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Morrison L, Smoody B, Woltjer R, Hinds MT, Loftis JM, Wyatt CW, Nguyen KP. Ferumoxytol-enhanced MRI assessment of venous Thrombus resolution and macrophage content in a murine deep vein thrombosis model. Thromb Res 2024; 240:109063. [PMID: 38878741 PMCID: PMC11239555 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2024.109063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imaging evaluation of acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) in animal or clinical models is limited to anatomical assessment of the location and extent of thrombi. We hypothesize that Fe-MRI, used to evaluate macrophage content in other inflammatory diseases, can be useful to evaluate the thromboinflammatory features after DVT over time. METHODS Nineteen wild-type CD-1 mice underwent surgical IVC ligation to induce DVT. Mice received either saline or 5 mg/kg of 14E11, a Factor XI inhibitor, before the procedure. Fe-MRI was performed on days 6-7 after ligation to evaluate thrombus volume, perfusion, and macrophage content via T2-weighted images. Mice were euthanized at days 3-15 after surgery. The thrombi and adjacent vein walls were excised, weighed, formalin-fixed, and paraffin-embedded for immunohistological analysis. Specimens were stained with specific antibodies to evaluate macrophage content, collagen deposition, neovascularization, and recanalization. Significance was determined using the Mann-Whitney U or Student's t-test. RESULTS After IVC-ligation in control mice, thrombus weights decreased by 59 % from day 3 to 15. Thrombus volumes peaked on day 5 before decreasing by 85 % by day 13. FXI inhibition led to reduced macrophage content in both thrombi (p = .008) and vein walls (p = .01), decreased thrombus volume (p = .03), and decreased thrombus mass (p = .01) compared to control mice. CCR2+ staining corroborated these findings, showing significantly reduced macrophage presence in the thrombi (p = .002) and vein wall (p = .002). CONCLUSIONS Fe-MRI T2 relaxation times can be used to characterize and quantify post-thrombotic changes of perfusion, macrophage content, and thrombus volume over time in a surgical mouse model of venous thrombosis. This approach could lead to better quantification of in vivo inflammation correlating monocyte and macrophage content within resolving thrombi and veins and may serve as a useful tool for research and clinically in the evaluation of the post-thrombotic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Morrison
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - B Smoody
- Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Advanced Imaging Research Center (AIRC), Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - R Woltjer
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - M T Hinds
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science Advanced Imaging Research Center (AIRC), Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - J M Loftis
- Research and Development, Portland VA Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Highway Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - C W Wyatt
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - K P Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science Advanced Imaging Research Center (AIRC), Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Research and Development, Portland VA Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Highway Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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2
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Pacheco MO, Gerzenshtein IK, Stoppel WL, Rinaldi-Ramos CM. Advances in Vascular Diagnostics using Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) for Blood Circulation Assessment. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2400612. [PMID: 38879782 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Rapid and accurate assessment of conditions characterized by altered blood flow, cardiac blood pooling, or internal bleeding is crucial for diagnosing and treating various clinical conditions. While widely used imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and ultrasound offer unique diagnostic advantages, they fall short for specific indications due to limited penetration depth and prolonged acquisition times. Magnetic particle imaging (MPI), an emerging tracer-based technique, holds promise for blood circulation assessments, potentially overcoming existing limitations with reduction in background signals and high temporal and spatial resolution, below the millimeter scale. Successful imaging of blood pooling and impaired flow necessitates tracers with diverse circulation half-lives optimized for MPI signal generation. Recent MPI tracers show potential in imaging cardiovascular complications, vascular perforations, ischemia, and stroke. The impressive temporal resolution and penetration depth also position MPI as an excellent modality for real-time vessel perfusion imaging via functional MPI (fMPI). This review summarizes advancements in optimized MPI tracers for imaging blood circulation and analyzes the current state of pre-clinical applications. This work discusses perspectives on standardization required to transition MPI from a research endeavor to clinical implementation and explore additional clinical indications that may benefit from the unique capabilities of MPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa O Pacheco
- Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | | | - Whitney L Stoppel
- Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Carlos M Rinaldi-Ramos
- Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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3
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Zhuang L, Kong Y, Yang S, Lu F, Gong Z, Zhan S, Liu M. Dynamic changes of inflammation and apoptosis in cerebral ischemia‑reperfusion injury in mice investigated by ferumoxytol‑enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:282. [PMID: 33604682 PMCID: PMC7905325 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.11921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response and apoptosis are key factors in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. The severity of the inflammatory reaction and apoptosis has an important impact on the prognosis of stroke. The ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particle has provided an effective magnetic resonance molecular imaging method for dynamic observation of the cell infiltration process in vivo. The aims of the present study were to investigate the inflammatory response of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice using ferumoxytol-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, and to observe the dynamic changes of inflammatory response and apoptosis. In the present study a C57BL/6n mouse cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model was established by blocking the right middle cerebral artery with an occluding suture. Subsequently, the mice were injected with ferumoxytol via the tail vein, and magnetic resonance scanning was performed at corresponding time points to observe the signal changes. Furthermore, blood samples were used to measure the level of serum inflammatory factors, and histological staining was performed to assess the number of iron-swallowing microglial cells and apoptotic cells. The present results suggested that there was no significant difference in the serum inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 1β between the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and MCAO + ferumoxytol groups injected with ferumoxytol and physiological saline. The lowest signal ratio in the negative enhancement region was decreased 24 h after reperfusion in mice injected with ferumoxytol. The proportion of iron-swallowing microglial cells and TUNEL-positive cells were the highest at 24 h after reperfusion, and decreased gradually at 48 and 72 h after reperfusion. Therefore, the present results indicated that ferumoxytol injection of 18 mg Fe/kg does not affect the inflammatory response in the acute phase of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Ferumoxytol-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging can be used as an effective means to monitor the inflammatory response in the acute phase of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Furthermore, it was found that activation of the inflammatory response and apoptosis in the acute stage of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury is consistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Zhuang
