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Liu Z, Lai J, Kong D, Zhao Y, Zhao J, Dai J, Zhang M. Advances in electroactive bioscaffolds for repairing spinal cord injury. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:032005. [PMID: 38636508 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad4079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological disorder, leading to loss of motor or somatosensory function, which is the most challenging worldwide medical problem. Re-establishment of intact neural circuits is the basis of spinal cord regeneration. Considering the crucial role of electrical signals in the nervous system, electroactive bioscaffolds have been widely developed for SCI repair. They can produce conductive pathways and a pro-regenerative microenvironment at the lesion site similar to that of the natural spinal cord, leading to neuronal regeneration and axonal growth, and functionally reactivating the damaged neural circuits. In this review, we first demonstrate the pathophysiological characteristics induced by SCI. Then, the crucial role of electrical signals in SCI repair is introduced. Based on a comprehensive analysis of these characteristics, recent advances in the electroactive bioscaffolds for SCI repair are summarized, focusing on both the conductive bioscaffolds and piezoelectric bioscaffolds, used independently or in combination with external electronic stimulation. Finally, thoughts on challenges and opportunities that may shape the future of bioscaffolds in SCI repair are concluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeqi Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Lai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
| | - Dexin Kong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
| | - Yannan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiakang Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwu Dai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
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2
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Ying C, Zhang J, Zhang H, Gao S, Guo X, Lin J, Wu H, Hong Y. Stem cells in central nervous system diseases: Promising therapeutic strategies. Exp Neurol 2023; 369:114543. [PMID: 37743001 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are a leading cause of death and disability. Due to CNS neurons have no self-renewal and regenerative ability as they mature, their loss after injury or disease is irreversible and often leads to functional impairments. Unfortunately, therapeutic options for CNS diseases are still limited, and effective treatments for these notorious diseases are warranted to be explored. At present, stem cell therapy has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy for improving the prognosis of CNS diseases. Accumulating preclinical and clinical evidences have demonstrated that multiple molecular mechanisms, such as cell replacement, immunoregulation and neurotrophic effect, underlie the use of stem cell therapy for CNS diseases. However, several issues have yet to be addressed to support its clinical application. Thus, this review article aims to summarize the role and underlying mechanisms of stem cell therapy in treating CNS diseases. And it is worthy of further evaluation for the potential therapeutic applications of stem cell treatment in CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caidi Ying
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiahao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haocheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiqi Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haijian Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yuan Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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Cathomen A, Sirucek L, Killeen T, Abel R, Maier D, Weidner N, Rupp R, Hothorn T, Steeves JD, Curt A, Bolliger M. Inclusive Trial Designs in Acute Spinal Cord Injuries: Prediction-Based Stratification of Clinical Walking Outcome and Projected Enrolment Frequencies. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2022; 36:274-285. [PMID: 35164574 PMCID: PMC9003761 DOI: 10.1177/15459683221078302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background New therapeutic approaches in neurological disorders are progressing into clinical development. Past failures in translational research have underlined the critical importance of selecting appropriate inclusion criteria and primary outcomes. Narrow inclusion criteria provide sensitivity, but increase trial duration and cost to the point of infeasibility, while broader requirements amplify confounding, increasing the risk of trial failure. This dilemma is perhaps most pronounced in spinal cord injury (SCI), but applies to all neurological disorders with low frequency and/or heterogeneous clinical manifestations. Objective Stratification of homogeneous patient cohorts to enable the design of clinical trials with broad inclusion criteria. Methods Prospectively–gathered data from patients with acute cervical SCI were analysed using an unbiased recursive partitioning conditional inference tree (URP–CTREE) approach. Performance in the 6-minute walk test at 6 months after injury was classified based on standardized neurological assessments within the first 15 days of injury. Functional and neurological outcomes were tracked throughout rehabilitation up to 6 months after injury. Results URP–CTREE identified homogeneous outcome cohorts in a study group of 309 SCI patients. These cohorts were validated by an internal, yet independent, validation group of 172 patients. The study group cohorts identified demonstrated distinct recovery profiles throughout rehabilitation. The baseline characteristics of the analysed groups were compared to a reference group of 477 patients. Conclusion URP–CTREE enables inclusive trial design by revealing the distribution of outcome cohorts, discerning distinct recovery profiles and projecting potential patient enrolment by providing estimates of the relative frequencies of cohorts to improve the design of clinical trials in SCI and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Cathomen
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, 31031Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.,ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Sirucek
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Integrative Spinal Research, Department of Chiropractic Medicine, 31031Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tim Killeen
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, 31031Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Abel
- Trauma Center Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.,EMSCI Study Group
| | - Doris Maier
- EMSCI Study Group.,Trauma Center Murnau, Murnau, Germany
| | - Norbert Weidner
- EMSCI Study Group.,Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Rupp
- EMSCI Study Group.,Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Torsten Hothorn
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John D Steeves
- ICORD, Blusson Spinal Cord Centre, University of British Columbia and Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Armin Curt
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, 31031Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,EMSCI Study Group
| | - Marc Bolliger
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, 31031Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,EMSCI Study Group
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Advanced approaches to regenerate spinal cord injury: The development of cell and tissue engineering therapy and combinational treatments. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112529. [PMID: 34906773 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a central nervous system (CNS) devastate event that is commonly caused by traumatic or non-traumatic events. The reinnervation of spinal cord axons is hampered through a myriad of devices counting on the damaged myelin, inflammation, glial scar, and defective inhibitory molecules. Unfortunately, an effective treatment to completely repair SCI and improve functional recovery has not been found. In this regard, strategies such as using cells, biomaterials, biomolecules, and drugs have been reported to be effective for SCI recovery. Furthermore, recent advances in combinatorial treatments, which address various aspects of SCI pathophysiology, provide optimistic outcomes for spinal cord regeneration. According to the global importance of SCI, the goal of this article review is to provide an overview of the pathophysiology of SCI, with an emphasis on the latest modes of intervention and current advanced approaches for the treatment of SCI, in conjunction with an assessment of combinatorial approaches in preclinical and clinical trials. So, this article can give scientists and clinicians' clues to help them better understand how to construct preclinical and clinical studies that could lead to a breakthrough in spinal cord regeneration.
