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Functional Coupling of the Locus Coeruleus Is Linked to Successful Cognitive Control. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12030305. [PMID: 35326262 PMCID: PMC8946131 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) is a brainstem structure that sends widespread efferent projections throughout the mammalian brain. The LC constitutes the major source of noradrenaline (NE), a modulatory neurotransmitter that is crucial for fundamental brain functions such as arousal, attention, and cognitive control. This role of the LC-NE is traditionally not believed to reflect functional influences on the frontoparietal network or the striatum, but recent advances in chemogenetic manipulations of the rodent brain have challenged this notion. However, demonstrations of LC-NE functional connectivity with these areas in the human brain are surprisingly sparse. Here, we close this gap. Using an established emotional stroop task, we directly compared trials requiring response conflict control with trials that did not require this, but were matched for visual stimulus properties, response modality, and controlled for pupil dilation differences across both trial types. We found that LC-NE functional coupling with the parietal cortex and regions of the striatum is substantially enhanced during trials requiring response conflict control. Crucially, the strength of this functional coupling was directly related to individual reaction time differences incurred by conflict resolution. Our data concur with recent rodent findings and highlight the importance of converging evidence between human and nonhuman neurophysiology to further understand the neural systems supporting adaptive and maladaptive behavior in health and disease.
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Lacerda LM, Clayden JD, Handley SE, Winston GP, Kaden E, Tisdall M, Cross JH, Liasis A, Clark CA. Microstructural Investigations of the Visual Pathways in Pediatric Epilepsy Neurosurgery: Insights From Multi-Shell Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:269. [PMID: 32322185 PMCID: PMC7158873 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Surgery is a key approach for achieving seizure freedom in children with focal onset epilepsy. However, the resection can affect or be in the vicinity of the optic radiations. Multi-shell diffusion MRI and tractography can better characterize tissue structure and provide guidance to help minimize surgical related deficits. Whilst in adults tractography has been used to demonstrate that damage to the optic radiations leads to postoperative visual field deficits, this approach has yet to be properly explored in children. Objective To demonstrate the capabilities of multi-shell diffusion MRI and tractography in characterizing microstructural changes in children with epilepsy pre- and post-surgery affecting the occipital, parietal or temporal lobes. Methods Diffusion Tensor Imaging and the Spherical Mean Technique were used to investigate the microstructure of the optic radiations. Furthermore, tractography was used to evaluate whether pre-surgical reconstructions of the optic radiations overlap with the resection margin as measured using anatomical post-surgical T1-weighted MRI. Results Increased diffusivity in patients compared to controls at baseline was observed with evidence of decreased diffusivity, anisotropy, and neurite orientation distribution in contralateral hemisphere after surgery. Pre-surgical optic radiation tractography overlapped with post-surgical resection margins in 20/43 (46%) children, and where visual data was available before and after surgery, the presence of overlap indicated a visual field deficit. Conclusion This is the first report in a pediatric series which highlights the relevance of tractography for future pre-surgical evaluation in children undergoing epilepsy surgery and the usefulness of multi-shell diffusion MRI to characterize brain microstructure in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís M Lacerda
- Developmental Imaging and Biophysics Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D Clayden
- Developmental Imaging and Biophysics Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sian E Handley
- Clinical and Academic Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin P Winston
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Enrico Kaden
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Tisdall
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - J Helen Cross
- Clinical Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alki Liasis
- Clinical and Academic Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Chris A Clark
- Developmental Imaging and Biophysics Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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Sanvito F, Caverzasi E, Riva M, Jordan KM, Blasi V, Scifo P, Iadanza A, Crespi SA, Cirillo S, Casarotti A, Leonetti A, Puglisi G, Grimaldi M, Bello L, Gorno-Tempini ML, Henry RG, Falini A, Castellano A. fMRI-Targeted High-Angular Resolution Diffusion MR Tractography to Identify Functional Language Tracts in Healthy Controls and Glioma Patients. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:225. [PMID: 32296301 PMCID: PMC7136614 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MR Tractography enables non-invasive preoperative depiction of language subcortical tracts, which is crucial for the presurgical work-up of brain tumors; however, it cannot evaluate the exact function of the fibers. PURPOSE A systematic pipeline was developed to combine tractography reconstruction of language fiber bundles, based on anatomical landmarks (Anatomical-T), with language fMRI cortical activations. A fMRI-targeted Tractography (fMRI-T) was thus obtained, depicting the subsets of the anatomical tracts whose endpoints are located inside a fMRI activation. We hypothesized that fMRI-T could provide additional functional information regarding the subcortical structures, better reflecting the eloquent white matter structures identified intraoperatively. METHODS Both Anatomical-T and fMRI-T of language fiber tracts were performed on 16 controls and preoperatively on 16 patients with left-hemisphere brain tumors, using a q-ball residual bootstrap algorithm based on High Angular Resolution Diffusion Imaging (HARDI) datasets (b = 3000 s/mm2; 60 directions); fMRI ROIs were obtained using picture naming, verbal fluency, and auditory verb generation tasks. In healthy controls, normalized MNI atlases of fMRI-T and