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yingnan Kong
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Shuohui Yang
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Fang Lu
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Gong
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Songhua Zhan
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Mengxiao Liu
- MR Scientific Marketing, Siemens Healthcare, Shanghai 201318, P.R. China
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4
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Zhang X, Zhou J, Gu Z, Zhang H, Gong Q, Luo K. Advances in nanomedicines for diagnosis of central nervous system disorders. Biomaterials 2020; 269:120492. [PMID: 33153757 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In spite of a great improvement in medical health services and an increase in lifespan, we have witnessed a skyrocket increase in the incidence of central nervous system (CNS) disorders including brain tumors, neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease), ischemic stroke, and epilepsy, which have seriously undermined the quality of life and substantially increased economic and societal burdens. Development of diagnostic methods for CNS disorders is still in the early stage, and the clinical outcomes suggest these methods are not ready for the challenges associated with diagnosis of CNS disorders, such as early detection, specific binding, sharp contrast, and continuous monitoring of therapeutic interventions. Another challenge is to overcome various barrier structures during delivery of diagnostic agents, especially the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Fortunately, utilization of nanomaterials has been pursued as a potential and promising strategy to address these challenges. This review will discuss anatomical and functional structures of BBB and transport mechanisms of nanomaterials across the BBB, and special emphases will be placed on the state-of-the-art advances in the development of nanomedicines from a variety of nanomaterials for diagnosis of CNS disorders. Meanwhile, current challenges and future perspectives in this field are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Zhang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Amgen Bioprocessing Centre, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Kui Luo
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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5
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Azevedo-Pereira RL, Rangel B, Tovar-Moll F, Gasparetto EL, Attias M, Zaverucha-do-Valle C, Jasmin, Mendez-Otero R. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as a tool to track mouse neural stem cells in vivo. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 46:191-198. [PMID: 30421128 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4460-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell transplantation offers a promising approach in many neurological disorders. Neural stem (NS) cells are potential candidates for cell therapy. The ability to track the grafted cells in the host tissue will refine this therapy. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) have been suggested as a feasible method, but there is no consensus about its safety. Here we investigated the feasibility of label NS cells with SPION and track by MRI after transplantation into mouse striatum with SPION cells and its therapeutic effects by grafting the cells into mouse striatum. We demonstrated that SPION-labeled NS cells display normal patterns of cellular processes including proliferation, migration, differentiation and neurosphere formation. Transmission electron microscopy reveals SPION in the cytoplasm of the cells, which was confirmed by microanalysis. Neurons and astrocytes generated from SPION-labeled NS cells were able to carry nanoparticles after 7 days under differentiation. SPION-labeled NS cells transplanted into striatum of mice were detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and microscopy 51 days later. In agreement with others reports, we demonstrated that NS cells are able to incorporate SPION in vitro without altering the stemness, and can survive and be tracked by MRI after they have been grafted into mice striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Luiz Azevedo-Pereira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Bárbara Rangel
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcia Attias
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camila Zaverucha-do-Valle
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jasmin
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biologia-Duque de Caxias, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosalia Mendez-Otero
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Ugga L, Romeo V, Tedeschi E, Brunetti A, Quarantelli M. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanocolloids in MRI studies of neuroinflammation. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 310:12-23. [PMID: 29913184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide (IO) nanocolloids are being increasingly used to image cellular contribution to neuroinflammation using MRI, as these particles are capable of labeling circulating cells with phagocytic activity, allowing to assess cell trafficking from the blood to neuroinflammation sites. The use of IOs relies on the natural phagocytic properties of immune cells, allowing their labeling either in vitro or directly in vivo, following intravenous injection. Despite concerns on the specificity of the latter approach, the widespread availability and relatively low cost of these techniques, coupled to a sensitivity that allows to reach single cell detection, have promoted their use in several preclinical and clinical studies. In this review, we discuss the results of currently available preclinical and clinical IO-enhanced MRI studies of immune cell trafficking in neuroinflammation, examining the specificity of the existing findings, in view of the different possible mechanisms underlying IO accumulation in the brain. From this standpoint, we assess the implications of the temporal and spatial differences in the enhancement pattern of IOs, compared to gadolinium-based contrast agents, a clinically established MRI marker blood-brain barrier breakdown. While concerns on the specificity of cell labeling obtained using the in-vivo labeling approach still need to be fully addressed, these techniques have indeed proved able to provide additional information on neuroinflammatory phenomena, as compared to conventional Gadolinium-enhanced MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Ugga
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Romeo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Enrico Tedeschi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Arturo Brunetti
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Quarantelli
- Biostructure and Bioimaging Institute, National Research Council, Naples, Italy.
