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Li D, Zhang X, Lu Y, Jing L, Hu H, Song Y, Wu S, Zhu W. Post-sepsis psychiatric disorder: Pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:3093-3105. [PMID: 38381393 PMCID: PMC11176234 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-024-07409-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Post-sepsis psychiatric disorder, encompassing anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and delirium, is a highly prevalent complication secondary to sepsis, resulting in a marked increase in long-term mortality among affected patients. Regrettably, psychiatric impairment associated with sepsis is frequently disregarded by clinicians. This review aims to summarize recent advancements in the understanding of the pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of post-sepsis mental disorder, including coronavirus disease 2019-related psychiatric impairment. The pathophysiology of post-sepsis psychiatric disorder is complex and is known to involve blood-brain barrier disruption, overactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, neurotransmitter dysfunction, programmed cell death, and impaired neuroplasticity. No unified diagnostic criteria for this disorder are currently available; however, screening scales are often applied in its assessment. Modifiable risk factors for psychiatric impairment post-sepsis include the number of experienced traumatic memories, the length of ICU stay, level of albumin, the use of vasopressors or inotropes, daily activity function after sepsis, and the cumulative dose of dobutamine. To contribute to the prevention of post-sepsis psychiatric disorder, it may be beneficial to implement targeted interventions for these modifiable risk factors. Specific therapies for this condition remain scarce. Nevertheless, non-pharmacological approaches, such as comprehensive nursing care, may provide a promising avenue for treating psychiatric disorder following sepsis. In addition, although several therapeutic drugs have shown preliminary efficacy in animal models, further confirmation of their potential is required through follow-up clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xujie Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yuru Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Liang Jing
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Hongjie Hu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yaqin Song
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Shuhui Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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2
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Nassar A, Azab AN. Effects of Dexamethasone and Pentoxifylline on Mania-like and Depression-like Behaviors in Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091063. [PMID: 36145284 PMCID: PMC9503945 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies support the notion that inflammation plays a role in the pathophysiology and treatment approaches of psychiatric illnesses, particularly mood disorders. Congruently, classic anti-inflammatory drugs were found efficacious in randomized clinical trials of patients with mood disorders. Moreover, accumulating data indicate that psychotropic drugs exhibit some anti-inflammatory effects. This study was undertaken to examine the efficacy of dexamethasone (a potent corticosteroid) and pentoxifylline (a methylxanthine drug with proven anti-tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitory activity) in behavioral models in rats, which were treated intraperitoneally with either dexamethasone or pentoxifylline for two weeks and then subjected to a battery of behavioral tests. Treatment with pentoxifylline, but not dexamethasone, was associated with antidepressant-like and anti-manic-like effects. The beneficial behavioral effects of pentoxifylline were accompanied by a prominent reduction in pro-inflammatory mediator levels in the brain. For the first time, the current work proves the efficacy of pentoxifylline against both mania-like and depressive-like behaviors. These results suggest that pentoxifylline may be a promising therapeutic intervention for patients with mood disorders. Taking into account the excellent tolerability profile of pentoxifylline in humans, it is warranted to conduct randomized clinical trials to investigate its therapeutic efficacy in patients with psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Nassar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Abed N. Azab
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Correspondence:
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3
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The Relationship between Stress, Inflammation, and Depression. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081929. [PMID: 36009476 PMCID: PMC9405608 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A narrative review about the relationship between stress, inflammation, and depression is made as follows: Chronic stress leads to various stress-related diseases such as depression. Although most human diseases are related to stress exposure, the common pathways between stress and pathophysiological processes of different disorders are still debatable. Chronic inflammation is a crucial component of chronic diseases, including depression. Both experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated that an increase in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and stress hormones, such as glucocorticoids, substantially contributes to the behavioral alterations associated with depression. Evidence suggests that inflammation plays a key role in the pathology of stress-related diseases; however, this link has not yet been completely explored. In this study, we aimed to determine the role of inflammation in stress-induced diseases and whether a common pathway for depression exists. Recent studies support pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment approaches significantly associated with ameliorating depression-related inflammation. In addition, major depression can be associated with an activated immune system, whereas antidepressants can exert immunomodulatory effects. Moreover, non-pharmacological treatments for major depression (i.e., exercise) may be mediated by anti-inflammatory actions. This narrative review highlights the mechanisms underlying inflammation and provides new insights into the prevention and treatment of stress-related diseases, particularly depression.
