Elucidated by High-Throughput Screening of Natural Products for NGF Mimetic Effects in PC-12 Cells. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:2102-12. [PMID: 25862192 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1560-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Post-mitotic central nervous system (CNS) neurons have limited capacity for regeneration, creating a challenge in the development of effective therapeutics for spinal cord injury or neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, therapeutic use of human neurotrophic agents such as nerve growth factor (NGF) are limited due to hampered transport across the blood brain barrier (BBB) and a large number of peripheral side effects (e.g. neuro-inflammatory pain/tissue degeneration etc.). Therefore, there is a continued need for discovery of small molecule NGF mimetics that can penetrate the BBB and initiate CNS neuronal outgrowth/regeneration. In the current study, we conduct an exploratory high-through-put (HTP) screening of 1144 predominantly natural/herb products (947 natural herbs/plants/spices, 29 polyphenolics and 168 synthetic drugs) for ability to induce neurite outgrowth in PC12 dopaminergic cells grown on rat tail collagen, over 7 days. The data indicate a remarkably rare event-low hit ratio with only 1/1144 tested substances (<111.25 µg/mL) being capable of inducing neurite outgrowth in a dose dependent manner, identified as; Mu Bie Zi, Momordica cochinchinensis seed extract (MCS). To quantify the neurotrophic effects of MCS, 36 images (n = 6) (average of 340 cells per image), were numerically assessed for neurite length, neurite count/cell and min/max neurite length in microns (µm) using Image J software. The data show neurite elongation from 0.07 ± 0.02 µm (controls) to 5.5 ± 0.62 µm (NGF 0.5 μg/mL) and 3.39 ± 0.45 µm (138 μg/mL) in MCS, where the average maximum length per group extended from 3.58 ± 0.42 µm (controls) to 41.93 ± 3.14 µm (NGF) and 40.20 ± 2.72 µm (MCS). Imaging analysis using immunocytochemistry (ICC) confirmed that NGF and MCS had similar influence on 3-D orientation/expression of 160/200 kD neurofilament, tubulin and F-actin. These latent changes were associated with early rise in phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) p-Erk1 (T202/Y204)/p-Erk2 (T185/Y187) at 60 min with mild changes in pAKT peaking at 5 min, and no indication of pMEK involvement. These findings demonstrate a remarkable infrequency of natural products or polyphenolic constituents to exert neurotrophic effects at low concentrations, and elucidate a unique property of MCS extract to do so. Future research will be required to delineate in depth mechanism of action of MCS, constituents responsible and potential for therapeutic application in CNS degenerative disease or injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mazzio
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Room 104, Dyson Pharmacy Building, 1520 ML King Blvd, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA
| | - B Georges
- Department of Biology, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA
| | - O McTier
- Department of Biology, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA
| | - Karam F A Soliman
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Room 104, Dyson Pharmacy Building, 1520 ML King Blvd, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA.
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15
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Ferrari R, Ryten M, Simone R, Trabzuni D, Nicolaou N, Nicolaou N, Hondhamuni G, Ramasamy A, Vandrovcova J, Weale ME, Lees AJ, Momeni P, Hardy J, de Silva R. Assessment of common variability and expression quantitative trait loci for genome-wide associations for progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:1514.e1-12. [PMID: 24503276 PMCID: PMC4104112 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Progressive supranuclear palsy is a rare parkinsonian disorder with characteristic neurofibrillary pathology consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Common variation defining the microtubule associated protein tau gene (MAPT) H1 haplotype strongly contributes to disease risk. A recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) revealed 3 novel risk loci on chromosomes 1, 2, and 3 that primarily implicate STX6, EIF2AK3, and MOBP, respectively. Genetic associations, however, rarely lead to direct identification of the relevant functional allele. More often, they are in linkage disequilibrium with the causative polymorphism(s) that could be a coding change or affect gene expression regulatory motifs. To identify any such changes, we sequenced all coding exons of those genes directly implicated by the associations in progressive supranuclear palsy cases and analyzed regional gene expression data from control brains to identify expression quantitative trait loci within 1 Mb of the risk loci. Although we did not find any coding variants underlying the associations, GWAS-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms at these loci are in complete linkage disequilibrium with haplotypes that completely overlap with the respective genes. Although implication of EIF2AK3 and MOBP could not be fully assessed, we show that the GWAS single-nucleotide polymorphism rs1411478 (STX6) is a strong expression quantitative trait locus with significantly lower expression of STX6 in white matter in carriers of the risk allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Ferrari
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mina Ryten
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Roberto Simone
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Daniah Trabzuni
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nayia Nicolaou
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Naiya Nicolaou
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Geshanthi Hondhamuni
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Adaikalavan Ramasamy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jana Vandrovcova
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | - Michael E Weale
