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Tang H, Li J, Wang H, Ren J, Ding H, Shang J, Wang M, Wei Z, Feng S. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes loaded into a composite conduit promote functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury in rats. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:900-907. [PMID: 37843227 PMCID: PMC10664107 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.380911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Complete transverse injury of peripheral nerves is challenging to treat. Exosomes secreted by human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells are considered to play an important role in intercellular communication and regulate tissue regeneration. In previous studies, a collagen/hyaluronic acid sponge was shown to provide a suitable regeneration environment for Schwann cell proliferation and to promote axonal regeneration. This three-dimensional (3D) composite conduit contains a collagen/hyaluronic acid inner sponge enclosed in an electrospun hollow poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) tube. However, whether there is a synergy between the 3D composite conduit and exosomes in the repair of peripheral nerve injury remains unknown. In this study, we tested a comprehensive strategy for repairing long-gap (10 mm) peripheral nerve injury that combined the 3D composite conduit with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes. Repair effectiveness was evaluated by sciatic functional index, sciatic nerve compound muscle action potential recording, recovery of muscle mass, measuring the cross-sectional area of the muscle fiber, Masson trichrome staining, and transmission electron microscopy of the regenerated nerve in rats. The results showed that transplantation of the 3D composite conduit loaded with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promoted peripheral nerve regeneration and restoration of motor function, similar to autograft transplantation. More CD31-positive endothelial cells were observed in the regenerated nerve after transplantation of the loaded conduit than after transplantation of the conduit without exosomes, which may have contributed to the observed increase in axon regeneration and distal nerve reconnection. Therefore, the use of a 3D composite conduit loaded with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes represents a promising cell-free therapeutic option for the treatment of peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoshuai Tang
- Department of Othopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Junjin Li
- Department of Othopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongda Wang
- Department of Othopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Othopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Han Ding
- Department of Othopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Shang
- Department of Othopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhijian Wei
- Department of Othopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Othopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University Centre for Othopedics, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
- Orthopedic Research Center of Shandong University & Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Department of Othopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Othopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University Centre for Othopedics, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
- Orthopedic Research Center of Shandong University & Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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Khaled MM, Ibrahium AM, Abdelgalil AI, El-Saied MA, El-Bably SH. Regenerative Strategies in Treatment of Peripheral Nerve Injuries in Different Animal Models. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2023; 20:839-877. [PMID: 37572269 PMCID: PMC10519924 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00559-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral nerve damage mainly resulted from traumatic or infectious causes; the main signs of a damaged nerve are the loss of sensory and/or motor functions. The injured nerve has limited regenerative capacity and is recovered by the body itself, the recovery process depends on the severity of damage to the nerve, nowadays the use of stem cells is one of the new and advanced methods for treatment of these problems. METHOD Following our review, data are collected from different databases "Google scholar, Springer, Elsevier, Egyptian Knowledge Bank, and PubMed" using different keywords such as Peripheral nerve damage, Radial Nerve, Sciatic Nerve, Animals, Nerve regeneration, and Stem cell to investigate the different methods taken in consideration for regeneration of PNI. RESULT This review contains tables illustrating all forms and types of regenerative medicine used in treatment of peripheral nerve injuries (PNI) including different types of stem cells " adipose-derived stem cells, bone marrow stem cells, Human umbilical cord stem cells, embryonic stem cells" and their effect on re-constitution and functional recovery of the damaged nerve which evaluated by physical, histological, Immuno-histochemical, biochemical evaluation, and the review illuminated the best regenerative strategies help in rapid peripheral nerve regeneration in different animal models included horse, dog, cat, sheep, monkey, pig, mice and rat. CONCLUSION Old surgical attempts such as neurorrhaphy, autogenic nerve transplantation, and Schwann cell implantation have a limited power of recovery in cases of large nerve defects. Stem cell therapy including mesenchymal stromal cells has a high potential differentiation capacity to renew and form a new nerve and also restore its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Khaled
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza Square, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa M Ibrahium
