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Reis PA, Castro-Faria-Neto HC. Systemic Response to Infection Induces Long-Term Cognitive Decline: Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress as Therapeutical Targets. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:742158. [PMID: 35250433 PMCID: PMC8895724 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.742158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to pathogens or damage signs, the immune system is activated in order to eliminate the noxious stimuli. The inflammatory response to infectious diseases induces systemic events, including cytokine storm phenomenon, vascular dysfunction, and coagulopathy, that can lead to multiple-organ dysfunction. The central nervous system (CNS) is one of the major organs affected, and symptoms such as sickness behavior (depression and fever, among others), or even delirium, can be observed due to activation of endothelial and glial cells, leading to neuroinflammation. Several reports have been shown that, due to CNS alterations caused by neuroinflammation, some sequels can be developed in special cognitive decline. There is still no any treatment to avoid cognitive impairment, especially those developed due to systemic infectious diseases, but preclinical and clinical trials have pointed out controlling neuroinflammatory events to avoid the development of this sequel. In this minireview, we point to the possible mechanisms that triggers long-term cognitive decline, proposing the acute neuroinflammatory events as a potential therapeutical target to treat this sequel that has been associated to several infectious diseases, such as malaria, sepsis, and, more recently, the new SARS-Cov2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Alves Reis
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Biochemistry Department, Roberto Alcântara Gomes Biology Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Patricia Alves Reis,
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Lima MN, Freitas RJRX, Passos BABR, Darze AMG, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Maron-Gutierrez T. Neurovascular Interactions in Malaria. Neuroimmunomodulation 2021; 28:108-117. [PMID: 33951667 DOI: 10.1159/000515557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium infection and remains a serious public health problem worldwide, despite control efforts. Malaria can progress to severe forms, affecting multiple organs, including the brain causing cerebral malaria (CM). CM is the most severe neurological complication of malaria, and cognitive and behavior deficits are commonly reported in surviving patients. The number of deaths from malaria has been reducing in recent years, and as a consequence, neurological sequelae have been more evident. Neurological damage in malaria might be related to the neuroinflammation, characterized by glia cell activation, neuronal apoptosis and changes in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. The neurovascular unit (NVU) is responsible for maintaining the homeostasis of the BBB. Endothelial and pericytes cells in the cerebral microvasculature and neural cells, as astrocytes, neurons, and microglia, compose the NVU. The NVU can be disturbed by parasite metabolic products, such as heme and hemozoin, or cytokines that can promote activation of endothelial and glial cells and lead to increased BBB permeability and subsequently neurodegeneration. In this review, we will approach the main changes that happen in the cells of the NVU due to neuroinflammation caused by malaria infection, and elucidate how the systemic pathophysiology is involved in the onset and progression of CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiara N Lima
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo J R X Freitas
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Beatriz A B R Passos
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria G Darze
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hugo C Castro-Faria-Neto
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Maron-Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Vanka R, Nakka VP, Kumar SP, Baruah UK, Babu PP. Molecular targets in cerebral malaria for developing novel therapeutic strategies. Brain Res Bull 2020; 157:100-107. [PMID: 32006570 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is the severe neurological complication associated with Plasmodium falciparum infection. In clinical settings CM is predominantly characterized by fever, epileptic seizures, and asexual forms of parasite on blood smears, coma and even death. Cognitive impairment in the children and adults even after survival is one of the striking consequences of CM. Poor diagnosis often leads to inappropriate malaria therapy which in turn progress into a severe form of disease. Activation of multiple cell death pathways such as Inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis and disruption of blood brain barrier (BBB) plays critical role in the pathogenesis of CM and secondary brain damage. Thus, understanding such mechanisms of neuronal cell death might help to identify potential molecular targets for CM. Mitigation strategies for mortality rate and long-term cognitive deficits caused by existing anti-malarial drugs still remains a valid research question to ask. In this review, we discuss in detail about critical neuronal cell death mechanisms and the overall significance of adjunctive therapy with recent trends, which provides better insight towards establishing newer therapeutic strategies for CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravisankar Vanka
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Aditya Pharmacy College, Suramaplem, Gandepalli Mandal, East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, 533437, India
| | - Venkata Prasuja Nakka
- Department of Biochemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522510, India
| | - Simhadri Praveen Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Uday Krishna Baruah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Tamil Nadu 643001, India
| | - Phanithi Prakash Babu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India.