Anatomical-T were obtained. In patients, the surgical resection of the tumor was pursued by identifying eloquent structures with intraoperative direct electrical stimulation mapping and extending surgery to the functional boundaries. Post-surgical MRI allowed to identify Anatomical-T and fMRI-T non-eloquent portions removed during the procedure. RESULTS MNI Atlases showed that fMRI-T is a subset of Anatomical-T, and that different task-specific fMRI-T involve both shared subsets and task-specific subsets - e.g., verbal fluency fMRI-T strongly involves dorsal frontal tracts, consistently with the phonogical-articulatory features of this task. A quantitative analysis in patients revealed that Anatomical-T removed portions of AF-SLF and IFOF were significantly greater than verbal fluency fMRI-T ones, suggesting that fMRI-T is a more specific approach. In addition, qualitative analyses showed that fMRI-T AF-SLF and IFOF predict the exact functional limits of resection with increased specificity when compared to Anatomical-T counterparts, especially the superior frontal portion of IFOF, in a subcohort of patients. CONCLUSION These results suggest that performing fMRI-T in addition to the 'classic' Anatomical-T may be useful in a preoperative setting to identify the 'high-risk subsets' that should be spared during the surgical procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sanvito
- Neuroradiology Unit and CERMAC, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Eduardo Caverzasi
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Marco Riva
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Neurosurgical Oncology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Kesshi M. Jordan
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Paola Scifo
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Iadanza
- Neuroradiology Unit and CERMAC, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Sofia Allegra Crespi
- Neuroradiology Unit and CERMAC, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Cirillo
- Neuroradiology Unit and CERMAC, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Casarotti
- Neurosurgical Oncology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Antonella Leonetti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Puglisi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Grimaldi
- Neuroradiology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Bello
- Neurosurgical Oncology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Gorno-Tempini
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Roland G. Henry
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Andrea Falini
- Neuroradiology Unit and CERMAC, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Castellano
- Neuroradiology Unit and CERMAC, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Horbruegger M, Loewe K, Kaufmann J, Wagner M, Schippling S, Pawlitzki M, Schoenfeld MA. Anatomically constrained tractography facilitates biologically plausible fiber reconstruction of the optic radiation in multiple sclerosis. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 22:101740. [PMID: 30870736 PMCID: PMC6416771 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) enables the microstructural characterization and reconstruction of white matter pathways in vivo non-invasively. However, dMRI only provides information on the orientation of potential fibers but not on their anatomical plausibility. To that end, recent methodological advances facilitate the effective use of anatomical priors in the process of fiber reconstruction, thus improving the accuracy of the results. Here, we investigated the potential of anatomically constrained tracking (ACT), a modular addition to the tractography software package MRtrix3, to accurately reconstruct the optic radiation, a commonly affected pathway in multiple sclerosis (MS). Diffusion MRI data were acquired from 28 MS patients and 22 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. For each participant, the optic radiation was segmented based on the fiber reconstruction obtained using ACT. When implementing ACT in MS, it proved essential to incorporate lesion maps to avoid incorrect reconstructions due to tissue-type misclassifications in lesional areas. The ACT-based results were compared with those obtained using two commonly used probabilistic fiber tracking procedures, based on FSL (FMRIB Software Library) and MRtrix3 without ACT. All three procedures enabled a reliable localization of the optic radiation in both MS patients and controls. However, for FSL and MRtrix3 without ACT it was necessary to place an additional waypoint halfway between the lateral geniculate nucleus and the primary visual cortex to filter out anatomically implausible tracks. In the case of ACT, the results with and without an additional waypoint were virtually identical, presumably because the employed anatomical constraints already prevented the occurrence of the most implausible tracks. Irrespective of the employed tractography procedure, increased diffusivity and decreased anisotropy were found in the optic radiation of the MS patients compared to the controls. Anatomical constraints improve tractography of the optic radiation in MS. In MS, lesion mapping is essential to implement sensible anatomical constraints. Patients showed increased diffusivity and decreased anisotropy in the OR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Horbruegger
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - K Loewe
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Computer Science, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - J Kaufmann
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - M Wagner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - S Schippling
- Center for Neuroscience Zurich, Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland; GermanyNeuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Pawlitzki
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
| | - M A Schoenfeld
