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Zou Y, Yu S, Ma X, Ma C, Mao C, Mu D, Li L, Gao J, Qiu L. How far is the goal of applying β-amyloid in cerebrospinal fluid for clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease with standardization of measurements? Clin Biochem 2023; 112:33-42. [PMID: 36473516 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) β-amyloid (Aβ) is important for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the cohort distributions and cut-off values have large variation across different analytical assays, kits, and laboratories. In this review, we summarize the cut-off values and diagnostic performance for CSF Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40, and explore the important effect factors. Based on the Alzheimer's Association external quality control program (AAQC program), the peer group coefficient of variation of manual ELISA assays for CSF Aβ1-42 was unsatisfied (>20%). Fully automated platforms with better performance have recently been developed, but still not widely applied. In 2020, the certified reference material (CRM) for CSF Aβ1-42 was launched; however, the AAQC 2021-round results did not show effective improvements. Thus, further development and popularization of CRM for CSF Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 are urgently required. Standardizing the diagnostic procedures of AD and related status and the pre-analytical protocols of CSF samples, improving detection performance of analytical assays, and popularizing the application of fully automated platforms are also important for the establishment of uniform cut-off values. Moreover, each laboratory should verify the applicability of uniform cut-off values, and evaluate whether it is necessary to establish its own population- and assay-specific cut-off values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Zou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Songlin Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China; Medical Science Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chaochao Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chenhui Mao
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Danni Mu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Ling Qiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
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Alzheimer disease’s cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers differences between immigrants and natives in a Belgian memory clinic. Acta Neurol Belg 2022; 123:537-544. [PMID: 36376773 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-022-02143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases can raise difficulties among immigrant patients due to language, educational or sociocultural differences with natives. CSF biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease are useful tools to early diagnose neurodegeneration. Yet very few studies have investigated differences of those biomarkers between immigrant and native populations. OBJECTIVE We aimed to characterize differences between CSF biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease within Belgian native and immigrant patients analyzed at Saint Luc Neurochemistry Lab (Brussels, Belgium). METHODS CSF samples from patients consulting at Saint Luc Memory Clinic (n = 356) or at others hospitals (n = 2430) were analyzed by Saint Luc Neurochemistry Lab between 2010 and 2014. We conducted linear regressions predicting CSF biomarkers with demographic data: age, sex and presumed ethnic origin. For the last one, we subdivided the cohort in natives and immigrants according to their surnames. RESULTS Immigrant patients benefit from a CSF sample analysis at a younger age than natives (p < 0.001). After linear regressions, age showed a significant impact on all biomarkers (p < 0.005). Ethnicity showed a significant impact on T-Tau (p = 0.007) and on T-Tau/amyloid-β42 ratio (p = 0.009). Sex showed a significant impact on T-Tau (p = 0.002). ANCOVA analysis suggested that the effect of Age on Aβ42 manifests differently according to the ethnicity of the individual. CONCLUSION This study shows higher T-Tau and T-Tau/amyloid-β42 ratio values in younger native patients from a Belgian Memory Clinic. Aβ42 values tend to follow a different dynamic in time according to the ethnic origin of patients, with pathological values at older ages in immigrants.
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Mitochondrial DNA and Alzheimer's disease: a first case-control study of the Tunisian population. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:1687-1700. [PMID: 34854014 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06978-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder in humans and presents a major health problem throughout the world. The etiology of AD is complex, and many factors are implicated, including mitochondria. Mitochondrial alteration has been proposed as a possible cause of AD. Therefore, several studies have focused on finding an association between inherited mitochondrial DNA variants and AD onset. METHODS In this study, we looked, for the first time, for a potential association between mitochondrial haplogroups or polymorphisms and AD in the Tunisian population. We also evaluated the distribution of the major genetic risk factor for AD, the apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 (APOE ε4), in this population. In total, 159 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups were genotyped in 254 individuals (58 patients and 196 controls). An additional genotyping of APOE ε4 was performed. RESULTS No significant association between mitochondrial haplogroups and AD was found. However, two individual SNPs, A5656G (p = 0.03821, OR = 10.46) and A13759G (p = 0.03719, OR = 10.78), showed a significant association with AD. APOE 4 was confirmed as a risk factor for AD (p = 0.000014). CONCLUSION Our findings may confirm the absence of a relation between mitochondrial haplogroups and AD and support the possible involvement of some inherited variants in the pathogenicity of AD.
