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Rajabi P, Noori AS, Sargolzaei J. Autism spectrum disorder and various mechanisms behind it. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 245:173887. [PMID: 39378931 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition characterized by a range of social, communicative, and behavioral challenges. This comprehensive review delves into key aspects of ASD. Clinical Overview and genetic features provide a foundational understanding of ASD, highlighting the clinical presentation and genetic underpinnings that contribute to its complexity. We explore the intricate neurobiological mechanisms at play in ASD, including structural and functional differences that may underlie the condition's hallmark traits. Emerging research has shed light on the role of the immune system and neuroinflammation in ASD. This section investigates the potential links between immunological factors and ASD, offering insights into the condition's pathophysiology. We examine how atypical functional connectivity and alterations in neurotransmitter systems may contribute to the unique cognitive and behavioral features of ASD. In the pursuit of effective interventions, this section reviews current therapeutic strategies, ranging from behavioral and educational interventions to pharmacological approaches, providing a glimpse into the diverse and evolving landscape of ASD treatment. This holistic exploration of mechanisms in ASD aims to contribute to our evolving understanding of the condition and to guide the development of more targeted and personalized interventions for individuals living with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Rajabi
- Department of Psychiatry, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Ali Sabbah Noori
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Javad Sargolzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran.
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2
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Mohammadkhani R, Salehi I, Safari S, Ghahremani R, Komaki A, Karimi SA. Continuous exercise training rescues hippocampal long-term potentiation in the VPA rat model of Autism: Uncovering sex-specific effects. Neuroscience 2024; 559:105-112. [PMID: 39214164 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Long-term potentiation (LTP) impairment has been reported in many studies of autistic models. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of interval training (IT) and continuous training (CT) exercises on LTP in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) neurons of valproic acid (VPA) rat model of autism. To induce an autism-like model, pregnant rats were injected 500 mg/kg NaVPA (intraperitoneal) on the embryonic day 12.5. IT and CT aerobic exercises started on postnatal day 56 in the offspring. Four weeks after IT and/or CT exercises, the offspring were urethane-anesthetized and placed into a stereotaxic apparatus for surgery, electrode implantation, and field potential recording. In the DG region, excitatory post synaptic potentials (EPSP) slope and population spike (PS) amplitude were measured. Sex differences in LTP were evident for control rats but not for VPA-exposed offspring. LTP was significantly smaller in VPA-exposed male offspring compared with control male rats. In contrast to males, there was no difference between VPA-exposed female offspring and control female rats. Interestingly, we observed a sex difference in the response to exercise between VPA-exposed male and female offspring. CT exercise training (but not IT) increased LTP in VPA-exposed male offspring. Both IT and CT exercise trainings had no effect on intact LTP in VPA-exposed female offspring. Our work suggests that there may be differences in the benefits of exercise interventions based on sex, and CT exercise training could be more beneficial for LTP improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iraj Salehi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Samaneh Safari
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Reza Ghahremani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Seyed Asaad Karimi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
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3
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Moppert S, Mercado E. Contributions of dysfunctional plasticity mechanisms to the development of atypical perceptual processing. Dev Psychobiol 2024; 66:e22504. [PMID: 38837411 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Experimental studies of sensory plasticity during development in birds and mammals have highlighted the importance of sensory experiences for the construction and refinement of functional neural circuits. We discuss how dysregulation of experience-dependent brain plasticity can lead to abnormal perceptual representations that may contribute to heterogeneous deficits symptomatic of several neurodevelopmental disorders. We focus on alterations of somatosensory processing and the dynamic reorganization of cortical synaptic networks that occurs during early perceptual development. We also discuss the idea that the heterogeneity of strengths and weaknesses observed in children with neurodevelopmental disorders may be a direct consequence of altered plasticity mechanisms during early development. Treating the heterogeneity of perceptual developmental trajectories as a phenomenon worthy of study rather than as an experimental confound that should be overcome may be key to developing interventions that better account for the complex developmental trajectories experienced by modern humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Moppert
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Eduardo Mercado
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Gholipour P, Ebrahimi Z, Mohammadkhani R, Ghahremani R, Salehi I, Sarihi A, Komaki A, Karimi SA. Effects of (S)-3,4-DCPG, an mGlu8 receptor agonist, on hippocampal long-term potentiation at perforant pathway-dentate gyrus synapses in prenatal valproic acid-induced rat model of autism. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13168. [PMID: 38849397 PMCID: PMC11161498 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63728-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a pervasive neurodevelopmental condition characterized by social interaction deficits, communication impairments, repetitive behaviors, and sensory sensitivities. While the etiology of ASD is multifaceted, abnormalities in glutamatergic neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity have been implicated. This study investigated the role of metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 (mGlu8) in modulating long-term potentiation (LTP) in a rat model of ASD induced by prenatal valproic acid (VPA) exposure. To induce an animal model with autism-like characteristics, pregnant rats received an intraperitoneal injection of 500 mg/kg of sodium valproate (NaVPA) on embryonic day 12.5. High-frequency stimulation was applied to the perforant path-dentate gyrus (PP-DG) synapse to induce LTP, while the mGlu8 receptor agonist (S)-3,4-dicarboxyphenylglycine (DCPG) was administered into the DG. The results revealed that VPA-exposed rats exhibited reduced LTP compared to controls. DCPG had contrasting effects, inhibiting LTP in controls and enhancing it in VPA-exposed rats. Moreover, reduced social novelty preference index (SNPI) in VPA-exposed rats was reversed by intra-DG administration of S-3,4-DCPG. In conclusion, our study advances our understanding of the complex relationship between glutamatergic neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, and VPA-induced autism model. The findings suggest that mGlu8 receptor dysfunction plays a role in the impaired synaptic plasticity seen in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parsa Gholipour
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, Hamadan, 65178/518, Iran
| | - Zahra Ebrahimi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, Hamadan, 65178/518, Iran
| | - Reihaneh Mohammadkhani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, Hamadan, 65178/518, Iran
| | - Reza Ghahremani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, Hamadan, 65178/518, Iran
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | - Iraj Salehi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, Hamadan, 65178/518, Iran
| | - Abdolrahman Sarihi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, Hamadan, 65178/518, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, Hamadan, 65178/518, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Seyed Asaad Karimi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, Hamadan, 65178/518, Iran.
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Ebrahimi Z, Gholipour P, Mohammadkhani R, Ghahremani R, Sarihi A, Komaki A, Salehi I, Karimi SA. Effect of intrahippocampal microinjection of VU0155041, a positive allosteric modulator of mGluR4, on long term potentiation in a valproic acid-induced autistic male rat model. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024; 16:629-634. [PMID: 38832089 PMCID: PMC11144792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The precise cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is not fully understood. Despite the involvement of glutamatergic dysregulation in autism, the specific contribution of mGlu4 receptors to synaptic plasticity remains unclear. Using the positive allosteric modulator VU0155041, we aimed to restore long-term potentiation (LTP) in the perforant path-dentate gyrus (PP-DG) pathway in VPA-induced autistic rat model. High-frequency stimulation was applied to the PP-DG synapse to induce LTP, while the VU0155041 was administered into the DG. Unexpectedly, VU0155041 failed to alleviate the observed LTP reduction in VPA-exposed rats, further resulting in a significant decrease in population spike LTP. This unexpected outcome prompts discussion on the complex nature of mGlu4 receptor modulation, highlighting potential interference with physiological processes underlying synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ebrahimi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Parsa Gholipour
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Reza Ghahremani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | - Abdolrahman Sarihi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Iraj Salehi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Seyed Asaad Karimi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Wu S, Shang X, Guo M, Su L, Wang J. Exosomes in the Diagnosis of Neuropsychiatric Diseases: A Review. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:387. [PMID: 38927267 PMCID: PMC11200774 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are 30-150 nm small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) which are highly stable and encapsulated by a phospholipid bilayer. Exosomes contain proteins, lipids, RNAs (mRNAs, microRNAs/miRNAs, long non-coding RNAs/lncRNAs), and DNA of their parent cell. In pathological conditions, the composition of exosomes is altered, making exosomes a potential source of biomarkers for disease diagnosis. Exosomes can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is an advantage for using exosomes in the diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Neuropsychiatric diseases belong to the CNS diseases, and many potential diagnostic markers have been identified for neuropsychiatric diseases. Here, we review the potential diagnostic markers of exosomes in neuropsychiatric diseases and discuss the potential application of exosomal biomarkers in the early and accurate diagnosis of these diseases. Additionally, we outline the limitations and future directions of exosomes in the diagnosis of neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wu
- Autism & Depression Diagnosis and Intervention Institute, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (S.W.); (X.S.); (M.G.)
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Ministry of Education & Hubei Province, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Xinmiao Shang
- Autism & Depression Diagnosis and Intervention Institute, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (S.W.); (X.S.); (M.G.)
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Ministry of Education & Hubei Province, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Meng Guo
- Autism & Depression Diagnosis and Intervention Institute, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (S.W.); (X.S.); (M.G.)
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Ministry of Education & Hubei Province, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Lei Su
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nano-Biosensing Technology, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Jun Wang
- Autism & Depression Diagnosis and Intervention Institute, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (S.W.); (X.S.); (M.G.)
