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Yusuf IO, Parsi S, Ostrow LW, Brown RH, Thompson PR, Xu Z. PAD2 dysregulation and aberrant protein citrullination feature prominently in reactive astrogliosis and myelin protein aggregation in sporadic ALS. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 192:106414. [PMID: 38253209 PMCID: PMC11003460 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Alteration in protein citrullination (PC), a common posttranslational modification (PTM), contributes to pathogenesis in various inflammatory disorders. We previously reported that PC and protein arginine deiminase 2 (PAD2), the predominant enzyme isoform that catalyzes this PTM in the central nervous system (CNS), are altered in mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We now demonstrate that PAD2 expression and PC are altered in human postmortem ALS spinal cord and motor cortex compared to controls, increasing in astrocytes while trending lower in neurons. Furthermore, PC is enriched in protein aggregates that contain the myelin proteins PLP and MBP in ALS. These results confirm our findings in ALS mouse models and suggest that altered PAD2 and PC contribute to neurodegeneration in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issa O Yusuf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sepideh Parsi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02110, USA
| | - Lyle W Ostrow
- Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Robert H Brown
- Department of Neurology, RNA Therapeutic Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Zuoshang Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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2
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Geng H, An Q, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Wang L, Wang Y. Role of Peptidylarginine Deiminase 4 in Central Nervous System Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6748-6756. [PMID: 37480499 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
The deimination or citrullination of arginine residues in the polypeptide chain by peptidylarginine deiminase 4 alters the charge state of the polypeptide chain and affects the function of proteins. It is one of the main ways of protein post-translational modifications to regulate its function. Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 is widely expressed in multiple tissues and organs of the body, especially the central nervous system, and regulates the normal development of organisms. The abnormal expression and activation of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 is an important pathological mechanism for the occurrence and development of central nervous system diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury, and glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Geng
- Institute of Chronic Disease Risks Assessment, School of Nursing and Health Sciences, Henan University, Henan Province, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihang An
- Institute of Chronic Disease Risks Assessment, School of Nursing and Health Sciences, Henan University, Henan Province, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanshuo Zhang
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Henan Province, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhang Huang
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Henan Province, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lai Wang
- Institute of Chronic Disease Risks Assessment, School of Nursing and Health Sciences, Henan University, Henan Province, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China.
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Henan Province, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanming Wang
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Henan Province, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Mitra S, Harvey-Jones K, Kraev I, Verma V, Meehan C, Mintoft A, Norris G, Campbell E, Tucker K, Robertson NJ, Hristova M, Lange S. The Extracellular Vesicle Citrullinome and Signature in a Piglet Model of Neonatal Seizures. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11529. [PMID: 37511288 PMCID: PMC10380774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal seizures are commonly associated with acute perinatal brain injury, while understanding regarding the downstream molecular pathways related to seizures remains unclear. Furthermore, effective treatment and reliable biomarkers are still lacking. Post-translational modifications can contribute to changes in protein function, and post-translational citrullination, which is caused by modification of arginine to citrulline via the calcium-mediated activation of the peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzyme family, is being increasingly linked to neurological injury. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bilayer structures released from cells; they can be isolated from most body fluids and act as potential liquid biomarkers for disease conditions and response to treatment. As EVs carry a range of genetic and protein cargo that can be characteristic of pathological processes, the current study assessed modified citrullinated protein cargo in EVs isolated from plasma and CSF in a piglet neonatal seizure model, also following phenobarbitone treatment. Our findings provide novel insights into roles for PAD-mediated changes on EV signatures in neonatal seizures and highlight the potential of plasma- and CSF-EVs to monitor responses to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhabrata Mitra
- Department of Neonatology, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Kelly Harvey-Jones
- Department of Neonatology, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Igor Kraev
- Electron Microscopy Suite, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Vinita Verma