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Lees
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Parastoo Momeni
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - John Hardy
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Rohan de Silva
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
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16
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Syntaxin 6-mediated Golgi translocation plays an important role in nuclear functions of EGFR through microtubule-dependent trafficking. Oncogene 2013; 33:756-70. [PMID: 23376851 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are cell surface receptors that initiate signal cascades in response to ligand stimulation. Abnormal expression and dysregulated intracellular trafficking of RTKs have been shown to be involved in tumorigenesis. Recent evidence shows that these cell surface receptors translocate from cell surface to different cellular compartments, including the Golgi, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the nucleus, to regulate physiological and pathological functions. Although some trafficking mechanisms have been resolved, the mechanism of intracellular trafficking from cell surface to the Golgi is not yet completely understood. Here we report a mechanism of Golgi translocation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in which EGF-induced EGFR travels to the Golgi via microtubule-dependent movement by interacting with dynein and fuses with the Golgi through syntaxin 6-mediated membrane fusion. We also demonstrate that the microtubule- and syntaxin 6-mediated Golgi translocation of EGFR is necessary for its consequent nuclear translocation and nuclear functions. Thus, together with previous studies, the microtubule- and syntaxin 6-mediated trafficking pathway from cell surface to the Golgi, ER and the nucleus defines a comprehensive trafficking route for EGFR to travel from cell surface to the Golgi and the nucleus.
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17
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Boutté AM, Yao C, Kobeissy F, May Lu XC, Zhang Z, Wang KK, Schmid K, Tortella FC, Dave JR. Proteomic analysis and brain-specific systems biology in a rodent model of penetrating ballistic-like brain injury. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:3693-704. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela M. Boutté
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Silver Spring; MD; USA
| | - Changping Yao
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Silver Spring; MD; USA
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Center for Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience; University of Florida; Gainesville; FL; USA
| | - Xi-Chun May Lu
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Silver Spring; MD; USA
| | - Zhiqun Zhang
- Center for Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience; University of Florida; Gainesville; FL; USA
| | - Kevin K. Wang
- Center for Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience; University of Florida; Gainesville; FL; USA
| | - Kara Schmid
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Silver Spring; MD; USA
| | - Frank C. Tortella
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Silver Spring; MD; USA
| | - Jitendra R. Dave
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Silver Spring; MD; USA
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18
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Abstract
Intracellular membrane trafficking along endocytic and secretory transport pathways plays a critical role in diverse cellular functions including both developmental and pathological processes. Briefly, proteins and lipids destined for transport to distinct locations are collectively assembled into vesicles and delivered to their target site by vesicular fusion. SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein receptor) proteins are required for these events, during which v-SNAREs (vesicle SNAREs) interact with t-SNAREs (target SNAREs) to allow transfer of cargo from donor vesicle to target membrane. Recently, the t-SNARE family member, syntaxin-6, has been shown to play an important role in the transport of proteins that are key to diverse cellular dynamic processes. In this paper, we briefly discuss the specific role of SNAREs in various mammalian cell types and comprehensively review the various roles of the Golgi- and endosome-localized t-SNARE, syntaxin-6, in membrane trafficking during physiological as well as pathological conditions.
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19
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Lack of the endosomal SNAREs vti1a and vti1b led to significant impairments in neuronal development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:2575-80. [PMID: 21262811 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1013891108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusion between membranes is mediated by specific SNARE complexes. Here we report that fibroblasts survive the absence of the trans-Golgi network/early endosomal SNARE vti1a and the late endosomal SNARE vti1b with intact organelle morphology and minor trafficking defects. Because vti1a and vti1b are the only members of their SNARE subclass and the yeast homolog Vti1p is essential for cell survival, these data suggest that more distantly related SNAREs acquired the ability to function in endosomal traffic during evolution. However, absence of vti1a and vti1b resulted in perinatal lethality. Major axon tracts were missing, reduced in size, or misrouted in Vti1a(-/-) Vti1b(-/-) embryos. Progressive neurodegeneration was observed in most Vti1a(-/-) Vti1b(-/-) peripheral ganglia. Neurons were reduced by more than 95% in Vti1a(-/-) Vti1b(-/-) dorsal root and geniculate ganglia at embryonic day 18.5. These data suggest that special demands for endosomal membrane traffic could not be met in Vti1a(-/-) Vti1b(-/-) neurons. Vti1a(-/-) and Vti1b(-/-) single deficient mice were viable without these neuronal defects, indicating that they can substitute for each other in these processes.
