1
|
Wang X, Yang J, Huang P, Wang D, Zhang Z, Zhou Z, Liang L, Yao R, Yang L. Cytisine: State of the art in pharmacological activities and pharmacokinetics. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116210. [PMID: 38271893 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytisine is a naturally occurring bioactive compound, an alkaloid mainly isolated from legume plants. In recent years, various biological activities of cytisine have been explored, showing certain effects in smoking cessation, reducing drinking behavior, anti-tumor, cardiovascular protection, blood sugar regulation, neuroprotection, osteoporosis prevention and treatment, etc. At the same time, cytisine has the advantages of high efficiency, safety, and low cost, has broad development prospects, and is a drug of great application value. However, a summary of cytisine's biological activities is currently lacking. Therefore, this paper summarizes the pharmacological action, mechanism, and pharmacokinetics of cytisine by referring to numerous databases, and analyzes the new and core targets of cytisine with the help of computer simulation technology, to provide reference for doctors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhen Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jiaming Yang
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Peifeng Huang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Dong Wang
- The First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zehua Zhou
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Leiqin Liang
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Rongmei Yao
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Long Yang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; School of Public Health, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim JL, La Gamma EF, Estabrook T, Kudrick N, Nankova BB. Whole genome expression profiling associates activation of unfolded protein response with impaired production and release of epinephrine after recurrent hypoglycemia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172789. [PMID: 28234964 PMCID: PMC5325535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent hypoglycemia can occur as a major complication of insulin replacement therapy, limiting the long-term health benefits of intense glycemic control in type 1 and advanced type 2 diabetic patients. It impairs the normal counter-regulatory hormonal and behavioral responses to glucose deprivation, a phenomenon known as hypoglycemia associated autonomic failure (HAAF). The molecular mechanisms leading to defective counter-regulation are not completely understood. We hypothesized that both neuronal (excessive cholinergic signaling between the splanchnic nerve fibers and the adrenal medulla) and humoral factors contribute to the impaired epinephrine production and release in HAAF. To gain further insight into the molecular mechanism(s) mediating the blunted epinephrine responses following recurrent hypoglycemia, we utilized a global gene expression profiling approach. We characterized the transcriptomes during recurrent (defective counter-regulation model) and acute hypoglycemia (normal counter-regulation group) in the adrenal medulla of normal Sprague-Dawley rats. Based on comparison analysis of differentially expressed genes, a set of unique genes that are activated only at specific time points after recurrent hypoglycemia were revealed. A complementary bioinformatics analysis of the functional category, pathway, and integrated network indicated activation of the unfolded protein response. Furthermore, at least three additional pathways/interaction networks altered in the adrenal medulla following recurrent hypoglycemia were identified, which may contribute to the impaired epinephrine secretion in HAAF: greatly increased neuropeptide signaling (proenkephalin, neuropeptide Y, galanin); altered ion homeostasis (Na+, K+, Ca2+) and downregulation of genes involved in Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of secretory vesicles. Given the pleiotropic effects of the unfolded protein response in different organs, involved in maintaining glucose homeostasis, these findings uncover broader general mechanisms that arise following recurrent hypoglycemia which may afford clinicians an opportunity to modulate the magnitude of HAAF syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juhye Lena Kim
- The Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children’s Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Edmund F. La Gamma
- The Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children’s Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
- Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Newborn Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Todd Estabrook
- New York Medical College School of Medicine, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Necla Kudrick
- The Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children’s Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Bistra B. Nankova
- Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Newborn Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kudrick N, Chan O, La Gamma EF, Kim JL, Tank AW, Sterling C, Nankova BB. Posttranscriptional regulation of adrenal TH gene expression contributes to the maladaptive responses triggered by insulin-induced recurrent hypoglycemia. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/2/e12307. [PMID: 25713330 PMCID: PMC4393213 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute metabolic stress such as insulin-induced hypoglycemia triggers a counterregulatory response during which the release of catecholamines (epinephrine), the activation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) enzyme and subsequent compensatory catecholamine biosynthesis occur in the adrenal medulla. However, recurrent exposure to hypoglycemia (RH), a consequence of tight glycemic control in individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes compromises this physiological response. The molecular mechanisms underlying the maladaptive response to repeated glucose deprivation are incompletely understood. We hypothesize that impaired epinephrine release following RH reflects altered regulation of adrenal catecholamine biosynthesis. To test this hypothesis, we compared the effect of single daily (RH) and twice-daily episodes of insulin-induced hypoglycemia (2RH) on adrenal epinephrine release and production