- Department of Neonatology, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Christopher Meehan
- Department of Neonatology, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alison Mintoft
- Department of Neonatology, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Georgina Norris
- Department of Neonatology, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ellie Campbell
- Department of Neonatology, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Katie Tucker
- Department of Neonatology, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nicola J Robertson
- Department of Neonatology, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mariya Hristova
- Perinatal Brain Repair Group, Department of Neonatology, UCL Institute for Women's Health, London WC1E 6HU, UK
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Perinatal Brain Repair Group, Department of Neonatology, UCL Institute for Women's Health, London WC1E 6HU, UK
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
- Pathobiology and Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
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4
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Mercer A, Jaunmuktane Z, Hristova M, Lange S. Differential, Stage Dependent Detection of Peptidylarginine Deiminases and Protein Deimination in Lewy Body Diseases-Findings from a Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13117. [PMID: 36361903 PMCID: PMC9658624 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 10 million people worldwide live with Parkinson's disease (PD) and 4% of affected people are diagnosed before the age of 50. Research on early PD-related pathways is therefore of considerable importance. Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are a family of calcium-activated enzymes that, through post-translational deimination of arginine to citrulline, contribute to changes in protein function, including in pathological processes. Recent studies have highlighted roles for PADs in a range of neurological disorders including PD, but overall, investigations on PADs in Lewy body disease (LBD), including PD, are still scarce. Hence, the current pilot study aimed at performing an immunohistochemistry screen of post-mortem human brain sections from Braak stages 4-6 from PD patients, as well as patients with incidental LBD (ILBD). We assessed differences in PAD isozyme detection (assessing all five PADs), in total protein deimination/citrullination and histone H3 deimination-which is an indicator of epigenetic changes and extracellular trap formation (ETosis), which can elicit immune responses and has involvement in pathogenic conditions. The findings of our pilot study indicate that PADs and deimination are increased in cingulate cortex and hippocampus, particularly in earlier stages of the disease. PAD2 and PAD3 were the most strongly upregulated PAD isozymes, with some elevation also observed for PAD1, while PAD4 and PAD6 increase was less marked in PD brains. Total protein deimination and histone H3 deimination were furthermore increased in PD brains, with a considerable increase at earlier Braak stages, compared with controls. Our findings point to a significant contribution of PADs, which may further aid early disease biomarker discovery, in PD and other LBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Mercer
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Mariya Hristova
- Perinatal Brain Repair Group, Department of Neonatology, UCL Institute for Women’s Health, London WC1E 6HU, UK
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6XH, UK
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Yusuf IO, Qiao T, Parsi S, Tilvawala R, Thompson PR, Xu Z. Protein citrullination marks myelin protein aggregation and disease progression in mouse ALS models. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:135. [PMID: 36076282 PMCID: PMC9458309 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased protein citrullination (PC) and dysregulated protein arginine deiminase (PAD) activity have been observed in several neurodegenerative diseases. PC is a posttranslational modification catalyzed by the PADs. PC converts peptidyl-arginine to peptidyl-citrulline, thereby reducing the positive charges and altering structure and function of proteins. Of the five PADs, PAD2 is the dominant isoform in the central nervous system (CNS). Abnormal PC and PAD dysregulation are associated with numerous pathological conditions, including inflammatory diseases and neurodegeneration. Animal model studies have shown therapeutic efficacy from inhibition of PADs, thus suggesting a role of PC in pathogenesis. To determine whether PC contribute to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a deadly neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of motor neurons, paralysis, and eventual death, we investigated alterations of PC and PAD2 in two different transgenic mouse models of ALS expressing human mutant SOD1G93A and PFN1C71G, respectively. PC and PAD2 expression are altered dynamically in the spinal cord during disease progression in both models. PC and PAD2 increase progressively in astrocytes with the development of reactive astrogliosis, while decreasing in neurons. Importantly, in the spinal cord white matter, PC accumulates in protein aggregates that contain the myelin proteins PLP and MBP. PC also accumulates progressively in insoluble protein fractions during disease progression. Finally, increased PC and PAD2 expression spatially correlate with areas of the CNS with the most severe motor neuron degeneration. These results suggest that altered PC is an integral part of the neurodegenerative process and potential biomarkers for disease progression in ALS. Moreover, increased PC may contribute to disease-associated processes such as myelin protein aggregation, myelin degeneration, and astrogliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issa O. Yusuf