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A Novel In Vitro Simulator to Investigate Promotion of Reconstruction of Damaged Neuronal Cell Colony Differentiated from iPS Cells with the Aid of Micro Dynamic Stimulation. TECHNOLOGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/technologies9040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal cells are equipped with the function of a sensor that senses stimulation and elongates neurites to connect nearby neuronal cells in forming a neuronal network, as they are generally said to be hard to recover from physical damage, such as in the case of a spinal cord injury. Therefore, in this study, a novel in vitro simulator in which micro dynamic stimulations are applied to a damaged neuronal cell colony artificially is proposed to investigate the possibility of promoting the reconstruction of damaged neuronal cells on a colony basis. A neuronal cell colony differentiated from iPS cells is physically damaged by cutting off treatment, and micro dynamic stimulations are applied to the colony by utilizing a developed mini-vibration table system. NeuroFluor NeuO is used to establish a method for fluorescent staining of the living neuronal cells, and morphologies of the reconstructing neurons are analysed, revealing a relationship between the stimulation and the reconstructing process of the damaged neurons. It is found that significant differences are observed in the reconstructing efficiency between the statically cultured damaged neuronal cell colony and the dynamically stimulated one. The results suggest that applying appropriate micro dynamic stimulations is a promising approach to promote the reconstruction of a damaged neuronal cell colony.
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Keilhoff G, Ludwig C, Pinkernelle J, Lucas B. Effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum on spinal cord motor neurons and microglial cells in vitro. Acta Histochem 2021; 123:151759. [PMID: 34425524 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The regenerative capability of spinal cord neurons is limited to impossible. Thus, experimental approaches supporting reconstruction/regeneration are in process. This study focused on the evaluation of the protective potency of an extract from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP), a plant used in traditional medicine with anti-oxidative and neuroprotective activities, in vitro on organotypic spinal cord cultures, the motor-neuron-like NSC-34 cell line and the microglial cell line BV-2. Organotypic cultures were mechanically stressed by the slicing procedure and the effect of GP on motor neuron survival and neurite sprouting was tested by immunohistochemistry. NSC-34 cells were neuronal differentiated by using special medium. Afterwards, cell survival (propidium iodide/fluorescein diacetate labeling), proliferation (BrdU-incorporation), and neurite sprouting were evaluated. BV-2 cells were stimulated with LPS/interferon γ and subjected to migration assay and nanoparticle uptake. Cell survival, proliferation and the expression pattern of different microglial activation markers (cFOS, iNOS) as well as transcription factors (PPARγ, YB1) were analyzed. In organotypic cultures, high-dose GP supported survival of motor neurons and especially of the neuronal fiber network. Despite reduced neurodegeneration, however, there was a GP-mediated activation of astro- and microglia. In NSC-34 cells, high-dosed GP had degenerative and anti-proliferative effects, but only in normal medium. Moreover, GP supported the neuro-differentiation ability. In BV-2 cells, high-dosed GP was toxic. In lower dosages, GP affected cell survival and proliferation when combined with LPS/interferon γ. Nanoparticle uptake, migration ability, and the transcription factor PPARγ, however, GP affected directly. The data suggest positive effects of GP on injured spinal motor neurons. Moreover, GP activated microglial cells. The dual role of microglia (protective/detrimental) in neurodegenerative processes required further experiments to enhance the knowledge about GP effects. Therefore, a possible clinical use of GP in spinal cord injuries is still a long way off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerburg Keilhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Josephine Pinkernelle
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Lucas
- Dept. of Trauma Surgery, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
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Ji ZS, Li JP, Fu CH, Luo JX, Yang H, Zhang GW, Wu W, Lin HS. Spastin interacts with collapsin response mediator protein 3 to regulate neurite growth and branching. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2549-2556. [PMID: 33907047 PMCID: PMC8374569 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.313052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoskeletal microtubule rearrangement and movement are crucial in the repair of spinal cord injury. Spastin plays an important role in the regulation of microtubule severing. Both spastin and collapsin response mediator proteins can regulate neurite growth and branching; however, whether spastin interacts with collapsin response mediator protein 3 (CRMP3) during this process remains unclear, as is the mechanism by which CRMP3 participates in the repair of spinal cord injury. In this study, we used a proteomics approach to identify key proteins associated with spinal cord injury repair. We then employed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify proteins that were able to interact with glutathione S-transferase-spastin. Then, co-immunoprecipitation and staining approaches were used to evaluate potential interactions between spastin and CRMP3. Finally, we co-transfected primary hippocampal neurons with CRMP3 and spastin to evaluate their role in neurite outgrowth. Mass spectrometry identified the role of CRMP3 in the spinal cord injury repair process. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry pulldown assays identified three CRMP3 peptides that were able to interact with spastin. CRMP3 and spastin were co-expressed in the spinal cord and were able to interact with one another in vitro and in vivo. Lastly, CRMP3 overexpression was able to enhance the ability of spastin to promote neurite growth and branching. Therefore, our results confirm that spastin and CRMP3 play roles in spinal cord injury repair by regulating neurite growth and branching. These proteins may therefore be novel targets for spinal cord injury repair. The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Jinan University, China approved this study (approval No. IACUS-20181008-03) on October 8, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Sheng Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian-Ping Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chao-Hua Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou; Department of Orthopedics, Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian-Xian Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guo-Wei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wutian Wu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province; Re-Stem Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu Province; Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hong-Sheng Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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8