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Yang W, Tian ZK, Yang HX, Feng ZJ, Sun JM, Jiang H, Cheng C, Ming QL, Liu CM. Fisetin improves lead-induced neuroinflammation, apoptosis and synaptic dysfunction in mice associated with the AMPK/SIRT1 and autophagy pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 134:110824. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Kim MJ, Park SY, Lee SH, Kim Y, Kim YJ, Jun W, Yoon HG. Ameliorative Effects of Dendropanax morbifera on Cognitive Impairment Via Enhancing Cholinergic Functions and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression in β-Amyloid-Induced Mice. J Med Food 2019; 22:587-593. [PMID: 31013457 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.4375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease accounts for the majority of dementia and shows hallmarks such as sequential cognitive dysfunction and abnormal behavior. Dendropanax morbifera (DM) has traditionally been used to treat a variety of diseases in East Asia. The aim of this study was to assess the therapeutic effects of DM on brain neuron damage and on cognitive deficit in neuronal cell induced by Aβ1-42 in mice. Treatment with DM reduced the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species and protected against the death of neuronal cells induced by Aβ1-42 peptide. In addition, it was also found that pretreatment with DM decreased cognitive damage induced by Aβ peptide via enhancing the cholinergic system and antioxidant defense system in mice. Furthermore, the study verified that the change in the expression of both cyclic-adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein and of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus in Aβ peptide-treated mice was significantly ameliorated after treatment with DM. Accordingly, these results suggest that pretreatment with DM defends against oxidative stress and cognitive impairment caused by Aβ peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Jeong Kim
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Chronic Metabolic Disease Research, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Medical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Yeon Park
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Chronic Metabolic Disease Research, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Medical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Lee
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Chronic Metabolic Disease Research, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Medical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yongjae Kim
- 2 J-well Biofarm Research Institute, Jeju-si, Jeju-do, Korea
| | - Young Jun Kim
- 3 Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
| | - Woojin Jun
- 4 Department of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ho-Geun Yoon
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Chronic Metabolic Disease Research, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Medical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Innocent AE, Inyang AA, Moses UE. Neurohistological and immunohistochemical effects of prophylactic ethanolic leaf extract of Nauclea latifolia and Artemether/Lumefantrine on the hippocampus of Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.5897/ajpp2017.4777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Simhadri PK, Malwade R, Vanka R, Nakka VP, Kuppusamy G, Babu PP. Dysregulation of LIMK-1/cofilin-1 pathway: A possible basis for alteration of neuronal morphology in experimental cerebral malaria. Ann Neurol 2017; 82:429-443. [PMID: 28843047 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Loss of cognition even after survival is the salient feature of cerebral malaria (CM). Currently, the fate of neuronal morphology is not studied at the ultrastructural level in CM. Recent studies suggest that maintenance of neuronal morphology and dendritic spine density (actin dynamics in particular) are essential for proper cognitive function. LIMK-1/cofilin-1 signaling pathway is known to be involved in the maintenance of actin dynamics through regulation of cofilin-1, and in executing learning and memory functions. METHODS Using an experimental mouse model, we analyzed the behavioral parameters of asymptomatic mice with CM by performing a rapid murine coma and behavior scale experiment. We performed Golgi-Cox staining to assess neuronal morphology, dendritic spine density, and arborization in brain cortex subjected to Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection compared to asymptomatic, anemic, and control groups. We studied the neural gene expression pattern of LIMK-1, cofilin-1, and β-actin in all the experimental groups by semiquantitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction followed by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. RESULTS We observed significant loss of dendritic spine density, abnormal spine morphology, reduced dendritic arborization, and extensive dendritic varicosities in the cortical neurons of CM-infected brain. Furthermore, these observations correlated with diminished protein levels of LIMK-1, cofilin-1, phospho-cofilin-1, and β-actin in the whole brain lysates as well as formation of actin-cofilin rods in the brain sections of symptomatic mice with CM. INTERPRETATION Overall, our findings suggest that the altered neuronal morphology and dysregulation of LIMK-1/cofilin-1 pathway could affect the cognitive outcome after experimental CM. Therefore, this study could help to establish newer therapeutic strategies addressing long-term cognitive impairment after CM. Ann Neurol 2017;82:429-443.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar Simhadri