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20
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Ray A, Liu J, Ayoubi P, Pope C. Dose-related gene expression changes in forebrain following acute, low-level chlorpyrifos exposure in neonatal rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 248:144-55. [PMID: 20691718 PMCID: PMC2946483 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used organophosphorus insecticide (OP) and putative developmental neurotoxicant in humans. The acute toxicity of CPF is elicited by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition. We characterized dose-related (0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2mg/kg) gene expression profiles and changes in cell signaling pathways 24h following acute CPF exposure in 7-day-old rats. Microarray experiments indicated that approximately 9% of the 44,000 genes were differentially expressed following either one of the four CPF dosages studied (546, 505, 522, and 3,066 genes with 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0mg/kg CPF). Genes were grouped according to dose-related expression patterns using K-means clustering while gene networks and canonical pathways were evaluated using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis®. Twenty clusters were identified and differential expression of selected genes was verified by RT-PCR. The four largest clusters (each containing from 276 to 905 genes) constituted over 50% of all differentially expressed genes and exhibited up-regulation following exposure to the highest dosage (2mg/kg CPF). The total number of gene networks affected by CPF also rose sharply with the highest dosage of CPF (18, 16, 18 and 50 with 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2mg/kg CPF). Forebrain cholinesterase (ChE) activity was significantly reduced (26%) only in the highest dosage group. Based on magnitude of dose-related changes in differentially expressed genes, relative numbers of gene clusters and signaling networks affected, and forebrain ChE inhibition only at 2mg/kg CPF, we focused subsequent analyses on this treatment group. Six canonical pathways were identified that were significantly affected by 2mg/kg CPF (MAPK, oxidative stress, NFΚB, mitochondrial dysfunction, arylhydrocarbon receptor and adrenergic receptor signaling). Evaluation of different cellular functions of the differentially expressed genes suggested changes related to olfactory receptors, cell adhesion/migration, synapse/synaptic transmission and transcription/translation. Nine genes were differentially affected in all four CPF dosing groups. We conclude that the most robust, consistent changes in differential gene expression in neonatal forebrain across a range of acute CPF dosages occurred at an exposure level associated with the classical marker of OP toxicity, AChE inhibition. Disruption of multiple cellular pathways, in particular cell adhesion, may contribute to the developmental neurotoxicity potential of this pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Ray
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA
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21
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Otto GP, Razi M, Morvan J, Stenner F, Tooze SA. A novel syntaxin 6-interacting protein, SHIP164, regulates syntaxin 6-dependent sorting from early endosomes. Traffic 2010; 11:688-705. [PMID: 20163565 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2010.01049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Membrane fusion is dependent on the function of SNAREs and their alpha-helical SNARE motifs that form SNARE complexes. The Habc domains at the N-termini of some SNAREs can interact with their associated SNARE motif, Sec1/Munc18 (SM) proteins, tethering proteins or adaptor proteins, suggesting that they play an important regulatory function. We screened for proteins that interact with the Habc domain of Syntaxin 6, and isolated an uncharacterized 164-kDa protein that we named SHIP164. SHIP164 is part of a large (approximately 700 kDa) complex, and interacts with components of the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) tethering complex. Depletion of GARP subunits or overexpression of Syntaxin 6 results in a redistribution of soluble SHIP164 to endosomal structures. Co-overexpression of Syntaxin 6 and SHIP164 produced excessive tubulation of endosomes, and perturbed the transport of cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) and transferrin receptor. Thus,we propose that SHIP164 functions in trafficking through the early/recycling endosomal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant P Otto
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, UK
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22
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Meldolesi J. Neurite outgrowth: this process, first discovered by Santiago Ramon y Cajal, is sustained by the exocytosis of two distinct types of vesicles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 66:246-55. [PMID: 20600308 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Neurite outgrowth is a fundamental process in the differentiation of neurons. The first, seminal study documenting the generation of "appendages" (now known as filopodia and lamellipodia) on the "cones d'accroissement," the specialized growth cones at the tips of neurites, was reported by Cajal still in the XIXth century, investigating chicken neurons embryos stained by the Golgi's reazione nera. Since then, studies have continued using, in addition to brain tissues, powerful in vitro models, i.e. primary cultures of pyramidal neurons from the hippocampus and neurosecretory cell lines, in particular PC12 cells. These studies have documented that neuronal neurites, upon sprouting from the cell body, give rise to both axons and dendrites. The specificity of these differentiated neurites depends on the diffusion barrier established at the initial segment of the axon and on the specialized domains, spines and presynaptic boutons, assembled around complexes of scaffold proteins. The two main, coordinate mechanisms that support neurite outgrowth are (a) the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton and (b) the expansion of the plasma membrane due to the exo/endocytosis of specific vesicles, distinct from those filled with neurotransmitters (clear and dense-core vesicles). The latter process is the main task of this review. In axons the surface-expanding exocytoses are concentrated at the growth cones; in dendrites they may be more distributed along the shaft. At least two types of exocytic vesicles appear to be involved, the enlargeosomes, positive for VAMP4, during early phases of development, and Ti-VAMP-positive vesicles later on. Outgrowth studies, that are now intensely pursued, have already yielded results of great importance in brain cell biology and function, and are playing an increasing role in pathology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Meldolesi
- Department of Neuroscience, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and San Raffaele Institute, IIT Section of Molecular Neuroscience, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy.