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Keilhoff G, Mbou RP, Lucas B. Differentiation of NSC-34 cells is characterized by expression of NGF receptor p75, glutaminase and NCAM L1, activation of mitochondria, and sensitivity to fatty acid intervention. Acta Histochem 2020; 122:151574. [PMID: 32622426 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2020.151574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Motor neuronal damage due to diseases, traumatic insults or de-afferentation of the spinal cord is often incurable because of poor intrinsic regenerative capacity. Hence, medical basic research has to provide a better understanding of development-/regeneration-related cellular processes as only way to develop new and successful therapeutic strategies. Here, we investigated the neuronal differentiation of the NSC-34 hybrid cell line, which is an accepted model for spinal cord motor neurons. Their differentiation was stimulated by switching from normal to differentiation medium and by supplementation with palmitic and oleic acid. To characterize neuro-differentiation of NSC-34 cells, expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha 4, NGF p75 receptor, IGF I alpha receptor, glutaminase, NCAM L1, ADAM10 and myelin basic protein as well as activation of mitochondria were analyzed. Both switch from normal to differentiation medium and fatty acid application stimulated NSC-34 differentiation. Differentiation was characterized by diminishing expression of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha 4 and enhancing expression of the NGF receptor p75, of glutaminase, of NCAM L1 and it's partially transformation from the cell surface into the cell. Fatty acid intervention stabilized the expression of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha 4, diminished the expression of the NGF receptor p75, consolidated the expression profile of NCAM L1, and intensified the expression of the relevant for NCAM L1 cleavage ADAM10. However, NCAM L1 cleavage itself was unaffected by fatty acid intervention, as was the differentiation-relevant activation of mitochondria and their transformation into neuronal filopodia.
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9
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Fischer I, Dulin JN, Lane MA. Transplanting neural progenitor cells to restore connectivity after spinal cord injury. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:366-383. [PMID: 32518349 PMCID: PMC8384139 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-0314-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury remains a scientific and therapeutic challenge with great cost to individuals and society. The goal of research in this field is to find a means of restoring lost function. Recently we have seen considerable progress in understanding the injury process and the capacity of CNS neurons to regenerate, as well as innovations in stem cell biology. This presents an opportunity to develop effective transplantation strategies to provide new neural cells to promote the formation of new neuronal networks and functional connectivity. Past and ongoing clinical studies have demonstrated the safety of cell therapy, and preclinical research has used models of spinal cord injury to better elucidate the underlying mechanisms through which donor cells interact with the host and thus increase long-term efficacy. While a variety of cell therapies have been explored, we focus here on the use of neural progenitor cells obtained or derived from different sources to promote connectivity in sensory, motor and autonomic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzhak Fischer
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Jennifer N Dulin
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Michael A Lane
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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10
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Liu J, Li K, Huang K, Yang C, Huang Z, Zhao X, Song S, Pang T, Zhou J, Wang Y, Wang C, Tang Y. Acellularized spinal cord scaffolds incorporating bpV(pic)/PLGA microspheres promote axonal regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. RSC Adv 2020; 10:18677-18686. [PMID: 35518337 PMCID: PMC9053942 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02661a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a traumatic injury to the central nervous system (CNS) with a high rate of disability and a low capability of self-recovery. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) inhibition by pharmacological blockade with bisperoxovanadium (pic) (bpV(pic)) has been reported to increase AKT/mTOR activity and induce robust axonal elongation and regeneration. However, the therapeutic effect of bpV(pic) in treating SCI is limited due to the lack of efficient delivery approaches. In this study, a composite scaffold consisting of an acellular spinal cord (ASC) scaffold and incorporated bpV(pic) loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres was developed, in order to improve the therapeutic effect of bpV(pic) on SCI. The inhibition of PTEN activity and activation of the mTORC1/AKT pathway, the axonal regeneration and the markers of apoptosis were analyzed via western blot and immunofluorescence in vitro. The bpV(pic)/PLGA/ASC scaffolds showed excellent biocompatibility and promoted the viability of neural stem cells and axonal growth in vitro. Implantation of the composite scaffold into rats with hemi-sectioned SCI resulted in increased axonal regeneration and functional recovery in vivo. Besides, bpV(pic) inhibited the phosphorylation of PTEN and activated the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway. The successful construction of the composite scaffold improves the therapeutic effect of bpV(pic) on SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities18 Zhongshan II RoadBaiseGuangxi533000China+86-0776-2833076
| | - Kai Li
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510000China
| | - Ke Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities18 Zhongshan II RoadBaiseGuangxi533000China+86-0776-2833076