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Kokkinou M, Beishon LC, Smailagic N, Noel-Storr AH, Hyde C, Ukoumunne O, Worrall RE, Hayen A, Desai M, Ashok AH, Paul EJ, Georgopoulou A, Casoli T, Quinn TJ, Ritchie CW. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid ABeta42 for the differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia in participants diagnosed with any dementia subtype in a specialist care setting. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 2:CD010945. [PMID: 33566374 PMCID: PMC8078224 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010945.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dementia is a syndrome that comprises many differing pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease dementia (ADD), vascular dementia (VaD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). People may benefit from knowing the type of dementia they live with, as this could inform prognosis and may allow for tailored treatment. Beta-amyloid (1-42) (ABeta42) is a protein which decreases in both the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of people living with ADD, when compared to people with no dementia. However, it is not clear if changes in ABeta42 are specific to ADD or if they are also seen in other types of dementia. It is possible that ABeta42 could help differentiate ADD from other dementia subtypes. OBJECTIVES To determine the accuracy of plasma and CSF ABeta42 for distinguishing ADD from other dementia subtypes in people who meet the criteria for a dementia syndrome. SEARCH METHODS We searched MEDLINE, and nine other databases up to 18 February 2020. We checked reference lists of any relevant systematic reviews to identify additional studies. SELECTION CRITERIA We considered cross-sectional studies that differentiated people with ADD from other dementia subtypes. Eligible studies required measurement of participant plasma or CSF ABeta42 levels and clinical assessment for dementia subtype. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Seven review authors working independently screened the titles and abstracts generated by the searches. We collected data on study characteristics and test accuracy. We used the second version of the 'Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies' (QUADAS-2) tool to assess internal and external validity of results. We extracted data into 2 x 2 tables, cross-tabulating index test results (ABeta42) with the reference standard (diagnostic criteria for each dementia subtype). We performed meta-analyses using bivariate, random-effects models. We calculated pooled estimates of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, positive and negative likelihood ratios, and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). In the primary analysis, we assessed accuracy of plasma or CSF ABeta42 for distinguishing ADD from other mixed dementia types (non-ADD). We then assessed accuracy of ABeta42 for differentiating ADD from specific dementia types: VaD, FTD, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), alcohol-related cognitive disorder (ARCD), Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). To determine test-positive cases, we used the ABeta42 thresholds employed in the respective primary studies. We then performed sensitivity analyses restricted to those studies that used common thresholds for ABeta42. MAIN RESULTS We identified 39 studies (5000 participants) that used CSF ABeta42 levels to differentiate ADD from other subtypes of dementia. No studies of plasma ABeta42 met the inclusion criteria. No studies were rated as low risk of bias across all QUADAS-2 domains. High risk of bias was found predominantly in the domains of patient selection (28 studies) and index test (25 studies). The pooled estimates for differentiating ADD from other dementia subtypes were as follows: ADD from non-ADD: sensitivity 79% (95% CI 0.73 to 0.85), specificity 60% (95% CI 0.52 to 0.67), 13 studies, 1704 participants, 880 participants with ADD; ADD from VaD: sensitivity 79% (95% CI 0.75 to 0.83), specificity 69% (95% CI 0.55 to 0.81), 11 studies, 1151 participants, 941 participants with ADD; ADD from FTD: sensitivity 85% (95% CI 0.79 to 0.89), specificity 72% (95% CI 0.55 to 0.84), 17 studies, 1948 participants, 1371 participants with ADD; ADD from DLB: sensitivity 76% (95% CI 0.69 to 0.82), specificity 67% (95% CI 0.52 to 0.79), nine studies, 1929 participants, 1521 participants with ADD. Across all dementia subtypes, sensitivity was greater than specificity, and the balance of sensitivity and specificity was dependent on the threshold used to define test positivity. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Our review indicates that measuring ABeta42 levels in CSF may help differentiate ADD from other dementia subtypes, but the test is imperfect and tends to misdiagnose those with non-ADD as having ADD. We would caution against the use of CSF ABeta42 alone for dementia classification. However, ABeta42 may have value as an adjunct to a full clinical assessment, to aid dementia diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Kokkinou
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lucy C Beishon
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Nadja Smailagic
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Chris Hyde
- Exeter Test Group, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter , UK
| | - Obioha Ukoumunne
- NIHR CLAHRC South West Peninsula (PenCLAHRC), University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Anja Hayen
- Department of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Meera Desai
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Abhishekh Hulegar Ashok
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College , London, UK
| | - Eleanor J Paul
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Tiziana Casoli
- Center for Neurobiology of Aging, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Terry J Quinn
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Craig W Ritchie
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Szalárdy L, Zádori D, Klivényi P, Vécsei L. The Role of Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in the Evolution of Diagnostic Criteria in Alzheimer’s Disease: Shortcomings in Prodromal Diagnosis. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 53:373-92. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-160037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Levente Szalárdy