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana
| | - Ruchi Malwade
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana
| | - Ravisankar Vanka
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, Udhagamandalam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkata Prasuja Nakka
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana
| | | | - Phanithi Prakash Babu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana
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Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Is Associated With Disease Severity and Clinical Outcome in Ugandan Children Admitted to Hospital With Severe Malaria. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2017; 36:146-150. [PMID: 27798544 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a leading cause of childhood death and neurologic disability in sub-Saharan Africa. Here, we test the hypothesis that malaria-induced alterations to circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are associated with poor clinical outcomes in children with severe malaria. METHODS We quantified BDNF (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) in plasma samples collected [at presentation (day 1), day 3 and day 14], during a prospective study of Ugandan children admitted to hospital with severe malaria (n = 179). RESULTS BDNF concentration at presentation (day 1) was lower in children with cerebral malaria (P < 0.01), coma (P < 0.01), Lambaréné Organ Dysfunction Score >1 (P < 0.05) and respiratory distress (P < 0.01). Higher BDNF concentration at presentation was associated with shorter time to coma recovery [hazard ratio = 1.655 (1.194-2.293); P = 0.002] and a reduced odds ratio of disability [0.50 (0.27-0.94); P = 0.047] and death [0.45 (0.22-0.92); P = 0.035]. BDNF concentration was lower on day 1 and increased in children surviving severe malaria (day 14; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide the new evidence linking circulating BDNF with disease severity, coma recovery and clinical outcome in children with severe malaria.
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Portes A, Giestal-de-Araujo E, Fagundes A, Pandolfo P, de Sá Geraldo A, Lira MLF, Amaral VF, Lagrota-Candido J. Leishmania amazonensis infection induces behavioral alterations and modulates cytokine and neurotrophin production in the murine cerebral cortex. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 301:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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Jung HY, Lee KY, Yoo DY, Kim JW, Yoo M, Lee S, Yoo KY, Yoon YS, Choi JH, Hwang IK. Essential oils from two Allium species exert effects on cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the mouse dentate gyrus by modulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor and acetylcholinesterase. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:431. [PMID: 27809818 PMCID: PMC5094052 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1384-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background In the present study, we investigated the effects of oil products from two Allium species: Allium sativum (garlic) and Allium hookeri (Chinese chives) on cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the mouse dentate gyrus. Methods Using corn oil as a vehicle, the essential oil from garlic (10 ml/kg), or Chinese chives (10 ml/kg) was administered orally to 9-week-old mice once a day for 3 weeks. One hour following the last treatment, a novel object recognition test was conducted and the animals were killed 2 h after the test. Results In comparison to the vehicle-treated group, garlic essential oil (GO) treatment resulted in significantly increased exploration time and discrimination index during the novel object recognition test, while Chinese chives essential oil (CO) reduced the exploration time and discrimination index in the same test. In addition, the number of Ki67-immunoreactive proliferating cells and doublecortin-immunoreactive neuroblasts significantly increased in the dentate gyrus of GO-treated animals. However, administration of CO significantly decreased cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation. Administration of GO significantly increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the hippocampal homogenates. In contrast, administration of CO decreased BDNF protein levels and had no significant effect on AChE activity, compared to that in the vehicle-treated group. Conclusions These results suggest that GO significantly improves novel object recognition as well as increases cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation, by modulating hippocampal BDNF protein levels and AChE activity, while CO impairs novel object recognition and decreases cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation, by reducing BDNF protein levels in the hippocampus.
