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Gunay Ucurum S, Uzunlar H, Kirmizi M, Altas EU, Ozer Kaya D. Comparative analysis of postural stability and risk of falling and developing disability among overweight and obese women over 40 years. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2024; 38:549-553. [PMID: 38763607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased body mass index (BMI) adversely affects the mechanics of the musculoskeletal system. It is known that obese people have poorer postural stability and mobility-related outcomes compared to normal weight people, but there is limited research comparing overweight and class 1 obese people, two consecutive and prevalent BMI categories. AIMS To compare postural stability, functional mobility, and risk of falling and developing disability between overweight and obese women, and to investigate the relationship of BMI and body weight with the outcomes. METHODS Thirty women with class 1 obesity and 30 overweight women were included. Standing postural stability with eyes-open and eyes-closed and stability limits were assessed using the Prokin system. The Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) was used to assess functional mobility and risk of falling (≥11 s) and developing disability (≥9 s). RESULTS The average center of pressure displacements on the y-axis (COPY) obtained during quiet standing with both eyes-open and eyes-closed were higher in obese women than overweight women (p < 0.05) and the effect sizes were moderate for the results. The COPY values in the eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions were correlated with BMI (r = 0.295 and r = 0.285, p < 0.05). Furthermore, the COPX value in the eyes-open condition and the TUG score were correlated with body weight (r = 0.274 and r = 0.257, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Obese women had poorer static standing stability in the anteroposterior direction than overweight women, while functional mobility and risk of falling and developing disability did not differ. Furthermore, BMI and body weight were related to poorer static standing stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevtap Gunay Ucurum
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Hilal Uzunlar
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey.
| | - Muge Kirmizi
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Elif Umay Altas
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Bakırcay University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Derya Ozer Kaya
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey.
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Magtouf E, Chortane SG, Chortane OG, Boyas S, Beaune B, Durand S, Maktouf W. Influence of Concurrent Exercise Training on Ankle Muscle Activation during Static and Proactive Postural Control on Older Adults with Sarcopenic Obesity: A Multicenter, Randomized, and Controlled Trial. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2023; 13:2779-2794. [PMID: 38131891 PMCID: PMC10743236 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe13120192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenic obesity (SO), characterized by age-related muscle loss and excess body fat, significantly impairs postural control. However, limited research has explored the effects of concurrent exercise training on neuromuscular strategies during postural control in older adults with SO. The study enrolled 50 older adults with SO, split into an intervention group (IG, n = 25, mean age = 76.1 ± 3.5 years; mean BMI = 34.4 ± 4.0 kg/m2) and a control group (CG, n = 25, mean age = 75.9 ± 5.4 years; mean BMI = 32.9 ± 2.3 kg/m2). Participants in the IG were engaged in 60-min Total Mobility Plus Program (TMP) sessions three times a week for four months, while the CG maintained their typical daily activities. Standardized evaluations were conducted both before and after the intervention. These assessments included the Romberg and Timed Up and Go (TUG) tests, as well as the measurement of Center of Pressure (CoP) displacements parameters under various conditions. Additionally, ankle muscle activities were quantified during postural control evaluations and maximal voluntary contractions of plantar and dorsal flexors. Post-intervention results revealed a significant reduction of the standing time measured in the Romberg (-15.6%, p < 0.005) and TUG (-34.6%, p < 0.05) tests. Additionally, CoP area and velocity were notably reduced in various conditions (p < 0.05). Postural control improvements were associated with an increase of strength (p < 0.05) and decrease of ankle muscle activation (p < 0.05). These findings highlight the reversibility of neuromuscular system alterations associated with the synergistic effects of sarcopenia and obesity, emphasizing the trainability of postural control regulation within this population. By incorporating these insights into clinical practice and public health strategies, it seems possible to optimize the health and well-being of older adults with SO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmoetez Magtouf
- Research Laboratory (LR23JS01) «Sport Performance, Health & Society», Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, University of “La Manouba”, Tunis 2010, Tunisia; (E.M.); (S.G.C.); (O.G.C.)
| | - Sabri Gaied Chortane
- Research Laboratory (LR23JS01) «Sport Performance, Health & Society», Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, University of “La Manouba”, Tunis 2010, Tunisia; (E.M.); (S.G.C.); (O.G.C.)
| | - Oussema Gaied Chortane
- Research Laboratory (LR23JS01) «Sport Performance, Health & Society», Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, University of “La Manouba”, Tunis 2010, Tunisia; (E.M.); (S.G.C.); (O.G.C.)
| | - Sébastien Boyas
- Laboratory “Movement, Interactions, Performance” (UR 4334), Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Le Mans University, 72000 Le Mans, France; (S.B.); (B.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Bruno Beaune
- Laboratory “Movement, Interactions, Performance” (UR 4334), Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Le Mans University, 72000 Le Mans, France; (S.B.); (B.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Sylvain Durand
- Laboratory “Movement, Interactions, Performance” (UR 4334), Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Le Mans University, 72000 Le Mans, France; (S.B.); (B.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Wael Maktouf
- Bioengineering, Tissues and Neuroplasticity, UR 7377, Faculty of Health, University of Paris-Est Créteil, 8 rue du Général Sarrail, 94010 Créteil, France
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Ferhi H, Maktouf W. The impact of obesity on static and proactive balance and gait patterns in sarcopenic older adults: an analytical cross-sectional investigation. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16428. [PMID: 38025734 PMCID: PMC10676719 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is increasingly recognized as a significant factor in the susceptibility of older adults to falls and related injuries. While existing literature has established a connection between obesity and reduced postural stability during stationary stances, the direct implications of obesity on walking dynamics, particularly among the older adults with sarcopenia, are not yet comprehensively understood. Objective Firstly, to investigate the influence of obesity on steady-state and proactive balance, as well as gait characteristics, among older adults with sarcopenic obesity (SO); and secondly, to unearth correlations between anthropometric characteristics and balance and gait parameters in the same demographic. Methods A cohort of 42 participants was categorized into control (CG; n = 22; age = 81.1 ± 4.0 years; BMI = 24.9 ± 0.6 kg/m²) and sarcopenic obese (SOG; n = 20; age = 77.7 ± 2.9 years; BMI = 34.5 ± 3.2 kg/m²) groups based on body mass index (BMI, kg/m²). Participants were assessed for anthropometric data, body mass, fat and lean body mass percentages (%), and BMI. Steady-state balance was gauged using the Romberg Test (ROM). Proactive balance evaluations employed the Functional Reach (FRT) and Timed Up and Go (TUG) tests. The 10-m walking test elucidated spatiotemporal gait metrics, including cadence, speed, stride length, stride time, and specific bilateral spatiotemporal components (stance, swing, 1st and 2nd double support, and single support phases) expressed as percentages of the gait cycle. Results The time taken to complete the TUG and ROM tests was significantly shorter in the CG compared to the SOG (p < 0.05). In contrast, the FRT revealed a shorter distance achieved in the SOG compared to the CG (p < 0.05). The CG exhibited a higher gait speed compared to the SOG (p < 0.05), with shorter stride and step lengths observed in the SOG compared to the CG (p < 0.05). Regarding gait cycle phases, the support phase was longer, and the swing phase was shorter in the SOG compared to the CG group (p < 0.05). LBM (%) showed the strongest positive correlation with the ROM (r = 0.77, p < 0.001), gait speed (r = 0.85, p < 0.001), TUG (r = -0.80, p < 0.001) and FRT (r = 0.74, p < 0.001). Conclusion Obesity induces added complexities for older adults with sarcopenia, particularly during the regulation of steady-state and proactive balance and gait. The percentage of lean body mass has emerged as a crucial determinant, highlighting a significant impact of reduced muscle mass on the observed alterations in static postural control and gait among older adults with SO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Ferhi
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) Sport Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, Tunis, Manouba, Tunisie
| | - Wael Maktouf
- Bioengineering, Tissues and Neuroplasticity, UR 7377, Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris Est Créteil, France
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Narciso FV, Dâmaso AR, Barela JA, Carvalho ANS, Ruiz F, de Queiroz SS, Lemos VS, de-Andrade AGP, Tufik S, De-Mello MT. Overweight Impairs Postural Control of Female Night Workers. Sleep Sci 2023; 16:29-37. [PMID: 37151773 PMCID: PMC10157823 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1767746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To verify the relationships between sleep duration (Total Sleep Time - TST) and postural control of female night workers before and after shift. As well as, to verify if there is an influence of the body mass index (BMI) on the postural control of these female workers before and after shift. Methods A total of 14 female night workers (mean age: 35.0 ± 7.7 years) were evaluated. An actigraph was placed on the wrist to evaluate the sleep-wake cycle. The body mass and height were measured, and BMI was calculated. Postural control was evaluated by means of a force platform, with eyes opened and eyes closed before and after the 12-hour workday. Results There was an effect of the BMI on the velocity and the center of pressure path with eyes opened before ( t = 2.55, p = 0.02) and after ( t = 4.10, p < 0.01) night work. The BMI impaired the velocity and the center of pressure path with eyes closed before ( t = 3.05, p = 0.01; t = 3.04, p = 0.01) and after ( t = 2.95, p = 0.01; t = 2.94, p = 0.01) night work. Furthermore, high BMI is associated with female workers' postural sway ( p < 0.05). Conclusion Therefore, high BMI impairs the postural control of female night workers, indicating postural instability before and after night work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Veruska Narciso