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza Square, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I Abdelgalil
- Department of Surgery, Anaesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza Square, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A El-Saied
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza Square, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Samah H El-Bably
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza Square, Giza, 12211, Egypt
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Wang L, Feng M, Zhao Y, Chen B, Zhao Y, Dai J. Biomimetic scaffold-based stem cell transplantation promotes lung regeneration. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10535. [PMID: 37476061 PMCID: PMC10354774 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic options are limited for severe lung injury and disease as the spontaneous regeneration of functional alveolar is terminated owing to the weakness of the inherent stem cells and the dyscrasia of the niche. Umbilical cord mesenchymal-derived stem cells (UC-MSCs) have been applied to clinical trials to promote lung repair through stem cell niche restruction. However, the application of UC-MSCs is hampered by the effectiveness of cell transplantation with few cells homing to the injury sites and poor retention, survival, and proliferation in vivo. In this study, we constructed an artificial three-dimensional (3D) biomimetic scaffold-based MSCs implant to establish a beneficial regeneration niche for endogenous stem cells in situ lung regeneration. The therapeutic potential of 3D biomimetic scaffold-based MSCs implants was evaluated by 3D culture in vitro. And RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was mapped to explore the gene expression involved in the niche improvement. Next, a model of partial lung resection was established in rats, and the implants were implanted into the operative region. Effects of the implants on rat resected lung injury repair were detected. The results revealed that UC-MSCs loaded on biomimetic scaffolds exerted strong paracrine effects and some UC-MSCs migrated to the lung from scaffolds and had long-term retention to suppress inflammation and fibrosis in residual lungs and promoted vascular endothelial cells and alveolar type II epithelial cells to enter the scaffolds. Then, under the guidance of the ECM-mimicking structures of scaffolds and the stimulation of the remaining UC-MSCs, vascular and alveolar-like structures were formed in the scaffold region. Moreover, the general morphology of the operative lung was also restored. Taken together, the artificial 3D biomimetic scaffold-based MSCs implants induce in situ lung regeneration and recovery after lung destruction, providing a promising direction for tissue engineering and stem cell strategies in lung regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Wang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of People's Liberation ArmyBeijingChina
| | - Meng Feng
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Regenerative MedicineArmy Medical University, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yazhen Zhao
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Regenerative MedicineArmy Medical University, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Bing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yannan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jianwu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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de Assis ACC, Reis ALS, Nunes LV, Ferreira LFR, Bilal M, Iqbal HMN, Soriano RN. Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering-Based Therapeutic Interventions: Promising Strategies to Improve Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:433-454. [PMID: 35107689 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01199-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Unlike the central nervous system, the peripheral one has the ability to regenerate itself after injury; however, this natural regeneration process is not always successful. In fact, even with some treatments, the prognosis is poor, and patients consequently suffer with the functional loss caused by injured nerves, generating several impacts on their quality of life. In the present review we aimed to address two strategies that may considerably potentiate peripheral nerve regeneration: stem cells and tissue engineering. In vitro studies have shown that pluripotent cells associated with neural scaffolds elaborated by tissue engineering can increase functional recovery, revascularization, remyelination, neurotrophin expression and reduce muscle atrophy. Although these results are very promising, it is important to note that there are some barriers to be circumvented: the host's immune response, the oncogenic properties attributed to stem cells and the duration of the pro-regenerative effects. After all, more studies are still needed to overcome the limitations of these treatments; those that address techniques for manipulating the lesion microenvironment combining different therapies seem to be the most promising and proactive ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Correa de Assis
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF-GV), 241 Manoel Byrro St., Governador Valadares, MG, 35032-620, Brazil
| | - Amanda Luiza Silva Reis
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF-GV), 241 Manoel Byrro St., Governador Valadares, MG, 35032-620, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Vieira Nunes
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF-JF), Eugênio do Nascimento Avenue, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36038-330, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Process Engineering, Tiradentes University (UNIT), 300 Murilo Dantas Ave., Aracaju, SE, 49032-490, Brazil
- Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), 300 Murilo Dantas Ave., Aracaju, SE, 49032-490, Brazil
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China.