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Ministry of Education & Hubei Province, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
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Jana A, Nath A, Sen P, Kundu S, Alghamdi BS, Abujamel TS, Saboor M, Woon-Khiong C, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Alam MZ, Ashraf GM. Unraveling the Endocannabinoid System: Exploring Its Therapeutic Potential in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Neuromolecular Med 2024; 26:20. [PMID: 38744725 PMCID: PMC11093854 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-024-08781-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The salient features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) encompass persistent difficulties in social communication, as well as the presence of restricted and repetitive facets of behavior, hobbies, or pursuits, which are often accompanied with cognitive limitations. Over the past few decades, a sizable number of studies have been conducted to enhance our understanding of the pathophysiology of ASD. Preclinical rat models have proven to be extremely valuable in simulating and analyzing the roles of a wide range of established environmental and genetic factors. Recent research has also demonstrated the significant involvement of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in the pathogenesis of several neuropsychiatric diseases, including ASD. In fact, the ECS has the potential to regulate a multitude of metabolic and cellular pathways associated with autism, including the immune system. Moreover, the ECS has emerged as a promising target for intervention with high predictive validity. Particularly noteworthy are resent preclinical studies in rodents, which describe the onset of ASD-like symptoms after various genetic or pharmacological interventions targeting the ECS, providing encouraging evidence for further exploration in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Jana
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117558, Singapore
| | - Arnab Nath
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Palash Sen
- School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Swikriti Kundu
- Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati University, Bolpur, West Bengal, 731235, India
| | - Badrah S Alghamdi
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Unit, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki S Abujamel
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Saboor
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, and Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Chan Woon-Khiong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117558, Singapore
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Chandigarh-Ludhiana Highway, Mohali, Punjab, India
- Department of Research & Development, Funogen, Athens, Greece
- Department of Research & Development, AFNP Med, 1030, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, University of Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Mohammad Zubair Alam
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, and Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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Mattioni L, Barbieri A, Grigoli A, Balasco L, Bozzi Y, Provenzano G. Alterations of Perineuronal Net Expression and Abnormal Social Behavior and Whisker-dependent Texture Discrimination in Mice Lacking the Autism Candidate Gene Engrailed 2. Neuroscience 2024; 546:63-74. [PMID: 38537894 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons and perineuronal nets (PNNs) are important regulators of plasticity throughout life and their dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neuropsychiatric conditions, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD). PNNs are condensed portions of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that are crucial for neural development and proper formation of synaptic connections. We previously showed a reduced expression of GABAergic interneuron markers in the hippocampus and somatosensory cortex of adult mice lacking the Engrailed2 gene (En2-/- mice), a mouse model of ASD. Since alterations in PNNs have been proposed as a possible pathogenic mechanism in ASD, we hypothesized that the PNN dysfunction may contribute to the neural and behavioral abnormalities of En2-/- mice. Here, we show an increase in the PNN fluorescence intensity, evaluated by Wisteria floribunda agglutinin, in brain regions involved in social behavior and somatosensory processing. In addition, we found that En2-/- mice exhibit altered texture discrimination through whiskers and display a marked decrease in the preference for social novelty. Our results raise the possibility that altered expression of PNNs, together with defects of GABAergic interneurons, might contribute to the pathogenesis of social and sensory behavioral abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Mattioni
- Department of Cellular, Computational, and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy.
| | - Anna Barbieri
- Department of Cellular, Computational, and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Andrea Grigoli
- Department of Cellular, Computational, and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Luigi Balasco
- CIMeC - Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Piazza della Manifattura 1, 38068 Rovereto, Trento, Italy
| | - Yuri Bozzi
- CIMeC - Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Piazza della Manifattura 1, 38068 Rovereto, Trento, Italy; CNR Neuroscience Institute, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Provenzano
- Department of Cellular, Computational, and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy.
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Clifton NE, Lin JQ, Holt CE, O'Donovan MC, Mill J. Enrichment of the Local Synaptic Translatome for Genetic Risk Associated With Schizophrenia and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:888-895. [PMID: 38103876 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genes that encode synaptic proteins or messenger RNA targets of the RNA-binding protein FMRP (fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein) have been linked to schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) through the enrichment of genetic variants that confer risk for these disorders. FMRP binds many transcripts with synaptic functions and is thought to regulate their local translation, a process that enables rapid and compartmentalized protein synthesis required for development and plasticity. METHODS We used summary statistics from large-scale genome-wide association studies of schizophrenia (74,776 cases, 101,023 controls) and ASD (18,381 cases, 27,969 controls) to test the hypothesis that the subset of synaptic genes that encode localized transcripts is more strongly associated with each disorder than nonlocalized transcripts. We also postulated that this subset of synaptic genes is responsible for associations attributed to FMRP targets. RESULTS Schizophrenia associations were enriched in genes encoding localized synaptic transcripts compared to the remaining synaptic genes or to the remaining localized transcripts; this also applied to ASD associations, although only for transcripts observed after stimulation by fear conditioning. The genetic associations with either disorder captured by these gene sets were independent of those derived from FMRP targets. Schizophrenia association was related to FMRP interactions with messenger RNAs in somata, but not in dendrites, while ASD association was related to FMRP binding in either compartment. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that synaptic transcripts capable of local translation are particularly relevant to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and ASD, but they do not characterize the associations attributed to current sets of FMRP targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Clifton
- Department of Clinical & Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
| | - Julie Qiaojin Lin
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; UK Dementia Research Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christine E Holt
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Mill
- Department of Clinical & Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Pall ML. Central Causation of Autism/ASDs via Excessive [Ca 2+]i Impacting Six Mechanisms Controlling Synaptogenesis during the Perinatal Period: The Role of Electromagnetic Fields and Chemicals and the NO/ONOO(-) Cycle, as Well as Specific Mutations. Brain Sci 2024; 14:454. [PMID: 38790433 PMCID: PMC11119459 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14050454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The roles of perinatal development, intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i, and synaptogenesis disruption are not novel in the autism/ASD literature. The focus on six mechanisms controlling synaptogenesis, each regulated by [Ca2+]i, and each aberrant in ASDs is novel. The model presented here predicts that autism epidemic causation involves central roles of both electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and chemicals. EMFs act via voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) activation and [Ca2+]i elevation. A total of 15 autism-implicated chemical classes each act to produce [Ca2+]i elevation, 12 acting via NMDA receptor activation, and three acting via other mechanisms. The chronic nature of ASDs is explained via NO/ONOO(-) vicious cycle elevation and MeCP2 epigenetic dysfunction. Genetic causation often also involves [Ca2+]i elevation or other impacts on synaptogenesis. The literature examining each of these steps is systematically examined and found to be consistent with predictions. Approaches that may be sed for ASD prevention or treatment are discussed in connection with this special issue: The current situation and prospects for children with ASDs. Such approaches include EMF, chemical avoidance, and using nutrients and other agents to raise the levels of Nrf2. An enriched environment, vitamin D, magnesium, and omega-3s in fish oil may also be helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Pall
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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11
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Jeong JH, Lee H, Kim D, Park E, Woo J, Cho Y, Keum G, Lee A, Kang T, Kim J, Choo H, Lee S, Jeon B. Identification of an Antagonist Targeting G Protein and β-Arrestin Signaling Pathways of 5-HT 7R. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1026-1041. [PMID: 38387042 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In consideration of the limited number of FDA-approved drugs for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), significant efforts have been devoted to identifying novel drug candidates. Among these, 5-HT7R modulators have garnered considerable attention due to their potential in alleviating autism-like behaviors in ASD animal models. In this study, we designed and synthesized biphenyl-3-ylmethylpyrrolidines 3 and biphenyl-3-yl-dihydroimidazoles 4 as 5-HT7R modulators. Through extensive biological tests of 3 and 4 in G protein and β-arrestin signaling pathways of 5-HT7R, it was determined that 2-(2'-methoxy-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 4h acted as a 5-HT7R antagonist in both signaling pathways. In in vivo study with Shank3-/- transgenic (TG) mice, the self-grooming behavior test was performed with 4h, resulting in a significant reduction in the duration of self-grooming. In addition, an immunohistochemical experiment with 4h restored reduced neurogenesis in Shank3-/- TG mice, which is confirmed by the quantification of doublecortin (DCX) positive neurons, suggesting the promising therapeutic potential of 4h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyun Jeong
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeun Lee
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyoung Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunseo Park
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwan Woo
- Research Animal Resource Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yakdol Cho
- Research Animal Resource Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyochang Keum
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ansoo Lee
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Kang
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongjin Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunah Choo
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Lee
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungsun Jeon
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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12
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Jiang YY, Wei RY, Tang K, Wang Z, Tan NH. Ginsenoside Rg1 promotes neurite growth of retinal ganglion cells through cAMP/PKA/CREB pathways. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:163-170. [PMID: 38465221 PMCID: PMC10920000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mechanisms of synaptic plasticity in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are complex and the current knowledge cannot explain. Growth and regeneration of dendrites together with synaptic formation are the most important parameters for evaluating the cellular protective effects of various molecules. The effect of ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) on the growth of retinal ganglion cell processes has been poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on the neurite growth of RGCs. Methods Expression of proteins and mRNA were detected by Western blot and qPCR. cAMP levels were determined by ELISA. In vivo effects of Rg1 on RGCs were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin, and immunohistochemistry staining. Results This study found that Rg1 promoted the growth and synaptic plasticity of RGCs neurite by activating the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathways. Meanwhile, Rg1 upregulated the expression of GAP43, Rac1 and PAX6, which are closely related to the growth of neurons. Meantime, H89, an antagonist of PKA, could block this effect of Rg1. In addition, we preliminarily explored the effect of Rg1 on enhancing the glycolysis of RGCs, which could be one of the mechanisms for its neuroprotective effects. Conclusion Rg1 promoted neurite growth of RGCs through cAMP/PKA/CREB pathways. This study may lay a foundation for its clinical use of optic nerve diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kai Tang
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning-hua Tan
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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13
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Marzola P, Melzer T, Pavesi E, Gil-Mohapel J, Brocardo PS. Exploring the Role of Neuroplasticity in Development, Aging, and Neurodegeneration. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1610. [PMID: 38137058 PMCID: PMC10741468 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of the brain to reorganize and modify its neural connections in response to environmental stimuli, experience, learning, injury, and disease processes. It encompasses a range of mechanisms, including changes in synaptic strength and connectivity, the formation of new synapses, alterations in the structure and function of neurons, and the generation of new neurons. Neuroplasticity plays a crucial role in developing and maintaining brain function, including learning and memory, as well as in recovery from brain injury and adaptation to environmental changes. In this review, we explore the vast potential of neuroplasticity in various aspects of brain function across the lifespan and in the context of disease. Changes in the aging brain and the significance of neuroplasticity in maintaining cognitive function later in life will also be reviewed. Finally, we will discuss common mechanisms associated with age-related neurodegenerative processes (including protein aggregation and accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation) and how these processes can be mitigated, at least partially, by non-invasive and non-pharmacologic lifestyle interventions aimed at promoting and harnessing neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Marzola
- Department of Morphological Sciences and Graduate Neuroscience Program, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (P.M.); (T.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Thayza Melzer
- Department of Morphological Sciences and Graduate Neuroscience Program, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (P.M.); (T.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Eloisa Pavesi
- Department of Morphological Sciences and Graduate Neuroscience Program, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (P.M.); (T.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Joana Gil-Mohapel
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
- Island Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Patricia S. Brocardo
- Department of Morphological Sciences and Graduate Neuroscience Program, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (P.M.); (T.M.); (E.P.)