- Centro Universitário Mário Palmério (UNIFUCAMP), Physioterapy, Monte Carmelo, MG, Brazil
- Address for correspondence Fernanda Veruska Narciso
| | - Ana R. Dâmaso
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Nutrition, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jose A. Barela
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Physical Education, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Francieli Ruiz
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Psychobiology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Andre Gustavo P. de-Andrade
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Psychobiology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio De-Mello
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Kim HK, Lu SH, Lu TW, Chou LS. Contribution of lower extremity muscles to center of mass acceleration during walking: Effect of body weight. J Biomech 2023; 146:111398. [PMID: 36459848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Overweight or obesity is known to be associated with altered activations of lower extremity muscles. Such changes in muscular function may lead to the development of mobility impairments or joint diseases. However, little is known about how individual lower extremity muscles contribute to the whole-body center of mass (COM) control during walking and the effect of body weight. This study examined the contribution of individual lower extremity muscle force to the COM accelerations during walking in overweight and non-overweight individuals. Musculoskeletal simulations were performed for the stance phase of walking with data collected from 11 overweight and 13 non-overweight adults to estimate lower extremity muscle forces and their contributions to the COM acceleration. Mean time-series data from each parameter were compared between body size groups using Statistical Parametric Mapping. Compared to the non-overweight group, the overweight group revealed a greater gastrocnemius contribution to the mediolateral (p = 0.006) and vertical (p < 0.001) COM accelerations during mid-stance, and had a lower vastus contribution to the anteroposterior COM acceleration (p < 0.001) during pre-swing. Increased contributions from the large posterior calf muscles to the mediolateral COM acceleration may be related to efforts to alleviate COM sway in overweight individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kyung Kim
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Shiuan-Huei Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Wu Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Li-Shan Chou
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Obesity Is Associated With Gait Alterations and Gait Asymmetry in Older Adults. Motor Control 2023; 27:6-19. [PMID: 35393368 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2021-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The prevalence of obesity (OB) has increased in the older adult (OA) population. However, it is not quite clear whether OB exaggerates gait instability and leads to a higher risk of falls in OAs. The first goal of this study was to investigate whether OB is associated with gait alterations and gait asymmetry in OAs. The second goal of this study was to examine relationships between various OB measures with gait measures and gait symmetry measures in OAs. METHODS A total of 30 OAs were included and categorized according to their body mass index (BMI) values into groups of persons with normal weight (NW), overweight (OW), and OB. Participants were required to complete an anthropometric assessment, a body composition assessment, and overground walking tests. RESULTS The group with OB had shorter swing phase, longer stance phase, and shorter single support phase than the NW group. Increased body weight, BMI, visceral adipose tissue mass, and android fat had correlations with shorter swing phase, longer stance phase, and shorter single support phase. Increased body weight and BMI had significantly positive correlations with symmetry index of knee range of motion. CONCLUSIONS OB may impair gait automation capacity in OAs. Both body weight and BMI remain good measures in terms of establishing correlations with gait stability in OAs. However, the amount of fat mass surrounding the abdomen could be vital to interpreting the alterations in the gait of OAs with obesity.
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Bullo V, Gobbo S, Cugusi L, Di Blasio A, Bortoletto A, Pippi R, Cruz-Diaz D, Gasperetti A, Vettor R, Ermolao A, Bergamin M. The Influence of Weight Loss in Postural Control in Women Undergoing Sleeve Gastrectomy. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7040117. [PMID: 36547663 PMCID: PMC9784353 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7040117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bariatric surgery is the most effective procedure for obesity management, with a greater body weight loss and the remission of several diseases. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between the anthropometric profile and postural control outcomes in a group of obese adult women, and the effect of bariatric surgery on postural control. METHODS eighty-eight women candidates for bariatric surgery were recruited. Static balance was measured with the ARGO stabilometric platform under two conditions: open eyes (OE) and closed eyes (CE). RESULTS Multiple linear regression indicated BMI as the first predictor for postural control in all parameters, except for APO in open eyes, predicted mainly by height. Changes in body weight and BMI showed no statistically significant correlations with modification of postural control parameters (OE), while they appeared to exert an influence under closed eyes conditions. CONCLUSIONS Before surgery, obese patients with a higher BMI showed a better postural control. After surgery, the sway path and antero-posterior oscillation improved under open eyes conditions, while the magnitude of weight loss was negatively correlated with differences in postural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bullo
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Gobbo
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Lucia Cugusi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Blasio
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, G. D’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bortoletto
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Roberto Pippi
- Healthy Lifestyle Institute, C.U.R.I.A.Mo. (Centro Universitario Ricerca Interdipartimentale Attività Motoria), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Via G. Bambagioni, 19, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - David Cruz-Diaz
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jean, Spain
| | - Andrea Gasperetti
- Department of Medicine, Sports and Exercise Medicine Division, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Roberto Vettor
- Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Ermolao
- Department of Medicine, Sports and Exercise Medicine Division, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Bergamin
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
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Kalisch T, Theil C, Gosheger G, Ackmann T, Schoenhals I, Moellenbeck B. Measuring sedentary behavior using waist- and thigh-worn accelerometers and inclinometers – are the results comparable? Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2022; 14:1759720X221079256. [PMID: 35310836 PMCID: PMC8928357 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x221079256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Objective sensor-based quantification of sedentary behavior is an important tool for planning and evaluating interventions for excessive sedentary behavior in patients with musculoskeletal diseases. Although waist-worn accelerometers are the standard for physical activity (PA) assessment, only thigh-worn inclinometers can clearly distinguish sedentary behavior from any light PA or standing activity. Methods: In this study, 53 adults (ages 20–85 years) wore two ActiGraph wGT3X-BT monitors, each containing an inclinometer and accelerometer (set for acquisition of slow movements in all three planes), attached to the right waist and thigh for a period of about 4 days. Both monitors recorded total sedentary time and continuous sedentary 10-min bouts by synchronous accelerometry and inclinometry. Differences and correlations between methods and wearing positions were evaluated against participant age, body mass index (BMI), and number of steps taken. Thigh-worn inclinometry was used as reference. Results: Data from thigh-worn inclinometry and waist-worn accelerometry were highly correlated for total sedentary time [rho = 0.888; intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.937] and time in sedentary bouts (rho = 0.818; ICC = 0.848). Nevertheless, accelerometry at the waist underestimated sedentary time by ≈17% (p < 0.001) and time in sedentary bouts by ≈54% (p < 0.001). A satisfactory concordance thus could be demonstrated only for total sedentary time, based on the Bland–Altmann method (≈96% of data within the limits of agreement). The differences between waist-worn accelerometry and thigh-worn inclinometry did not correlate with age but did correlate with BMI and PA for both sedentary behavior parameters (r ⩾ 0.240, p ⩽ 0.043). Conclusion: A waist-worn accelerometer can be used to determine total sedentary time under free-living conditions with sufficient accuracy if the correct settings are chosen. Further investigations are necessary to investigate why short sedentary bouts cannot be reliably assessed. Trial registration: DRKS00024060 (German Clinical Trials Register)
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kalisch
- Department of Orthopedics and Tumor Orthopedics, Muenster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Christoph Theil
- Department of Orthopedics and Tumor Orthopedics, Muenster University Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Georg Gosheger
- Department of Orthopedics and Tumor Orthopedics, Muenster University Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Thomas Ackmann