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dénes Zádori
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Klivényi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
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Fekih-Mrissa N, Klai S, Mrad M, Mansour M, Zaouali J, Gritli N, Mrissa R. Apolipoprotein E genotypes associated with Alzheimer disease and concomitant stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2013; 23:681-5. [PMID: 23871727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ɛ4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is a well-characterized genetic risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD). The association between stroke and a higher risk for AD has also been reported. Our study sought to determine the relationship between the APOE gene and AD and the comorbid risk of stroke. METHODS The subjects of this study consisted of 48 patients with AD and 48 members of a control group. All subjects were genotyped for APOE. RESULTS The results clearly show a significant increased risk of AD in carriers of the APOE ε3/ε4 genotype (P = .003, odds ratio [OR] = 4.1) or ε4 allele (P = .001, OR = 4.2). The risk for stroke in AD patients was also increased for carriers of the APOE ε3/ε4 genotype (P = .02, OR = 9.0) and for carriers of the APOE ε4 allele (P = .004, OR = 5.5). CONCLUSIONS The present study is the first to establish a relationship between APOE ε4 and concomitant AD and stroke in the Tunisian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najiba Fekih-Mrissa
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Service d'Hématologie, Hôpital Militaire Principal d'Instruction de Tunis, Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisie; Académie Militaire Fondouk Jédid, Nabeul, Tunisie.
| | - Sarra Klai
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Service d'Hématologie, Hôpital Militaire Principal d'Instruction de Tunis, Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisie; Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, El Manar, Tunisie
| | - Meriem Mrad
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Service d'Hématologie, Hôpital Militaire Principal d'Instruction de Tunis, Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisie; Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, El Manar, Tunisie
| | - Malek Mansour
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Militaire Principal d'Instruction de Tunis, Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisie; Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Jamel Zaouali
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Militaire Principal d'Instruction de Tunis, Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisie; Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Nasreddine Gritli
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Service d'Hématologie, Hôpital Militaire Principal d'Instruction de Tunis, Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisie; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Ridha Mrissa
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Militaire Principal d'Instruction de Tunis, Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisie; Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie
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Randall C, Mosconi L, de Leon M, Glodzik L. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease in healthy elderly. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2013; 18:1150-73. [PMID: 23747874 PMCID: PMC3904672 DOI: 10.2741/4170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathology begins before the onset of clinical symptoms. Because therapies are likely to be more effective if they are implemented early in the disease progression, it is necessary to identify reliable biomarkers to detect AD pathology in the early stages of the disease, ideally in presymptomatic individuals. Recent research has identified three candidate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers that reflect AD pathology: amyloid beta, total tau protein (t-tau), and tau protein phosphorylated at AD-specific epitopes (p-tau). They are useful in supporting the AD diagnosis and have predictive value for AD when patients are in the stage of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, their predictive utility in cognitively healthy subjects is still being evaluated. We conducted a review of studies published between 1993 and 2011 and summarized their findings on the role of CSF biomarkers for AD in healthy elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Randall
- Center for Brain Health, 145 East 32nd Street, 5th floor. New York, NY 10016
| | - Lisa Mosconi
- Center for Brain Health, 145 East 32nd Street, 5th floor. New York, NY 10016
| | - Mony de Leon
- Center for Brain Health, 145 East 32nd Street, 5th floor. New York, NY 10016
| | - Lidia Glodzik
- Center for Brain Health, 145 East 32nd Street, 5th floor. New York, NY 10016
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Goda R, Kobayashi N. Evaluation of peptide adsorption-controlled liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric (PAC-LC–MS/MS) method for simple and simultaneous quantitation of amyloid β 1–38, 1–40, 1–42 and 1–43 peptides in dog cerebrospinal fluid. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 895-896:137-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Yüksel D, Ichiyama T, Yilmaz D, Anlar B. Cerebrospinal fluid apolipoprotein E levels in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Brain Dev 2012; 34:298-301. [PMID: 21788110 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) have been shown in 20% of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) cases. NFTs contain paired helical filaments formed by hyperphosphorylated tau. The intraneuronal tau metabolism and the rate of formation of paired helical filaments can be regulated by interactions between tau and isoforms of Apolipoprotein E (Apo E). Tau binds in vitro to Apo E3, interferes with the hyperphosphorylation of tau and may reduce the formation of NFTs. We investigated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Apo E levels in SSPE (n=37) and age-matched control (n=38) groups. The median level of total Apo E and Apo E4 were lower in the SSPE than the control group (p<0.001 and p=0.002). On the other hand, median Apo E3 level (0.28±0.23 μg/ml) was higher in the SSPE group (p<0.001). Such elevated levels of ApoE3 might play a role in controlling the formation of NFTs in SSPE. Because NFT-associated neurodegeneration is a slow process, comparison of the long-term clinical course of SSPE cases with high and low Apo E3 levels might provide further understanding or the role of these molecules in this disease, and help the planning of neuroprotective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Yüksel