- grid.168645.80000 0001 0742 0364Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Tao Qiao
- grid.168645.80000 0001 0742 0364Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA ,grid.423286.90000 0004 0507 1326Present Address: Astellas Pharma, 33 Locke Dr, Marlborough, MA 01752 USA
| | - Sepideh Parsi
- grid.168645.80000 0001 0742 0364Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XPresent Address: Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Ronak Tilvawala
- grid.168645.80000 0001 0742 0364Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA ,grid.509226.aPresent Address: Scorpion Therapeutics, 1 Winthrop Square, Boston, MA 02110 USA
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- grid.168645.80000 0001 0742 0364Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA ,grid.168645.80000 0001 0742 0364Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Zuoshang Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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6
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Liu X, Wang Z, Zhang X, Zhang D, Yang Q, Hu P, Li F. LncRNA MEG3 activates CDH2 expression by recruitment of EP300 in valproic acid-induced autism spectrum disorder. Neurosci Lett 2022; 783:136726. [PMID: 35697159 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
LncRNAs partake in the biological processes contributing to development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of lncRNA maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) on viability and apoptosis of hippocampal neurons from ASD rats. Rats with ASD were induced using valproic acid (VPA) with normal saline (NS) as control. We performed microarray analysis on hippocampal tissues of NS rats and ASD rats to screen the differentially expressed lncRNAs. MEG3 loss in rats alleviated the impairment of learning and memory abilities induced by VPA, and promoted neuronal viability and inhibited apoptosis. MEG3 could recruit the transcription factor E1A binding protein p300 (EP300) in the nucleus and promote the cadherin 2 (CDH2) expression. CDH2 depletion in rats ameliorated the impairment of learning and memory capacities in ASD rats. After upregulation of CDH2 in neurons with sh-MEG3, we found diminished viability and increased apoptosis in hippocampal neurons of ASD rats. Taken together, MEG3 supports activation of CDH2 via EP300, thus repressing the viability of hippocampal neurons. Therefore, MEG3 upregulation may be partially responsible for the pathogenesis of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030025, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Zhenfang Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030025, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030025, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Dingxiang Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030025, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Qinghua Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030025, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Pengjuan Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030025, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030013, Shanxi, PR China.
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Sarnik J, Makowska J. Citrullination good or bad guy? Immunobiology 2022; 227:152233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yu K, Proost P. Insights into peptidylarginine deiminase expression and citrullination pathways. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:746-761. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wang L, Chen H, Tang J, Guo Z, Wang Y. Peptidylarginine Deiminase and Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:473-484. [PMID: 34842193 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are indispensable enzymes for post-translational modification of proteins, which can convert Arg residues on the surface of proteins to citrulline residues. The PAD family has five isozymes, PAD1, 2, 3, 4, and 6, which have been found in multiple tissues and organs. PAD2 and PAD4 were detected in cerebral cortex and hippocampus from human and rodent brain. In the central nervous system, abnormal expression and activation of PADs are involved in the pathological changes and pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This article reviews the classification, distribution, and function of PADs, with an emphasis on the relationship between the abnormal activation of PADs and AD pathogenesis, diagnosis, and the therapeutic potential of PADs as drug targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Wang
- Epigenetics & Translational Medicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, P.R. China
| | - Hongyang Chen
- Epigenetics & Translational Medicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, P.R. China
| | - Jing Tang
- Epigenetics & Translational Medicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhengwei Guo
- Epigenetics & Translational Medicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, P.R. China
| | - Yanming Wang
- Epigenetics & Translational Medicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, P.R. China