- Department of Orthopedics and Tumor Orthopedics, Muenster University Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Isabell Schoenhals
- Department of Orthopedics and Tumor Orthopedics, Muenster University Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Burkhard Moellenbeck
- Department of Orthopedics and Tumor Orthopedics, Muenster University Hospital, Muenster, Germany
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Lhomond O, Juan B, Fornerone T, Cossin M, Paleressompoulle D, Prince F, Mouchnino L. Learned Overweight Internal Model Can Be Activated to Maintain Equilibrium When Tactile Cues Are Uncertain: Evidence From Cortical and Behavioral Approaches. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:635611. [PMID: 33859557 PMCID: PMC8042213 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.635611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adaptive behavior in sensorimotor control is aimed to increase the confidence in feedforward mechanisms when sensory afferents are uncertain. It is thought that these feedforward mechanisms rely on predictions from internal models. We investigate whether the brain uses an internal model of physical laws (gravitational and inertial forces) to help estimate body equilibrium when tactile inputs from the foot sole are depressed by carrying extra weight. As direct experimental evidence for such a model is limited, we used Judoka athletes thought to have built up internal models of external loads (i.e., opponent weight management) as compared with Non-Athlete participants and Dancers (highly skilled in balance control). Using electroencephalography, we first (experiment 1) tested the hypothesis that the influence of tactile inputs was amplified by descending cortical efferent signals. We compared the amplitude of P1N1 somatosensory cortical potential evoked by electrical stimulation of the foot sole in participants standing still with their eyes closed. We showed smaller P1N1 amplitudes in the Load compared to No Load conditions in both Non-Athletes and Dancers. This decrease neural response to tactile stimulation was associated with greater postural oscillations. By contrast in the Judoka's group, the neural early response to tactile stimulation was unregulated in the Load condition. This suggests that the brain can selectively increase the functional gain of sensory inputs, during challenging equilibrium tasks when tactile inputs were mechanically depressed by wearing a weighted vest. In Judokas, the activation of regions such as the right posterior inferior parietal cortex (PPC) as early as the P1N1 is likely the source of the neural responses being maintained similar in both Load and No Load conditions. An overweight internal model stored in the right PPC known to be involved in maintaining a coherent representation of one's body in space can optimize predictive mechanisms in situations with high balance constraints (Experiment 2). This hypothesis has been confirmed by showing that postural reaction evoked by a translation of the support surface on which participants were standing wearing extra-weight was improved in Judokas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Lhomond
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, FR 3C, Marseille, France
| | - Benjamin Juan
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, FR 3C, Marseille, France
| | - Theo Fornerone
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, FR 3C, Marseille, France
| | - Marion Cossin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dany Paleressompoulle
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, FR 3C, Marseille, France
| | - François Prince
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Institut National du Sport du Québec, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Laurence Mouchnino
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, FR 3C, Marseille, France
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Ryew C, Hyun S. Influence of Load Carriage on the Gait Characteristics of the Obese. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 49:1631-1636. [PMID: 33643936 PMCID: PMC7898102 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v49i9.4077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Gait mechanism due to overloaded weight of the obese may be altered, but yet uncertain whether an added loaded weight on body weight can alter or not gait characteristics. Methods We applied with 0 kg (no load), 5 kg, 10 kg, and 15 kg of the load carriage respectively on the obese (n=11) to grasp a mechanism on the control of impact types and dynamic stability during gait. Gait characteristics was analyzed with three-dimensional cinematography and ground reaction force system consisted of a length of 1 stride, mean velocity of center of gravity during supporting phase, breaking force, propulsive force, dynamic posture stability index (DPSI), and extrapolated centre of mass (XCoM) respectively. We performed repeated measures one-way analysis of variance (0 kg, 5 kg, 10 kg, and 15 kg) and performed the post hoc test (Duncan) at (P<0.05) in case of significant level respectively. Results Onestride length and mean velocity were decreased according to gradual increase of a load carriage, but breaking and propulsive force were somewhat increased. Particularly a decrease of gait velocity and stride length kept the range for DPSI and XCoM theta of a level of no-load carriage. Conclusion Usually load carriage during prolonged time of the obese is few case, but rather a load carriage of 5 kg may alter a gait posture potentially with prolonged time of load carriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Checheong Ryew
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyun Hyun
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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Jeong H, Johnson AW, Feland JB, Petersen SR, Staten JM, Bruening DA. Added body mass alters plantar shear stresses, postural control, and gait kinetics: Implications for obesity. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246605. [PMID: 33544773 PMCID: PMC7864670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Obesity is a growing global health concern. The increased body mass and altered mass distribution associated with obesity may be related to increases in plantar shear that putatively leads to physical functional deficits. Therefore, measurement of plantar shear may provide unique insights on the effects of body mass and body distribution on physical function or performance. Purpose 1) To investigate the effects of body mass and distribution on plantar shear. 2) To examine how altered plantar shear influences postural control and gait kinetics. Hypothesis 1) a weighted vest forward distributed (FV) would shift the center of pressure (CoP) location forward during standing compared with a weighted vest evenly distributed (EV), 2) FV would increase plantar shear spreading forces more than EV during standing, 3) FV would increase postural sway during standing while EV would not, and 4) FV would elicit greater compensatory changes during walking than EV. Methods Twenty healthy young males participated in four different tests: 1) static test (for measuring plantar shear and CoP location without acceleration, 2) bilateral-foot standing postural control test, 3) single-foot standing postural test, and 4) walking test. All tests were executed in three different weight conditions: 1) unweighted (NV), 2) EV with 20% added body mass, and 3) FV, also with 20% added body mass. Plantar shear stresses were measured using a pressure/shear device, and several shear and postural control metrics were extracted. Repeated measures ANOVAs with Holms post hoc test were used to compare each metric among the three conditions (α = 0.05). Results FV and EV increased both AP and ML plantar shear forces compared to NV. FV shifted CoP forward in single-foot trials. FV and EV showed decreased CoP range and velocity and increased Time-to-Boundary (TTB) during postural control compared to NV. EV and FV showed increased breaking impulse and propulsive impulse compared to NV. In addition, EV showed even greater impulses than FV. While EV increased ML plantar shear spreading force, FV increased AP plantar shear spreading force during walking. Conclusion Added body mass increases plantar shear spreading forces. Body mass distribution had greater effects during dynamic tasks. In addition, healthy young individuals seem to quickly adapt to external stimuli to control postural stability. However, as this is a first step study, follow-up studies are necessary to further support the clinical role of plantar shear in other populations such as elderly and individuals with obesity or diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwigeum Jeong
- Department of Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - A. Wayne Johnson
- Department of Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - J. Brent Feland
- Department of Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Spencer R. Petersen
- Department of Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jared M. Staten
- Department of Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Dustin A. Bruening
- Department of Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
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The Influence of Body Fat Distribution on Postural Balance and Muscle Quality in Women Aged 60 Years and Over. J Appl Biomech 2021; 37:182-187. [PMID: 33657532 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2020-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of body fat distribution on postural balance and lower-limb muscle quality in women aged 60 years and over. Two hundred and twenty-two volunteers took part in this cross-sectional analysis. Participants underwent body fat distribution assessment using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and were classified as nonobese, gynoid obese, or android obese. Postural balance was assessed during quiet standing, with and without vision restriction, using a force platform. Specific torque was defined as the ratio of knee extensors peak torque (evaluated by an isokinetic dynamometer) to the lean mass of the same limb (evaluated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry). Compared with nonobese participants, both obese groups exhibited higher range of postural sway along the anteroposterior and mediolateral axes (P < .05). However, there were no differences between participants with gynoid and android obesity. The android obese group exhibited greater speed of postural sway in the condition without vision restriction than both nonobese (P = .040) and gynoid obese (P = .004) groups. Regarding muscle quality, only participants with gynoid obesity (P = .004) presented lower specific torque than their nonobese peers. These results may be clinically useful when designing falls prevention exercises targeting the obese population.