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestraße 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; Kliniken Schmieder Heidelberg, Speyererhofweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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Chamberland M, Scherrer B, Prabhu SP, Madsen J, Fortin D, Whittingstall K, Descoteaux M, Warfield SK. Active delineation of Meyer's loop using oriented priors through MAGNEtic tractography (MAGNET). Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:509-527. [PMID: 27647682 PMCID: PMC5333642 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streamline tractography algorithms infer connectivity from diffusion MRI (dMRI) by following diffusion directions which are similarly aligned between neighboring voxels. However, not all white matter (WM) fascicles are organized in this manner. For example, Meyer's loop is a highly curved portion of the optic radiation (OR) that exhibits a narrow turn, kissing and crossing pathways, and changes in fascicle dispersion. From a neurosurgical perspective, damage to Meyer's loop carries a potential risk of inducing vision deficits to the patient, especially during temporal lobe resection surgery. To prevent such impairment, achieving an accurate delineation of Meyer's loop with tractography is thus of utmost importance. However, current algorithms tend to under-estimate the full extent of Meyer's loop, mainly attributed to the aforementioned rule for connectivity which requires a direction to be chosen across a field of orientations. In this article, it was demonstrated that MAGNEtic Tractography (MAGNET) can benefit Meyer's loop delineation by incorporating anatomical knowledge of the expected fiber orientation to overcome local ambiguities. A new ROI-mechanism was proposed which supplies additional information to streamline reconstruction algorithms by the means of oriented priors. Their results showed that MAGNET can accurately generate Meyer's loop in all of our 15 child subjects (8 males; mean age 10.2 years ± 3.1). It effectively improved streamline coverage when compared with deterministic tractography, and significantly reduced the distance between the anterior-most portion of Meyer's loop and the temporal pole by 16.7 mm on average, a crucial landmark used for preoperative planning of temporal lobe surgery. Hum Brain Mapp 38:509-527, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Chamberland
- Centre de Recherche CHUSUniversity of SherbrookeSherbrookeCanada
- Sherbrooke Connectivity Imaging Lab (SCIL), Computer Science Department, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of SherbrookeSherbrookeCanada
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health ScienceUniversity of SherbrookeSherbrookeCanada
| | - Benoit Scherrer
- Department of RadiologyBoston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School300 Longwood AvenueBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Sanjay P. Prabhu
- Department of RadiologyBoston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School300 Longwood AvenueBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Joseph Madsen
- Department of RadiologyBoston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School300 Longwood AvenueBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - David Fortin
- Centre de Recherche CHUSUniversity of SherbrookeSherbrookeCanada
- Division of Neurosurgery and Neuro‐Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health ScienceUniversity of SherbrookeSherbrookeCanada
| | - Kevin Whittingstall
- Centre de Recherche CHUSUniversity of SherbrookeSherbrookeCanada
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health ScienceUniversity of SherbrookeSherbrookeCanada
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health ScienceUniversity of SherbrookeSherbrookeCanada
| | - Maxime Descoteaux
- Centre de Recherche CHUSUniversity of SherbrookeSherbrookeCanada
- Sherbrooke Connectivity Imaging Lab (SCIL), Computer Science Department, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of SherbrookeSherbrookeCanada
| | - Simon K. Warfield
- Department of RadiologyBoston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School300 Longwood AvenueBostonMassachusettsUSA
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Sivakanthan S, Neal E, Murtagh R, Vale FL. The evolving utility of diffusion tensor tractography in the surgical management of temporal lobe epilepsy: a review. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2016; 158:2185-2193. [PMID: 27566714 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-016-2910-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a relatively new imaging modality that has found many peri-operative applications in neurosurgery. METHODS A comprehensive survey of the applications of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in planning for temporal lobe epilepsy surgery was conducted. The presentation of this literature is supplemented by a case illustration. RESULTS The authors have found that DTI is well utilized in epilepsy surgery, primarily in the tractography of Meyer's loop. DTI has also been used to demonstrate extratemporal connections that may be responsible for surgical failure as well as perioperative planning. The tractographic anatomy of the temporal lobe is discussed and presented with original DTI pictures. CONCLUSIONS The uses of DTI in epilepsy surgery are varied and rapidly evolving. A discussion of the technology, its limitations, and its applications is well warranted and presented in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sananthan Sivakanthan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, 2 Tampa General Circle, 7th Floor, Tampa, FL, 33606, USA.
| | - Elliot Neal
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, 2 Tampa General Circle, 7th Floor, Tampa, FL, 33606, USA
- Brainlab Inc, Westchester, IL, USA
| | - Ryan Murtagh
- Department of Radiology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Fernando L Vale
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, 2 Tampa General Circle, 7th Floor, Tampa, FL, 33606, USA
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Abstract
Visual failure of any kind is a common clinical presentation and indication for neuroimaging. Monocular deficits should concentrate the search to the anterior (prechiasmatic) visual pathway. Bitemporal hemianopia suggests a chiasmatic cause, whereas retrochiasmatic lesions characteristically cause homonymous hemianopic defects. Quadrantanopias usually arise from lesions in the optic radiations. Disorders of visual perception can be broadly divided into "where" and "what" problems caused by lesions in the parietal and temporal lobes, respectively, and their associated white matter tracts. Visualization of the retrochiasmatic visual and visual association pathways is aided by diffusion tensor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam G Thomas
- Imaging Department, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK; Department of Neuroradiology, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.
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