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14
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Huang C, Voglewede MM, Ozsen EN, Wang H, Zhang H. SHANK3 Mutations Associated with Autism and Schizophrenia Lead to Shared and Distinct Changes in Dendritic Spine Dynamics in the Developing Mouse Brain. Neuroscience 2023; 528:1-11. [PMID: 37532012 PMCID: PMC10528879 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia are distinct neurodevelopmental disorders that share certain symptoms and genetic components. Both disorders show abnormalities in dendritic spines, which are the main sites of excitatory synaptic inputs. Recent studies have identified the synaptic scaffolding protein Shank3 as a leading candidate gene for both disorders. Mutations in the SHANK3 gene have been linked to both ASD and schizophrenia; however, how patient-derived mutations affect the structural plasticity of dendritic spines during brain development is unknown. Here we use live two photon in vivo imaging to examine dendritic spine structural plasticity in mice with SHANK3 mutations associated with ASD and schizophrenia. We identified shared and distinct phenotypes in dendritic spine morphogenesis and plasticity in the ASD-associated InsG3680 mutant mice and the schizophrenia-associated R1117X mutant mice. No significant changes in dendritic arborization were observed in either mutant, raising the possibility that synaptic dysregulation may be a key contributor to the behavioral defects previously reported in these mice. These findings shed light on how patient-linked mutations in SHANK3 affect dendritic spine dynamics in the developing brain, which provides insight into the synaptic basis for the distinct phenotypes observed in ASD and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mikayla M Voglewede
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Elif Naz Ozsen
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China; Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States.
| | - Huaye Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States.
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15
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Fertan E, Wong AA, Montbrun TSGD, Purdon MK, Roddick KM, Yamamoto T, Brown RE. Early postnatal development of the MDGA2 +/- mouse model of synaptic dysfunction. Behav Brain Res 2023; 452:114590. [PMID: 37499910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction underlies many neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). The membrane-associated mucin domain-containing glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor proteins (MDGAs) regulate synaptic development by modulating neurexin-neuroligin complex formation. Since understanding the neurodevelopmental profile and the sex-based differences in the manifestation of the symptoms of NDDs is important for their early diagnosis, we tested a mouse model haploinsufficient for MDGA2 (MDGA2+/-) on a neurodevelopmental test battery, containing sensory, motor, and cognitive measures, as well as ultrasonic vocalizations. When male and female MDGA2+/- and wildtype (WT) C57BL/6 J mice were examined from 2 to 23 days of age using this test battery, genotype and sex differences in body weight, sensory-motor processes, and ultrasonic vocalizations were observed. The auditory startle reflex appeared earlier in the MDGA2+/- than in WT mice and the MDGA2+/- mice produced fewer ultrasonic vocalizations. The MDGA2+/- mice showed reduced locomotion and rearing than WT mice in the open field after 17 days of age and spent less time investigating a novel object than WT mice at 21 days of age. Female MDGA2+/- mice weighed less than WT females and showed lower grip strength, indicating a delay in sensory-motor development in MDGA2+/- mice, which appears to be more pronounced in females than males. The behavioural phenotypes resulting from MDGA2 haploinsufficiency suggests that it shows delayed development of motor behaviour, grip strength and exploratory behaviour, non-social phenotypes of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Fertan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Aimée A Wong
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | | | - Michaela K Purdon
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Kyle M Roddick
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Tohru Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Richard E Brown
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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16
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Busch SE, Simmons DH, Gama E, Du X, Longo F, Gomez CM, Klann E, Hansel C. Overexpression of the autism candidate gene Cyfip1 pathologically enhances olivo-cerebellar signaling in mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1219270. [PMID: 37545882 PMCID: PMC10399232 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1219270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyfip1, the gene encoding cytoplasmic FMR1 interacting protein 1, has been of interest as an autism candidate gene for years. A potential role in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is suggested by its location on human chromosome 15q11-13, an instable region that gives rise to a variety of copy number variations associated with syndromic autism. In addition, the CYFIP1 protein acts as a binding partner to Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein (FMRP) in the regulation of translation initiation. Mutation of FMR1, the gene encoding FMRP, causes Fragile X syndrome, another form of syndromic autism. Here, in mice overexpressing CYFIP1, we study response properties of cerebellar Purkinje cells to activity of the climbing fiber input that originates from the inferior olive and provides an instructive signal in sensorimotor input analysis and plasticity. We find that CYFIP1 overexpression results in enhanced localization of the synaptic organizer neurexin 1 (NRXN1) at climbing fiber synaptic input sites on Purkinje cell primary dendrites and concomitant enhanced climbing fiber synaptic transmission (CF-EPSCs) measured using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from Purkinje cells in vitro. Moreover, using two-photon measurements of GCaMP6f-encoded climbing fiber signals in Purkinje cells of intact mice, we observe enhanced responses to air puff stimuli applied to the whisker field. These findings resemble our previous phenotypic observations in a mouse model for the human 15q11-13 duplication, which does not extend to the Cyfip1 locus. Thus, our study demonstrates that CYFIP1 overexpression shares a limited set of olivo-cerebellar phenotypes as those resulting from an increased number of copies of non-overlapping genes located on chromosome 15q11-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas E. Busch
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dana H. Simmons
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Eric Gama
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Xiaofei Du
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Francesco Longo
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Eric Klann
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Christian Hansel
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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17
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Farzan M, Farzan M, Amini-Khoei H, Shahrani M, Bijad E, Anjomshoa M, Shabani S. Protective effects of vanillic acid on autistic-like behaviors in a rat model of maternal separation stress: Behavioral, electrophysiological, molecular and histopathological alterations. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110112. [PMID: 37030116 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Compounds derived from herbs exhibit a range of biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties. However, the exact mechanism of action of these compounds in various neurological disorders is not fully discovered yet. Herein, the present work detected the effect of Vanillic acid (VA), a widely-used flavoring agent derived from vanillin, on autistic-like behaviors to assess the probable underlying mechanisms that mediate behavioral, electrophysiological, molecular, and histopathological alterations in the rat model of maternal separation (MS) stress. Maternal separated rats were treated with VA (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg interperitoneally for 14 days). In addition, anxiety-like, autistic-like behaviors, and learning and memory impairment were evaluated using various behavioral tests. Hippocampus samples were assessed histopathologically by H&E staining. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant capacity (by the FRAP method), as well as nitrite levels, were measured in brain tissue. Moreover, gene expression of inflammatory markers (IL-1β, TLR-4, TNF-α, and NLRP3) was evaluated in the hippocampus. Electrophysiological alterations were also estimated in the hippocampus by long-term potentiation (LTP) assessments. Results showed that VA reversed the negative effects of MS on behavior. VA increased the diameter and decreased the percentage of dark neurons in the CA3 area. Accordingly, VA decreased MDA and nitrite levels and increased the antioxidant capacity in brain samples and decreased the expression of all inflammatory genes. VA treated rats showed significant improvements in all LTP parameters. This study provided evidence suggesting a possible role for VA in preventing autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by regulating immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahour Farzan
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Mahan Farzan
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Hossein Amini-Khoei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Shahrani
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Elham Bijad
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Maryam Anjomshoa
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Sahreh Shabani
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
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18
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Ribeiro FM, Castelo-Branco M, Gonçalves J, Martins J. Visual Cortical Plasticity: Molecular Mechanisms as Revealed by Induction Paradigms in Rodents. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054701. [PMID: 36902131 PMCID: PMC10003432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing the molecular mechanism of synaptic plasticity in the cortex is vital for identifying potential targets in conditions marked by defective plasticity. In plasticity research, the visual cortex represents a target model for intense investigation, partly due to the availability of different in vivo plasticity-induction protocols. Here, we review two major protocols: ocular-dominance (OD) and cross-modal (CM) plasticity in rodents, highlighting the molecular signaling pathways involved. Each plasticity paradigm has also revealed the contribution of different populations of inhibitory and excitatory neurons at different time points. Since defective synaptic plasticity is common to various neurodevelopmental disorders, the potentially disrupted molecular and circuit alterations are discussed. Finally, new plasticity paradigms are presented, based on recent evidence. Stimulus-selective response potentiation (SRP) is one of the paradigms addressed. These options may provide answers to unsolved neurodevelopmental questions and offer tools to repair plasticity defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M. Ribeiro
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Gonçalves
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - João Martins
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Lynn A, Amso D. Attention along the cortical hierarchy: Development matters. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2023; 14:e1575. [PMID: 34480779 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We build on the existing biased competition view to argue that attention is an emergent property of neural computations within and across hierarchically embedded and structurally connected cortical pathways. Critically then, one must ask, what is attention emergent from? Within this framework, developmental changes in the quality of sensory input and feedforward-feedback information flow shape the emergence and efficiency of attention. Several gradients of developing structural and functional cortical architecture across the caudal-to-rostral axis provide the substrate for attention to emerge. Neural activity within visual areas depends on neuronal density, receptive field size, tuning properties of neurons, and the location of and competition between features and objects in the visual field. These visual cortical properties highlight the information processing bottleneck attention needs to resolve. Recurrent feedforward and feedback connections convey sensory information through a series of steps at each level of the cortical hierarchy, integrating sensory information across the entire extent of the cortical hierarchy and linking sensory processing to higher-order brain regions. Higher-order regions concurrently provide input conveying behavioral context and goals. Thus, attention reflects the output of a series of complex biased competition neural computations that occur within and across hierarchically embedded cortical regions. Cortical development proceeds along the caudal-to-rostral axis, mirroring the flow in sensory information from caudal to rostral regions, and visual processing continues to develop into childhood. Examining both typical and atypical development will offer critical mechanistic insight not otherwise available in the adult stable state. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Lynn
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dima Amso
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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20
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Subbulakshmi Radhakrishnan S, Dodda A, Das S. An All-in-One Bioinspired Neural Network. ACS NANO 2022; 16:20100-20115. [PMID: 36378680 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In spite of recent advancements in artificial neural networks (ANNs), the energy efficiency, multifunctionality, adaptability, and integrated nature of biological neural networks remain largely unimitated by hardware neuromorphic computing systems. Here, we exploit optoelectronic, computing, and programmable memory devices based on emerging two-dimensional (2D) layered materials such as MoS2 to demonstrate a monolithically integrated, multipixel, and "all-in-one" bioinspired neural network (BNN) capable of sensing, encoding, learning, forgetting, and inferring at minuscule energy expenditure. We also demonstrate learning adaptability and simulate learning challenges under specific synaptic conditions to mimic biological learning. Our findings highlight the potential of in-memory computing and sensing based on emerging 2D materials, devices, and integrated circuits to not only overcome the bottleneck of von Neumann computing in conventional CMOS designs but also to aid in eliminating the peripheral components necessary for competing technologies such as memristors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Subbulakshmi Radhakrishnan
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
| | - Akhil Dodda
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
| | - Saptarshi Das
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
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21