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Mukherjee S, Perez KA, Dubois C, Nisbet RM, Li QX, Varghese S, Jin L, Birchall I, Streltsov VA, Vella LJ, McLean C, Barham KJ, Roberts BR, Masters CL. Citrullination of Amyloid-β Peptides in Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3719-3732. [PMID: 34519476 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein citrullination (deimination of arginine residue) is a well-known biomarker of inflammation. Elevated protein citrullination has been shown to colocalize with extracellular amyloid plaques in postmortem AD patient brains. Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides which aggregate and accumulate in the plaques of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have sequential N-terminal truncations and multiple post-translational modifications (PTM) such as isomerization, pyroglutamate formation, phosphorylation, nitration, and dityrosine cross-linking. However, no conclusive biochemical evidence exists whether citrullinated Aβ is present in AD brains. In this study, using high-resolution mass spectrometry, we have identified citrullination of Aβ in sporadic and familial AD brains by characterizing the tandem mass spectra of endogenous N-truncated citrullinated Aβ peptides. Our quantitative estimations demonstrate that ∼ 35% of pyroglutamate3-Aβ pool was citrullinated in plaques in the sporadic AD temporal cortex and ∼ 22% in the detergent-insoluble frontal cortex fractions. Similarly, hypercitrullinated pyroglutamate3-Aβ (∼ 30%) was observed in both the detergent-soluble as well as insoluble Aβ pool in familial AD cases. Our results indicate that a common mechanism for citrullination of Aβ exists in both the sporadic and familial AD. We establish that citrullination of Aβ is a remarkably common PTM, closely associated with pyroglutamate3-Aβ formation and its accumulation in AD. This may have implications for Aβ toxicity, autoantigenicity of Aβ, and may be relevant for the design of diagnostic assays and therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Mukherjee
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Keyla A. Perez
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Celine Dubois
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Rebecca M. Nisbet
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Qiao-Xin Li
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Shiji Varghese
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Liang Jin
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ian Birchall
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Victor A. Streltsov
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Laura J. Vella
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Catriona McLean
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Kevin J. Barham
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Blaine R. Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Colin L. Masters
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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11
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Deolankar SC, Patil AH, Rex DAB, Subba P, Mahadevan A, Prasad TSK. Mapping Post-Translational Modifications in Brain Regions in Alzheimer's Disease Using Proteomics Data Mining. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2021; 25:525-536. [PMID: 34255573 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2021.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a leading cause of dementia and a neurodegenerative disease. Proteomics and post-translational modification (PTM) analyses offer new opportunities for a comprehensive understanding of pathophysiology of brain in AD. We report here multiple PTMs in patients with AD, harnessing publicly available proteomics data from nine brain regions and at three different Braak stages of disease progression. Specifically, we identified 7190 peptides with PTMs, corresponding to 2545 proteins from brain regions with intermediate tangles, and 6864 peptides with PTMs corresponding to 2465 proteins from brain regions with severe tangles. A total of 103 proteins with PTMs were expressed uniquely to intermediate tangles and severe tangles compared to no tangles. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis suggested the association of these proteins in AD progression through platelet activation. These modified proteins were also found to be enriched for the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, respiratory electron cycle, and detoxification of reactive oxygen species. The multi-PTM data reported here contribute to our understanding of the neurobiology of AD and highlight the prospects of omics systems science research in neurodegenerative diseases. The present study provides a region-wise classification for the proteins with PTMs along with their differential expression patterns, providing insights into the localization of these proteins upon modification. The catalog of multi-PTMs identified in the context of AD from different brain regions provides a unique platform for generating newer hypotheses in understanding the putative role of specific PTMs in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayali Chandrashekhar Deolankar
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Arun H Patil
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Devasahayam Arokia Balaya Rex
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Pratigya Subba
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.,Human Brain Tissue Repository, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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12
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Sancandi M, Uysal-Onganer P, Kraev I, Mercer A, Lange S. Protein Deimination Signatures in Plasma and Plasma-EVs and Protein Deimination in the Brain Vasculature in a Rat Model of Pre-Motor Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082743. [PMID: 32326590 PMCID: PMC7215947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of biomarkers for early diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is of pivotal importance for improving approaches for clinical intervention. The use of translatable animal models of pre-motor PD therefore offers optimal opportunities for novel biomarker discovery in vivo. Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are a family of calcium-activated enzymes that contribute to protein misfolding through post-translational deimination of arginine to citrulline. Furthermore, PADs are an active regulator of extracellular vesicle (EV) release. Both protein deimination and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are gaining increased attention in relation to neurodegenerative diseases, including in PD, while roles in pre-motor PD have yet to be investigated. The current study aimed at identifying protein candidates of deimination in plasma and plasma-EVs in a rat model of pre-motor PD, to assess putative contributions of such post-translational changes in the early stages of disease. EV-cargo was further assessed for deiminated proteins as well as three key micro-RNAs known to contribute to inflammation and hypoxia (miR21, miR155, and miR210) and also associated with PD. Overall, there was a significant increase in circulating plasma EVs in the PD model compared with sham animals and inflammatory and hypoxia related microRNAs were significantly increased in plasma-EVs of the pre-motor PD model. A significantly higher number of protein candidates were deiminated in the pre-motor PD model plasma and plasma-EVs, compared with those in the sham animals. KEGG (Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes) pathways identified for deiminated proteins in the pre-motor PD model were linked to “Alzheimer’s disease”, “PD”, “Huntington’s disease”, “prion diseases”, as well as for “oxidative phosphorylation”, “thermogenesis”, “metabolic pathways”, “Staphylococcus aureus infection”, gap junction, “platelet activation”, “apelin signalling”, “retrograde endocannabinoid signalling”, “systemic lupus erythematosus”, and “non-alcoholic fatty liver disease”. Furthermore, PD brains showed significantly increased staining for total deiminated proteins in the brain vasculature in cortex and hippocampus, as well as increased immunodetection of deiminated histone H3 in dentate gyrus and cortex. Our findings identify EVs and post-translational protein deimination as novel biomarkers in early pre-motor stages of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sancandi
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (M.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Pinar Uysal-Onganer
- Cancer Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6XH, UK;
| | - Igor Kraev
- Electron Microscopy Suite, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK;
| | - Audrey Mercer
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (M.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6XH, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)207-911-5000 (ext. 64832)
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An Overview of the Intrinsic Role of Citrullination in Autoimmune Disorders. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:7592851. [PMID: 31886309 PMCID: PMC6899306 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7592851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A protein undergoes many types of posttranslation modification. Citrullination is one of these modifications, where an arginine amino acid is converted to a citrulline amino acid. This process depends on catalytic enzymes such as peptidylarginine deiminase enzymes (PADs). This modification leads to a charge shift, which affects the protein structure, protein-protein interactions, and hydrogen bond formation, and it may cause protein denaturation. The irreversible citrullination reaction is not limited to a specific protein, cell, or tissue. It can target a wide range of proteins in the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and mitochondria. Citrullination is a normal reaction during cell death. Apoptosis is normally accompanied with a clearance process via scavenger cells. A defect in the clearance system either in terms of efficiency or capacity may occur due to massive cell death, which may result in the accumulation and leakage of PAD enzymes and the citrullinated peptide from the necrotized cell which could be recognized by the immune system, where the immunological tolerance will be avoided and the autoimmune disorders will be subsequently triggered. The induction of autoimmune responses, autoantibody production, and cytokines involved in the major autoimmune diseases will be discussed.
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14
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Gallart-Palau X, Tan LM, Serra A, Gao Y, Ho HH, Richards AM, Kandiah N, Chen CP, Kalaria RN, Sze SK. Degenerative protein modifications in the aging vasculature and central nervous system: A problem shared is not always halved. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 53:100909. [PMID: 31116994 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aging influences the pathogenesis and progression of several major diseases affecting both the cardiovascular system (CVS) and central nervous system (CNS). Defining the common molecular features that underpin these disorders in these crucial body systems will likely lead to increased quality of life and improved 'health-span' in the global aging population. Degenerative protein modifications (DPMs) have been strongly implicated in the molecular pathogenesis of several age-related diseases affecting the CVS and CNS, including atherosclerosis, heart disease, dementia syndromes, and stroke. However, these isolated findings have yet to be integrated into a wider framework, which considers the possibility that, despite their distinct features, CVS and CNS disorders may in fact be closely related phenomena. In this work, we review the current literature describing molecular roles of the major age-associated DPMs thought to significantly impact on human health, including carbamylation, citrullination and deamidation. In particular, we focus on data indicating that specific DPMs are shared between multiple age-related diseases in both CVS and CNS settings. By contextualizing these data, we aim to assist future studies in defining the universal mechanisms that underpin both vascular and neurological manifestations of age-related protein degeneration.