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11
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de Miranda AS, Brant F, Vieira LB, Rocha NP, Vieira ÉLM, Rezende GHS, de Oliveira Pimentel PM, Moraes MFD, Ribeiro FM, Ransohoff RM, Teixeira MM, Machado FS, Rachid MA, Teixeira AL. A Neuroprotective Effect of the Glutamate Receptor Antagonist MK801 on Long-Term Cognitive and Behavioral Outcomes Secondary to Experimental Cerebral Malaria. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7063-7082. [PMID: 27796746 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a life-threatening complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection, which can result in long-term cognitive and behavioral deficits despite successful anti-malarial therapy. Due to the substantial social and economic burden of CM, the development of adjuvant therapies is a scientific goal of highest priority. Apart from vascular and immune responses, changes in glutamate system have been reported in CM pathogenesis suggesting a potential therapeutic target. Based on that, we hypothesized that interventions in the glutamatergic system induced by blockage of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors could attenuate experimental CM long-term cognitive and behavioral outcomes. Before the development of evident CM signs, susceptible mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) strain were initiated on treatment with dizocilpine maleate (MK801, 0.5 mg/kg), a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist. On day 5 post-infection, mice were treated orally with a 10-day course chloroquine (CQ, 30 mg/kg). Control mice also received saline, CQ or MK801 + CQ therapy. After 10 days of cessation of CQ treatment, magnetic resonance images (MRI), behavioral and immunological assays were performed. Indeed, MK801 combined with CQ prevented long-term memory impairment and depressive-like behavior following successful PbA infection resolution. In addition, MK801 also modulated the immune system by promoting a balance of TH1/TH2 response and upregulating neurotrophic factors levels in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Moreover, hippocampus abnormalities observed by MRI were partially prevented by MK801 treatment. Our results indicate that NMDA receptor antagonists can be neuroprotective in CM and could be a valuable adjuvant strategy for the management of the long-term impairment observed in CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Silva de Miranda
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. .,Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. .,Departamento de Morfologia, ICB, UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Fátima Brant
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luciene Bruno Vieira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Natália Pessoa Rocha
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Érica Leandro Marciano Vieira
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Henrique Souza Rezende
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Marcio F D Moraes
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Mara Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Simão Machado
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Milene Alvarenga Rachid
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Antônio Lúcio Teixeira
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Brant F, Miranda AS, Esper L, Gualdrón-López M, Cisalpino D, de Souza DDG, Rachid MA, Tanowitz HB, Teixeira MM, Teixeira AL, Machado FS. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 modulates the immune response profile and development of experimental cerebral malaria. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 54:73-85. [PMID: 26765997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum infection results in severe malaria in humans, affecting various organs, including the liver, spleen and brain, and resulting in high morbidity and mortality. The Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infection in mice closely recapitulates many aspects of human cerebral malaria (CM); thus, this model has been used to investigate the pathogenesis of CM. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2), an intracellular protein induced by cytokines and hormones, modulates the immune response, neural development, neurogenesis and neurotrophic pathways. However, the role of SOCS2 during CM remains unknown. SOCS2 knockout (SOCS2(-/-)) mice infected with PbA show an initial resistance to infection with reduced parasitemia and production of TNF, TGF-β, IL-12 and IL-17 in the brain. Interestingly, in the late phase of infection, SOCS2(-/-) mice display increased parasitemia and reduced Treg cell infiltration, associated with enhanced levels of Th1 and Th17 cells and related cytokines IL-17, IL-6, and TGF-β in the brain. A significant reduction in protective neurotrophic factors, such as glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), was also observed. Moreover, the molecular alterations in the brain of infected SOCS2(-/-) mice were associated with anxiety-related behaviors and cognition impairment. Mechanistically, these results revealed enhanced nitric oxide (NO) production in PbA-infected SOCS2(-/-) mice, and the inhibition of NO synthesis through l-NAME led to a marked decrease in survival, the disruption of parasitemia control and more pronounced anxiety-like behavior. Treatment with l-NAME also shifted the levels of Th1, Th7 and Treg cells in the brains of infected SOCS2(-/-) mice to the background levels observed in infected WT, with remarkable exception of increased CD8(+)IFN(+) T cells and inflammatory monocytes. These results indicate that SOCS2 plays a dual role during PbA infection, being detrimental in the control of the parasite replication but crucial in the regulation of the immune response and production of neurotrophic factors. Here, we provided strong evidence of a critical relationship between SOCS2 and NO in the orchestration of the immune response and development of CM during PbA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Brant
- Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Aline S Miranda
- Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lisia Esper
- Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Melisa Gualdrón-López
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniel Cisalpino
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Danielle da Gloria de Souza