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4
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Yang HL, Li MM, Zhou MF, Xu HS, Huan F, Liu N, Gao R, Wang J, Zhang N, Jiang L. Links Between Gut Dysbiosis and Neurotransmitter Disturbance in Chronic Restraint Stress-Induced Depressive Behaviours: the Role of Inflammation. Inflammation 2021; 44:2448-2462. [PMID: 34657991 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01514-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that inflammation, the gut microbiota, and neurotransmitters are closely associated with the pathophysiology of depression. However, the links between the gut microbiota and neurotransmitter metabolism remain poorly understood. The present study aimed to investigate the neuroinflammatory reactions in chronic restraint stress (CRS)-induced depression and to delineate the potential links between the gut microbiota and neurotransmitter metabolism. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to chronic restraint stress for 5 weeks, followed by behavioural tests (the sucrose preference test, forced swim test, open field test, and elevated plus maze) and analysis. The results showed that CRS significantly increased interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) levels and decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, accompanied by the activation of IkappaB-alpha-phosphorylation-nuclear factor kappa-B (IκBα-p-NF-κB) signalling in the mouse hippocampus. In addition, the neurotransmitter metabolomics results showed that CRS resulted in decreased levels of plasma 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine (DA), and noradrenaline (NE) and their corresponding metabolites, and gut microbiota faecal metabolites with the 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that CRS caused marked microbiota dysbiosis in mice, with a significant increase in Helicobacter, Lactobacillus, and Oscillibacter and a decrease in Parabacteroides, Ruminococcus, and Prevotella. Notably, CRS-induced depressive behaviours and the disturbance of neurotransmitter metabolism and microbiota dysbiosis can be substantially restored by dexamethasone (DXMS) administration. Furthermore, a Pearson heatmap focusing on correlations between the microbiota, behaviours, and neurotransmitters showed that Helicobacter, Lactobacillus, and Oscillibacter were positively correlated with depressive behaviours but were negatively correlated with neurotransmitter metabolism, and Parabacteroides and Ruminococcus were negatively correlated with depressive behaviours but were positively correlated with neurotransmitter metabolism. Taken together, the results suggest that inflammation is involved in microbiota dysbiosis and the disturbance of neurotransmitter metabolism in CRS-induced depressive changes, and the delineation of the potential links between the microbiota and neurotransmitter metabolism will provide novel strategies for depression treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Long Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Meng-Meng Li
- Suzhou Psychiatric Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215008, China
| | - Man-Fei Zhou
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Huai-Sha Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Fei Huan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Medical Psychology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Brain Hospital, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Gao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Medical Psychology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Brain Hospital, 210029, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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5
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Dal-Pizzol F, de Medeiros GF, Michels M, Mazeraud A, Bozza FA, Ritter C, Sharshar T. What Animal Models Can Tell Us About Long-Term Psychiatric Symptoms in Sepsis Survivors: a Systematic Review. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:1393-1413. [PMID: 33410107 PMCID: PMC8423874 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00981-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lower sepsis mortality rates imply that more patients are discharged from the hospital, but sepsis survivors often experience sequelae, such as functional disability, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric morbidity. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying these long-term disabilities are not fully understood. Considering the extensive use of animal models in the study of the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders, it seems adopting this approach to improve our knowledge of postseptic psychiatric symptoms is a logical approach. With the purpose of gathering and summarizing the main findings of studies using animal models of sepsis-induced psychiatric symptoms, we performed a systematic review of the literature on this topic. Thus, 140 references were reviewed, and most of the published studies suggested a time-dependent recovery from behavior alterations, despite the fact that some molecular alterations persist in the brain. This review reveals that animal models can be used to understand the mechanisms that underlie anxiety and depression in animals recovering from sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, Brazil
| | | | - Monique Michels
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Aurélien Mazeraud
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Fernando Augusto Bozza
- Laboratório de Medicina Intensiva, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Ritter
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Tarek Sharshar
- Laboratoire de Neuropathologie Expérimentale, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- Department of Neuro-Intensive Care Medicine, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris-Descartes University, 75015 Paris, France
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6
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Abstract