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15
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Lange S, Gallagher M, Kholia S, Kosgodage US, Hristova M, Hardy J, Inal JM. Peptidylarginine Deiminases-Roles in Cancer and Neurodegeneration and Possible Avenues for Therapeutic Intervention via Modulation of Exosome and Microvesicle (EMV) Release? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061196. [PMID: 28587234 PMCID: PMC5486019 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes and microvesicles (EMVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed structures released from cells and participate in cell-to-cell communication via transport of biological molecules. EMVs play important roles in various pathologies, including cancer and neurodegeneration. The regulation of EMV biogenesis is thus of great importance and novel ways for manipulating their release from cells have recently been highlighted. One of the pathways involved in EMV shedding is driven by peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) mediated post-translational protein deimination, which is calcium-dependent and affects cytoskeletal rearrangement amongst other things. Increased PAD expression is observed in various cancers and neurodegeneration and may contribute to increased EMV shedding and disease progression. Here, we review the roles of PADs and EMVs in cancer and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Lange
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, 115, New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK.
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
| | - Mark Gallagher
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK.
| | - Sharad Kholia
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Uchini S Kosgodage
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK.
| | - Mariya Hristova
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 74 Huntley Street, London WC1N 6HX, UK.
| | - John Hardy
- Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Jameel M Inal
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK.
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Expression of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 in an alkali injury model of retinal gliosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 487:134-139. [PMID: 28400047 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Citrullination is an important posttranslational modification that occurs during retinal gliosis. We examined the expression of peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADs) to identify the PADs that mediate citrullination in a model of alkali-induced retinal gliosis. Mouse corneas were exposed to 1.0 N NaOH and posterior eye tissue from injured and control uninjured eyes was evaluated for transcript levels of various PADs by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR). Retinas were also subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC) for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), citrullinated species, PAD2, and PAD4 and tissue levels of GFAP, citrullinated species, and PAD4 were measured by western blots. In other experiments, the PAD4 inhibitor streptonigrin was injected intravitreally into injured eyes ex vivo to test inhibitory activity in an organ culture system. We found that uninjured retina and choroid expressed Pad2 and Pad4 transcripts. Pad4 transcript levels increased by day 7 post-injury (p < 0.05), whereas Pad2 levels did not change significantly (p > 0.05) by qPCR. By IHC, PAD2 was expressed in uninjured eyes along ganglion cell astrocytes, but in injured retina PAD2 was downregulated at 7 days. On the other hand, PAD4 showed increased staining in the retina upon injury revealing a pattern that overlapped with filamentous GFAP staining in Müller glial processes by 7 days. Injury-induced citrullination and soluble GFAP protein levels were reduced by PAD4 inhibition in western blot experiments of organ cultures. Together, our findings for the first time identify PAD4 as a novel injury-inducible druggable target for retinal gliosis.
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17
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Abstract
Citrullination and deamidation, which are aging-related posttranslational modifications, increase the number of negative charges on amyloid β-protein (Aβ) at neutral pH. We investigated the effects of these modifications on the fibrillation properties of Aβ. The Arg5→Cit modification of Aβ1-40 did not affect the fibrillation rate, and brought β-sheet structures unlike that in the Aβ1-40 fibril. The Asn27→Asp modification of Aβ1-40 stopped the fibrillation and induced the formation of aggregates that involved an anti-parallel β-sheet. Aβ1-42 with the Arg5→Cit modification showed increased solubility in aqueous media, and its fibril formation became slower than that of Aβ1-42. The modification did not change the parallel β-sheet structure of the fibrils. Aβ1-42 with the Asn27→Asp modification partially formed fibrils that involved the parallel β-sheet structure. Using the thioflavin T (ThT) assay, an increased fraction of the soluble oligomer of each Aβ analog was transiently detected during fibrillation. An increase in the number of negative charges at basic pH affected the aggregation properties of Aβ in a manner different from that with the modifications, suggesting that change in properties of the posttanslationally modified residues rather than the number of charges in the peptide was important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Osaki
- a Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Hiramatsu
- a Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
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18
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Detection and identification of protein citrullination in complex biological systems. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2015; 30:1-6. [PMID: 26517730 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein citrullination is a post-translational modification of arginine that is catalyzed by the Protein Arginine Deiminase (PAD) family of enzymes. Aberrantly increased citrullination is associated with a host of inflammatory diseases and cancer and PAD inhibitors have shown remarkable efficacy in a range of diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, atherosclerosis, and ulcerative colitis. In rheumatoid arthritis, citrullinated proteins serve as key antigens for rheumatoid arthritis-associated autoantibodies. These data suggest that citrullinated proteins may serve more generally as biomarkers of specific disease states, however, the identification of citrullinated residues remains challenging due to the small 1Da mass change that occurs upon citrullination. Herein, we highlight the available techniques to identify citrullinated proteins/residues focusing on advanced MS techniques as well as chemical derivatization strategies that are currently being employed to identify citrullinated proteins as well as the specific residues modified within those proteins.