in normal rats. Control animals received saline injections under similar conditions (RS and 2RS, respectively). Following 3 days of treatment, we assessed the counterregulatory hormonal responses during a hypoglycemic clamp. Changes in adrenal TH gene expression were also analyzed. The counterregulatory responses, relative TH transcription and TH mRNA levels and Ser40-TH phosphorylation (marker for enzyme activation) were induced to a similar extent in RS, 2RS, and RH groups. In contrast, epinephrine and glucagon responses were attenuated in the 2RH group and this was associated with a limited elevation of adrenal TH mRNA, rapid inactivation of TH enzyme and no significant changes in TH protein. Our results suggest that novel posttranscriptional mechanisms controlling TH mRNA and activated TH enzyme turnover contribute to the impaired epinephrine responses and may provide new therapeutic targets to prevent HAAF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Necla Kudrick
- The Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York
| | - Owen Chan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Edmund F La Gamma
- The Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York Division of Newborn Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Juhye Lena Kim
- The Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York
| | - Arnold William Tank
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Carol Sterling
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Bistra B Nankova
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
LaGamma EF, Kirtok N, Chan O, Nankova BB. Partial blockade of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors improves the counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia in recurrently hypoglycemic rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E580-8. [PMID: 25117409 PMCID: PMC4250232 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00237.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent exposure to hypoglycemia can impair the normal counterregulatory hormonal responses that guard against hypoglycemia, leading to hypoglycemia unawareness. This pathological condition known as hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) is the main adverse consequence that prevents individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus from attaining the long-term health benefits of tight glycemic control. The underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for the progressive loss of the epinephrine response to subsequent bouts of hypoglycemia, a hallmark sign of HAAF, are largely unknown. Normally, hypoglycemia triggers both the release and biosynthesis of epinephrine through activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) on the adrenal glands. We hypothesize that excessive cholinergic stimulation may contribute to impaired counterregulation. Here, we tested whether administration of the nAChR partial agonist cytisine to reduce postganglionic synaptic activity can preserve the counterregulatory hormone responses in an animal model of HAAF. Compared with nicotine, cytisine has limited efficacy to activate nAChRs and stimulate epinephrine release and synthesis. We evaluated adrenal catecholamine production and secretion in nondiabetic rats subjected to two daily episodes of hypoglycemia for 3 days, followed by a hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemic clamp on day 4. Recurrent hypoglycemia decreased epinephrine responses, and this was associated with suppressed TH mRNA induction (a measure of adrenal catecholamine synthetic capacity). Treatment with cytisine improved glucagon responses as well as epinephrine release and production in recurrently hypoglycemic animals. These data suggest that pharmacological manipulation of ganglionic nAChRs may be promising as a translational adjunctive therapy to avoid HAAF in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edmund F LaGamma
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York; Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York; and
| | - Necla Kirtok
- Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York; and
| | - Owen Chan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Bistra B Nankova
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Biochemical mechanisms of bornyl caffeate induced cytotoxicity in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 219:133-42. [PMID: 24907532 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The chemopreventive and antineoplastic activities of caffeic acid derivatives are highly dependent on the chemical structures and cancer cell types. The objective of the present study was to investigate the cytotoxicity of bornyl caffeate and the underlying molecular mechanisms in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Our initial studies demonstrated that bornyl caffeate exhibited potent cytotoxicity in PC12 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. By examining the cell morphology on a fluorescence microscope and detecting the cell surface phosphoserine with Annexin V-FITC, we proposed that bornyl caffeate could induce apoptosis in PC12 cells. We tested this hypothesis by investigating the effects of bornyl caffeate on several apoptosis-related biomarkers. These experiments showed that bornyl caffeate induced the up-regulation of Bax and down-regulation of Bcl-xl, the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, the activation of caspase 3 and the cleavage of PARP. Mechanistic studies further revealed that bornyl caffeate caused the depletion of glutathione (GSH), generation of superoxide ion and progressive activation of p38 mitogen-activate protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in a concentration-dependent manner. In particular, GSH depletion appeared to be the most important mechanism underlying the cytotoxicity of bornyl caffeate. The preservation of the intracellular GSH contents with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), GSH and vitamin C abolished the effect of bornyl caffeate on the activation of p38 MAPK and JNK, preserved the integrity of mitochondrial membrane and ultimately rescued the cells from drug-induced cell death. These results suggest that bornyl caffeate induces apoptosis in PC12 cells via stimulating the depletion of GSH, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the dissipation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential.
Collapse
|