Treatment for critical illness typically focuses on a patient's short-term physical recovery; however, recent work has broadened our understanding of the long-term implications of illness and treatment strategies. In particular, survivors of critical illness have significantly elevated risk of developing lasting cognitive impairment and psychiatric disorders. In this review, we examine the role of endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoids in neuropsychiatric outcomes following critical illness. Illness is marked by acute elevation of free cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone suppression, which typically normalize after recovery; however, prolonged dysregulation can sometimes occur. High glucocorticoid levels can cause lasting alterations to the plasticity and structural integrity of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and this mechanism may plausibly contribute to impaired memory and cognition in critical illness survivors, though specific evidence is lacking. Glucocorticoids may also exacerbate inflammation-associated neural damage. Conversely, current evidence indicates that glucocorticoids during illness may protect against the development of post-traumatic stress disorder. We propose future directions for research in this field, including determining the role of persistent glucocorticoid elevations after illness in neuropsychiatric outcomes, the role of systemic vs neuroinflammation, and probing unexplored lines of investigation on the role of mineralocorticoid receptors and the gut-brain axis. Progress toward personalized medicine in this area has the potential to produce tangible improvements to the lives patients after a critical illness, including Coronavirus Disease 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice R Hill
- Undergraduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joanna L Spencer-Segal
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Deparment of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Correspondence: Joanna L. Spencer-Segal, MD, PhD, Michigan Neuroscience Institute, 205 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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7
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Savi FF, de Oliveira A, de Medeiros GF, Bozza FA, Michels M, Sharshar T, Dal-Pizzol F, Ritter C. What animal models can tell us about long-term cognitive dysfunction following sepsis: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 124:386-404. [PMID: 33309906 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Survivors of sepsis often develop long-term cognitive impairments. This review aimed at exploring the results of the behavioral tools and tests which have been used to evaluate cognitive dysfunction in different animal models of sepsis. Two independent investigators searched for sepsis- and cognition-related keywords. 6323 publications were found, of which 355 were selected based on their title, and 226 of these were chosen based on manuscript review. LPS was used to induce sepsis in 171 studies, while CLP was used in 55 studies. Inhibitory avoidance was the most widely used method for assessing aversive memory, followed by fear conditioning and continuous multi-trial inhibitory avoidance. With regard to non-aversive memory, most studies used the water maze, open-field, object recognition, Y-maze, plus maze, and radial maze tests. Both CLP and LPS models of sepsis were effective in inducing short- and long-term behavioral impairment. Our findings help elucidate the mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of sepsis-induced cognitive changes, as well as the available methods and tests used to study this in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Figueredo Savi
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Brazil
| | - Alexandre de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Augusto Bozza
- Laboratório de Medicina Intensiva, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Monique Michels
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Brazil
| | - Tarek Sharshar
- Laboratoire de Neuropathologie Expérimentale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Department of Neuro-Intensive Care Medicine, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Brazil; Laboratoire de Neuropathologie Expérimentale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Cristiane Ritter
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Brazil.
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Simvastatin Prevents Long-Term Cognitive Deficits in Sepsis Survivor Rats by Reducing Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:871-886. [PMID: 32524380 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00222-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy causes brain dysfunction that can result in cognitive impairments in sepsis survivor patients. In previous work, we showed that simvastatin attenuated oxidative stress in brain structures related to memory in septic rats. However, there is still a need to evaluate the long-term impact of simvastatin administration on brain neurodegenerative processes and cognitive damage in sepsis survivors. Here, we investigated the possible neuroprotective role of simvastatin in neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration conditions of brain structures related to memory in rats at 10 days after sepsis survival. Male Wistar rats (250-300 g) were submitted to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP, n = 42) or remained as non-manipulated (naïve, n = 30). Both groups were treated (before and after the surgery) by gavage with simvastatin (20 mg/kg) or an equivalent volume of saline and observed for 10 days. Simvastatin-treated rats that survived to sepsis showed a reduction in the levels of nitrate, IL1-β, and IL-6 and an increase in Bcl-2 protein expression in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, and synaptophysin only in the hippocampus. Immunofluorescence revealed a reduction of glial activation, neurodegeneration, apoptosis, and amyloid aggregates confirmed by quantification of GFAP, Iba-1, phospho Ser396-tau, total tau, cleaved caspase-3, and thioflavin-S in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. In addition, treated animals presented better performance in tasks involving habituation memory, discriminative, and aversive memory. These results suggest that statins exert a neuroprotective role by upregulation of the Bcl-2 and gliosis reduction, which may prevent the cognitive deficit observed in sepsis survivor animals.