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Cogram P, Fernández-Beltrán LC, Casarejos MJ, Sánchez-Yepes S, Rodríguez-Martín E, García-Rubia A, Sánchez-Barrena MJ, Gil C, Martínez A, Mansilla A. The inhibition of NCS-1 binding to Ric8a rescues fragile X syndrome mice model phenotypes. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1007531. [PMID: 36466176 PMCID: PMC9709425 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1007531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by the loss of function of Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). FXS is one of the leading monogenic causes of intellectual disability (ID) and autism. Although it is caused by the failure of a single gene, FMRP that functions as an RNA binding protein affects a large number of genes secondarily. All these genes represent hundreds of potential targets and different mechanisms that account for multiple pathological features, thereby hampering the search for effective treatments. In this scenario, it seems desirable to reorient therapies toward more general approaches. Neuronal calcium sensor 1 (NCS-1), through its interaction with the guanine-exchange factor Ric8a, regulates the number of synapses and the probability of the release of a neurotransmitter, the two neuronal features that are altered in FXS and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Inhibitors of the NCS-1/Ric8a complex have been shown to be effective in restoring abnormally high synapse numbers as well as improving associative learning in FMRP mutant flies. Here, we demonstrate that phenothiazine FD44, an NCS-1/Ric8a inhibitor, has strong inhibition ability in situ and sufficient bioavailability in the mouse brain. More importantly, administration of FD44 to two different FXS mouse models restores well-known FXS phenotypes, such as hyperactivity, associative learning, aggressive behavior, stereotype, or impaired social approach. It has been suggested that dopamine (DA) may play a relevant role in the behavior and in neurodevelopmental disorders in general. We have measured DA and its metabolites in different brain regions, finding a higher metabolic rate in the limbic area, which is also restored with FD44 treatment. Therefore, in addition to confirming that the NCS-1/Ric8a complex is an excellent therapeutic target, we demonstrate the rescue effect of its inhibitor on the behavior of cognitive and autistic FXS mice and show DA metabolism as a FXS biochemical disease marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Cogram
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- FRAXA-DVI, FRAXA Research Foundation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis C. Fernández-Beltrán
- Department of Neurobiology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Casarejos
- Department of Neurobiology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Sánchez-Yepes
- Department of Neurobiology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eulalia Rodríguez-Martín
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso García-Rubia
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Gil
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Mansilla
- Department of Neurobiology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biology Systems, Universidad de Alcala, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Kelvington BA, Nickl-Jockschat T, Abel T. Neurobiological insights into twice-exceptionality: Circuits, cells, and molecules. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2022; 195:107684. [PMID: 36174887 PMCID: PMC9888516 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Twice-exceptional learners face a unique set of challenges arising from the intersection of extraordinary talent and disability. Neurobiology research has the capacity to complement pedagogical research and provide support for twice-exceptional learners. Very few studies have attempted to specifically address the neurobiological underpinnings of twice-exceptionality. However, neurobiologists have built a broad base of knowledge in nervous system function spanning from the level of neural circuits to the molecular basis of behavior. It is known that distinct neural circuits mediate different neural functions, which suggests that 2e learning may result from enhancement in one circuit and disruption in another. Neural circuits are known to adapt and change in response to experience, a cellular process known as neuroplasticity. Plasticity is controlled by a bidirectional connection between the synapse, where neural signals are received, and the nucleus, where regulated gene expression can return to alter synaptic function. Complex molecular mechanisms compose this connection in distinct neural circuits, and genetic alterations in these mechanisms are associated with both memory enhancements and psychiatric disorder. Understanding the consequences of these changes at the molecular, cellular, and circuit levels will provide critical insights into the neurobiological bases of twice-exceptionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Kelvington
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Thomas Nickl-Jockschat
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ted Abel
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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23
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Kim IB, Lee T, Lee J, Kim J, Lee S, Koh IG, Kim JH, An JY, Lee H, Kim WK, Ju YS, Cho Y, Yu SJ, Kim SA, Oh M, Han DW, Kim E, Choi JK, Yoo HJ, Lee JH. Non-coding de novo mutations in chromatin interactions are implicated in autism spectrum disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4680-4694. [PMID: 35840799 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01697-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional chromatin interactions regulate gene expressions. The significance of de novo mutations (DNMs) in chromatin interactions remains poorly understood for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We generated 813 whole-genome sequences from 242 Korean simplex families to detect DNMs, and identified target genes which were putatively affected by non-coding DNMs in chromatin interactions. Non-coding DNMs in chromatin interactions were significantly involved in transcriptional dysregulations related to ASD risk. Correspondingly, target genes showed spatiotemporal expressions relevant to ASD in developing brains and enrichment in biological pathways implicated in ASD, such as histone modification. Regarding clinical features of ASD, non-coding DNMs in chromatin interactions particularly contributed to low intelligence quotient levels in ASD probands. We further validated our findings using two replication cohorts, Simons Simplex Collection (SSC) and MSSNG, and showed the consistent enrichment of non-coding DNM-disrupted chromatin interactions in ASD probands. Generating human induced pluripotent stem cells in two ASD families, we were able to demonstrate that non-coding DNMs in chromatin interactions alter the expression of target genes at the stage of early neural development. Taken together, our findings indicate that non-coding DNMs in ASD probands lead to early neurodevelopmental disruption implicated in ASD risk via chromatin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Bin Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, 11923, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyeop Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Junehawk Lee
- Center for Supercomputing Applications, Division of National Supercomputing, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghun Kim
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Suho Lee
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - In Gyeong Koh
- Industry-University Cooperation Foundation, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,BK21FOUR R&E Center for Learning Health Systems, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Yong An
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,BK21FOUR R&E Center for Learning Health Systems, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunseong Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05030, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Kyeong Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Seok Ju
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseong Cho
- Center for Supercomputing Applications, Division of National Supercomputing, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Jong Yu
- Center for Supercomputing Applications, Division of National Supercomputing, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Ae Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Eulji University, Daejeon, 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Miae Oh
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Han
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, China.,Organoid sciences, Ltd., Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung Kyoon Choi
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee Jeong Yoo
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13620, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong Ho Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Sovargen Co. Ltd., Daejeon, 34051, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Zhou B, Yan X, Yang L, Zheng X, Chen Y, Liu Y, Ren Y, Peng J, Zhang Y, Huang J, Tang L, Wen M. Effects of arginine vasopressin on the transcriptome of prefrontal cortex in autistic rat model. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:5493-5505. [PMID: 36239083 PMCID: PMC9639040 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have also demonstrated that AVP can significantly improve social interaction disorders and stereotypical behaviours in rats with VPA‐induced autism model. To further explore the mechanisms of action of AVP, we compared the PFC transcriptome changes before and after AVP treatment in VPA‐induced autism rat model. The autism model was induced by intraperitoneally injected with VPA at embryonic day 12.5 and randomly assigned to two groups: the VPA‐induced autism model group and the AVP treatment group. The AVP treatment group were treated with intranasal AVP at postnatal day 21 and for 3 weeks. The gene expression levels and function changes on the prefrontal cortex were measured by RNA‐seq and bioinformatics analysis at PND42 and the mRNA expression levels of synaptic and myelin development related genes were validated by qPCR. Our results confirmed that AVP could significantly improve synaptic and axon dysplasia and promote oligodendrocyte development in the prefrontal cortex in VPA‐induced autism models by regulating multiple signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Xuehui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Third Hospital (Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University), Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoli Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Yunhua Chen
- College of Basic Medical, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Yibu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Yibing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Jingang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Jiayu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Lei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Min Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
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25
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Simmons DH, Busch SE, Titley HK, Grasselli G, Shih J, Du X, Wei C, Gomez CM, Piochon C, Hansel C. Sensory Over-responsivity and Aberrant Plasticity in Cerebellar Cortex in a Mouse Model of Syndromic Autism. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 2:450-459. [PMID: 36324646 PMCID: PMC9616247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with autism spectrum disorder often show altered responses to sensory stimuli as well as motor deficits, including an impairment of delay eyeblink conditioning, which involves integration of sensory signals in the cerebellum. Here, we identify abnormalities in parallel fiber (PF) and climbing fiber (CF) signaling in the mouse cerebellar cortex that may contribute to these pathologies. Methods We used a mouse model for the human 15q11-13 duplication (patDp/+) and studied responses to sensory stimuli in Purkinje cells from awake mice using two-photon imaging of GCaMP6f signals. Moreover, we examined synaptic transmission and plasticity using in vitro electrophysiological, immunohistochemical, and confocal microscopic techniques. Results We found that spontaneous and sensory-evoked CF-calcium transients are enhanced in patDp/+ Purkinje cells, and aversive movements are more severe across sensory modalities. We observed increased expression of the synaptic organizer NRXN1 at CF synapses and ectopic spread of these synapses to fine dendrites. CF-excitatory postsynaptic currents recorded from Purkinje cells are enlarged in patDp/+ mice, while responses to PF stimulation are reduced. Confocal measurements show reduced PF+CF-evoked spine calcium transients, a key trigger for PF long-term depression, one of several plasticity types required for eyeblink conditioning learning. Long-term depression is impaired in patDp/+ mice but is rescued on pharmacological enhancement of calcium signaling. Conclusions Our findings suggest that this genetic abnormality causes a pathological inflation of CF signaling, possibly resulting from enhanced NRXN1 expression, with consequences for the representation of sensory stimuli by the CF input and for PF synaptic organization and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana H Simmons
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Silas E Busch
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Heather K Titley
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Giorgio Grasselli
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Genoa, Italy.,IRCC Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Justine Shih
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiaofei Du
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Cenfu Wei
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Claire Piochon
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christian Hansel
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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26
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Purushotham SS, Reddy NMN, D'Souza MN, Choudhury NR, Ganguly A, Gopalakrishna N, Muddashetty R, Clement JP. A perspective on molecular signalling dysfunction, its clinical relevance and therapeutics in autism spectrum disorder. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:2525-2567. [PMID: 36063192 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders that have become a primary clinical and social concern, with a prevalence of 2-3% in the population. Neuronal function and behaviour undergo significant malleability during the critical period of development that is found to be impaired in ID/ASD. Human genome sequencing studies have revealed many genetic variations associated with ASD/ID that are further verified by many approaches, including many mouse and other models. These models have facilitated the identification of fundamental mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of ASD/ID, and several studies have proposed converging molecular pathways in ASD/ID. However, linking the mechanisms of the pathogenic genes and their molecular characteristics that lead to ID/ASD has progressed slowly, hampering the development of potential therapeutic strategies. This review discusses the possibility of recognising the common molecular causes for most ASD/ID based on studies from the available models that may enable a better therapeutic strategy to treat ID/ASD. We also reviewed the potential biomarkers to detect ASD/ID at early stages that may aid in diagnosis and initiating medical treatment, the concerns with drug failure in clinical trials, and developing therapeutic strategies that can be applied beyond a particular mutation associated with ASD/ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmitha S Purushotham
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Neeharika M N Reddy
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Michelle Ninochka D'Souza
- Centre for Brain Research, Indian Institute of Science Campus, CV Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560 012, India.,The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Nilpawan Roy Choudhury
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Anusa Ganguly
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Niharika Gopalakrishna
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Ravi Muddashetty
- Centre for Brain Research, Indian Institute of Science Campus, CV Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560 012, India.,The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - James P Clement
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, 560064, India.