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Dione M, Facchini J. Experience-driven remodeling of S1 digit representation in awake monkeys: the challenge of comparing active and passive touch. J Neurophysiol 2021; 125:805-808. [PMID: 33502938 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00380.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have compared active and passive touch to understand how motor action shapes touch perception. Current views emphasize the difficulties in making such a comparison and promote investigating how motor strategies enable the filtering out of sensory inputs to reshape touch perception. Cybulska-Klosowicz et al. (Cybulska-Klosowicz A, Tremblay F, Jiang W, Bourgeon S, Meftah E-M, Chapman CE. J Neurophysiol 123: 1072-1089, 2020) suggest that primary somatosensory (S1) cortical remodeling of digit representation occurs during active touch. Here, alternative interpretations are proposed, and the relevance of studying multidigit scanning is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariama Dione
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives-UMR 7291, Aix Marseille University, French National Centre for Scientific Research, Marseille, France
| | - Justine Facchini
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives-UMR 7291, Aix Marseille University, French National Centre for Scientific Research, Marseille, France
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Foot Posture, Muscle Strength, Range of Motion, and Plantar Sensation in Overweight and Obese. J Appl Biomech 2020; 37:87-94. [PMID: 33361490 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2020-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the foot posture, ankle muscle strength, range of motion (ROM), and plantar sensation differences among normal weight, overweight, and obese individuals. One hundred and twenty-three individuals (42 normal weight, 40 overweight, and 41 obese) aged between 18 and 50 years participated in the study. Foot posture, ankle muscle strength, ROM, plantar sensation, and foot-related disabilities were evaluated. The relative muscle strength of left plantar flexors and invertors and light touch sensation of the left heel were significantly lower in obese individuals compared with overweight and normal weight (P < .016) individuals. Obese individuals had significantly reduced relative muscle strength of plantar flexors, dorsiflexor, and invertors, plantar flexion and inversion ROM in the left foot; and light touch sensation of the right heel compared with normal weight (P < .016) individuals. Foot Posture Index scores were significantly higher in obese individuals compared with overweight (P < .016) individuals. There were no significant differences in absolute muscle strength, vibration sensation, and foot-related disability scores among the 3 groups (P > .05). Obesity was found to have adverse effects on ankle muscle strength, ROM, and plantar light touch sensation. Vibration sensation was not affected by body mass index, and foot-related disability was not observed in obese adults.
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Meng H, Gorniak SL. Effects of adiposity on postural control and cognition in older adults. Gait Posture 2020; 82:147-152. [PMID: 32927221 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the impacts of increased adiposity on postural control and cognitive deficits in adults is critical for health practitioners in recommending or prescribing effective weight loss regimens. Despite prior work in this area, the knowledge of increased adiposity impacts on postural control and cognitive deficits in older adults (OAs) is still limited. RESEARCH QUESTION The purposes of the current study were: (a) to assess the relationship between postural measures and adiposity measures by using regression model analyses and, (b) to examine the impacts of increased adiposity and age on cognitive performance. METHODS A total of thirty (30) individuals aged 60+ years participated in the study. Participants were classified into three groups based upon their BMI scores at the onset of the study. The normal weight (NW) (BMI: 18.5-24.9 kg/m2), the overweight (OW) (BMI: 25-29.9 kg/m2), and the obese (OB) groups (BMI: 30-40 kg/m2) each had five females and five males. Participants were required to perform two test sessions: (1) anthropometry assessment and body composition scanning; and (2) evaluation of plantar tactile function, postural control, and cognitive function. RESULTS Overall, our findings indicate that increased adiposity in OAs is associated with declines in both cognitive function and postural control. SIGNIFICANCE Our data also indicate that measures such as BMI and abdominal fat mass amounts/ratios offer the best insight to the impact of adiposity on cognitive function and postural control measures. However, further work is still needed to clarify the mechanistic links between adiposity and cognitive-postural deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Meng
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Stacey L Gorniak
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States.
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Bueno JWF, Coelho DB, Souza CRD, Teixeira LA. Associations Between Women's Obesity Status and Diminished Cutaneous Sensibility Across Foot Sole Regions. Percept Mot Skills 2020; 128:243-257. [PMID: 32962537 DOI: 10.1177/0031512520958511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
People who are obese sustain very high foot pressures when standing, with potential consequences to their feet soles' cutaneous sensibility. In the current investigation, we performed a detailed assessment of foot sole sensibility in women with morbid obesity (n = 13; age = 38.85, SD = 8.09 years) status in comparison with leaner women (n = 13; age = 37.62, SD = 7.10 years). We estimated tactile feet sole sensibility through graduated monofilament light touch applied at several hotspots of both feet soles, covering the toes, metatarsal heads, midfoot internal and lateral arches, and heel. Intergroup comparisons per foot sole region indicated significantly lower sensibility for the group with morbid obesity under the fifth and third metatarsal heads, midfoot lateral and internal arches and heel. We found a large variation across the sole regions, with the lowest difference between the obese and lean groups observed under the hallux (18%) and the largest difference observed under the lateral arch of the midfoot (76%). Correlation analyses between body weight and sensibility scores revealed a significant positive correlation among participants who were leaner (rs = 0.56, p = 0.05) but not among participants who were obese (rs = -0.06, p = 0.83). Mainly, our results showed that morbid obesity was associated with significantly higher cutaneous sensibility thresholds, with large variability of the sensibility deficit across different regions of both feet soles. Due to its functional relevance for body balance control, reduced sensibility thresholds among women who are morbidly obese may have implications for stance stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jair Wesley Ferreira Bueno
- Human Motor Systems Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Boari Coelho
- Human Motor Systems Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Caroline Ribeiro de Souza
- Human Motor Systems Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Augusto Teixeira
- Human Motor Systems Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Caderby T, Caron N, Verkindt C, Bonazzi B, Dalleau G, Peyrot N. Obesity-related alterations in anticipatory postural mechanisms associated with gait initiation. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:2557-2567. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05914-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Differences in lower extremity muscular coactivation during postural control between healthy and obese adults. Gait Posture 2020; 81:197-204. [PMID: 32795826 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is well established that obesity is associated with deterioration in postural control that may reduce obese adults' autonomy and increase risks of falls. However, neuromuscular mechanisms through which postural control alterations occur in obese adults remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of obesity on muscle coactivation at the ankle joint during static and dynamic postural control. MATERIALS AND METHODS A control group (CG; n = 20; age = 32.5 ± 7.6 years; BMI = 22.4 ± 2.2 Kg/m²) and an obese group (OG; n = 20; age = 34.2 ± 5.6 years; BMI = 38.6 ± 4.1 Kg/m²) participated in this study. Static postural control was evaluated by center of pressure (CoP) displacements during quiet standing. Dynamic postural control was assessed by the maximal distance traveled by the CoP during a forward lean test. Electromyography activity data for the gastrocnemius medialis (GM), soleus (SOL) and tibialis anterior (TA) were collected during both quiet standing and forward lean tests. Muscle activities were used to calculate two separate coactivation indexes (CI) between ankle plantar and dorsal flexors (GM/TA and SOL/TA, respectively). RESULTS CoP displacements were higher in the OG than in the CG for quiet standing (p < 0.05). When leaning forward, the maximal distance of the CoP was higher in the CG than in the OG (p < 0.05). Only the CI value calculated for SOL/TA was higher in the OG than in the CG for both static and dynamic tasks (p < 0.05). The SOL/TA CI value in the OG was positively correlated with CoP displacements during quiet standing (r = 0.79; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Obesity increases muscle coactivation of the soleus and tibialis anterior muscles at the ankle joint during both static and dynamic postural control. This adaptive neuromuscular response may represent a joint stiffening strategy for enhancing stability. Consequently, increased ankle muscle coactivation could not be considered as a good adaptation in obese adults.