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Pereira de Souza Goldim M, Della Giustina A, Mathias K, de Oliveira Junior A, Fileti ME, De Carli R, Zarbato G, Garbossa L, da Rosa N, Oliveira J, Vieira A, Generoso J, Oliveira BH, Ferreira N, Palandi J, Bobinski F, Martins DF, Fortunato J, Barichello T, Quevedo J, Dal-Pizzol F, Petronilho F. Sickness Behavior Score Is Associated with Neuroinflammation and Late Behavioral Changes in Polymicrobial Sepsis Animal Model. Inflammation 2020; 43:1019-1034. [PMID: 31981061 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01187-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of reliable scores is a constant development in critical illness. According to Sepsis-3 consensus, the use of Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score of 2 or more is associated with a higher mortality of sepsis patients. In experimental research, due murine animal model limitations, the use of a score systems can be an alternative to assess sepsis severity. In this work, we suggest a sickness behavior score (SBS) that uses physiological variables to assess sepsis severity and mortality. Animals were evaluated daily by the presence of six indicators of sickness behavior: temperature alteration, preference of water/sucrose, liquid intake, food intake, body weight, and movimentation. Male adult Wistar rats were evaluated daily after sepsis induction by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or laparotomy only (sham) for determination of SBS. Oxidative stress, IL-6, and HPA axis markers (corticosterone and adrenal gland weight) were evaluated 24 h after CLP to determine the correlation with the acute SBS and neuroinflammation. Also, BDNF and four cognitive behavioral tests were correlated with the chronic SBS, i.e., sum of 8 days after surgery. In result, septic rats presented higher SBS than sham animals. Sepsis severity markers were associated with acute and chronic SBS. Also, SBS was negative correlated with the cognitive tests. In conclusion, SBS shows to be reliable score to predict sepsis severity and mortality. The use of score system provides the analysis of global sickness behavior, beyond evaluation of each parameter individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Pereira de Souza Goldim
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes (NEUROIMet), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Amanda Della Giustina
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes (NEUROIMet), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Khiany Mathias
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes (NEUROIMet), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Aloir de Oliveira Junior
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes (NEUROIMet), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda Fileti
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes (NEUROIMet), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Raquel De Carli
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes (NEUROIMet), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Graciela Zarbato
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes (NEUROIMet), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Leandro Garbossa
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes (NEUROIMet), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Naiana da Rosa
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes (NEUROIMet), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Juliana Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes (NEUROIMet), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Andriele Vieira
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Generoso
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Bruna Hoffmann Oliveira
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Nivaldo Ferreira
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Juliete Palandi
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Franciane Bobinski
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Daniel Fernandes Martins
- Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory (LaNEx), Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Jucelia Fortunato
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes (NEUROIMet), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.,Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.,Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joao Quevedo
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.,Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.,Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes (NEUROIMet), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil.