| | - Chengliang Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities18 Zhongshan II RoadBaiseGuangxi533000China+86-0776-2833076
| | - Zhipeng Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities18 Zhongshan II RoadBaiseGuangxi533000China+86-0776-2833076
| | - Xingchang Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities18 Zhongshan II RoadBaiseGuangxi533000China+86-0776-2833076
| | - Shiqiang Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities18 Zhongshan II RoadBaiseGuangxi533000China+86-0776-2833076
| | - Taisen Pang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities18 Zhongshan II RoadBaiseGuangxi533000China+86-0776-2833076
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, Youjiang Medical College for NationalitiesBaiseGuangxi533000China
| | - Yuhai Wang
- Academy of Orthopedics, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous RegionNingxia502213China
| | - Chong Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of TechnologyNo. 1 University Road, Songshan LakeDongguanGuangdong523808P. R. China+86-1341-6885162
| | - Yujin Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities18 Zhongshan II RoadBaiseGuangxi533000China+86-0776-2833076
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11
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Batty NJ, Torres-Espín A, Vavrek R, Raposo P, Fouad K. Single-session cortical electrical stimulation enhances the efficacy of rehabilitative motor training after spinal cord injury in rats. Exp Neurol 2019; 324:113136. [PMID: 31786212 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Low neuronal cAMP levels in adults and a further decline following traumatic central nervous system (CNS) injury has been associated with the limited ability of neurons to regenerate. An approach to increase neuronal cAMP levels post injury is electrical stimulation. Stimulation as a tool to promote neuronal growth has largely been studied in the peripheral nervous system or in spared fibers of the CNS and this research suggests that a single session of electrical stimulation is sufficient to initiate a long-lasting axonal growth program. Here, we sought to promote plasticity and growth of the injured corticospinal tract with electrical cortical stimulation immediately after its spinal injury. Moreover, given the importance of rehabilitative motor training in the clinical setting and in translating plasticity into functional recovery, we applied training as a standard treatment to all rats (i.e., with or without electrical stimulation). Our findings show that electrical cortical stimulation did improve recovery in forelimb function compared to the recovery in unstimulated animals. This recovery is likely linked to increased corticospinal tract plasticity as evidenced by a significant increase in sprouting of collaterals above the lesion site, but not to increased regenerative growth through the lesion itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Batty
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Abel Torres-Espín
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Romana Vavrek
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pamela Raposo
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Karim Fouad
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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12
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Trawczynski M, Liu G, David BT, Fessler RG. Restoring Motor Neurons in Spinal Cord Injury With Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:369. [PMID: 31474833 PMCID: PMC6707336 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological disorder that damages motor, sensory, and autonomic pathways. Recent advances in stem cell therapy have allowed for the in vitro generation of motor neurons (MNs) showing electrophysiological and synaptic activity, expression of canonical MN biomarkers, and the ability to graft into spinal lesions. Clinical translation, especially the transplantation of MN precursors in spinal lesions, has thus far been elusive because of stem cell heterogeneity and protocol variability, as well as a hostile microenvironment such as inflammation and scarring, which yield inconsistent pre-clinical results without a consensus best-practice therapeutic strategy. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in particular have lower ethical and immunogenic concerns than other stem cells, which could make them more clinically applicable. In this review, we focus on the differentiation of iPSCs into neural precursors, MN progenitors, mature MNs, and MN subtype fates. Previous reviews have summarized MN development and differentiation, but an up-to-date summary of technological and experimental advances holding promise for bench-to-bedside translation, especially those targeting individual MN subtypes in SCI, is currently lacking. We discuss biological mechanisms of MN lineage, recent experimental protocols and techniques for MN differentiation from iPSCs, and transplantation of neural precursors and MN lineage cells in spinal cord lesions to restore motor function. We emphasize efficient, clinically safe, and personalized strategies for the application of MN and their subtypes as therapy in spinal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Trawczynski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gele Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Brian T David
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Richard G Fessler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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Dickson RG, Lall VK, Ichiyama RM. Enhancing plasticity in spinal sensorimotor circuits following injuries to facilitate recovery of motor control. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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14
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Plexina2 and CRMP2 Signaling Complex Is Activated by Nogo-A-Liganded Ngr1 to Restrict Corticospinal Axon Sprouting after Trauma. J Neurosci 2019; 39:3204-3216. [PMID: 30804090 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2996-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