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Maktouf W, Durand S, Boyas S, Pouliquen C, Beaune B. Interactions among obesity and age-related effects on the gait pattern and muscle activity across the ankle joint. Exp Gerontol 2020; 140:111054. [PMID: 32791335 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purposes of this study were to investigate the combined effects of age and obesity on gait and to analyze the relationship between age and obesity on ankle muscle activities during walking. MATERIALS AND METHODS 4 groups; the young non-obese control group (CG, n = 50, age = 31.8 ± 4.5 years; BMI = 21.4 ± 2.2 kg/m2), the young obese group (OB, n = 30, age = 35.4 ± 4.1 years; BMI = 38.6 ± 3.5 kg/m2), the non-obese older adults group (OA, n = 20, age = 76.1 ± 3.5 years; BMI = 24.4 ± 1.1 kg/m2) and the obese older adults group (OBOA, n = 20, age = 79.6 ± 5.7 years; BMI = 35.5 ± 2.7 kg/m2) walked on an instrumented gait analysis treadmill at their preferred walking speed. Spatiotemporal parameters, walking cycle phases, Vertical ground reaction force (GRFv) and center of pressure (CoP) velocity were sampled from the treadmill software. Electromyography (EMG) activity of the gastrocnemius medialis (GM), the soleus (SOL) and tibialis anterior (TA) were also collected during the walking test. A forward stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to determine if body weight or age could predict ankle muscle activities during the different walking cycle phases. RESULTS Compared to OB, OBOA walked with higher CoP velocity, shorter stride, spending more time in support phase (p < .05). These manifestations were associated with higher TA and SOL activities during the 1st double support (1st DS) and higher TA activity during the single support (SS) (p < .05). Compared to OA, OBOA walked with lower GRFv, shorter and wider stride and spend more time in SU (p < .05). Moreover, SOL, TA and GM activities of OBOA were higher compared to OAG during 1st DS, SS and 2nd Double support (2nd DS), respectively (p < .05). During the 1ST DS, the stepwise multiple regression revealed that age accounted for 87% of the variance of TA activity. The addition of age contributed a further 16% to explain the variance TA activity. During the SS, age accounted for 64% and 46% of the variance of SOL and TA activity respectively. The addition of the body weight added further 15% and 66% of the variation of SOL and TA activity respectively. During the 2nd DS, body weight accounted for 86% of the variance and the addition of the body weight added a further 17% to explain the high level of GM. CONCLUSION Age in obese adults and obesity in older adults should be considered separately to evaluate neuromuscular responses during walking and, subsequently, optimize the modality of treatment and rehabilitation processes in obese individuals in order to reduce and/or prevent the risk of falls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Maktouf
- Le Mans University, Movement - Interactions, Performance, MIP, EA 4334, France; Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72000 Le Mans, France.
| | - Sylvain Durand
- Le Mans University, Movement - Interactions, Performance, MIP, EA 4334, France; Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72000 Le Mans, France.
| | - Sébastien Boyas
- Le Mans University, Movement - Interactions, Performance, MIP, EA 4334, France; Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72000 Le Mans, France.
| | - Camille Pouliquen
- Le Mans University, Movement - Interactions, Performance, MIP, EA 4334, France; Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72000 Le Mans, France.
| | - Bruno Beaune
- Le Mans University, Movement - Interactions, Performance, MIP, EA 4334, France; Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72000 Le Mans, France.
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Fabre M, Chavet P, Fornerone T, Juan B, Abossolo O, Pardo F, Blouin J, Dany L, Mouchnino L. Somatosensory cortical facilitation during step preparation restored by an improved body representation in obese patients. Gait Posture 2020; 80:246-252. [PMID: 32559643 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anticipatory postural adjustments (APA) associated with step initiation are impaired in obese patients (e.g. longer duration, greater lateral center of pressure excursion). This could arise from the known altered internal representation of the body in obese individuals as this representation is crucial for enhancing the processing of foot cutaneous inputs prior to step initiation and for setting the APA. RESEARCH QUESTION The purpose of the study was to examine if the processing of foot cutaneous inputs and the preparation of the APA when planning a step are impaired in obese patients due to their damaged body internal representation (BIR). We also investigated whether these sensorimotor processes will be restored after a 15-day intervention program composed of motor and cognitive activities engaging the BIR without aiming weight loss. METHODS We compared, prior to (D1) and after (D15) the program, the amplitude of the cortical response evoked by foot cutaneous stimulation (SEP) occurring either during quiet standing or during the planning of a step in 18 obese patients (mean body mass index, BMI: 35). The APA were analyzed by measuring the amplitude and latency of the lateral force exerted on the ground. RESULTS AND SIGNIFICANCE The SEP amplitude was not significantly different between the standing and stepping tasks at D1, but increased in the stepping task at D15. This enhanced sensory processing was associated with an increased activation of the posterior parietal cortex, suggesting a stronger involvement of the body representation during the planning of the stepping movement after the program. These cortical changes could have contributed to the changes in the temporal dimension of the APA observed at D15. These results suggest that programs targeting different dimensions of the BIR could be beneficial in improving the dynamic balance in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Fabre
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, FR 3C, Marseille, France
| | - Pascale Chavet
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, Marseille, France
| | - Théo Fornerone
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, FR 3C, Marseille, France
| | - Benjamin Juan
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, FR 3C, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Abossolo
- Equilibre Hôpital de jour, Clinique Saint-Christophe, Chemin de St Hilaire, 13320, Bouc-Bel-Air, France
| | - Fabrice Pardo
- Equilibre Hôpital de jour, Clinique Saint-Christophe, Chemin de St Hilaire, 13320, Bouc-Bel-Air, France
| | - Jean Blouin
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, FR 3C, Marseille, France
| | - Lionel Dany
- Aix Marseille Université, LPS, Aix-en-Provence, France; APHM, Timone, Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Mouchnino
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, FR 3C, Marseille, France.