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10
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Lee CH, Giuliani F. The Role of Inflammation in Depression and Fatigue. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1696. [PMID: 31379879 PMCID: PMC6658985 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression and fatigue are conditions responsible for heavy global societal burden, especially in patients already suffering from chronic diseases. These symptoms have been identified by those affected as some of the most disabling symptoms which affect the quality of life and productivity of the individual. While many factors play a role in the development of depression and fatigue, both have been associated with increased inflammatory activation of the immune system affecting both the periphery and the central nervous system (CNS). This is further supported by the well-described association between diseases that involve immune activation and these symptoms in autoimmune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis and immune system activation in response to infections, like sepsis. Treatments for depression also support this immunopsychiatric link. Antidepressants have been shown to decrease inflammation, while higher levels of baseline inflammation predict lower treatment efficacy for most treatments. Those patients with higher initial immune activation may on the other hand be more responsive to treatments targeting immune pathways, which have been found to be effective in treating depression and fatigue in some cases. These results show strong support for the hypothesis that depression and fatigue are associated with an increased activation of the immune system which may serve as a valid target for treatment. Further studies should focus on the pathways involved in these symptoms and the development of treatments that target those pathways will help us to better understand these conditions and devise more targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Hsin Lee
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Fabrizio Giuliani
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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11
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Khalili M, Alavi M, Esmaeil-Jamaat E, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M. Trigonelline mitigates lipopolysaccharide-induced learning and memory impairment in the rat due to its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effect. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 61:355-362. [PMID: 29935483 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Brain inflammation is associated with cognitive dysfunction, especially in elderly. Trigonelline is a plant alkaloid and a major component of coffee and fenugreek with anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. In this study, the beneficial effect of trigonelline against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cognitive decline was assessed in the rat. LPS was injected i.p. at a dose of 500 μg/kg to induce neuroinflammation and trigonelline was administered p.o. at doses of 20, 40, or 80 mg/kg/day 1 h after LPS that continued for one week. Trigonelline-treated LPS-challenged rats showed improved spatial recognition memory in Y maze, discrimination ratio in novel object discrimination test, and retention and recall in passive avoidance paradigm. Additionally, trigonelline lowered hippocampal malondialdehyde (MDA) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and improved superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione (GSH). Furthermore, trigonelline depressed hippocampal nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α) in LPS-challenged rats. All of the effects of trigonelline followed a dose-dependent pattern and in some aspects, it acted even better than the routinely-used anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone. Collectively, trigonelline is capable to diminish LPS-induced cognitive decline via suppression of hippocampal oxidative stress and inflammation and appropriate modulation of NF-κB/TLR4 and AChE activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Khalili
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Alavi
- School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Khajevand-Khazaei MR, Ziaee P, Motevalizadeh SA, Rohani M, Afshin-Majd S, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M. Naringenin ameliorates learning and memory impairment following systemic lipopolysaccharide challenge in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Barichello T, Sayana P, Giridharan VV, Arumanayagam AS, Narendran B, Della Giustina A, Petronilho F, Quevedo J, Dal-Pizzol F. Long-Term Cognitive Outcomes After Sepsis: a Translational Systematic Review. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:186-251. [PMID: 29687346 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a life-threatening organ dysfunction that is caused by an unbalanced host immune response in an attempt to eliminate invasive microorganisms. We posed questions, "Does sepsis survivor patients have increased risk of neuropsychiatric manifestations?" and "What is the mechanism by which sepsis induces long-term neurological sequelae, particularly substantial cognitive function decline in survivor patients and in pre-clinical sepsis models?" The studies were identified by searching PubMed/MEDLINE (National Library of Medicine), PsycINFO, EMBASE (Ovid), LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature), IBECS (Bibliographical Index in Spanish in Health Sciences), and Web of Science databases for peer-reviewed journals that were published until January 2018. A total of 3555 papers were included in the primary screening. After that, 130 articles were selected for the study. A number of pre-clinical studies have shown an auto amplification of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in the first few hours after sepsis induction, also increased blood-brain barrier permeability, elevated levels of matrix metalloproteinases, increased levels of damage-associated molecular patterns were demonstrated. In addition, the rodents presented long-term cognitive impairment in different behavioral tasks that were prevented by blocking the mechanism of action of these inflammatory mediators. Clinical studies have showed that sepsis survivors presented increased bodily symptoms such as fatigue, pain, visual disturbances, gastrointestinal problems, and neuropsychiatric problems compared to before sepsis. Sepsis leaves the survivors with an aftermath of physiological, neuropsychiatric, and functional impairment. Systematic review registration: CRD42017071755.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Barichello
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA. .,Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
| | - Pavani Sayana
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Vijayasree V Giridharan
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | | | - Boomadevi Narendran
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amanda Della Giustina
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.,Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.,Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina-UNESC, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.,Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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14