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Kinner S, Schubert TB, Bruce RJ, Rebsamen SL, Diamond CA, Reeder SB, Rowley HA. Deep Brain Nuclei T1 Shortening after Gadobenate Dimeglumine in Children: Influence of Radiation and Chemotherapy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017; 39:24-30. [PMID: 29146718 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Intrinsic T1-hyperintense signal has recently been reported in the deep gray nuclei on brain MR imaging after multiple doses of gadolinium-based contrast agents. Most reports have included adult patients and excluded those undergoing radiation or chemotherapy. We investigated whether T1 shortening is also observed in children and tried to determine whether radiochemotherapy is a risk factor for this phenomenon. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this single-center retrospective study, we reviewed clinical charts and images of all patients 18 years of age or younger with ≥4 gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced MRIs for 6 years. Seventy-six children (mean age, 9.3 years; 60 unconfounded by treatment, 16 with radiochemotherapy) met the selection criteria (>4 MR imaging examinations; mean, 8). T1 signal intensity ratios for the dentate to pons and globus pallidus to thalamus were calculated and correlated with number of injections, time interval, and therapy. RESULTS Among the 60 children without radiochemotherapy, only 2 had elevated T1 signal intensity ratios (n = 20 and 16 injections). Twelve of the 16 children with radiochemotherapy showed elevated signal intensity ratios. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant signal intensity ratio change for the number of injections (P < .001) and amount of gadolinium (P = .008), but not for the interscan time interval (P = .35). There was a significant difference in the average signal intensity ratio change between those with and without radiochemotherapy (P < .001). Chart review revealed no new neurologic deficits in any patients, related to their underlying conditions and prior surgeries. CONCLUSIONS Compared with published adult series, children show a similar pattern of T1 hyperintense signal changes of the dentate and globus pallidus after multiple gadobenate dimeglumine injections. The T1 signal changes in children may have a later onset but are accelerated by radiochemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kinner
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.K., T.B.S., R.J.B., S.L.R., S.B.R., H.A.R.) .,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (S.K.), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - T B Schubert
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.K., T.B.S., R.J.B., S.L.R., S.B.R., H.A.R.).,Clinic of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (T.B.S.), Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - R J Bruce
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.K., T.B.S., R.J.B., S.L.R., S.B.R., H.A.R.)
| | - S L Rebsamen
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.K., T.B.S., R.J.B., S.L.R., S.B.R., H.A.R.)
| | | | - S B Reeder
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.K., T.B.S., R.J.B., S.L.R., S.B.R., H.A.R.).,Medical Physics (S.B.R.).,Emergency Medicine (S.B.R.).,Biomedical Engineering (S.B.R.).,Medicine (S.B.R.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - H A Rowley
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.K., T.B.S., R.J.B., S.L.R., S.B.R., H.A.R.)
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Li J, Liu Y, Cha R, Ran B, Mou K, Wang H, Xie Q, Sun J, Jiang X. The biocompatibility evaluation of iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized by a one pot process for intravenous iron supply. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25729h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reports a new synthesis method to control the size of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) by adding sodium citrate during fabrication to obtain sodium citrate-modified iron oxide nanoparticles (SCIONs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- National Center for NanoScience and Technology
- Beijing 100190
- China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science
| | - Yang Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- National Center for NanoScience and Technology
- Beijing 100190
- China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science
| | - Ruitao Cha
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- National Center for NanoScience and Technology
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Bei Ran
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- National Center for NanoScience and Technology
- Beijing 100190
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy
| | - Kaiwen Mou
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- National Center for NanoScience and Technology
- Beijing 100190
- China
- College of Material Science and Engineering
| | - Huashan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
- China
| | - Qian Xie
- Division of Nephrology
- Peking University Third Hospital
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Jiashu Sun
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- National Center for NanoScience and Technology
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- National Center for NanoScience and Technology
- Beijing 100190
- China
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