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Andreato LV, Oliveira DV, Follmer B, Bertolini SMMG. The influence of age and overweight or obesity on foot sensitivity and postural control: A systematic review. Australas J Ageing 2020; 39:e251-e258. [DOI: 10.1111/ajag.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Vidal Andreato
- Sport and Exercise Psychology Laboratory (LAPE) State University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Follmer
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
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Neri SGR, Harvey LA, Tiedemann A, Gadelha AB, Lima RM. Obesity and falls in older women: Mediating effects of muscle quality, foot loads and postural control. Gait Posture 2020; 77:138-143. [PMID: 32036318 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with an increased risk of falls in older women. However, it is not certain whether factors commonly associated with obesity and falls mediate this risk. RESEARCH QUESTION Do lower-limb muscle quality, foot loads and postural control mediate the relationship between obesity and falls in women aged 60 years and older? METHODS At baseline, 246 female participants underwent obesity screening (BMI≥30 kg/m²), and measurements of muscle quality (isokinetic dynamometer and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), foot loads (pressure platform) and postural balance (force platform). Incident falls were recorded at the end of the 18-month follow-up period via participant recall. To test whether, and to what extent, biomechanical factors mediated the relationship between obesity and falls, the Natural Indirect Effects (NIE), Natural Direct Effect (NDE) and proportion mediated were calculated using the counterfactual approach. Significance level was set at p < .05. RESULTS 204 participants (83 %) completed the follow-up. As expected, obesity was associated with a higher risk of being a faller (RR: 2.13, 95 % CI: 1.39-3.27). Using the counterfactual approach, only specific torque (NIE: 1.11, 95 % CI: 1.01-1.38) and flatfoot (NIE: 1.10, 95 % CI: 1.01-1.32) were significant mediators of the relationship between obesity and falls. Specific torque and flatfoot mediated 19 % and 21 % of the relationship, respectively. SIGNIFICANCE Lower-limb muscle quality (specific torque) and foot loads (flatfoot) mediate the relationship between obesity and falls in older women. The inclusion of muscle strengthening and podiatry interventions as part of a fall prevention program may benefit this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia G R Neri
- Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasilia, Brazil.
| | - Lara A Harvey
- Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anne Tiedemann
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - André B Gadelha
- Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Ricardo M Lima
- Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasilia, Brazil
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Influence of Obesity and Impact of a Physical Activity Program on Postural Control and Functional and Physical Capacities in Institutionalized Older Adults: A Pilot Study. J Phys Act Health 2020; 17:169-176. [DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2018-0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the role of obesity in the effects of physical activity (PA) on postural control and functional and physical capacities in the older adults and to assess the effectiveness of a PA program on these capacities. Methods: Six obese (age = 78.8 [3.7] y; body mass index > 30 kg/m2), 7 overweight (age = 80.9 [2.8] y; 25 < body mass index < 30 kg/m2), and 6 normal weight (age = 80.8 [5.7] y; body mass index < 25 kg/m2) older adults performed the time up and go test, the 6-minute walk test, and the Tinetti test. Static and dynamic (forward leaning) postural control tests were also assessed. All these tests were similarly assessed 4 months later, during which only the obese group and overweight group participated in a PA program. Results: Before PA, results of the time up and go test, 6-minute walk test, Tinetti test, quiet standing, and forward lean tests revealed that physical capacities and static and dynamic postural control were impaired in the obese group when compared to the normal weight group. After PA, results of quiet standing, physical and functional tests were improved for obese group. Conclusions: Obesity is an additional constraint to age-related postural control and functional and physical capacities deteriorations. Nevertheless, a PA program is effective in improving balance and functional capacities in obese older adults.
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Gonzalez M, Gates DH, Rosenblatt NJ. The impact of obesity on gait stability in older adults. J Biomech 2019; 100:109585. [PMID: 31911052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Obesity increases fall risk, and fall-related injuries in older adults. While prior work suggests obesity influences postural stability during standing, little is known about how obesity affects walking stability. Therefore, this study compared walking stability in older adults with and without obesity. Exploratory analyses were also conducted to evaluate the associations between measures of body habitus and gait stability as well as the association between prospective stumbles and falls and gait stability. A total of 34 older adults (17 with obesity, 17 with normal weight) walked on a treadmill at a self-selected speed. Walking stability was quantified as the local dynamic stability of the trunk in all three planes of motion. Participants also performed a series of functional tests, and were followed for a one-year period during which they reported falls and stumbles. Although participants with obesity performed significantly worse than participants without obesity on most functional tests, there were no differences in stability between groups in any direction (p = 0.18-0.78; η2 = 0.003-0.056), nor between those with and without a prospective fall or stumble (p = 0.18-0.93; η2 = 0.003-0.054). There were significant, albeit weak, correlations between BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio and walking instability (p = 0.027-0.042; ρ = 0.36-0.39). Increased body mass, in absence of other obesity-related comorbidities, may have minimum impact on walking stability and in turn fall risk in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deanna H Gates
- Robotics Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Noah J Rosenblatt
- Dr. William M Scholl College of Podiatric Medicines' Center for Lower Extremity Ambulatory Research (CLEAR), Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA.
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Nguyen GL, Putnam S, Haile M, Raza Z, Bremer M, Wilkinson KA. Diet-induced obesity decreases rate-dependent depression in the Hoffmann's reflex in adult mice. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14271. [PMID: 31660698 PMCID: PMC6818099 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with balance and motor control deficits. We have recently shown that Group Ia muscle spindle afferents, the sensory arm of the muscle stretch reflex, are less responsive in mice fed a high-fat diet. Here we test the hypothesis that reflex excitability to sensory information from Group Ia muscle spindle afferents is altered in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. We measured the anesthetized Hoffmann's or H-reflex, the electrical analog of the muscle stretch reflex. Adult mice of both sexes were fed a control diet (CD; 10% kcal from fat) or a high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal from fat) for 5, 10, or 15 weeks. We used three quantitative measures of H-reflex excitability: (1) H-reflex latency; (2) the percentage of motor neurons recruited from electrical stimulation of Group Ia muscle spindle afferents (Hmax /Mmax ); and (3) rate-dependent depression (RDD), the decrease in H-reflex amplitude to high frequency stimulation (20 stimuli at 5 Hz). A HFD did not significantly alter H latency (P = 0.16) or Hmax /Mmax ratios (P = 0.06), but RDD was significantly lower in HFD compared to CD groups (P < 0.001). Interestingly, HFD males exhibited decreased RDD compared to controls only after 5 and 10 weeks of feeding, but females showed progressive decreases in RDD that were only significant at 10 and 15 weeks on the HFD. These results suggest that high-fat feeding increases H-reflex excitability. Future studies are needed to determine whether these changes alter muscle stretch reflex strength and/or balance and to determine the underlying mechanism(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard L. Nguyen
- Department of Biological SciencesSan José State UniversitySan JoseCalifornia
| | - Shea Putnam
- Department of Biological SciencesSan José State UniversitySan JoseCalifornia
| | - Mulatwa Haile
- Department of Biological SciencesSan José State UniversitySan JoseCalifornia
| | - Zahra Raza
- Department of Biological SciencesSan José State UniversitySan JoseCalifornia
| | - Martina Bremer
- Department of Mathematics and StatisticsSan José State UniversitySan JoseCalifornia
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Komisar V, McIlroy WE, Duncan CA. Individual, task, and environmental influences on balance recovery: a narrative review of the literature and implications for preventing occupational falls. IISE Trans Occup Ergon Hum Factors 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24725838.2019.1634160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Komisar
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
| | | | - Carolyn A. Duncan
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI
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Lhomond O, Teasdale N, Simoneau M, Mouchnino L. Supplementary Motor Area and Superior Parietal Lobule Restore Sensory Facilitation Prior to Stepping When a Decrease of Afferent Inputs Occurs. Front Neurol 2019; 9:1132. [PMID: 30662426 PMCID: PMC6328453 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The weighting of the sensory inputs is not uniform during movement preparation and execution. For instance, a transient increase in the transmission to the cortical level of cutaneous input ~700 ms was observed before participants initiated a step forward. The sensory facilitation occurred at a time when feet cutaneous information is critical for setting the forces to be exerted onto the ground to shift the center of mass toward the supporting side prior to foot-off. Despite clear evidence of task-dependent modulation of the early somatosensory signal transmission, the neural mechanisms are mainly unknown. One hypothesis suggests that during movement preparation the premotor cortex and specifically the supplementary motor area (SMA) can be the source of an efferent signal that facilitates the somatosensory processes irrespectively of the amount of sensory inputs arriving at the somatosensory areas. Here, we depressed mechanically the plantar sole cutaneous transmission by increasing pressure under the feet by adding an extra body weight to test whether the task-dependent modulation is present during step preparation. Results showed upregulation of the neural response to tactile stimulation in the extra-weight condition during the stepping preparation whereas depressed neural response was still observed in standing condition. Source localization indicated the SMA and to a lesser extent the superior parietal lobule (SPL) areas as the likely origin of the response modulation. Upregulating cutaneous inputs (when mechanically depressed) at an early stage by efferent signals from the motor system could be an attempt to restore the level of sensory afferents to make it suitable for setting the anticipatory adjustments prior to step initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Lhomond
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Marseille, France
| | - Normand Teasdale
- Faculté de médecine, Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Simoneau
- Faculté de médecine, Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et Intégration Sociale, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Laurence Mouchnino
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Marseille, France
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Maktouf W, Durand S, Boyas S, Pouliquen C, Beaune B. Combined effects of aging and obesity on postural control, muscle activity and maximal voluntary force of muscles mobilizing ankle joint. J Biomech 2018; 79:198-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Gait Pattern, Impact to the Skeleton and Postural Balance in Overweight and Obese Children: A Review. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6030075. [PMID: 30065150 PMCID: PMC6162717 DOI: 10.3390/sports6030075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The article reviews the biomechanical factors that may cause overweight/obese children to reduce their level of physical activity, while increasing their risk of overuse injuries and exercise-related pain. Recommendations would be to screen those children for any gait or postural impairments before they join any exercise program, and to provide them with specific gait treatments and/or physical exercise programs, in order to decrease their risk for future musculoskeletal injuries and pain.