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Mirahmadi SMS, Shahmohammadi A, Rousta AM, Azadi MR, Fahanik-Babaei J, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M. Soy isoflavone genistein attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive impairments in the rat via exerting anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Cytokine 2018; 104:151-159. [PMID: 29102164 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation during infectious disorders usually accompanies chronic complications including cognitive dysfunction. Neuroinflammation and cognitive deficit are also observed in some debilitating neurological disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Genistein is a soy isoflavone with multiple beneficial effects including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and protective properties. In this research study, the effect of genistein in prevention of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cognitive dysfunction was investigated. LPS was given i.p. (500 μg/kg/day) and genistein was orally given (10, 50, or 100 mg/kg) for one week. Findings showed that genistein could dose-dependently attenuate spatial recognition, discrimination, and memory deficits. Additionally, genistein treatment of LPS-challenged group lowered hippocampal level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase and glutathione (GSH) level. Furthermore, genistein ameliorated hippocampal acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in LPS-challenged rats. Furthermore, genistein administration to LPS-injected group lowered hippocampal level of interleukin 6 (IL-6), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) p65, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and increased hippocampal level of antioxidant element nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). In conclusion, genistein alleviated LPS-induced cognitive dysfunctions and neural inflammation attenuation of oxidative stress and AChE activity and appropriate modulation of Nrf2/NF-κB/IL-6/TNFα/COX2/iNOS/TLR4/GFAP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Javad Fahanik-Babaei
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Baluchnejadmojarad T, Zeinali H, Roghani M. Scutellarin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive deficits in the rat: Insights into underlying mechanisms. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 54:311-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Hanaa-Mansour A, Hassan WA, Georgy GS. Dexamethazone protects against Escherichia coli induced sickness behavior in rats. Brain Res 2016; 1630:198-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Ozcan PE, Senturk E, Orhun G, Gumru S, Arican N, Orhan N, Yılmaz CU, Kaya M, Aricioglu F, Esen F. Effects of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy on behavior deficits and functions in sepsis model. Ann Intensive Care 2015; 5:62. [PMID: 26228515 PMCID: PMC4520823 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-015-0062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aim to demonstrate behavioral alterations in a sepsis model using intravenous (IV) immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulins enriched with IgA and IgM (IgGAM). Methods We divided 48 Wistar albino rats into five groups: control group, sham-operated group (only antibiotic treatment), cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) group (CLP plus antibiotic treatment), IgG group (250 mg/kg IV IgG) and IgGAM group (250 mg/kg IV IgGAM). Intravenous immunoglobulins were given 5 min after the CLP procedure. Experimental animals put into three behavioral tasks 10, 30 and 60 days after the surgery; to evaluate the locomotor activity, an open field test was performed, elevated plus maze test was used to measure anxiety levels, and depressive state was assessed by forced swimming test. The effects of therapy which were acquired from the results of these tests were used to estimate the behavioral changes after CLP. Results The mortality rate of 50% in the septic rats decreased to 30 and 20% with the administration of IgG and IgGAM, respectively. Significant changes on locomotor activity and depressive-like behavior were reported in the sepsis group; on the other hand, the treatment with immunoglobulins reduced the symptoms. Treatment with immunoglobulins attenuated the sepsis-related anxiogenic-like responses. Behavioral alterations returned to normal on day 60 in all groups. Conclusions Sepsis caused deterioration on behavioral parameters. Immunoglobulin treatments alleviated the symptoms of functional disturbances and caused early reversal of behavioral deficits in septic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perihan Ergin Ozcan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa-Fatih, 34039, Istanbul, Turkey,
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18
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Anderson ST, Commins S, Moynagh PN, Coogan AN. Lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis induces long-lasting affective changes in the mouse. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 43:98-109. [PMID: 25063709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-septic encephalopathy is a poorly understood condition in survivors of sepsis that is characterised by cognitive and affective impairments. In this study we have sought to better understand this condition by undertaking a comprehensive behavioural and cognitive assessment of mice who had previously survived sepsis. Mice were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 5mg/kg) and one month after this assessed on a battery of tests. Post-septic animals were found to display significantly more immobility in the tail suspension test and show a significantly decreased sucrose preference. Acute fluoxetine treatment reversed the increase in immobility in the tail suspension test in post-septic animals. Post-septic animals also showed less overall exploratory behaviour in the novel object recognition task and also showed increased anxiety-like behaviour in the elevated plus maze. Post-septic mice did not show signs of cognitive impairment, as assessed in the Morris watermaze, the 8-arm radial maze or on preference for the novel object in the novel object recognition task. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed significant upregulation of the microglial marker CD-11b, F4/80 and IBA-1 in the hippocampus of post-septic animals, as well as significant downregulation of the plasticity-related immediate early gene products ARC and EGR1. We also observed a decrease in neural stem cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus of post-septic animals as judged by BrdU incorporation. Co-treatment with the NF-κB pathway inhibitor PDTC attenuated the long-lasting effects of LPS on most of the affected parameters, but not on neural stem cell proliferation. These results show that LPS-induced sepsis in the mouse is followed by long-lasting increases in depressive- and anxiety-like behaviours, as well as by changes in neuroinflammatory- and neural plasticity-associated factors, and that attenuation of the severity of sepsis by PDTC attenuates many of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seán T Anderson
- Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Seán Commins
- Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Paul N Moynagh
- Institute of Immunology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Andrew N Coogan
- Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland.