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27
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Ilieva M, Aldana BI, Vinten KT, Hohmann S, Woofenden TW, Lukjanska R, Waagepetersen HS, Michel TM. Proteomic phenotype of cerebral organoids derived from autism spectrum disorder patients reveal disrupted energy metabolism, cellular components, and biological processes. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3749-3759. [PMID: 35618886 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The way in which brain morphology and proteome are remodeled during embryonal development, and how they are linked to the cellular metabolism, could be a key for elucidating the pathological mechanisms of certain neurodevelopmental disorders. Cerebral organoids derived from autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients were generated to capture critical time-points in the neuronal development, and metabolism and protein expression were investigated. The early stages of development, when neurogenesis commences (day in vitro 39), appeared to be a critical timepoint in pathogenesis. In the first month of development, increased size in ASD-derived organoids were detected in comparison to the controls. The size of the organoids correlates with the number of proliferating cells (Ki-67 positive cells). A significant difference in energy metabolism and proteome phenotype was also observed in ASD organoids at this time point, specifically, prevalence of glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation, decreased ATP production and mitochondrial respiratory chain activity, differently expressed cell adhesion proteins, cell cycle (spindle formation), cytoskeleton, and several transcription factors. Finally, ASD patients and controls derived organoids were clustered based on a differential expression of ten proteins-heat shock protein 27 (hsp27) phospho Ser 15, Pyk (FAK2), Elk-1, Rac1/cdc42, S6 ribosomal protein phospho Ser 240/Ser 244, Ha-ras, mTOR (FRAP) phospho Ser 2448, PKCα, FoxO3a, Src family phospho Tyr 416-at day 39 which could be defined as potential biomarkers and further investigated for potential drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirolyuba Ilieva
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. .,Psychiatry in the Region of Southern Denmark, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark. .,Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Copenhagen SV, Denmark.
| | - Blanca Irene Aldana
- Neurometabolism Research Group, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Tore Vinten
- Neurometabolism Research Group, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sonja Hohmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Psychiatry in the Region of Southern Denmark, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas William Woofenden
- Neurometabolism Research Group, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Renate Lukjanska
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Psychiatry in the Region of Southern Denmark, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Helle S Waagepetersen
- Neurometabolism Research Group, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tanja Maria Michel
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Psychiatry in the Region of Southern Denmark, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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28
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Mohammadkhani R, Ghahremani R, Salehi I, Safari S, Karimi SA, Zarei M. Impairment in social interaction and hippocampal long-term potentiation at perforant pathway-dentate gyrus synapses in a prenatal valproic acid-induced rat model of autism. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac221. [PMID: 36092302 PMCID: PMC9453432 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that prenatal valproic acid exposure in rats leads to autism-like behaviours and social deficits. Long-term potentiation changes in the brain have been proposed as a potential mechanism in the development of autistic behaviour. However, there are controversies regarding the effect of in utero valproic acid exposure on long-term potentiation. This study examined the social interaction and long-term potentiation induction in perforant pathway-dentate gyrus synapses in male offspring of a rat model of autism induced by prenatal exposure to valproic acid. On Embryonic Day 12.5, the pregnant dams received an injection of 500 mg/kg valproic acid (intraperitoneal) to produce the autism model. The sociability test was performed between Postnatal Days 37 and 40. The offsprings were urethane-anaesthetized and placed into a stereotaxic apparatus for surgery, electrode implantation and field potential recording on Postnatal Days 45–55. In the dentate gyrus region, excitatory postsynaptic potential slope and population spike amplitude were measured. Valproic acid-exposed offspring showed significantly impaired social interaction. The birth weight in valproic acid-exposed rats was significantly lower than in control rats. The ability of dentate gyrus synapses to induce long-term potentiation was hampered by valproic acid exposure. The decreasing excitatory postsynaptic potential slope and population spike amplitude of long-term potentiation provide evidence in favour of this notion. It is widely supposed that the hippocampus plays a central role in the process of learning and memory as well as social interaction and social memory. Therefore, deficiencies in hippocampal synaptic plasticity may be responsible, at least in part, for the social interaction deficits in valproic acid-exposed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reihaneh Mohammadkhani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan 65178/518 , Iran
| | - Reza Ghahremani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan 65178/518 , Iran
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand , Birjand 9717434765 , Iran
| | - Iraj Salehi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan 65178/518 , Iran
| | - Samaneh Safari
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan 65178/518 , Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan 65178/518 , Iran
| | - Seyed Asaad Karimi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan 65178/518 , Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan 65178/518 , Iran
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan 65178/518 , Iran
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Auvichayapat N, Auvichayapat P. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Treatment of Child Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Ethical Considerations. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:842013. [PMID: 35874159 PMCID: PMC9304992 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.842013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive electrical stimulation performed using low electric currents passing through two electrodes. The provided current passes from the anode to the cathode and induces electric fields in the surface neurons. It then modulates synaptic plasticity and finally changes cortical excitability or improves clinical outcomes, which outlast after a duration of stimulation. Meta-analyses have supported the beneficial effects of tDCS treatments in child neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the study of vulnerable children remains controversial and is a great deal for ethical considerations. Because the developing brain has some important physiological differences from the matured brain, specifically less γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inhibition and more myelination, the opportunity to modify neurological disorders to be close to the normal level in childhood after tDCS is likely to be higher than in adults. In contrast, these physiological differences may result in unexpected excitability in children's brains and were criticized to have an unsafe effect, specifically seizures, which is a serious adverse events. As mentioned above, using tDCS in children appears to be a double-edged sword and should be ethically considered prior to wide use. Assessing between benefits of tDCS treatment within the golden period of brain development and the risk of seizure provocation is important. Thus, this perspective article is aimed to exhibit broad concepts about the developing brain, tDCS in children, pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders and tDCS beneficence, tDCS safety and tolerability in children, and missing good opportunities or taking risks in tDCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narong Auvichayapat
- Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Research Group of Thailand, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Paradee Auvichayapat
- Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Research Group of Thailand, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Paradee Auvichayapat
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Brain Dp140 alters glutamatergic transmission and social behaviour in the mdx52 mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 216:102288. [PMID: 35654209 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a muscle disorder caused by DMD mutations and is characterized by neurobehavioural comorbidities due to dystrophin deficiency in the brain. The lack of Dp140, a dystrophin short isoform, is clinically associated with intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), but its postnatal functional role is not well understood. To investigate synaptic function in the presence or absence of brain Dp140, we utilized two DMD mouse models, mdx23 and mdx52 mice, in which Dp140 is preserved or lacking, respectively. ASD-like behaviours were observed in pups and 8-week-old mdx52 mice lacking Dp140. Paired-pulse ratio of excitatory postsynaptic currents, glutamatergic vesicle number in basolateral amygdala neurons, and glutamatergic transmission in medial prefrontal cortex-basolateral amygdala projections were significantly reduced in mdx52 mice compared to those in wild-type and mdx23 mice. ASD-like behaviour and electrophysiological findings in mdx52 mice were ameliorated by restoration of Dp140 following intra-cerebroventricular injection of antisense oligonucleotide drug-induced exon 53 skipping or intra-basolateral amygdala administration of Dp140 mRNA-based drug. Our results implicate Dp140 in ASD-like behaviour via altered glutamatergic transmission in the basolateral amygdala of mdx52 mice.
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Chapman CA, Nuwer JL, Jacob TC. The Yin and Yang of GABAergic and Glutamatergic Synaptic Plasticity: Opposites in Balance by Crosstalking Mechanisms. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 14:911020. [PMID: 35663370 PMCID: PMC9160301 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.911020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is a critical process that regulates neuronal activity by allowing neurons to adjust their synaptic strength in response to changes in activity. Despite the high proximity of excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory GABAergic postsynaptic zones and their functional integration within dendritic regions, concurrent plasticity has historically been underassessed. Growing evidence for pathological disruptions in the excitation and inhibition (E/I) balance in neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders indicates the need for an improved, more "holistic" understanding of synaptic interplay. There continues to be a long-standing focus on the persistent strengthening of excitation (excitatory long-term potentiation; eLTP) and its role in learning and memory, although the importance of inhibitory long-term potentiation (iLTP) and depression (iLTD) has become increasingly apparent. Emerging evidence further points to a dynamic dialogue between excitatory and inhibitory synapses, but much remains to be understood regarding the mechanisms and extent of this exchange. In this mini-review, we explore the role calcium signaling and synaptic crosstalk play in regulating postsynaptic plasticity and neuronal excitability. We examine current knowledge on GABAergic and glutamatergic synapse responses to perturbances in activity, with a focus on postsynaptic plasticity induced by short-term pharmacological treatments which act to either enhance or reduce neuronal excitability via ionotropic receptor regulation in neuronal culture. To delve deeper into potential mechanisms of synaptic crosstalk, we discuss the influence of synaptic activity on key regulatory proteins, including kinases, phosphatases, and synaptic structural/scaffolding proteins. Finally, we briefly suggest avenues for future research to better understand the crosstalk between glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tija C. Jacob
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Role of JAK-STAT and PPAR-Gamma Signalling Modulators in the Prevention of Autism and Neurological Dysfunctions. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3888-3912. [PMID: 35437700 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02819-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Janus-kinase (JAK) and signal transducer activator of transcription (STAT) signalling pathways regulate gene expression and control various factors involved in normal physiological functions such as cell proliferation, neuronal development, and cell survival. JAK activation phosphorylates STAT3 in astrocytes and microglia, and this phosphorylation has been linked to mitochondrial damage, apoptosis, neuroinflammation, reactive astrogliosis, and genetic mutations. As a regulator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma), in relation to JAK-STAT signalling, prevents this phosphorylation and aids in the treatment of the above-mentioned neurocomplications. Changes in cellular signalling may also contribute to the onset and progression of autism. Thus, PPAR-gamma agonist upregulation may be associated with JAK-STAT signal transduction downregulation. It may also be responsible for attenuating neuropathological changes by stimulating SOCS3 or involving RXR or SMRT, thereby reducing transcription of the various cytokine proteins and genes involved in neuronal damage. Along with JAK-STAT inhibitors, PPAR-gamma agonists could be used as target therapeutic interventions for autism. This research-based review explores the potential involvement and mutual regulation of JAK-STAT and PPAR-gamma signalling in controlling multiple pathological factors associated with autism.