After brain or spinal cord trauma, interaction of Nogo-A with neuronal NgR1 limits regenerative axonal sprouting and functional recovery. Cellular signaling by lipid-anchored NgR1 requires a coreceptor but the relevant partner in vivo is not clear. Here, we examined proteins enriched in NgR1 immunoprecipitates by Nogo-A exposure, identifying CRMP2, a cytosolic protein implicated in axon growth inhibition by Semaphorin/Plexin complexes. The Nogo-A-induced association of NgR1 with CRMP2 requires PlexinA2 as a coreceptor. Non-neuronal cells expressing both NgR1 and PlexinA2, but not either protein alone, contract upon Nogo-A exposure. Inhibition of cortical axon regeneration by Nogo-A depends on a NgR1/PlexinA2 genetic interaction because double-heterozygous NgR1+/-, PlexinA2+/- neurons, but not single-heterozygote neurons, are rescued from Nogo-A inhibition. NgR1 and PlexinA2 also interact genetically in vivo to restrict corticospinal sprouting in mouse cervical spinal cord after unilateral pyramidotomy. Greater post-injury sprouting in NgR1+/-, PlexinA2+/- mice supports enhanced neurological recovery of a mixed female and male double-heterozygous cohort. Thus, a NgR1/PlexinA2/CRMP2 ternary complex limits neural repair after adult mammalian CNS trauma.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Several decades of molecular research have suggested that developmental regulation of axon growth is distinct in most regards from titration of axonal regenerative growth after adult CNS trauma. Among adult CNS pathways, the oligodendrocyte Nogo-A inhibition of growth through NgR1 is thought to have little molecular relationship to axonal guidance mechanisms active embryonically. Here, biochemical analysis of NgR1 function uncovered a physical complex with CRMP cytoplasmic mediators, and this led to appreciation of a role for PlexinA2 in concert with NgR1 after adult trauma. The data extend molecular understanding of neural repair after CNS trauma and link it to developmental processes.
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Wang Q, Cai H, Hu Z, Wu Y, Guo X, Li J, Wang H, Liu Y, Liu Y, Xie L, Xu K, Xu H, He H, Zhang H, Xiao J. Loureirin B Promotes Axon Regeneration by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress: Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Regulating the Akt/GSK-3β Pathway after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:1949-1964. [PMID: 30543130 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon retraction greatly limits functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) and neuron polarization, which affects processes including axon formation and development, is a promising target for promoting axon regeneration. Increasing microtubule stability has been demonstrated to improve intrinsic axon regeneration processes and is critically related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria interactions. We used real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence to screen a variety of natural compounds, and found that Loureirin B (LrB) effectively promoted neuron polarization and axon regeneration in vitro and in vivo. LrB significantly inhibited ER stress and thereby promoted mitochondrial functions by regulating mitochondrial fusion. Further, LrB reactivated the Akt/GSK-3β pathway, which plays critical roles in cell survival and microtubule stabilization. Taken together, our results suggest that the effects of LrB on neuron regeneration involve the inhibition of ER stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of the Akt/GSK-3β pathway, which further promotes microtubule stabilization. LrB may therefore be a promising candidate for facilitating recovery following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Wang
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,2 Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hanxiao Cai
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,2 Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhenxin Hu
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,2 Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- 3 The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xin Guo
- 2 Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- 2 Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haoli Wang
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yani Liu
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanlong Liu
- 2 Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ling Xie
- 2 Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ke Xu
- 3 The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huazi Xu
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huacheng He
- 4 College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- 2 Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,2 Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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16
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Hassannejad Z, Yousefifard M, Azizi Y, Zadegan SA, Sajadi K, Sharif-Alhoseini M, Shakouri-Motlagh A, Mokhatab M, Rezvan M, Shokraneh F, Hosseini M, Vaccaro AR, Harrop JS, Rahimi-Movaghar V. Axonal degeneration and demyelination following traumatic spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 97:9-22. [PMID: 30726717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (SCI) related processes of axonal degeneration and demyelination are poorly understood. The present systematic review and meta-analysis were performed such to establish quantitative results of animal studies regarding the role of injury severity, SCI models and level of injury on the pathophysiology of axon and myelin sheath degeneration. 39 related articles were included in the analysis. The compiled data showed that the total number of axons, number of myelinated axons, myelin sheath thickness, axonal conduction velocity, and internode length steadily decreased as time elapsed from the injury (Pfor trend<0.0001). The rate of axonal retrograde degeneration was affected by SCI model and severity of the injury. Axonal degeneration was higher in injuries of the thoracic region. The SCI model and the site of the injury also affected axonal retrograde degeneration. The number of myelinated axons in the caudal region of the injury was significantly higher than the lesion site and the rostral region. The findings of the present meta-analysis show that the pathophysiology of axons and myelin sheath differ in various phases of SCI and are affected by multiple factors related to the injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Hassannejad
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Yousefifard
- Physiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaser Azizi
- Physiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayan Abdollah Zadegan
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiavash Sajadi
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aida Shakouri-Motlagh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Mona Mokhatab
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Motahareh Rezvan
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Shokraneh
- Cochrane Schizophrenia Group, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mostafa Hosseini
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alexander R Vaccaro
- Department of Orthopedics and Neurosurgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, USA
| | - James S Harrop
- Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Brain and Spinal Injuries Research Center (BASIR), Neuroscience Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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17
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Keilhoff G, Mbou RP, Lucas B, Schild L. The Differentiation of Spinal Cord Motor Neurons is Associated with Changes of the Mitochondrial Phospholipid Cardiolipin. Neuroscience 2019; 400:169-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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18
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Petrović A, Kaur J, Tomljanović I, Nistri A, Mladinic M. Pharmacological induction of Heat Shock Protein 70 by celastrol protects motoneurons from excitotoxicity in rat spinal cord in vitro. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 49:215-231. [PMID: 30362615 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The secondary phase of spinal cord injury arising after the primary lesion largely extends the damage severity with delayed negative consequences for sensory-motor pathways. It is, therefore, important to find out if enhancing intrinsic mechanisms of neuroprotection can spare motoneurons that are very vulnerable cells. This issue was investigated with an in vitro model of rat spinal cord excitotoxicity monitored for up to 24 hr after the primary injury evoked by kainate. This study sought to pharmacologically boost the expression of heat shock proteins (HSP) to protect spinal motoneurons using celastrol to investigate if the rat spinal cord can upregulate HSP as neuroprotective mechanism. Despite its narrow range of drug safety in vitro, celastrol was not toxic to the rat spinal cord at 0.75 μM concentration and enhanced the expression of HSP70 by motoneurons. When celastrol was applied either before or after kainate, the number of dead motoneurons was significantly decreased and the nuclear localization of the cell death biomarker AIF strongly inhibited. Nevertheless, electrophysiological recording showed that protection of lumbar motor networks by celastrol was rather limited as reflex activity was impaired and fictive locomotion largely depressed, suggesting that functional deficit persisted, though the networks could express slow rhythmic oscillations. While our data do not exclude further recovery at later times beyond the experimental observations, the present results indicate that the upregulated expression of HSP in the aftermath of acute injury may be an interesting avenue for early protection of spinal motoneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonela Petrović
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Nistri
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Miranda Mladinic
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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19
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Bolliger M, Blight AR, Field-Fote EC, Musselman K, Rossignol S, Barthélemy D, Bouyer L, Popovic MR, Schwab JM, Boninger ML, Tansey KE, Scivoletto G, Kleitman N, Jones LAT, Gagnon DH, Nadeau S, Haupt D, Awai L, Easthope CS, Zörner B, Rupp R, Lammertse D, Curt A, Steeves J. Lower extremity outcome measures: considerations for clinical trials in spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2018; 56:628-642. [PMID: 29700477 PMCID: PMC6131138 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-018-0097-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN This is a focused review article. OBJECTIVES To identify important concepts in lower extremity (LE) assessment with a focus on locomotor outcomes and provide guidance on how existing outcome measurement tools may be best used to assess experimental therapies in spinal cord injury (SCI). The emphasis lies on LE outcomes in individuals with complete and incomplete SCI in Phase II-III trials. METHODS This review includes a summary of topics discussed during a workshop focusing on LE function in SCI, conceptual discussion of corresponding outcome measures and additional focused literature review. RESULTS There are a number of sensitive, accurate, and responsive outcome tools measuring both quantitative and qualitative aspects of LE function. However, in trials with individuals with very acute injuries, a baseline assessment of the primary (or secondary) LE outcome measure is often not feasible. CONCLUSION There is no single outcome measure to assess all individuals with SCI that can be used to monitor changes in LE function regardless of severity and level of injury. Surrogate markers have to be used to assess LE function in individuals with severe SCI. However, it is generally agreed that a direct measurement of the performance for an appropriate functional activity supersedes any surrogate marker. LE assessments have to be refined so they can be used across all time points after SCI, regardless of the level or severity of spinal injury. SPONSORS Craig H. Neilsen Foundation, Spinal Cord Outcomes Partnership Endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Bolliger
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Swiss Center for Clinical Movement Analysis (SCMA), Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Edelle C Field-Fote
- Shepherd Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Division of Physical Therapy, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kristin Musselman
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Serge Rossignol
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dorothy Barthélemy
- School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, and Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en réadaptation (CRIR), Institut universitaire sur la réadaptation en déficience physique de Montréal (IURDPM) du CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Laurent Bouyer
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Milos R Popovic
- Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jan M Schwab
- Department of Neurology, Spinal Cord Injury Division and Departments of Neuroscience and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael L Boninger
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh & Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Keith E Tansey
- Methodist Rehabilitation Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center and Jackson VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Giorgio Scivoletto
- Spinal Cord Unit and Spinal Rehabilitation (SpiRe) laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione S. Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Dany H Gagnon
- School of Rehabilitation, Université de Montréal and Pathokinesiology Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation, Institut universitaire sur la réadaptation en déficience physique de Montréal, CIUSSS Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Nadeau