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, NL , Mexico
| | - Renato Nery Soriano
- Division of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Basic Life Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF-GV), 1167 Moacir Paleta Ave., Governador Valadares, MG, 35020-360, Brazil.
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Sosnovtseva AO, Stepanova OV, Stepanenko AA, Voronova AD, Chadin AV, Valikhov MP, Chekhonin VP. Recombinant Adenoviruses for Delivery of Therapeutics Following Spinal Cord Injury. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:777628. [PMID: 35082666 PMCID: PMC8784517 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.777628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The regeneration of nerve tissue after spinal cord injury is a complex and poorly understood process. Medication and surgery are not very effective treatments for patients with spinal cord injuries. Gene therapy is a popular approach for the treatment of such patients. The delivery of therapeutic genes is carried out in a variety of ways, such as direct injection of therapeutic vectors at the site of injury, retrograde delivery of vectors, and ex vivo therapy using various cells. Recombinant adenoviruses are often used as vectors for gene transfer. This review discusses the advantages, limitations and prospects of adenovectors in spinal cord injury therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia O Sosnovtseva
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V Stepanova
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Neurohumoral and Immunological Research, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksei A Stepanenko
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia D Voronova
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey V Chadin
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marat P Valikhov
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Neurohumoral and Immunological Research, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir P Chekhonin
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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6
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Seo TB, Cho YH, Sakong H, Kim YP. Effect of treadmill exercise and bone marrow stromal cell engraftment on activation of BDNF-ERK-CREB signaling pathway in the crushed sciatic nerve. J Exerc Rehabil 2022; 17:403-409. [PMID: 35036389 PMCID: PMC8743602 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2142626.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of combined approach of exercise training and bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) engraftment on activation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2)-cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (CREB) signaling pathway after sciatic nerve injury (SNI) was investigated. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats divided into the normal control, nonexercise (NEX), exercise training (EX), BMSC transplantation (TP), and exercise training+BMSC transplantation (EX+TP) groups 4 weeks after SCI. Exercise training was carried out on the treadmill device at 5-10 m/min for 20 min for 4 weeks. Single dose of 5×106 harvested BMSC was injected into the injury area of the injured sciatic nerve. In order to evaluate induction levels of BDNF-ERK1/2-CREB signaling molecules in the whole cell and nuclear cell lysates of the injured sciatic nerve, we applied Western blot analysis. BDNF was significantly increased only in EX+TP compared to NEX, EX, and TP groups. Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 was more increased in EX, TP, and EX+TP groups than NEX group, but EX+TP group showed the most upregulation of phosphorylated protein kinase B compared to other groups. In addition, in the whole cell lysate, phosphorylated ERK1/2, but not activating transcription factor-3 (ATF-3) and phosphorylated CREB, was significantly increased in TP and EX+TP groups. In the nuclear cell lysate, ATF-3 and phosphorylated CREB were strongly activated in EX+TP group compared to EX group. Regular exercise training combined with BMSC engraftment would seem to be more effective in controlling activation of regeneration-related signaling pathway after SNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Beom Seo
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Yeong-Hyun Cho
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Hyuk Sakong
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Young-Pyo Kim
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
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Neurotrophic factors combined with stem cells in the treatment of sciatic nerve injury in rats:a meta-analysis. Biosci Rep 2021; 42:230438. [PMID: 34897384 PMCID: PMC8762346 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of peripheral nerve regeneration with stem cells (SCs) alone has some limitations. For this reason, we evaluate the efficacy of neurotrophic factors combined with stem cell transplantation in the treatment of sciatic nerve injury (SNI) in rats. PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, WanFang, VIP and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were retrieved from inception to October 2021, and control experiments on neurotrophic factors combined with stem cells in the treatment of SNI in rats were searched. Nine articles and 551 rats were included in the meta-analysis. The results of meta-analysis confirmed that neurotrophic factor combined with stem cells for the treatment of SNI yielded more effective repair than normal rats with regard to sciatic nerve index, electrophysiological detection index, electron microscope observation index, and recovery rate of muscle wet weight. The conclusion is that neurotrophic factor combined with stem cells is more conducive to peripheral nerve regeneration and functional recovery than stem cells alone. However, due to the limitation of the quality of the included literature, the above conclusions need to be verified by randomized controlled experiments with higher quality and larger samples.