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Brandenburg C, Blatt GJ. Region-Specific Alterations of Perineuronal Net Expression in Postmortem Autism Brain Tissue. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:838918. [PMID: 35493330 PMCID: PMC9043328 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.838918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variance in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is often associated with mechanisms that broadly fall into the category of neuroplasticity. Parvalbumin positive neurons and their surrounding perineuronal nets (PNNs) are important factors in critical period plasticity and have both been implicated in ASD. PNNs are found in high density within output structures of the cerebellum and basal ganglia, two regions that are densely connected to many other brain areas and have the potential to participate in the diverse array of symptoms present in an ASD diagnosis. The dentate nucleus (DN) and globus pallidus (GP) were therefore assessed for differences in PNN expression in human postmortem ASD brain tissue. While Purkinje cell loss is a consistent neuropathological finding in ASD, in this cohort, the Purkinje cell targets within the DN did not show differences in number of cells with or without a PNN. However, the density of parvalbumin positive neurons with a PNN were significantly reduced in the GP internus and externus of ASD cases, which was not dependent on seizure status. It is unclear whether these alterations manifest during development or are a consequence of activity-dependent mechanisms that lead to altered network dynamics later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Brandenburg
- Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Cheryl Brandenburg,
| | - Gene J. Blatt
- Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore, MD, United States
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García-Juárez M, Camacho-Morales A. Defining the role of anti- and pro-inflammatory outcomes of Interleukin-6 in mental health. Neuroscience 2022; 492:32-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Mapelli L, Soda T, D’Angelo E, Prestori F. The Cerebellar Involvement in Autism Spectrum Disorders: From the Social Brain to Mouse Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073894. [PMID: 35409253 PMCID: PMC8998980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are pervasive neurodevelopmental disorders that include a variety of forms and clinical phenotypes. This heterogeneity complicates the clinical and experimental approaches to ASD etiology and pathophysiology. To date, a unifying theory of these diseases is still missing. Nevertheless, the intense work of researchers and clinicians in the last decades has identified some ASD hallmarks and the primary brain areas involved. Not surprisingly, the areas that are part of the so-called “social brain”, and those strictly connected to them, were found to be crucial, such as the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, limbic system, and dopaminergic pathways. With the recent acknowledgment of the cerebellar contribution to cognitive functions and the social brain, its involvement in ASD has become unmistakable, though its extent is still to be elucidated. In most cases, significant advances were made possible by recent technological developments in structural/functional assessment of the human brain and by using mouse models of ASD. Mouse models are an invaluable tool to get insights into the molecular and cellular counterparts of the disease, acting on the specific genetic background generating ASD-like phenotype. Given the multifaceted nature of ASD and related studies, it is often difficult to navigate the literature and limit the huge content to specific questions. This review fulfills the need for an organized, clear, and state-of-the-art perspective on cerebellar involvement in ASD, from its connections to the social brain areas (which are the primary sites of ASD impairments) to the use of monogenic mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mapelli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (T.S.); (E.D.)
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Teresa Soda
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (T.S.); (E.D.)
| | - Egidio D’Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (T.S.); (E.D.)
- Brain Connectivity Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Prestori
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (T.S.); (E.D.)
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (F.P.)
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Navakkode S, Zhai J, Wong YP, Li G, Soong TW. Enhanced long-term potentiation and impaired learning in mice lacking alternative exon 33 of Ca V1.2 calcium channel. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:1. [PMID: 35013113 PMCID: PMC8748671 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01683-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The CACNA1C (calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha 1 C) gene that encodes the CaV1.2 channel is a prominent risk gene for neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders with cognitive and social impairments like schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, depression and autistic spectrum disorders (ASD). We have shown previously that mice with exon 33 deleted from CaV1.2 channel (CaV1.2-exon 33-/-) displayed increased CaV1.2 current density and single channel open probability in cardiomyocytes, and were prone to develop arrhythmia. As Ca2+ entry through CaV1.2 channels activates gene transcription in response to synaptic activity, we were intrigued to explore the possible role of Cav1.2Δ33 channels in synaptic plasticity and behaviour. Homozygous deletion of alternative exon 33 resulted in enhanced long-term potentiation (LTP), and lack of long- term depression (LTD), which did not correlate with enhanced learning. Exon 33 deletion also led to a decrease in social dominance, sociability and social novelty. Our findings shed light on the effect of gain-of-function of CaV1.2Δ33 signalling on synaptic plasticity and behaviour and provides evidence for a link between CaV1.2 and distinct cognitive and social behaviours associated with phenotypic features of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeja Navakkode
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.59025.3b0000 0001 2224 0361Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Zhai
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuk Peng Wong
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guang Li
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.410578.f0000 0001 1114 4286Present Address: Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan China
| | - Tuck Wah Soong
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Healthy Longevity Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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37
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Hu C, Li H, Li J, Luo X, Hao Y. Microglia: Synaptic modulator in autism spectrum disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:958661. [PMID: 36465285 PMCID: PMC9714329 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.958661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by variable impairment of social communication and repetitive behaviors, highly restricted interests, and/or sensory behaviors beginning early in life. Many individuals with ASD have dysfunction of microglia, which may be closely related to neuroinflammation, making microglia play an important role in the pathogenesis of ASD. Mounting evidence indicates that microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, are required for proper brain function, especially in the maintenance of neuronal circuitry and control of behavior. Dysfunction of microglia will ultimately affect the neural function in a variety of ways, including the formation of synapses and alteration of excitatory-inhibitory balance. In this review, we provide an overview of how microglia actively interact with neurons in physiological conditions and modulate the fate and functions of synapses. We put a spotlight on the multi-dimensional neurodevelopmental roles of microglia, especially in the essential influence of synapses, and discuss how microglia are currently thought to influence ASD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Hu
- Division of Child Healthcare, Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heli Li
- Division of Child Healthcare, Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- Division of Child Healthcare, Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Hao
- Division of Child Healthcare, Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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38
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Eve M, Gandawijaya J, Yang L, Oguro-Ando A. Neuronal Cell Adhesion Molecules May Mediate Neuroinflammation in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:842755. [PMID: 35492721 PMCID: PMC9051034 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.842755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by restrictive and repetitive behaviors, alongside deficits in social interaction and communication. The etiology of ASD is largely unknown but is strongly linked to genetic variants in neuronal cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), cell-surface proteins that have important roles in neurodevelopment. A combination of environmental and genetic factors are believed to contribute to ASD pathogenesis. Inflammation in ASD has been identified as one of these factors, demonstrated through the presence of proinflammatory cytokines, maternal immune activation, and activation of glial cells in ASD brains. Glial cells are the main source of cytokines within the brain and, therefore, their activity is vital in mediating inflammation in the central nervous system. However, it is unclear whether the aforementioned neuronal CAMs are involved in modulating neuroimmune signaling or glial behavior. This review aims to address the largely unexplored role that neuronal CAMs may play in mediating inflammatory cascades that underpin neuroinflammation in ASD, primarily focusing on the Notch, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. We will also evaluate the available evidence on how neuronal CAMs may influence glial activity associated with inflammation. This is important when considering the impact of environmental factors and inflammatory responses on ASD development. In particular, neural CAM1 (NCAM1) can regulate NF-κB transcription in neurons, directly altering proinflammatory signaling. Additionally, NCAM1 and contactin-1 appear to mediate astrocyte and oligodendrocyte precursor proliferation which can alter the neuroimmune response. Importantly, although this review highlights the limited information available, there is evidence of a neuronal CAM regulatory role in inflammatory signaling. This warrants further investigation into the role other neuronal CAM family members may have in mediating inflammatory cascades and would advance our understanding of how neuroinflammation can contribute to ASD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Eve
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Josan Gandawijaya
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Liming Yang
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Asami Oguro-Ando
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Bieneck V, Bletsch A, Mann C, Schäfer T, Seelemeyer H, Herøy N, Zimmermann J, Pretzsch CM, Hattingen E, Ecker C. Longitudinal Changes in Cortical Thickness in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Association with Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:2024. [PMID: 34946972 PMCID: PMC8701312 DOI: 10.3390/genes12122024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuroanatomy of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) shows highly heterogeneous developmental trajectories across individuals. Mapping atypical brain development onto clinical phenotypes, and establishing their molecular underpinnings, is therefore crucial for patient stratification and subtyping. In this longitudinal study we examined intra- and inter-individual differences in the developmental trajectory of cortical thickness (CT) in childhood and adolescence, and their genomic underpinnings, in 33 individuals with ASD and 37 typically developing controls (aged 11-18 years). Moreover, we aimed to link regional atypical CT development to intra-individual variations in restricted and repetitive behavior (RRB) over a two-year time period. Individuals with ASD showed significantly reduced cortical thinning in several of the brain regions functionally related to wider autism symptoms and traits (e.g., fronto-temporal and cingulate cortices). The spatial patterns of the neuroanatomical differences in CT were enriched for genes known to be associated with ASD at a genetic and transcriptomic level. Further, intra-individual differences in CT correlated with within-subject variability in the severity of RRBs. Our findings represent an important step towards characterizing the neuroanatomical underpinnings of ASD across development based upon measures of CT. Moreover, our findings provide important novel insights into the link between microscopic and macroscopic pathology in ASD, as well as their relationship with different clinical ASD phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bieneck
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Deutschordenstrasse 50, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; (A.B.); (C.M.); (T.S.); (H.S.); (N.H.); (J.Z.); (C.E.)
- Brain Imaging Center, Schleusenweg 2-16, Haus 95H, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anke Bletsch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Deutschordenstrasse 50, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; (A.B.); (C.M.); (T.S.); (H.S.); (N.H.); (J.Z.); (C.E.)
- Brain Imaging Center, Schleusenweg 2-16, Haus 95H, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Caroline Mann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Deutschordenstrasse 50, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; (A.B.); (C.M.); (T.S.); (H.S.); (N.H.); (J.Z.); (C.E.)
- Brain Imaging Center, Schleusenweg 2-16, Haus 95H, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tim Schäfer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Deutschordenstrasse 50, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; (A.B.); (C.M.); (T.S.); (H.S.); (N.H.); (J.Z.); (C.E.)
- Brain Imaging Center, Schleusenweg 2-16, Haus 95H, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hanna Seelemeyer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Deutschordenstrasse 50, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; (A.B.); (C.M.); (T.S.); (H.S.); (N.H.); (J.Z.); (C.E.)
- Brain Imaging Center, Schleusenweg 2-16, Haus 95H, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Njål Herøy
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Deutschordenstrasse 50, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; (A.B.); (C.M.); (T.S.); (H.S.); (N.H.); (J.Z.); (C.E.)
- Brain Imaging Center, Schleusenweg 2-16, Haus 95H, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jennifer Zimmermann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Deutschordenstrasse 50, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; (A.B.); (C.M.); (T.S.); (H.S.); (N.H.); (J.Z.); (C.E.)
- Brain Imaging Center, Schleusenweg 2-16, Haus 95H, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Charlotte Marie Pretzsch
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London SE5 8AF, UK;
| | - Elke Hattingen
- Institute for Neuroradiology, University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - Christine Ecker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Deutschordenstrasse 50, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; (A.B.); (C.M.); (T.S.); (H.S.); (N.H.); (J.Z.); (C.E.)
