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Prescott TJ, Montes González FM, Gurney K, Humphries MD, Redgrave P. Simulated Dopamine Modulation of a Neurorobotic Model of the Basal Ganglia. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:139. [PMID: 38534824 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9030139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate basal ganglia play an important role in action selection-the resolution of conflicts between alternative motor programs. The effective operation of basal ganglia circuitry is also known to rely on appropriate levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine. We investigated reducing or increasing the tonic level of simulated dopamine in a prior model of the basal ganglia integrated into a robot control architecture engaged in a foraging task inspired by animal behaviour. The main findings were that progressive reductions in the levels of simulated dopamine caused slowed behaviour and, at low levels, an inability to initiate movement. These states were partially relieved by increased salience levels (stronger sensory/motivational input). Conversely, increased simulated dopamine caused distortion of the robot's motor acts through partially expressed motor activity relating to losing actions. This could also lead to an increased frequency of behaviour switching. Levels of simulated dopamine that were either significantly lower or higher than baseline could cause a loss of behavioural integration, sometimes leaving the robot in a 'behavioral trap'. That some analogous traits are observed in animals and humans affected by dopamine dysregulation suggests that robotic models could prove useful in understanding the role of dopamine neurotransmission in basal ganglia function and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony J Prescott
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | | | - Kevin Gurney
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Mark D Humphries
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Peter Redgrave
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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2
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Reinshagen A. Grid cells: the missing link in understanding Parkinson's disease? Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1276714. [PMID: 38389787 PMCID: PMC10881698 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1276714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease (PD) are complex and not fully understood, and the box-and-arrow model among other current models present significant challenges. This paper explores the potential role of the allocentric brain and especially its grid cells in several PD motor symptoms, including bradykinesia, kinesia paradoxa, freezing of gait, the bottleneck phenomenon, and their dependency on cueing. It is argued that central hubs, like the locus coeruleus and the pedunculopontine nucleus, often narrowly interpreted in the context of PD, play an equally important role in governing the allocentric brain as the basal ganglia. Consequently, the motor and secondary motor (e.g., spatially related) symptoms of PD linked with dopamine depletion may be more closely tied to erroneous computation by grid cells than to the basal ganglia alone. Because grid cells and their associated central hubs introduce both spatial and temporal information to the brain influencing velocity perception they may cause bradykinesia or hyperkinesia as well. In summary, PD motor symptoms may primarily be an allocentric disturbance resulting from virtual faulty computation by grid cells revealed by dopamine depletion in PD.
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Averna A, Arlotti M, Rosa M, Chabardès S, Seigneuret E, Priori A, Moro E, Meoni S. Pallidal and Cortical Oscillations in Freely Moving Patients With Dystonia. Neuromodulation 2023; 26:1661-1667. [PMID: 34328685 DOI: 10.1111/ner.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the correlation between the pallidal local field potentials (LFPs) activity and the cortical oscillations (at rest and during several motor tasks) in two freely moving patients with generalized dystonia and pallidal deep brain stimulation (DBS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Two women with isolated generalized dystonia were selected for bilateral globus pallidus internus (GPi) DBS. After the electrodes' implantation, cortical activity was recorded by a portable electroencephalography (EEG) system simultaneously with GPi LFPs activity, during several motor tasks, gait, and rest condition. Recordings were not performed during stimulation. EEG and LFPs signals relative to each specific movement were coupled together and grouped in neck/upper limbs movements and gait. Power spectral density (PSD), EEG-LFP coherence (through envelope of imaginary coherence operator), and 1/f exponent of LFP-PSD background were calculated. RESULTS In both patients, the pallidal LFPs PSD at rest was characterized by prominent 4-12 Hz activity. Voluntary movements increased activity in the theta (θ) band (4-7 Hz) compared to rest, in both LFPs and EEG signals. Gait induced a drastic raise of θ activity in both patients' pallidal activity, less marked for the EEG signal. A coherence peak within the 8-13 Hz range was found between pallidal LFPs and EEG recorded at rest. CONCLUSIONS Neck/upper limbs voluntary movements and gait suppressed the GPi-LFPs-cortical-EEG coherence and differently impacted both EEG and LFPs low frequency activity. These findings suggest a selective modulation of the cortico-basal ganglia network activity in dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Averna
- "Aldo Ravelli" Center for Nanotechnology and Neurostimulation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Arlotti
- Clinical Center for Neurotechnologies, Neuromodulation, and Movement Disorders, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Rosa
- Clinical Center for Neurotechnologies, Neuromodulation, and Movement Disorders, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Stéphan Chabardès
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France; Division of Neurosurgery, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital Center, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Seigneuret
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France; Division of Neurosurgery, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital Center, Grenoble, France
| | - Alberto Priori
- "Aldo Ravelli" Center for Nanotechnology and Neurostimulation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Neurology, Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo University Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Moro
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France; Movement Disorders Unit, Division of Neurology, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Sara Meoni
- "Aldo Ravelli" Center for Nanotechnology and Neurostimulation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France; Movement Disorders Unit, Division of Neurology, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.