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Zeng S, Zhao X, Zhang L, Pathak JL, Huang W, Li Y, Guan H, Zhao W, Ge L, Shu Y. Effect of ciliary neurotrophic factor on neural differentiation of stem cells of human exfoliated deciduous teeth. J Biol Eng 2020; 14:29. [PMID: 33298129 PMCID: PMC7724848 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-020-00251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The stem cells of human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) are considered to be one of the main sources of seed cells in stem cell therapy. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) on neurogenic differentiation of SHEDs. With the consent of parents, SHEDs from 6 to 8 year old children were isolated and cultured. The mesenchymal stemness and the potential of multidirectional (adipogenic and osteogenic) differentiation for the isolated SHEDs were firstly determined. The effect of CNTF on specific neurogenic differentiation of SHEDs was then examined by detecting the expression of marker genes and proteins via RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence microscopy. The isolated SHEDs expressed specific surface markers of mesenchymal stem cells, and their potential of osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation were confirmed. CNTF promoted the differentiation of SHEDs into neuron-like cells with a high expression of acetylcholine transferase (CHAT), a marker of cholinergic neurons. The expression of other neuron markers including nestin, microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP 2), and β-tublin III was also detected. Interestingly, the expression of neurogenic markers was maintained at a high level after neurogenic induction. SHEDs can be induced by CNTF to differentiate into cholinergic neuron-like cells under appropriate culture conditions. Our findings have laid a foundation for future use of SHEDs to treat neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Zeng
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Xuedan Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510182, China.,GuangDong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Janak L Pathak
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Wenyan Huang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Yunyang Li
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Hongbing Guan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Wanghong Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Lihong Ge
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510182, China.
| | - Yan Shu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510182, China. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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9
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Enam SF, Kader SR, Bodkin N, Lyon JG, Calhoun M, Azrak C, Tiwari PM, Vanover D, Wang H, Santangelo PJ, Bellamkonda RV. Evaluation of M2-like macrophage enrichment after diffuse traumatic brain injury through transient interleukin-4 expression from engineered mesenchymal stromal cells. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:197. [PMID: 32563258 PMCID: PMC7306141 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01860-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appropriately modulating inflammation after traumatic brain injury (TBI) may prevent disabilities for the millions of those inflicted annually. In TBI, cellular mediators of inflammation, including macrophages and microglia, possess a range of phenotypes relevant for an immunomodulatory therapeutic approach. It is thought that early phenotypic modulation of these cells will have a cascading healing effect. In fact, an anti-inflammatory, "M2-like" macrophage phenotype after TBI has been associated with neurogenesis, axonal regeneration, and improved white matter integrity (WMI). There already exist clinical trials seeking an M2-like bias through mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). However, MSCs do not endogenously synthesize key signals that induce robust M2-like phenotypes such as interleukin-4 (IL-4). METHODS To enrich M2-like macrophages in a clinically relevant manner, we augmented MSCs with synthetic IL-4 mRNA to transiently express IL-4. These IL-4 expressing MSCs (IL-4 MSCs) were characterized for expression and functionality and then delivered in a modified mouse TBI model of closed head injury. Groups were assessed for functional deficits and MR imaging. Brain tissue was analyzed through flow cytometry, multi-plex ELISA, qPCR, histology, and RNA sequencing. RESULTS We observed that IL-4 MSCs indeed induce a robust M2-like macrophage phenotype and promote anti-inflammatory gene expression after TBI. However, here we demonstrate that acute enrichment of M2-like macrophages did not translate to improved functional or histological outcomes, or improvements in WMI on MR imaging. To further understand whether dysfunctional pathways underlie the lack of therapeutic effect, we report transcriptomic analysis of injured and treated brains. Through this, we discovered that inflammation persists despite acute enrichment of M2-like macrophages in the brain. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that MSCs can be engineered to induce a stronger M2-like macrophage response in vivo. However, they also suggest that acute enrichment of only M2-like macrophages after diffuse TBI cannot orchestrate neurogenesis, axonal regeneration, or improve WMI. Here, we also discuss our modified TBI model and methods to assess severity, behavioral studies, and propose that IL-4 expressing MSCs may also have relevance in other cavitary diseases or in improving biomaterial integration into tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Faaiz Enam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Nicholas Bodkin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Johnathan G Lyon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mark Calhoun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cesar Azrak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Pooja Munnilal Tiwari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daryll Vanover
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Haichen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Philip J Santangelo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Tantalum - Poly (L-lactic acid) nerve conduit for peripheral nerve regeneration. Neurosci Lett 2020; 731:135049. [PMID: 32413537 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, Tantalum (Ta) has been re-explored and used with bone implants to promote bone regeneration. It has previously been extensively used as a nerve suture material; however, its use was abandoned because of the formation of scar tissue. In this study, we constructed a nerve conduit made of poly (L-lactic acid) PLA (outer layer) and tantalum Ta (inner layer) to evaluate its efficiency in the promotion of peripheral nerve regeneration. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, we conducted an in vitro study to evaluate the viability and proliferation of Schwann cells and rat pheocromocytoma (PC-12) cells on Ta-PLA sheets using Enhanced Cell Viability Assay Kit (EZ-CYTOX). An in vivo study was then performed using Sprague Dawley rats that were randomly divided into the following three groups: sham, PLA, and Ta-PLA nerve conduits. The nerve conduit was placed over a 10-mm gap of the rat sciatic nerve to promote nerve regeneration. The rats were observed over 12 wk with weekly sciatic functional index functional assessment. At the end of 12 wk, the nerve regeneration outcome was assessed through dorsal root ganglions (DRG) retrograde neurons labeling, histomorphometric analysis, and histological analysis. RESULTS The in vitro study showed significant viability and proliferation of Schwann cells in the Ta-PLA group than in the other groups. In the in vivo study, the gross findings revealed well-regenerated neural tissue in both the experimental groups with no scarring. The histological analysis showed that about 50 % of the conduits were filled with axons with a higher tendency for peripheral growth in the PLA group than for central growth within the Ta-PLA group conduits. The retrograde labeled neurons were significantly higher in Ta-PLA group than in the PLA group. Ta-PLA showed non-significant difference in the total fibers compared to the sham group. CONCLUSION Tantalum proved favorable for the growth of Schwann cells.In vivo, Ta-PLA nerve conduit induced peripheral nerve regeneration without scar tissue formation.
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11
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Bojanic C, To K, Zhang B, Mak C, Khan WS. Human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells in peripheral nerve regeneration. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:288-302. [PMID: 32399137 PMCID: PMC7202926 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i4.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral nerve injury can occur as a result of trauma or disease and carries significant morbidity including sensory and motor loss. The body has limited ability for nerve regeneration and functional recovery. Left untreated, nerve lesions can cause lifelong disability. Traditional treatment options such as neurorrhaphy and neurolysis have high failure rates. Surgical reconstruction with autograft carries donor site morbidity and often provide suboptimal results. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to have promising regenerative potential and have gained attention as a treatment option for nerve lesions. It is however, unclear whether it can be effectively used for nerve regeneration.
AIM To evaluate the evidence for the use of human umbilical cord derived MSCs (UCMSCs) in peripheral nerve regeneration.
METHODS We carried out a systematic literature review in accordance with the PRISMA protocol. A literature search was performed from conception to September 2019 using PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science. The results of eligible studies were appraised. A risk of bias analysis was carried out using Cochrane’s RoB 2.0 tool.
RESULTS Fourteen studies were included in this review. A total of 279 subjects, including both human and animal were treated with UCMSCs. Four studies obtained UCMSCs from a third-party source and the remainder were harvested by the investigators. Out of the 14 studies, thirteen conducted xenogenic transplantation into nerve injury models. All studies reported significant improvement in nerve regeneration in the UCMSC treated groups compared with the various different controls and untreated groups.