- Brain Imaging Center, Schleusenweg 2-16, Haus 95H, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London SE5 8AF, UK;
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Kanlayaprasit S, Thongkorn S, Panjabud P, Jindatip D, Hu VW, Kikkawa T, Osumi N, Sarachana T. Autism-Related Transcription Factors Underlying the Sex-Specific Effects of Prenatal Bisphenol A Exposure on Transcriptome-Interactome Profiles in the Offspring Prefrontal Cortex. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13201. [PMID: 34947998 PMCID: PMC8708761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an environmental risk factor for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). BPA exposure dysregulates ASD-related genes in the hippocampus and neurological functions of offspring. However, whether prenatal BPA exposure has an impact on genes in the prefrontal cortex, another brain region highly implicated in ASD, and through what mechanisms have not been investigated. Here, we demonstrated that prenatal BPA exposure disrupts the transcriptome-interactome profiles of the prefrontal cortex of neonatal rats. Interestingly, the list of BPA-responsive genes was significantly enriched with known ASD candidate genes, as well as genes that were dysregulated in the postmortem brain tissues of ASD cases from multiple independent studies. Moreover, several differentially expressed genes in the offspring's prefrontal cortex were the targets of ASD-related transcription factors, including AR, ESR1, and RORA. The hypergeometric distribution analysis revealed that BPA may regulate the expression of such genes through these transcription factors in a sex-dependent manner. The molecular docking analysis of BPA and ASD-related transcription factors revealed novel potential targets of BPA, including RORA, SOX5, TCF4, and YY1. Our findings indicated that prenatal BPA exposure disrupts ASD-related genes in the offspring's prefrontal cortex and may increase the risk of ASD through sex-dependent molecular mechanisms, which should be investigated further.
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Grants
- FRB65_hea(80)_175_37_05 Fundamental Fund, Chulalongkorn University
- AHS-CU 61004 Faculty of Allied Health Sciences Research Fund, Chulalongkorn University
- GRU 6300437001-1 Ratchadapisek Somphot Fund for Supporting Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University
- GRU_64_033_37_004 Ratchadapisek Somphot Fund for Supporting Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University
- The 100th Anniversary Chulalongkorn University Fund for Doctoral Scholarship, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University
- The Overseas Research Experience Scholarship for Graduate Students from Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University
- PHD/0029/2561 The Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. Programme Scholarship, Thailand Research Fund and National Research Council of Thailand
- National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT)
- GCUGR1125623067D-67 The 90th Anniversary Chulalongkorn University Fund (Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund), Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University
- GCUGR1125632108D-108 The 90th Anniversary Chulalongkorn University Fund (Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund), Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University
- 2073011 Chulalongkorn University Laboratory Animal Center (CULAC) Grant
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Affiliation(s)
- Songphon Kanlayaprasit
- The Ph.D. Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.K.); (S.T.); (P.P.)
| | - Surangrat Thongkorn
- The Ph.D. Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.K.); (S.T.); (P.P.)
| | - Pawinee Panjabud
- The Ph.D. Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.K.); (S.T.); (P.P.)
| | - Depicha Jindatip
- Systems Neuroscience of Autism and PSychiatric Disorders (SYNAPS) Research Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Valerie W. Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA;
| | - Takako Kikkawa
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine (ART), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan; (T.K.); (N.O.)
| | - Noriko Osumi
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine (ART), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan; (T.K.); (N.O.)
| | - Tewarit Sarachana
- Systems Neuroscience of Autism and PSychiatric Disorders (SYNAPS) Research Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
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41
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Xie MJ, Iwata K, Ishikawa Y, Nomura Y, Tani T, Murata K, Fukazawa Y, Matsuzaki H. Autistic-Like Behavior and Impairment of Serotonin Transporter and AMPA Receptor Trafficking in N-Ethylmaleimide Sensitive Factor Gene-Deficient Mice. Front Genet 2021; 12:748627. [PMID: 34745222 PMCID: PMC8563833 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.748627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), characterized by profound impairment in social interactions and communication skills, is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder. Many studies on the mechanisms underlying the development of ASD have focused on the serotonergic system; however, these studies have failed to completely elucidate the mechanisms. We previously identified N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) as a new serotonin transporter (SERT)-binding protein and described its importance in SERT membrane trafficking and uptake in vitro. In the present study, we generated Nsf +/- mice and investigated their behavioral, neurotransmitter, and neurophysiological phenotypes in vivo. Nsf +/- mice exhibited abnormalities in sociability, communication, repetitiveness, and anxiety. Additionally, Nsf loss led to a decrease in membrane SERT expression in the raphe and accumulation of glutamate alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors at the synaptic membrane surface in the hippocampal CA1 region. We found that postsynaptic density and long-term depression were impaired in the hippocampal CA1 region of Nsf +/- mice. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that NSF plays a role in synaptic plasticity and glutamatergic and serotonergic systems, suggesting a possible mechanism by which the gene is linked to the pathophysiology of autistic behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jue Xie
- Division of Development of Mental Functions, Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiko Iwata
- Division of Development of Mental Functions, Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ishikawa
- Department of Systems Life Engineering, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yuki Nomura
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tomomi Tani
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Koshi Murata
- Division of Brain Structures and Function, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yugo Fukazawa
- Division of Development of Mental Functions, Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Division of Brain Structures and Function, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hideo Matsuzaki
- Division of Development of Mental Functions, Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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42
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Chowdhury R, Wang Y, Campbell M, Goderie SK, Doyle F, Tenenbaum SA, Kusek G, Kiehl TR, Ansari SA, Boles NC, Temple S. STAU2 binds a complex RNA cargo that changes temporally with production of diverse intermediate progenitor cells during mouse corticogenesis. Development 2021; 148:271165. [PMID: 34345913 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
STAU2 is a double-stranded RNA-binding protein enriched in the nervous system. During asymmetric divisions in the developing mouse cortex, STAU2 preferentially distributes into the intermediate progenitor cell (IPC), delivering RNA molecules that can impact IPC behavior. Corticogenesis occurs on a precise time schedule, raising the hypothesis that the cargo STAU2 delivers into IPCs changes over time. To test this, we combine RNA-immunoprecipitation with sequencing (RIP-seq) over four stages of mouse cortical development, generating a comprehensive cargo profile for STAU2. A subset of the cargo was 'stable', present at all stages, and involved in chromosome organization, macromolecule localization, translation and DNA repair. Another subset was 'dynamic', changing with cortical stage, and involved in neurogenesis, cell projection organization, neurite outgrowth, and included cortical layer markers. Notably, the dynamic STAU2 cargo included determinants of IPC versus neuronal fates and genes contributing to abnormal corticogenesis. Knockdown of one STAU2 target, Taf13, previously linked to microcephaly and impaired myelination, reduced oligodendrogenesis in vitro. We conclude that STAU2 contributes to the timing of corticogenesis by binding and delivering complex and temporally regulated RNA cargo into IPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Chowdhury
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Regenerative Research Foundation, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Regenerative Research Foundation, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Melissa Campbell
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Regenerative Research Foundation, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Susan K Goderie
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Regenerative Research Foundation, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Francis Doyle
- Nanobioscience Constellation, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Scott A Tenenbaum
- Nanobioscience Constellation, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Gretchen Kusek
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Regenerative Research Foundation, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Thomas R Kiehl
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Regenerative Research Foundation, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Suraiya A Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nathan C Boles
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Regenerative Research Foundation, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Sally Temple
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Regenerative Research Foundation, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
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43
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Sánchez-Puelles C, Calleja-Felipe M, Ouro A, Bougamra G, Arroyo A, Diez I, Erramuzpe A, Cortés J, Martínez-Hernández J, Luján R, Navarrete M, Venero C, Chan A, Morales M, Esteban JA, Knafo S. PTEN Activity Defines an Axis for Plasticity at Cortico-Amygdala Synapses and Influences Social Behavior. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:505-524. [PMID: 31240311 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor and autism-associated gene that exerts an important influence over neuronal structure and function during development. In addition, it participates in synaptic plasticity processes in adulthood. As an attempt to assess synaptic and developmental mechanisms by which PTEN can modulate cognitive function, we studied the consequences of 2 different genetic manipulations in mice: presence of additional genomic copies of the Pten gene (Ptentg) and knock-in of a truncated Pten gene lacking its PDZ motif (Pten-ΔPDZ), which is required for interaction with synaptic proteins. Ptentg mice exhibit substantial microcephaly, structural hypoconnectivity, enhanced synaptic depression at cortico-amygdala synapses, reduced anxiety, and intensified social interactions. In contrast, Pten-ΔPDZ mice have a much more restricted phenotype, with normal synaptic connectivity, but impaired synaptic depression at cortico-amygdala synapses and virtually abolished social interactions. These results suggest that synaptic actions of PTEN in the amygdala contribute to specific behavioral traits, such as sociability. Also, PTEN appears to function as a bidirectional rheostat in the amygdala: reduction in PTEN activity at synapses is associated with less sociability, whereas enhanced PTEN activity accompanies hypersocial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sánchez-Puelles
- Molecular Cognition Laboratory, Biophysics Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)-University of the Basque Country (UPV)/Euskal Herriko University (EHU), Campus Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain.,Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Calleja-Felipe
- Molecular Cognition Laboratory, Biophysics Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)-University of the Basque Country (UPV)/Euskal Herriko University (EHU), Campus Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Alberto Ouro
- Molecular Cognition Laboratory, Biophysics Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)-University of the Basque Country (UPV)/Euskal Herriko University (EHU), Campus Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Ghassen Bougamra
- Molecular Cognition Laboratory, Biophysics Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)-University of the Basque Country (UPV)/Euskal Herriko University (EHU), Campus Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Ana Arroyo
- Molecular Cognition Laboratory, Biophysics Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)-University of the Basque Country (UPV)/Euskal Herriko University (EHU), Campus Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Ibai Diez
- Computational Neuroimaging Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Asier Erramuzpe
- Computational Neuroimaging Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Jesús Cortés
- Computational Neuroimaging Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - José Martínez-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Rafael Luján
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Marta Navarrete
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - César Venero
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrew Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Miguel Morales
- Molecular Cognition Laboratory, Biophysics Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)-University of the Basque Country (UPV)/Euskal Herriko University (EHU), Campus Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - José A Esteban
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Shira Knafo
- Molecular Cognition Laboratory, Biophysics Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)-University of the Basque Country (UPV)/Euskal Herriko University (EHU), Campus Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501 Israel
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44