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Milene Alvarenga Rachid
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Herbert B Tanowitz
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Antônio Lucio Teixeira
- Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Simão Machado
- Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Campos AC, Brant F, Miranda AS, Machado FS, Teixeira AL. Cannabidiol increases survival and promotes rescue of cognitive function in a murine model of cerebral malaria. Neuroscience 2015; 289:166-80. [PMID: 25595981 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe complication resulting from Plasmodium falciparum infection that might cause permanent neurological deficits. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a nonpsychotomimetic compound of Cannabis sativa with neuroprotective properties. In the present work, we evaluated the effects of CBD in a murine model of CM. Female mice were infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) and treated with CBD (30mg/kg/day - 3 or 7days i.p.) or vehicle. On 5th day-post-infection (dpi), at the peak of the disease), animals were treated with single or repeated doses of Artesunate, an antimalarial drug. All groups were tested for memory impairment (Novel Object Recognition or Morris Water Maze) and anxiety-like behaviors (Open field or elevated plus maze test) in different stages of the disease (at the peak or after the complete clearance of the disease). Th1/Th2 cytokines and neurotrophins (brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF)) were measured in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of experimental groups. PbA-infected mice displayed memory deficits and exhibited increase in anxiety-like behaviors on the 5dpi or after the clearance of the parasitemia, effects prevented by CBD treatment. On 5dpi, TNF-α and IL-6 increased in the hippocampus, while only IL-6 increased in the prefrontal cortex. CBD treatment resulted in an increase in BDNF expression in the hippocampus and decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus (TNF-α) and prefrontal cortex (IL-6). Our results indicate that CBD exhibits neuroprotective effects in CM model and might be useful as an adjunctive therapy to prevent neurological symptoms following this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Campos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - F Brant
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - A S Miranda
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - F S Machado
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - A L Teixeira
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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de Miranda AS, Brant F, Campos AC, Vieira LB, Rocha NP, Cisalpino D, Binda NS, Rodrigues DH, Ransohoff RM, Machado FS, Rachid MA, Teixeira AL. Evidence for the contribution of adult neurogenesis and hippocampal cell death in experimental cerebral malaria cognitive outcome. Neuroscience 2014; 284:920-933. [PMID: 25451296 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is a major sign of cerebral malaria (CM). However, the underlying mechanisms of CM cognitive outcome remain poorly understood. A body of evidence suggests that adult neurogenesis may play a role in learning and memory processes. It has also been reported that these phenomena can be regulated by the immune system. We hypothesized that memory dysfunction in CM results from hippocampal neurogenesis impairment mediated by the deregulated immune response during the acute phase of CM. C57Bl/6 mice were infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) strain, using a standardized inoculation of 10(6) parasitized erythrocytes. Long-term working memory was evaluated using the novel object recognition test. The mRNA expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tropomyosin-receptor-kinase (TRK-B) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in the frontal cortex and hippocampus was estimated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The protein levels of cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and CCL11 and neurotrophins BDNF and NGF were determined using a cytometric bead array (CBA) kit or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cell viability in the hippocampus was analyzed by Confocal Microscopy. Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus was determined through quantification of doublecortin (DCX) positive cells. PbA-infected mice presented working memory impairment on day 5 post-infection. At this same time point, CM mice exhibited a decrease in DCX-positive cells in the dentate gyrus in parallel with increased cell death and elevated inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ and CCL11) in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. A significant reduction of BDNF mRNA expression was also found. IL-6 and TNF-α correlated negatively with BDNF and NGF levels in the hippocampus of CM mice. In summary, we provide further evidence that neuroinflammation following PbA-infection influences neurotrophin expression, impairs adult hippocampal neurogenesis and increases hippocampal cell death in association with memory impairment following CM course. The current study identified potential mediators of memory impairment in CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S de Miranda
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Neuroscience Branch, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - F Brant
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - A C Campos
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - L B Vieira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - N P Rocha
- Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Neuroscience Branch, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - D Cisalpino
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - N S Binda
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - D H Rodrigues
- Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Neuroscience Branch, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - R M Ransohoff
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - F S Machado
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - M A Rachid
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - A L Teixeira