CONCLUSION The evidence summarised in this PRISMA systematic review of in vivo studies supports the notion that human UCMSC transplantation is an effective treatment option for peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Bojanic
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kendrick To
- Division of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Bridget Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Mak
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Wasim S Khan
- Division of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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12
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Zheng Y, Huang C, Yang X, Zhang Z. Altered expression of glycoprotein non‑metastatic melanoma protein B in the distal sciatic nerve following injury. Int J Mol Med 2020; 45:1909-1917. [PMID: 32236569 PMCID: PMC7169951 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein non‑metastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB) exerts neuroprotective effects on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in the central nervous system. However, the expression and function of GPNMB in the peripheral nervous system, particularly following peripheral nerve injury, remains unknown. In the present study, the mRNAs and long non‑coding RNAs of the distal sciatic nerve were profiled via microarray analysis at days 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 following transection. The results revealed that the expression of GPNMB mRNA was similar to the proliferation tendency of distal acute denervated Schwann cells (SCs), the results of which were further validated by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. To investigate the function of GPNMB on SCs, recombinant human GPNMB (rhGPNMB) was added to cultured denervated SCs from the distal stumps of transected sciatic nerve. The proliferation, expression and secretion of neurotrophic factors (NTFs) and neural adhesion molecules (NAMs) were subsequently detected. The results demonstrated that GPNMB expression was increased in distal sciatic nerve following transection in vivo, while rhGPNMB promoted the proliferation of SCs as well as expression and secretion of NTFs and NAMs in vitro. Therefore, GPNMB could be a novel strategy for peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yani Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Xiangqun Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Zhiying Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
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13
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Almansoori AA, Ju KW, Kim B, Kim SM, Lee SM, Lee JH. Hydroxyapatite coated magnesium alloy for peripheral nerve regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.21851/obr.42.03.201809.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akram Abdo Almansoori
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Clinical Translational Research Center for Dental Science, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Won Ju
- Clinical Translational Research Center for Dental Science, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bongju Kim
- Clinical Translational Research Center for Dental Science, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soung Min Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Mi Lee
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Clinical Translational Research Center for Dental Science, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Oral Cancer Center, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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14
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Zhou XB, Zou DX, Gu W, Wang D, Feng JS, Wang JY, Zhou JL. An Experimental Study on Repeated Brief Ischemia in Promoting Sciatic Nerve Repair and Regeneration in Rats. World Neurosurg 2018; 114:e11-e21. [PMID: 29374605 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.01.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has shown that ischemic preconditioning reduced the severity of ischemia-reperfusion injury in brain in rats, we have a hypothesis that repeated brief ischemia has positive effects on peripheral nerve damage. This study was conducted to investigate the potential protective effects of repeated brief ischemia on peripheral nerve regeneration using a rat model of experimental sciatic nerve transection injury. METHODS Treatment groups (groups A-D) received repeated, brief ischemia every 1 day/2 days/3 days/7 days. After surgery for 4, 8, 12 weeks, we evaluated sciatic functional index test, gastrocnemius muscle wet mass, axon and nerve fiber diameter, density, G-ratio, immunohistochemistry of S-100, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and the ultrastructure of the nerves. RESULTS Sciatic functional index test and muscle wet mass were improved on the repeated brief ischemia groups. Ischemia treatment resulted in a significant increase in axon and nerve fiber density as well as S-100 and VEGF-positive cell, which indicated that repeated brief ischemia promotes Schwann cell proliferation and reconstruction. CONCLUSIONS This study exhibits the positive effects of repeated brief ischemia in sciatic nerve transection injury, possibly in part because it can improve VEGF and the physiologic state of Schwann cells in the ischemic environment and then accelerate the ability of neurite outgrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bin Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Hospital of Shi Jia-Zhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China; Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Xin Zou