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Vanpaemel W, Bayer J. Prototype-based category learning in autism: A review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:607-618. [PMID: 34022278 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Similarity-based categorization, as an important cognitive skill, can be performed by abstracting a categories' central tendency, the so-called prototype, or by memorizing individual exemplars of a category. The flexible selection of an appropriate strategy is crucial for effective cognitive functioning. The detail-focused cognitive style in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has been hypothesized to specifically impair prototype-based categorization but to leave exemplar-based categorization unimpaired. We first give an overview of approaches to investigate prototype-based abstraction in the prototype-distortion task, with an emphasis on model-based approaches suitable to discern the two strategies on the individual level. The second part summarizes literature speaking to prototype-based categorization in ASD using that task. Despite considerable inconsistencies, most studies appear to confirm that autistic individuals have more difficulties to perform prototype-distortion tasks than non-autistic individuals. We highlight how inconsistencies in literature can be resolved by taking the differences in task designs into account. The current review illustrates the need for sensitive computational approaches, suitable to detect hidden individual differences and potential compensatory strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf Vanpaemel
- Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Box 3713, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Janine Bayer
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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45
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Simmons DH, Titley HK, Hansel C, Mason P. Behavioral Tests for Mouse Models of Autism: An Argument for the Inclusion of Cerebellum-Controlled Motor Behaviors. Neuroscience 2021; 462:303-319. [PMID: 32417339 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have been interrogated using a variety of behavioral tests in order to understand the symptoms of ASD. However, the hallmark behaviors that are classically affected in ASD - deficits in social interaction and communication as well as the occurrence of repetitive behaviors - do not have direct murine equivalents. Thus, it is critical to identify the caveats that come with modeling a human disorder in mice. The most commonly used behavioral tests represent complex cognitive processes based on largely unknown brain circuitry. Motor impairments provide an alternative, scientifically rigorous approach to understanding ASD symptoms. Difficulties with motor coordination and learning - seen in both patients and mice - point to an involvement of the cerebellum in ASD pathology. This brain area supports types of motor learning that are conserved throughout vertebrate evolution, allowing for direct comparisons of functional abnormalities between humans with autism and ASD mouse models. Studying simple motor behaviors provides researchers with clearly interpretable results. We describe and evaluate methods used on mouse behavioral assays designed to test for social, communicative, perseverative, anxious, nociceptive, and motor learning abnormalities. We comment on the effectiveness and validity of each test based on how much information its results give, as well as its relevance to ASD, and will argue for an inclusion of cerebellum-supported motor behaviors in the phenotypic description of ASD mouse models. LAY SUMMARY: Mouse models of Autism Spectrum Disorder help us gain insight about ASD symptoms in human patients. However, there are many differences between mice and humans, which makes interpreting behaviors challenging. Here, we discuss a battery of behavioral tests for specific mouse behaviors to explore whether each test does indeed evaluate the intended measure, and whether these tests are useful in learning about ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana H Simmons
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Heather K Titley
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christian Hansel
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Peggy Mason
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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46
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Fang Y, Wan C, Wen Y, Wu Z, Pan J, Zhong M, Zhong N. Autism-associated synaptic vesicle transcripts are differentially expressed in maternal plasma exosomes of physiopathologic pregnancies. J Transl Med 2021; 19:154. [PMID: 33858444 PMCID: PMC8051067 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02821-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During intrauterine development, the formation and function of synaptic vesicles (SVs) are thought to be fundamental conditions essential for normal development of the brain. Lacking advanced technology during the intrauterine period, such as longitudinal real-time monitoring of the SV-associated transcripts (SVATs), which include six pairs of lncRNA-mRNA, has limited acquisition of the dynamic gene expression profile (GEP) of SVATs. We previously reported the differential expression of SVATs in the peripheral blood of autistic children. The current study was designed to determine the dynamic profiles of differentially-expressed SVATs in circulating exosomes (EXs) derived from autistic children and pregnant women at different gestational ages. METHODS Blood samples were collected from autistic children and women with variant physiopathologic pregnancies. EXs were isolated with an ExoQuick Exosome Precipitation Kit and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and Western blotting. The expression of lncRNAs and lncRNA-targeted mRNAs were quantified using real-time PCR. RESULTS SVAT-associated lncRNAs-mRNAs were detected in autistic children and differentially expressed from the first trimester of pregnancy to the term of delivery. Pathologic pregnancies, including spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB), preeclampsia (PE), and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), were compared to normal physiologic pregnancies, and shown to exhibit specific correlations between SVAT-lncRNA and SVAT-mRNA of STX8, SLC18A2, and SYP with sPTB; SVAT-lncRNA and SVAT-mRNA of STX8 with PE; and SVAT-lncRNA and SVAT-mRNA of SV2C as well as SVAT-mRNA of SYP with GDM. CONCLUSION Variant complications in pathologic pregnancies may alter the GEP of SVATs, which is likely to affect the intrauterine development of neural circuits and consequently influence fetal brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangwu Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Sino-US Center of Translational Medicine for Development Disabilities, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Chan Wan
- Sino-US Center of Translational Medicine for Development Disabilities, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Youlu Wen
- Department of Psychiatry, Guangdong 999 Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, 510510, China
| | - Ze Wu
- Sino-US Center of Translational Medicine for Development Disabilities, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jing Pan
- Sino-US Center of Translational Medicine for Development Disabilities, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Mei Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Nanbert Zhong
- Sino-US Center of Translational Medicine for Development Disabilities, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Department of Human Genetics, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Rd, Staten Island, NY, 10314, USA.
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47
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El-Ansary A, Zayed N, Al-Ayadhi L, Qasem H, Anwar M, Meguid NA, Bhat RS, Doşa MD, Chirumbolo S, Bjørklund G. GABA synaptopathy promotes the elevation of caspases 3 and 9 as pro-apoptotic markers in Egyptian patients with autism spectrum disorder. Acta Neurol Belg 2021; 121:489-501. [PMID: 31673995 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-019-01226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is classified as a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by reduced social communication as well as repetitive behaviors. Many studies have proved that defective synapses in ASD influence how neurons in the brain connect and communicate with each other. Synaptopathies arise from alterations that affecting the integrity and/or functionality of synapses and can contribute to synaptic pathologies. This study investigated the GABA levels in plasma being an inhibitory neurotransmitter, caspase 3 and 9 as pro-apoptotic proteins in 20 ASD children and 20 neurotypical controls using the ELISA technique. Analysis of receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) of the data that was obtained to evaluate the diagnostic value of the aforementioned evaluated biomarkers. Pearson's correlations and multiple regressions between the measured variables were also done. While GABA level was reduced in ASD patients, levels of caspases 3 and 9 were significantly higher when compared to neurotypical control participants. ROC and predictiveness curves showed that caspases 3, caspases 9, and GABA might be utilized as predictive markers in autism diagnosis. The present study indicates that the presence of GABAergic dysfunction promotes apoptosis in Egyptian ASD children. The obtained GABA synaptopathies and their connection with apoptosis can both relate to neuronal excitation, and imbalance of the inhibition system, which can be used as reliable predictive biomarkers for ASD.
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48
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Ozaki A, Yamawaki Y, Ohtsuki G. Psychosis symptoms following aberrant immunity in the brain. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:512-513. [PMID: 32985479 PMCID: PMC7996009 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.293148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akitoshi Ozaki
- Department of Biophysics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamawaki
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Gen Ohtsuki
- Department of Biophysics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Science; The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University; Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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49
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Fertan E, Wong AA, Purdon MK, Weaver ICG, Brown RE. The effect of background strain on the behavioral phenotypes of the MDGA2 +/- mouse model of autism spectrum disorder. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 20:e12696. [PMID: 32808443 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The membrane-associated mucin (MAM) domain containing glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor 2 protein single knock-out mice (MDGA2+/- ) are models of ASD. We examined the behavioral phenotypes of male and female MDGA2+/- and wildtype mice on C57BL6/NJ and C57BL6/N backgrounds at 2 months of age and measured MDGA2, neuroligin 1 and neuroligin 2 levels at 7 months. Mice on the C57BL6/NJ background performed better than those on the C57BL6/N background in visual ability and in learning and memory performance in the Morris water maze and differed in measures of motor behavior and anxiety. Mice with the MDGA2+/- genotype differed from WT mice in motor, social and repetitive behavior and anxiety, but most of these effects involved interactions between MDGA2+/- genotype and background strain. The background strain also influenced MDGA2 levels and NLGN2 association in MDGA2+/- mice. Our findings emphasize the importance of the background strain used in studies of genetically modified mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Fertan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Aimée A Wong
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Michaela K Purdon
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ian C G Weaver
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Brain Repair Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Richard E Brown
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Brain Repair Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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50
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Raghavan R, Selhub J, Paul L, Ji Y, Wang G, Hong X, Zuckerman B, Fallin MD, Wang X. A prospective birth cohort study on cord blood folate subtypes and risk of autism spectrum disorder. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:1304-1317. [PMID: 32844208 PMCID: PMC7657337 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that extremely high concentrations of maternal plasma folate were associated with increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children. This study explored whether specific types of folate in cord blood have differential association with ASD. OBJECTIVES In the Boston Birth Cohort (BBC), we assessed the association between cord blood unmetabolized folic acid (UMFA), 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate (THF), and total folate and a child's ASD risk. In a subset, we explored whether the association between UMFA and ASD risk can be affected by the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) genotype and cord plasma creatinine. We also examined prenatal correlates of cord UMFA concentrations. METHODS This report included 567 BBC children (92 ASD, 475 neurotypical), who were recruited at birth and prospectively followed at the Boston Medical Center. ASD was defined from International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 and ICD-10 codes documented in electronic medical records. RESULTS Children with cord UMFA in the highest, versus lowest quartile, had a greater ASD risk (adjusted OR, aORquartile4: 2.26; 95% CI: 1.08, 4.75). When stratified by race/ethnicity, the association was limited to 311 (45 ASD) Black children (aORquartile4: 9.85; 95% CI: 2.53, 38.31); a test of interaction between race/ethnicity and cord UMFA concentrations was significant (P = 0.007). The UMFA-ASD association in Black children slightly attenuated after adjusting for cord plasma creatinine (P = 0.05). There was no significant association between cord 5-methyl THF, total folate, DHFR genotype, and ASD risk. Cord total folate and maternal supplement intake during second trimester were associated with higher cord UMFA. CONCLUSIONS Higher concentrations of cord UMFA, but not 5-methyl THF or total folate, were associated with a greater risk of ASD in Black children. This study in a preterm-birth-enriched cohort raises more questions than it could answer and underscores the need for additional investigations on the sources and role of cord UMFA in children's neurodevelopmental outcomes and underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkripa Raghavan
- Center on Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jacob Selhub
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center for Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ligi Paul
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center for Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuelong Ji
- Center on Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guoying Wang
- Center on Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiumei Hong
- Center on Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barry Zuckerman
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Daniele Fallin
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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