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Neuroscience Branch, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Liu CM, Ma JQ, Liu SS, Zheng GH, Feng ZJ, Sun JM. Proanthocyanidins improves lead-induced cognitive impairments by blocking endoplasmic reticulum stress and nuclear factor-κB-mediated inflammatory pathways in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 72:295-302. [PMID: 25088297 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PCs), a class of naturally occurring flavonoids, had been reported to possess a variety of biological activities, including anti-oxidant, anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory. In this study, we examined the protective effect of PCs against lead-induced inflammatory response in the rat brain and explored the potential mechanism of its action. The results showed that PCs administration significantly improved behavioral performance of lead-exposed rats. One of the potential mechanisms was that PCs decreased reactive oxygen species production and increased the total antioxidant capacity in the brains of lead-exposed rats. Furthermore, the results also showed that PCs significantly decreased the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 1β and cyclooxygenase-2 in the brains of lead-exposed rats. Moreover, PCs significantly decreased the levels of beta amyloid and phosphorylated tau in the brains of lead-treated rats, which in turn inhibited endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. PCs also decreased the phosphorylation of protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase, eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2, inositol-requiring protein-1, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38 and inhibited nuclear factor-κB nuclear translocation in the brains of lead-exposed rats. In conclusion, these results suggested that PCs could improve cognitive impairments by inhibiting brain oxidative stress and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Min Liu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No. 101, Shanghai Road, Tangshan New Area, 221116 Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Jie-Qiong Ma
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Xuyuan Road, 643000 Zigong City, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Si-Si Liu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No. 101, Shanghai Road, Tangshan New Area, 221116 Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Gui-Hong Zheng
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No. 101, Shanghai Road, Tangshan New Area, 221116 Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Zhao-Jun Feng
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No. 101, Shanghai Road, Tangshan New Area, 221116 Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jian-Mei Sun
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No. 101, Shanghai Road, Tangshan New Area, 221116 Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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Liu L, Chan C. The role of inflammasome in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 15:6-15. [PMID: 24561250 PMCID: PMC4029867 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic, progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disease with clinical characteristics of memory loss, dementia and cognitive impairment. Although the pathophysiologic mechanism is not fully understood, inflammation has been shown to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of AD. Inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) is characterized by the activation of glial cells and release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that inflammasomes, which cleave precursors of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 to generate their active forms, play an important role in the inflammatory response in the CNS and in AD pathogenesis. Therefore, modulating inflammasome complex assembly and activation could be a potential strategy for suppressing inflammation in the CNS. This review aims to provide insight into the role of inflammasomes in the CNS, with respect to the pathogenesis of AD, and may provide possible clues for devising novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Christina Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
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17
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Serghides L, McDonald CR, Lu Z, Friedel M, Cui C, Ho KT, Mount HTJ, Sled JG, Kain KC. PPARγ agonists improve survival and neurocognitive outcomes in experimental cerebral malaria and induce neuroprotective pathways in human malaria. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003980. [PMID: 24603727 PMCID: PMC3946361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is associated with a high mortality rate, and long-term neurocognitive impairment in approximately one third of survivors. Adjunctive therapies that modify the pathophysiological processes involved in CM may improve outcome over anti-malarial therapy alone. PPARγ agonists have been reported to have immunomodulatory effects in a variety of disease models. Here we report that adjunctive therapy with PPARγ agonists improved survival and long-term neurocognitive outcomes in the Plasmodium berghei ANKA experimental model of CM. Compared to anti-malarial therapy alone, PPARγ adjunctive therapy administered to mice at the onset of CM signs, was associated with reduced endothelial activation, and enhanced expression of the anti-oxidant enzymes SOD-1 and catalase and the neurotrophic factors brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in the brains of infected mice. Two months following infection, mice that were treated with anti-malarials alone demonstrated cognitive dysfunction, while mice that received PPARγ adjunctive therapy were completely protected from neurocognitive impairment and from PbA-infection induced brain atrophy. In humans with P. falciparum malaria, PPARγ therapy was associated with reduced endothelial activation and with induction of neuroprotective pathways, such as BDNF. These findings provide insight into mechanisms conferring improved survival and preventing neurocognitive injury in CM, and support the evaluation of PPARγ agonists in human CM. Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection that is associated with long-term neurocognitive impairment in about a third of survivors even when optimal anti-malarial therapy is used. Since both the parasite and the host immune response to infection play a role in the development of CM, adjunctive therapies that modulate the host response, given in conjunction with anti-parasitic therapy, may improve survival and prevent neurocognitive injury. Here we examine the effects of PPARγ agonists on neurocongitive injury using a mouse model of CM. We demonstrate that PPARγ agonists, when administered with anti-malarials, protected mice from developing brain atrophy and neurocognitive impairment. This was associated with induction of anti-oxidant and neuroprotective pathways in the brains of infected mice. We also observed the same neuroprotective pathways induced in patients with falciparum malaria that received PPARγ adjunctive therapy. Our findings suggest that PPARγ agonists may be valuable in the treatment and prevention of CM-induced neurocognitive injury, and support the testing of PPARγ agonists in patients with CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Serghides