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Frames CW, Soangra R, Lockhart TE, Lach J, Ha DS, Roberto KA, Lieberman A. Dynamical Properties of Postural Control in Obese Community-Dwelling Older Adults †. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18061692. [PMID: 29794998 PMCID: PMC6021983 DOI: 10.3390/s18061692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Postural control is a key aspect in preventing falls. The aim of this study was to determine if obesity affected balance in community-dwelling older adults and serve as an indicator of fall risk. The participants were randomly assigned to receive a comprehensive geriatric assessment followed by a longitudinal assessment of their fall history. The standing postural balance was measured for 98 participants with a Body Mass Index (BMI) ranging from 18 to 63 kg/m², using a force plate and an inertial measurement unit affixed at the sternum. Participants' fall history was recorded over 2 years and participants with at least one fall in the prior year were classified as fallers. The results suggest that body weight/BMI is an additional risk factor for falling in elderly persons and may be an important marker for fall risk. The linear variables of postural analysis suggest that the obese fallers have significantly higher sway area and sway ranges, along with higher root mean square and standard deviation of time series. Additionally, it was found that obese fallers have lower complexity of anterior-posterior center of pressure time series. Future studies should examine more closely the combined effect of aging and obesity on dynamic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Frames
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
- Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (MAPC), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
| | - Rahul Soangra
- Department of Physical Therapy, Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA.
| | - Thurmon E Lockhart
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
| | - John Lach
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
| | - Dong Sam Ha
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Karen A Roberto
- Human Development, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Abraham Lieberman
- Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center (MAPC), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
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Diet induced obesity alters muscle spindle afferent function in adult mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196832. [PMID: 29718979 PMCID: PMC5931673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Populations with obesity are more likely to fall and exhibit balance instability. The reason for this is likely multifactorial, but there is some evidence that sensory function is impaired during obesity. We tested the hypothesis that muscle proprioceptor function is compromised in a mouse model of diet induced obesity. An in vitro muscle-nerve preparation was used to record muscle spindle afferent responses to physiological stretch and sinusoidal vibration. We compared the responses of C57/Bl6 male and female mice on a control diet (10% kcal fat) with those eating a high fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat) for 10 weeks (final age 14–15 weeks old). Following HFD feeding, adult mice of both sexes exhibited decreased muscle spindle afferent responses to muscle movement. Muscle spindle afferent firing rates during the plateau phase of stretch were significantly lower in both male and female HFD animals as were two measures of dynamic sensitivity (dynamic peak and dynamic index). Muscle spindle afferents in male mice on a HFD were also significantly less likely to entrain to vibration. Due to the importance of muscle spindle afferents to proprioception and motor control, decreased muscle spindle afferent responsiveness may contribute to balance instability during obesity.
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Neri SGR, Gadelha AB, Pereira JC, Gutierres Filho PJB, Lima RM. Obesity is associated with reduced postural control in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOTHERAPY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/21679169.2018.1442496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - André Bonadias Gadelha
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Mauá Institute of Research and Education, Vicente Pires, DF, Brazil
| | - Juscélia Cristina Pereira
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Department of Education, Federal Institute of Triângulo Mineiro, Paracatu, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo M. Lima
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Obesity is Associated With Altered Plantar Pressure Distribution in Older Women. J Appl Biomech 2017; 33:323-329. [DOI: 10.1123/jab.2016-0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Increased plantar pressure has been found to be related with greater risk of falling. Although there is evidence suggesting that obesity is linked to foot disorders, the association between obesity and plantar pressure of older adults has been poorly investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between obesity and plantar pressure distribution and to explore its relationship with body fat distribution. Two hundred and eleven older women took part in this cross-sectional study. Body mass index was taken for obesity classification. Whole body, android, and gynoid fat percentage was assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Peak plantar pressure was evaluated during gait using an Emed AT-4 pressure platform. Obese volunteers generated greater peak pressure at midfoot (187.26 kPa) compared to both normal weight (128.52 kPa, p < .001) and overweight (165.74 kPa, p < .001). Peak plantar pressure at midfoot was also greater in overweight compared to normal weight (p < .001). At forefoot, peak pressure was higher in the obese (498.15 kPa) compared to normal weight volunteers (420.41 kPa, p = .007). Additionally, whole body, android, and gynoid fat percentage were significantly associated with peak pressure at midfoot and forefoot. Therefore, clinicians dealing with falls should consider the effect of increased body weight on plantar pressure.