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Acute Brain Inflammation and Oxidative Damage Are Related to Long-Term Cognitive Deficits and Markers of Neurodegeneration in Sepsis-Survivor Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:380-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8526-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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20
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Correlation of Acute Phase Inflammatory and Oxidative Markers With Long-term Cognitive Impairment in Sepsis Survivors Rats. Shock 2013; 40:45-8. [DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3182959cfa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Melo TG, Izídio GS, Ferreira LS, Sousa DS, Macedo PT, Cabral A, Ribeiro AM, Silva RH. Antidepressants differentially modify the extinction of an aversive memory task in female rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 37:33-40. [PMID: 22310225 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of major depression, posttraumatic stress disorder and other psychopathologies with antidepressants can be associated with improvement of the cognitive deficits related to these disorders. Although the mechanisms of these effects are not completely elucidated, alterations in the extinction of aversive memories are believed to play a role in these psychopathologies. We have recently verified that female rats present low levels of extinction when submitted to the plus-maze discriminative avoidance task. In the present study, female rats were treated long term with clinically used antidepressants (fluoxetine, nortriptyline or mirtazapine) and subjected to the plus-maze discriminative avoidance task to evaluate learning, memory, extinction and anxiety-related behaviors as well as behavioral despair in the forced swimming test. All groups learned the task and exhibited retrieval. Chronic treatment with fluoxetine (but not with the other antidepressants tested) increased extinction of the discriminative task. In the forced swimming test, the animals treated with fluoxetine and mirtazapine showed decreased immobility duration. In conclusion, fluoxetine potentiated extinction, while both fluoxetine and mirtazapine were effective in ameliorating depressive-like behavior in the forced swimming test, suggesting a possible dissociation between the effects on mood and the extinction of aversive memories in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thieza G Melo
- Memory Studies Laboratory, Physiology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande of Norte, Natal, Brazil
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22
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Dexamethasone treatment reverses cognitive impairment but increases brain oxidative stress in rats submitted to pneumococcal meningitis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2011; 2011:173035. [PMID: 22191010 PMCID: PMC3236532 DOI: 10.1155/2011/173035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pneumococcal meningitis is associated with a significant mortality rate and neurologic sequelae. The animals received either 10 μL of saline or a S. pneumoniae suspension and were randomized into different groups: sham: placebo with dexamethasone 0.7 mg/kg/1 day; placebo with dexamethasone 0.2 mg/kg/7 days; meningitis groups: dexamethasone 0.7 mg/kg/1 day and dexamethasone 0.2 mg/kg/7 days. Ten days after induction we evaluated memory and oxidative stress parameters in hippocampus and cortex. In the step-down inhibitory avoidance task, we observed memory impairment in the meningitis group with dexamethasone 0.2 mg/kg/7 days. The lipid peroxidation was increased in hippocampus in the meningitis groups with dexamethasone and in cortex only in the meningitis group with dexamethasone 0.2 mg/kg/7 days. The protein carbonyl was increased in hippocampus in the meningitis groups with dexamethasone and in cortex in the meningitis groups with and without dexamethasone. There was a decrease in the proteins integrity in hippocampus in all groups receiving treatment with dexamethasone and in cortex in all groups with dexamethasone (0.7 mg/kg/1 day). The mitochondrial superoxide was increased in the hippocampus and cortex in the meningitis group with dexamethasone 0.2 mg/kg/7 days. Our findings demonstrate that dexamethasone reverted cognitive impairment but increased brain oxidative stress in hippocampus and cortex in Wistar rats ten days after pneumococcal meningitis induction.
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