- School of Rehabilitation, Université de Montréal and Pathokinesiology Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation, Institut universitaire sur la réadaptation en déficience physique de Montréal, CIUSSS Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dirk Haupt
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lea Awai
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chris S Easthope
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Björn Zörner
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruediger Rupp
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dan Lammertse
- Craig Hospital, Englewood, Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado, USA
| | - Armin Curt
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Clinical Movement Analysis (SCMA), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John Steeves
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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20
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Neurosurgical untethering with or without syrinx drainage results in high patient satisfaction and favorable clinical outcome in post-traumatic myelopathy patients. Spinal Cord 2018; 56:873-882. [DOI: 10.1038/s41393-018-0094-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Schizas N, König N, Andersson B, Vasylovska S, Hoeber J, Kozlova EN, Hailer NP. Neural crest stem cells protect spinal cord neurons from excitotoxic damage and inhibit glial activation by secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Cell Tissue Res 2018. [PMID: 29516218 PMCID: PMC5949140 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2808-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The acute phase of spinal cord injury is characterized by excitotoxic and inflammatory events that mediate extensive neuronal loss in the gray matter. Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) can exert neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects that may be mediated by soluble factors. We therefore hypothesize that transplantation of NCSCs to acutely injured spinal cord slice cultures (SCSCs) can prevent neuronal loss after excitotoxic injury. NCSCs were applied onto SCSCs previously subjected to N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-induced injury. Immunohistochemistry and TUNEL staining were used to quantitatively study cell populations and apoptosis. Concentrations of neurotrophic factors were measured by ELISA. Migration and differentiation properties of NCSCs on SCSCs, laminin, or hyaluronic acid hydrogel were separately studied. NCSCs counteracted the loss of NeuN-positive neurons that was otherwise observed after NMDA-induced excitotoxicity, partly by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis. They also reduced activation of both microglial cells and astrocytes. The concentration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was increased in supernatants from SCSCs cultured with NCSCs compared to SCSCs alone and BDNF alone mimicked the effects of NCSC application on SCSCs. NCSCs migrated superficially across the surface of SCSCs and showed no signs of neuronal or glial differentiation but preserved their expression of SOX2 and Krox20. In conclusion, NCSCs exert neuroprotective, anti-apoptotic and glia-inhibitory effects on excitotoxically injured spinal cord tissue, some of these effects mediated by secretion of BDNF. However, the investigated NCSCs seem not to undergo neuronal or glial differentiation in the short term since markers indicative of an undifferentiated state were expressed during the entire observation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Schizas
- The OrthoLab, Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Orthopaedics, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - N König
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine Centre (BMC) Uppsala, BOX 593, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B Andersson
- The OrthoLab, Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Orthopaedics, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Vasylovska
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine Centre (BMC) Uppsala, BOX 593, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Hoeber
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine Centre (BMC) Uppsala, BOX 593, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E N Kozlova
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine Centre (BMC) Uppsala, BOX 593, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - N P Hailer
- The OrthoLab, Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Orthopaedics, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
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22
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α-Tubulin Acetyltransferase Is a Novel Target Mediating Neurite Growth Inhibitory Effects of Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans and Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0240-17. [PMID: 29497702 PMCID: PMC5830348 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0240-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to the CNS results in neuronal and axonal degeneration, and subsequent neurological dysfunction. Endogenous repair in the CNS is impeded by inhibitory chemical and physical barriers, such as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), which prevent axon regeneration. Previously, it has been demonstrated that the inhibition of axonal histone deacetylase-6 (HDAC6) can promote microtubule α-tubulin acetylation and restore the growth of CSPGs- and MAG-inhibited axons. Since the acetylation of α-tubulin is regulated by two opposing enzymes, HDAC6 (deacetylation) and α-tubulin acetyltransferase-1 (αTAT1; acetylation), we have investigated the regulation of these enzymes downstream of a growth inhibitory signal. Our findings show that exposure of primary mouse cortical neurons to soluble CSPGs and MAG substrates cause an acute and RhoA-kinase-dependent reduction in α-tubulin acetylation and αTAT1 protein levels, without changes to either HDAC6 levels or HDAC6 activity. The CSPGs- and MAG-induced reduction in αTAT1 occurs primarily in the distal and middle regions of neurites and reconstitution of αTAT1, either by Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibition or lentiviral-mediated αTAT1 overexpression, can restore neurite growth. Lastly, we demonstrate that CSPGs and MAG signaling decreases αTAT1 levels posttranscriptionally via a ROCK-dependent increase in αTAT1 protein turnover. Together, these findings define αTAT1 as a novel potential therapeutic target for ameliorating CNS injury characterized by growth inhibitory substrates that are prohibitive to axonal regeneration.