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23
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Mingorance-Le Meur A, Mohebiany AN, O'Connor TP. Varicones and growth cones: two neurite terminals in PC12 cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4334. [PMID: 19183810 PMCID: PMC2629561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat adrenal pheochromocytoma PC12 cell line is one of the traditional models for the study of neurite outgrowth and growth cone behavior. To clarify to what extent PC12 neurite terminals can be compared to neuronal growth cones, we have analyzed their morphology and protein distribution in fixed PC12 cells by immunocytochemistry. Our results show that that PC12 cells display a special kind of neurite terminal that includes a varicosity in close association with a growth cone. This hybrid terminal, or "varicone", is characterized by the expression of specific markers not typically present in neuronal growth cones. For example, we show that calpain-2 is a specific marker of varicones and can be detected even before the neurite develops. Our data also shows that a fraction of PC12 neurites end in regular growth cones, which we have compared to hippocampal neurites as a control. We also report the extraordinary incidence of varicones in the literature referred to as "growth cones". In summary, we provide evidence of two different kinds of neurite terminals in PC12 cells, including a PC12-specific terminal, which implies that care must be taken when using them as a model for neuronal growth cones or neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mingorance-Le Meur
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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24
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Kabayama H, Nakamura T, Takeuchi M, Iwasaki H, Taniguchi M, Tokushige N, Mikoshiba K. Ca2+ induces macropinocytosis via F-actin depolymerization during growth cone collapse. Mol Cell Neurosci 2008; 40:27-38. [PMID: 18848894 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth cone collapse occurs in repulsive axon guidance and is accompanied by a reduction in the surface area of the plasma membrane of growth cones. However, the mechanism of this reduction is unclear. Here, we show that during growth cone collapse, caffeine-induced Ca(2+) release from ryanodine-sensitive Ca(2+) stores triggers the formation of large vacuoles in growth cones by macropinocytosis, a clathrin-independent endocytosis for the massive retrieval of the cellular plasma membrane, and subsequent retrograde membrane transport. We observed a significant correlation of the area of caffeine-induced macropinosomes with growth cone collapse. We also detected macropinocytosis induced by semaphorin 3A, a typical repulsive cue, and correlation between the area of semaphorin 3A-induced macropinocytic vacuoles and growth cone collapse. Moreover, jasplakinolide, an inhibitor of F-actin depolymerization, blocked caffeine-induced macropinocytosis. We propose that the coordinated regulation of actin cytoskeletal reorganization and macropinocytosis-mediated retrograde membrane trafficking may contribute to Ca(2+)-induced axon growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kabayama
- Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Brain Science Institute, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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25
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Zhang Y, Shu L, Chen X. Syntaxin 6, a regulator of the protein trafficking machinery and a target of the p53 family, is required for cell adhesion and survival. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:30689-98. [PMID: 18779328 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801711200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 family consists of p53, p63, and p73. It has been well characterized that all of the p53 family proteins are transcription factors and capable of regulating cell cycle and apoptosis. To determine whether the p53 family exerts tumor suppression by other mechanisms, we set to identify novel p53 family target genes. Here, we found that the gene encoding STX6 (syntaxin 6), a vesicle transporter protein, is directly regulated by each of the p53 family proteins. In addition, STX6 can be induced by DNA damage and Mdm2 inhibitor Nutlin-3 in a p53-dependent manner. To examine how STX6 mediates the activity of the p53 family, STX6 is inducibly overexpressed or knocked down in various cell lines. We found that overexpression of STX6 alone has limited effect on cell proliferation. In contrast, we found that knockdown of STX6 inhibits cell proliferation and survival. We also found that knockdown of STX6 leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Interestingly, we found that p53 is necessary for STX6 knockdown-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that STX6 is necessary for proper expression of focal adhesion kinase and integrin alpha5 adhesion receptor. Consistent with this observation, STX6 knockdown inhibits cell adhesion. Together, we postulate that STX6 is an effector and a modulator of the p53 family in the regulation of cell adhesion and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zhang
- Center for Comparative Oncology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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