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- SA Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Chloe R. McDonald
- SA Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ziyue Lu
- SA Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Miriam Friedel
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheryl Cui
- Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keith T. Ho
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Howard T. J. Mount
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John G. Sled
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin C. Kain
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- SA Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Georgy GS, Nassar NN, Mansour HA, Abdallah DM. Cerebrolysin Ameloriates Cognitive Deficits in Type III Diabetic Rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64847. [PMID: 23840309 PMCID: PMC3686810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrolysin (CBL), a mixture of several active peptide fragments and neurotrophic factors including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), is currently used in the management of cognitive alterations in patients with dementia. Since Cognitive decline as well as increased dementia are strongly associated with diabetes and previous studies addressed the protective effect of BDNF in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes; hence this work aimed to evaluate the potential neuroprotective effect of CBL in modulating the complications of hyperglycaemia experimentally induced by streptozotocin (STZ) on the rat brain hippocampus. To this end, male adult Sprague Dawley rats were divided into (i) vehicle- (ii) CBL- and (iii) STZ diabetic-control as well as (iv) STZ+CBL groups. Diabetes was confirmed by hyperglycemia and elevated glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c%), which were associated by weight loss, elevated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and decreased insulin growth factor (IGF)-1β in the serum. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia caused learning and memory impairments that corroborated degenerative changes, neuronal loss and expression of caspase (Casp)-3 in the hippocampal area of STZ-diabetic rats. Behavioral deficits were associated by decreased hippocampal glutamate (GLU), glycine, serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine. Moreover, diabetic rats showed an increase in hippocampal nitric oxide and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances versus decreased non-protein sulfhydryls. Though CBL did not affect STZ-induced hyperglycemia, it partly improved body weight as well as HbA1c%. Such effects were associated by enhancement in both learning and memory as well as apparent normal cellularity in CA1and CA3 areas and reduced Casp-3 expression. CBL improved serum TNF-α and IGF-1β, GLU and 5-HT as well as hampering oxidative biomarkers. In conclusion, CBL possesses neuroprotection against diabetes-associated cerebral neurodegeneration and cognitive decline via anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiapototic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehan S. Georgy
- Department of Pharmacology, National Organization of Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt
| | - Noha N. Nassar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanaa A. Mansour
- Department of Pharmacology, National Organization of Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt
| | - Dalaal M. Abdallah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Liu CM, Zheng GH, Ming QL, Sun JM, Cheng C. Protective effect of puerarin on lead-induced mouse cognitive impairment via altering activities of acetyl cholinesterase, monoamine oxidase and nitric oxide synthase. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 35:502-10. [PMID: 23501611 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Puerarin (PU), a natural flavonoid, has been reported to have many benefits and medicinal properties. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of puerarin on neurotoxicity in mice exposed to lead. ICR mice were exposed to lead acetate in the drinking water (500 ppm) with or without puerarin coadministration (100 and 200 mgPU/kg intragastrically once daily) for three months. We found puerarin significantly prevented Pb-induced neurotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner, indicated by behavioral indicators. Puerarin also decreased Pb contents in blood and brain. Puerarin increased activities of acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) in brain of Pb-treated mice. Moreover, Pb-induced profound elevation of oxidative stress, as evidenced by increasing of lipid peroxidation level and depleting of total antioxidant capacity in brain, were suppressed by treatment with puerarin. Puerarin markedly increased NO production and PKA activity in brain of Pb-treated mice. Western blot analysis showed that puerarin dramatically increased the expression levels of nNOS, eNOS and phosphor-Akt in brains of Pb-treated mice. In conclusion, these results suggested that puerarin can inhibit Pb-induced neurotoxicity, at least in part, by suppressing oxidative stress, reversing the Pb-induced alterations in transmitters and enzymes and modulating the PKA/Akt/NOS signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Min Liu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No. 101, Shanghai Road, Tangshan New Area, Xuzhou City 221116, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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