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Effects of vibration training in reducing risk of slip-related falls among young adults with obesity. J Biomech 2017; 57:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Yang F, Kim J, Yang F. Effects of obesity on dynamic stability control during recovery from a treadmill-induced slip among young adults. J Biomech 2017; 53:148-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Yümin ET, Şimşek TT, Sertel M, Ankaralı H. The effect of age and body mass index on plantar cutaneous sensation in healthy women. J Phys Ther Sci 2016; 28:2587-2595. [PMID: 27799700 PMCID: PMC5080182 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.2587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study was conducted to examine the effects of age and body mass index on plantar cutaneous sensation in healthy women. [Subjects and Methods] Two hundred and three healthy female volunteers over the age of 20 were included in the study. The statistical analyses were performed by considering the age and body mass index values of the individuals. The individuals were divided according to their ages and body mass index values. Foot pain was measured with a visual analogue scale and plantar cutaneous sensation using Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments. [Results] Fifty-six (27.5%) of the participants had normal weights, 67 (33%) were overweight, and 80 (39%) were obese. Statistical analysis revealed that as age and body mass index values increased, plantar sensitivity decreased and the frequency and severity of pain increased. [Conclusion] It is possible that healthy women may experience a decrease in foot plantar sensation with increasing weight and age. If women do not have any health problems, proprioception and sensory training must be focused on in order to prevent balance and falling problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eylem Tütün Yümin
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Abant İzzet Baysal University, Turkey
| | | | - Meral Sertel
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Science, Kırıkkale University, Turkey
| | - Handan Ankaralı
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Düzce University, Turkey
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Villarrasa-Sapiña I, García-Massó X, Serra-Añó P, Garcia-Lucerga C, Gonzalez LM, Lurbe E. Differences in intermittent postural control between normal-weight and obese children. Gait Posture 2016; 49:1-6. [PMID: 27344447 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM The main objective of this study was to determine differences in postural control between obese and non-obese children. METHODS The study design was cross-sectional, prospective, between-subjects. Postural control variables were obtained from a group of obese children and a normal-weight control group under two different postural conditions: bipedal standing position with eyes open and bipedal standing with eyes closed. Variables were obtained for each balance condition using time domain and sway-density plot analysis of the center of pressure signals acquired by means of a force plate. RESULTS Pairwise comparisons revealed significant differences between obese and normal-weight children in mean velocity in antero-posterior and medio-lateral directions, ellipse area and mean distance with both eyes open and eyes closed. Normal-weight subjects obtained lower values in all these variables than obese subjects. Furthermore, there were differences between both groups in mean peaks with eyes open and in mean time with eyes closed. CONCLUSION Alterations were detected in the intermittent postural control in obese children. According to the results obtained, active anticipatory control produces higher center of pressure displacement responses in obese children and the periods during which balance is maintained by passive control and reflex mechanisms are of shorter duration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xavier García-Massó
- Departamento de Didáctica de la Expresión Musical, Plástica y Corporal, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Pilar Serra-Añó
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Luis-Millán Gonzalez
- Departamento de Educación Física y Deportiva, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia Spain
| | - Empar Lurbe
- Department of Pediatrics, Consorcio Hospital General, University of Valencia, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid Spain
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Lhomond O, Teasdale N, Simoneau M, Mouchnino L. Neural Consequences of Increasing Body Weight: Evidence from Somatosensory Evoked Potentials and the Frequency-Specificity of Brain Oscillations. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:318. [PMID: 27445758 PMCID: PMC4925671 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on the control of human balance suggested that increased pressure under the feet, leading to reduced plantar sole mechanoreceptors sensitivity, increases body sway. Although this suggestion is attracting, it is unclear whether increased plantar sole pressure simply reduces the transmission of plantar sole afferent to the cortex or also alters the sensorimotor integrative mechanisms. Here we used electrical stimulation applied under the sole of the foot to probe the sensorimotor mechanisms processing foot mechanoreceptors. Balance control of healthy individuals was assessed either when wearing a loaded vest or in normal-weight condition. In the Loaded condition, we observed decreased cortical activity over the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) for both an early P50-N90 somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) and for oscillatory brain activity within the gamma band (30–80 Hz). These reductions were interpreted as a disrupted early sensory transmission (i.e., decreased early SEP) leading to a decreased perception of plantar sole sensory information (i.e., decreased gamma band power). These early sensory mechanisms for the Loaded condition were associated with an increase in the late P170-N210 SEP and oscillatory brain activity within the beta band (19–24 Hz). These neural signatures involved areas which are engaged in sensorimotor integrative processes (secondary somatosensory cortex (SII) and right temporoparietal junction). Altered early and late sensory processes may result from the increase pressure on the mechanoreceptors of the foot sole and not from postural instability per se. Indeed, postural instability with normal weight condition did not lead to SEP changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Lhomond
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Normand Teasdale
- Département de Kinésiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université LavalQuébec, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de QuébecQuébec, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Simoneau
- Département de Kinésiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université LavalQuébec, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de QuébecQuébec, QC, Canada
| | - Laurence Mouchnino
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
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Foot-type analysis and plantar pressure differences between obese and nonobese adolescents during upright standing. Int J Rehabil Res 2016; 39:87-91. [DOI: 10.1097/mrr.0000000000000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Falls resulting from a laboratory-induced slip occur at a higher rate among individuals who are obese. J Biomech 2016; 49:678-683. [PMID: 26897650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Falls due to slipping are a serious concern, with slipping estimated to cause 40-50% of all fall-related injuries. Epidemiological data indicates that older and obese adults experience more falls than young, non-obese individuals. An increasingly heavier and older U.S. population and workforce may be exacerbating the problem of slip-induced falls. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of obesity and age on slip severity and rate of falling resulting from laboratory-induced slips. Four groups of participants (young obese, young non-obese, older obese, older non-obese) were slipped while walking at a self-selected, slightly hurried pace. Slip severity (slip distance, slip duration, mean slip speed and peak slip speed) and slip outcome (fall or recovery) were compared between groups. Obese individuals experienced 22% faster slips than non-obese individuals in terms of mean slip speed (p=0.022). Obesity did not affect slip distance, slip duration or peak slip speed. Obese individuals also exhibited a higher rate of falls; 32% of obese individuals fell compared to 10% of non-obese (p=0.005). Obese individuals were more than eight times more likely to experience a fall than non-obese individuals when adjusting for age, gender and gait speed. No age effects were found for slip severity or slip outcome. These results, along with epidemiological data reporting higher fall rates among the obese, indicate that obesity may be a significant risk factor for experiencing slip-induced falls. Slip severity thresholds were also reported that may have value in developing controls for fall prevention.
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41
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Meng H, O'Connor DP, Lee BC, Layne CS, Gorniak SL. Effects of adiposity on postural control and cognition. Gait Posture 2016; 43:31-7. [PMID: 26669948 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the U.S., it is estimated that over one-third of adults are obese (Body Mass Index (BMI)>30kg/m(2)). Previous studies suggest that obesity may be associated with deficits in cognitive performance and postural control. Increased BMI may challenge cognitive and postural performance in a variety of populations; however, most relevant studies have classified participants based on BMI values, which cannot be used to accurately assess the effects of adiposity on cognitive performance and postural control. The objective of the current study was to examine motor and cognitive responses for overweight and obese adults compared to normal weight individuals by using both BMI and adiposity measures. Ten normal weight (BMI=18-24.9kg/m(2)), ten overweight (BMI=25-29.9kg/m(2)), and ten obese (BMI=30-40kg/m(2)) adults were evaluated (age: 24±4 years). Participants were classified into three groups based on BMI values at the onset of the study, prior to body composition analysis. Participants performed (1) working memory task while maintaining upright stance, and (2) a battery of sensorimotor evaluations. Working memory reaction times, response accuracy, center-of-pressure (COP) path length, velocity, migration area, time to boundary values in anterior-posterior direction, and ankle-hip strategy-scores were calculated to evaluate cognitive-motor performance. No significant deficits in working memory performance were observed. Overall, measures of motor function deteriorated as BMI and body fat percentage increased. The relationship between deteriorating postural performance indices and body fat percentage were greater than those found between BMI and postural performance indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Meng
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States; Center for Neuromotor and Biomechanics Research, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Daniel P O'Connor
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States; Texas Obesity Research Center, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Beom-Chan Lee
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States; Center for Neuromotor and Biomechanics Research, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Charles S Layne
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States; Center for Neuromotor and Biomechanics Research, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States; Texas Obesity Research Center, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Stacey L Gorniak
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States; Center for Neuromotor and Biomechanics Research, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States; Texas Obesity Research Center, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States.
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Foam pads properties and their effects on posturography in participants of different weight. Chiropr Man Therap 2015; 23:2. [PMID: 25648275 PMCID: PMC4308009 DOI: 10.1186/s12998-014-0045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foam pads are increasingly used on force platforms during balance assessments in order to produce increased instability thereby permitting the measurement of enhanced posturographic parameters. A variety of foam pads providing different material properties have thus been used, although it is still unclear which characteristics produce the most effective and reliable tests. Furthermore, the effects of participant bodyweight on the performance of the foam pads and outcome of the test are unknown. This project investigated how different foam samples affected postural sway velocity in participants of different weights. METHOD Four foam types were tested according to a modified American Society for Testing and Materials standard method for testing flexible cellular materials. Thirty-six healthy male factory workers divided into three groups according to body mass were tested three times for each of the 13 randomly-selected experimental situations for changes in postural sway velocity in this cross-over study. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to compare the results and evaluate the difference in sway velocity between mass groups. RESULTS For the materials considered here, the modulus of elasticity of the foam pads when compressed by 25% of their original heights was inversely proportional to their density. The largest changes in postural sway velocity were measured when the pads of highest stiffness were used, with memory foam pads being the least likely to produce significant changes. CONCLUSIONS The type of foam pads used in posturography is indeed important. Our study shows that the samples with a higher modulus of elasticity produced the largest change in postural sway velocity during quiet stance. The results suggest that foam pads used for static computerised posturography should 1) possess a higher modulus of elasticity and 2) show linear deformation properties matched to the participants' weight.
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