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23
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Urban MW, Ghosh B, Strojny LR, Block CG, Blazejewski SM, Wright MC, Smith GM, Lepore AC. Cell-type specific expression of constitutively-active Rheb promotes regeneration of bulbospinal respiratory axons following cervical SCI. Exp Neurol 2018; 303:108-119. [PMID: 29453976 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Damage to respiratory neural circuitry and consequent loss of diaphragm function is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals suffering from traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). Repair of CNS axons after SCI remains a therapeutic challenge, despite current efforts. SCI disrupts inspiratory signals originating in the rostral ventral respiratory group (rVRG) of the medulla from their phrenic motor neuron (PhMN) targets, resulting in loss of diaphragm function. Using a rat model of cervical hemisection SCI, we aimed to restore rVRG-PhMN-diaphragm circuitry by stimulating regeneration of injured rVRG axons via targeted induction of Rheb (ras homolog enriched in brain), a signaling molecule that regulates neuronal-intrinsic axon growth potential. Following C2 hemisection, we performed intra-rVRG injection of an adeno-associated virus serotype-2 (AAV2) vector that drives expression of a constitutively-active form of Rheb (cRheb). rVRG neuron-specific cRheb expression robustly increased mTOR pathway activity within the transduced rVRG neuron population ipsilateral to the hemisection, as assessed by levels of phosphorylated ribosomal S6 kinase. By co-injecting our novel AAV2-mCherry/WGA anterograde/trans-synaptic axonal tracer into rVRG, we found that cRheb expression promoted regeneration of injured rVRG axons into the lesion site, while we observed no rVRG axon regrowth with AAV2-GFP control. AAV2-cRheb also significantly reduced rVRG axonal dieback within the intact spinal cord rostral to the lesion. However, cRheb expression did not promote any recovery of ipsilateral hemi-diaphragm function, as assessed by inspiratory electromyography (EMG) burst amplitudes. This lack of functional recovery was likely because regrowing rVRG fibers did not extend back into the caudal spinal cord to synaptically reinnervate PhMNs that we retrogradely-labeled with cholera toxin B from the ipsilateral hemi-diaphragm. Our findings demonstrate that enhancing neuronal-intrinsic axon growth capacity can promote regeneration of injured bulbospinal respiratory axons after SCI, but this strategy may need to be combined with other manipulations to achieve reconnection of damaged neural circuitry and ultimately recovery of diaphragm function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Urban
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 245, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States.
| | - Biswarup Ghosh
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 245, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States.
| | - Laura R Strojny
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 245, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Cole G Block
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 245, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Sara M Blazejewski
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 245, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States.
| | - Megan C Wright
- Department of Biology, Arcadia University, 450 S. Easton Rd., 220 Boyer Hall, Glenside, PA 19038, United States.
| | - George M Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Shriners Hospitals for Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140-5104, United States.
| | - Angelo C Lepore
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 245, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States.
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24
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Enhanced axonal transport: A novel form of "plasticity" after primate and rodent spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2017; 301:59-69. [PMID: 29277625 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Deficient axonal transport after injury is believed to contribute to the failure of CNS regeneration. To better elucidate neural mechanisms associated with CNS responses to injury, we transected the dominant voluntary motor system, the corticospinal tract (CST), in the dorsolateral T10 spinal cord of rhesus monkeys. Three months later, a 4.5-fold increase in the number of CST axons located in the spared ventral corticospinal tract at both the lesion site and, surprisingly, remotely in the cervical spinal cord was observed. Additional studies of increases in corticospinal axon numbers in rat and primate models demonstrated that increases were transient and attributable to enhanced axonal transport rather than axonal sprouting. Accordingly, increases in axonal transport occur after CNS injury even in the longest projecting pathways of the non-human primate, likely representing an attempted adaptive response to injury as observed in the PNS.
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25
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Pu Y, Meng K, Gu C, Wang L, Zhang X. Thrombospondin-1 modified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) promote neurite outgrowth and functional recovery in rats with spinal cord injury. Oncotarget 2017; 8:96276-96289. [PMID: 29221205 PMCID: PMC5707099 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapies are currently gaining momentum in the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI). However, unsatisfied intrinsic neurite growth capacity constitutes significant obstacles for injured spinal cord repair and ultimately results in neurological dysfunction. The present study assessed the efficacy of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a neurite outgrowth-promoting molecule, modified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on promoting neurite outgrowth in vitro and in vivo of Oxygen–Glucose Deprivation (OGD) treated motor neurons and SCI rat models. The present results demonstrated that the treatment of BMSCs+TSP-1 could promote the neurite length, neuronal survival, and functional recovery after SCI. Additionally, TSP-1 could activate transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) then induced the smad2 phosphorylation, and expedited the expression of GAP-43 to promote neurite outgrowth. The present study for the first time demonstrated that BMSCs+TSP-1 could promote neurite outgrowth and functional recovery after SCI partly through the TGF-β1/p-Samd2 pathway. The study provided a novel encouraging evidence for the potential treatment of BMSCs modification with TSP-1 in patients with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Pu
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ke Meng
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chuanlong Gu
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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26
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Zhu Y, Uezono N, Yasui T, Nakashima K. Neural stem cell therapy aiming at better functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:75-84. [PMID: 28766845 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the spinal cord causes transection of axon fibers and neural cell death, resulting in disruption of the neural network and severe functional loss. Reconstruction of the damaged neural circuits was once considered to be hopeless as the adult mammalian central nervous system has very poor ability to regenerate. For this reason, there is currently no effective therapeutic treatment for spinal cord injury (SCI). However, with recent developments in stem cell research and cell culture technology, regenerative therapy using neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation has rapidly been developed, and this therapeutic strategy makes it possible to rebuild the destroyed neural circuits. In this review, we discuss the recent breakthroughs in NSC transplantation therapy for SCI. Developmental Dynamics 247:75-84, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Zhu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naohiro Uezono
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Yasui
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kinichi Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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