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Dr. Sami Ulus Children's Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
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Kauwe JSK, Cruchaga C, Bertelsen S, Mayo K, Latu W, Nowotny P, Hinrichs AL, Fagan AM, Holtzman DM, Goate AM. Validating predicted biological effects of Alzheimer's disease associated SNPs using CSF biomarker levels. J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 21:833-42. [PMID: 20634593 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2010-091711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent large-scale genetic studies of late-onset Alzheimer's disease have identified risk variants in CALHM1, GAB2, and SORL1. The mechanisms by which these genes might modulate risk are not definitively known. CALHM1 and SORL1 may alter amyloid-β (Aβ) levels and GAB2 may influence phosphorylation of the tau protein. In this study we have analyzed disease associated genetic variants in each of these genes for association with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ or tau levels in 602 samples from two independent CSF series. We failed to detect association between CSF Aβ42 levels and single nucleotide polymorphisms in SORL1 despite substantial statistical power to detect association. While we also failed to detect association between variants in GAB2 and CSF tau levels, power to detect this association was limited. Finally, our data suggest that the minor allele of rs2986017, in CALHM1, is marginally associated with CSF Aβ42 levels. This association is consistent with previous reports that this non-synonymous coding substitution results in increased Aβ levels in vitro and provides support for an Aβ-related mechanism for modulating risk for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S K Kauwe
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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Smach MA, Edziri H, Charfeddine B, Ben Othman L, Lammouchi T, Ltaief A, Nafati S, Dridi H, Bennamou S, Limem K. Polymorphism in apoA1 Influences High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels but Is Not a Major Risk Factor of Alzheimer's Disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2011; 1:249-57. [PMID: 22323901 PMCID: PMC3270813 DOI: 10.1159/000329910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) is the major apolipoprotein constituent of the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and is involved in reverse cholesterol transport. Variation in the apoA1 gene might influence the function of the protein and, thus, brain cholesterol metabolism, leading to an increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). AIM In the current report, we investigated the role of the functional apoA1 polymorphism (-75 G/A) as a genetic risk factor for AD in a Tunisian population. METHODS 173 AD patients and 150 healthy controls were studied. RESULTS No association was found between this genetic variation in apoA1 gene and the risk of AD. The presence of the (-75 G/A) A allele appeared, however, to be associated with lower levels of cerebrospinal fluid Aβ42 and HDL cholesterol levels in sera. CONCLUSION Our data support the observation that apoA1 polymorphism influences cholesterol metabolism and Aβ42 deposition in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hayet Edziri
- Department of Community Medicine, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | | | - Leila Ben Othman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Tunisia
| | | | - Afef Ltaief
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Souhir Nafati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Hedi Dridi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Tunisia
| | | | - Khalifa Limem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Tunisia
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de Jager CA, Honey TE, Birks J, Wilcock GK. Retrospective evaluation of revised criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease using a cohort with post-mortem diagnosis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2010; 25:988-97. [PMID: 20217711 DOI: 10.1002/gps.2448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The criteria currently used to diagnose Alzheimer's disease (AD) require the presence of dementia, i.e. cognitive impairment sufficient to affect normal social and/or occupational function. Dubois et al. (Dubois et al., 2007) have recently proposed a set of revised criteria that may aid the diagnosis of the earlier stages of AD, and do not require the presence of dementia. We aimed to evaluate the new predementia-AD criteria through their retrospective application to the OPTIMA cohort with post-mortem (PM) confirmed diagnoses. METHODS The criteria were evaluated for sensitivity and specificity using cognitive, neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid data and clinical information for exclusion criteria. Limitations in choice of cognitive test, use of CT scans rather than MRI and missing CSFs affected the outcomes. Analyses were carried out for the whole cohort (n = 243) and on a mild-stage subgroup (n = 99) defined by MMSE ≥ 21. RESULTS Of the four options for fulfilling the revised-criteria, the best results for the whole cohort were achieved using memory and CSF data with exclusion criteria applied (.68 sensitivity and .93 specificity). The pattern was similar for the mild cohort, but with lower sensitivity. Specificities of 1.0 were reached with supportive criteria, CSF and CSF plus MTL. CONCLUSIONS The revised-criteria, when applied to our cohort, offer good specificity and reasonable sensitivity when compared with the gold standard of PM diagnosis. The criteria were not more effective for early stage dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste A de Jager
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, UK.