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19
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Enriquez-Algeciras M, Bhattacharya SK, Serra HM. Deimination level and peptidyl arginine deiminase 2 expression are elevated in astrocytes with increased incubation temperature. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93:1388-98. [PMID: 25801379 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes respond to environmental cues, including changes in temperatures. Increased deimination, observed in many progressive neurological diseases, is thought to be contributed by astrocytes. We determined the level of deimination and expression of peptidyl arginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) in isolated primary astrocytes in response to changes on either side (31°C and 41°C) of the optimal temperature (37°C). We investigated changes in the astrocytes by using a number of established markers and accounted for cell death with the CellTiter-Blue assay. We found increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, ALDH1L1, and J1-31, resulting from increased incubation temperature and increased expression of TSP1, S100β, and AQP4, resulting from decreased incubation temperature vs. optimal temperature, suggesting activation of different biochemical pathways in astrocytes associated with different incubation temperatures. Mass spectrometric analyses support such trends. The PAD2 level was increased only as a result of increased incubation temperature with a commensurate increased level of deimination. Actin cytoskeleton and iso[4]LGE, a lipid peroxidase modification, also showed an increase with higher incubation temperature. Altogether, these results suggest that temperature, as an environmental cue, activates astrocytes in a different manner on either side of the optimal temperature and that increase in deimination is associated only with the higher temperature side of the spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel Enriquez-Algeciras
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.,CIBICI, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, República Argentina
| | - Sanjoy K Bhattacharya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Horacio M Serra
- CIBICI, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, República Argentina
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20
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U KP, Subramanian V, Nicholas AP, Thompson PR, Ferretti P. Modulation of calcium-induced cell death in human neural stem cells by the novel peptidylarginine deiminase-AIF pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1162-71. [PMID: 24607566 PMCID: PMC3996523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PADs (peptidylarginine deiminases) are calcium-dependent enzymes that change protein-bound arginine to citrulline (citrullination/deimination) affecting protein conformation and function. PAD up-regulation following chick spinal cord injury has been linked to extensive tissue damage and loss of regenerative capability. Having found that human neural stem cells (hNSCs) expressed PAD2 and PAD3, we studied PAD function in these cells and investigated PAD3 as a potential target for neuroprotection by mimicking calcium-induced secondary injury responses. We show that PAD3, rather than PAD2 is a modulator of cell growth/death and that PAD activity is not associated with caspase-3-dependent cell death, but is required for AIF (apoptosis inducing factor)-mediated apoptosis. PAD inhibition prevents association of PAD3 with AIF and AIF cleavage required for its translocation to the nucleus. Finally, PAD inhibition also hinders calcium-induced cytoskeleton disassembly and association of PAD3 with vimentin, that we show to be associated also with AIF; together this suggests that PAD-dependent cytoskeleton disassembly may play a role in AIF translocation to the nucleus. This is the first study highlighting a role of PAD activity in balancing hNSC survival/death, identifying PAD3 as an important upstream regulator of calcium-induced apoptosis, which could be targeted to reduce neural loss, and shedding light on the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin Pong U
- Developmental Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | | | - Antony P Nicholas
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, TSRI, Scripps Florida, FL 33458, USA
| | - Patrizia Ferretti
- Developmental Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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