- Department of Spine Surgery, YanTai-Shan Hospital, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Hospital of Shi Jia-Zhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Shu Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Hospital of Shi Jia-Zhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Yong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Hospital of Shi Jia-Zhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Lin Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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15
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De la Rosa MB, Kozik EM, Sakaguchi DS. Adult Stem Cell-Based Strategies for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1119:41-71. [PMID: 30151648 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries (PNI) occur as the result of sudden trauma and can lead to life-long disability, reduced quality of life, and heavy economic and social burdens. Although the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has the intrinsic capacity to regenerate and regrow axons to a certain extent, current treatments frequently show incomplete recovery with poor functional outcomes, particularly for large PNI. Many surgical procedures are available to halt the propagation of nerve damage, and the choice of a procedure depends on the extent of the injury. In particular, recovery from large PNI gaps is difficult to achieve without any therapeutic intervention or some form of tissue/cell-based therapy. Autologous nerve grafting, considered the "gold standard" is often implemented for treatment of gap formation type PNI. Although these surgical procedures provide many benefits, there are still considerable limitations associated with such procedures as donor site morbidity, neuroma formation, fascicle mismatch, and scarring. To overcome such restrictions, researchers have explored various avenues to improve post-surgical outcomes. The most commonly studied methods include: cell transplantation, growth factor delivery to stimulate regenerating axons and implanting nerve guidance conduits containing replacement cells at the site of injury. Replacement cells which offer maximum benefits for the treatment of PNI, are Schwann cells (SCs), which are the peripheral glial cells and in part responsible for clearing out debris from the site of injury. Additionally, they release growth factors to stimulate myelination and axonal regeneration. Both primary SCs and genetically modified SCs enhance nerve regeneration in animal models; however, there is no good source for extracting SCs and the only method to obtain SCs is by sacrificing a healthy nerve. To overcome such challenges, various cell types have been investigated and reported to enhance nerve regeneration.In this review, we have focused on cell-based strategies aimed to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration, in particular the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Mesenchymal stem cells are preferred due to benefits such as autologous transplantation, routine isolation procedures, and paracrine and immunomodulatory properties. Mesenchymal stem cells have been transplanted at the site of injury either directly in their native form (undifferentiated) or in a SC-like form (transdifferentiated) and have been shown to significantly enhance nerve regeneration. In addition to transdifferentiated MSCs, some studies have also transplanted ex-vivo genetically modified MSCs that hypersecrete growth factors to improve neuroregeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metzere Bierlein De la Rosa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Veterinary Specialty Center, Buffalo Grove, IL, USA
| | - Emily M Kozik
- Biology Program, Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Donald S Sakaguchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA. .,Biology Program, Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA. .,Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA. .,Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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16
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Galieva LR, Mukhamedshina YO, Arkhipova SS, Rizvanov AA. Human Umbilical Cord Blood Cell Transplantation in Neuroregenerative Strategies. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:628. [PMID: 28951720 PMCID: PMC5599779 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
At present there is no effective treatment of pathologies associated with the death of neurons and glial cells which take place as a result of physical trauma or ischemic lesions of the nervous system. Thus, researchers have high hopes for a treatment based on the use of stem cells (SC), which are potentially able to replace dead cells and synthesize neurotrophic factors and other molecules that stimulate neuroregeneration. We are often faced with ethical issues when selecting a source of SC. In addition to precluding these, human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) presents a number of advantages when compared with other sources of SC. In this review, we consider the key characteristics of hUCB, the results of various studies focused on the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), ischemic (stroke) and traumatic injuries of the nervous system and the molecular mechanisms of hUCB-derived mononuclear and stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa R Galieva
- OpenLab Gene and Cell Technologies, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal UniversityKazan, Russia
| | - Yana O Mukhamedshina
- OpenLab Gene and Cell Technologies, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal UniversityKazan, Russia.,Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Kazan State Medical UniversityKazan, Russia
| | - Svetlana S Arkhipova
- OpenLab Gene and Cell Technologies, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal UniversityKazan, Russia
| | - Albert A Rizvanov
- OpenLab Gene and Cell Technologies, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal UniversityKazan, Russia
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