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Smach MA, Charfeddine B, Lammouchi T, Othman LB, Letaief A, Nafati S, Dridi H, Bennamou S, Limem K. Analysis of association between bleomycin hydrolase and apolipoprotein E polymorphism in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurol Sci 2010; 31:687-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-010-0234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Smach MA, Charfeddine B, Othman LB, Lammouchi T, Ltaief A, Nafati S, Dridi H, Bennamou S, Limem K. -1154G/A and -2578C/A polymorphisms of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene in Tunisian Alzheimer patients in relation to beta-amyloid (1-42) and total tau protein. Neurosci Lett 2010; 472:139-42. [PMID: 20138124 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidences indicate that polymorphisms within the promoter region of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene may elevate the risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). To further investigate, we have analyzed association between promoter polymorphisms of the VEGF gene in 93 AD patients and age and sex matched 113 controls from Tunisian population. The distribution of genotype and allele frequencies of the VEGF (-2578C/A) and (-1154G/A) polymorphisms did not differ significantly between AD and control groups (p>0.05). In the subgroup of ApoE varepsilon4 carriers, the -2578A was observed to be significantly higher in the AD patients than in the control individuals. After adjusting the data by gender, age and the ApoE varepsilon4 status using logistic regression, the -2578A allele was found to increase the risk for sporadic AD by 1.7-fold. The present study provides the evidence that the -2578A allele may be associated with the development of AD in the individuals with ApoE varepsilon4 allele. In addition, AD patients carrying the -2578A allele had lower Abeta42 (p=0.029) levels than those without this allele, particularly in subjects with ApoE varepsilon4 allele.
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Young KF, Pasternak SH, Rylett RJ. Oligomeric aggregates of amyloid β peptide 1–42 activate ERK/MAPK in SH-SY5Y cells via the α7 nicotinic receptor. Neurochem Int 2009; 55:796-801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Song F, Poljak A, Smythe GA, Sachdev P. Plasma biomarkers for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 61:69-80. [PMID: 19464319 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW With the move toward development of disease modifying treatments, there is a need for more specific diagnosis of early Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), plasma biomarkers are likely to play an important role in this. We review the current state of knowledge on plasma biomarkers for MCI and AD, including unbiased proteomics and very recent longitudinal studies. RECENT FINDINGS With the use of proteomics methodologies, some proteins have been identified as potential biomarkers in plasma and serum of AD patients, including alpha-1-antitrypsin, complement factor H, alpha-2-macroglobulin, apolipoprotein J, apolipoprotein A-I. The findings of cross-sectional studies of plasma amyloid beta (A beta) levels are conflicting, but some recent longitudinal studies have shown that low plasma A beta 1-42 or A beta 1-40 levels, or A beta 1-42/A beta 1-40 ratio may be markers of cognitive decline. Other potential biomarkers for MCI and AD reflecting a variety of pathophysiological processes have been assessed, including isoprostanes and homocysteine (oxidative stress), total cholesterol and ApoE4 allele (lipoprotein metabolism), and cytokines and acute phase proteins (inflammation). A panel of 18 signal proteins was reported as markers of MCI and AD. SUMMARY A variety of potential plasma biomarkers for AD and MCI have been identified, however the findings need replication in longitudinal studies. This area of research promises to yield interesting results in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Song
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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