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Zhai S, Cui Q, Simmons DV, Surmeier DJ. Distributed dopaminergic signaling in the basal ganglia and its relationship to motor disability in Parkinson's disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 83:102798. [PMID: 37866012 PMCID: PMC10842063 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons that innervate the basal ganglia is responsible for the cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been thought that loss of dopaminergic signaling in one basal ganglia region - the striatum - was solely responsible for the network pathophysiology causing PD motor symptoms. While our understanding of dopamine (DA)'s role in modulating striatal circuitry has deepened in recent years, it also has become clear that it acts in other regions of the basal ganglia to influence movement. Underscoring this point, examination of a new progressive mouse model of PD shows that striatal dopamine DA depletion alone is not sufficient to induce parkinsonism and that restoration of extra-striatal DA signaling attenuates parkinsonian motor deficits once they appear. This review summarizes recent advances in the effort to understand basal ganglia circuitry, its modulation by DA, and how its dysfunction drives PD motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenyu Zhai
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Qiaoling Cui
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - DeNard V Simmons
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - D James Surmeier
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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Kromer JA, Bokil H, Tass PA. Synaptic network structure shapes cortically evoked spatio-temporal responses of STN and GPe neurons in a computational model. Front Neuroinform 2023; 17:1217786. [PMID: 37675246 PMCID: PMC10477454 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2023.1217786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The basal ganglia (BG) are involved in motor control and play an essential role in movement disorders such as hemiballismus, dystonia, and Parkinson's disease. Neurons in the motor part of the BG respond to passive movement or stimulation of different body parts and to stimulation of corresponding cortical regions. Experimental evidence suggests that the BG are organized somatotopically, i.e., specific areas of the body are associated with specific regions in the BG nuclei. Signals related to the same body part that propagate along different pathways converge onto the same BG neurons, leading to characteristic shapes of cortically evoked responses. This suggests the existence of functional channels that allow for the processing of different motor commands or information related to different body parts in parallel. Neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease are associated with pathological activity in the BG and impaired synaptic connectivity, together with reorganization of somatotopic maps. One hypothesis is that motor symptoms are, at least partly, caused by an impairment of network structure perturbing the organization of functional channels. Methods We developed a computational model of the STN-GPe circuit, a central part of the BG. By removing individual synaptic connections, we analyzed the contribution of signals propagating along different pathways to cortically evoked responses. We studied how evoked responses are affected by systematic changes in the network structure. To quantify the BG's organization in the form of functional channels, we suggested a two-site stimulation protocol. Results Our model reproduced the cortically evoked responses of STN and GPe neurons and the contributions of different pathways suggested by experimental studies. Cortical stimulation evokes spatio-temporal response patterns that are linked to the underlying synaptic network structure. Our two-site stimulation protocol yielded an approximate functional channel width. Discussion/conclusion The presented results provide insight into the organization of BG synaptic connectivity, which is important for the development of computational models. The synaptic network structure strongly affects the processing of cortical signals and may impact the generation of pathological rhythms. Our work may motivate further experiments to analyze the network structure of BG nuclei and their organization in functional channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus A. Kromer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Hemant Bokil
- Boston Scientific Neuromodulation, Valencia, CA, United States
| | - Peter A. Tass
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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de A Marcelino AL, Gray O, Al-Fatly B, Gilmour W, Douglas Steele J, Kühn AA, Gilbertson T. Pallidal neuromodulation of the explore/exploit trade-off in decision-making. eLife 2023; 12:79642. [PMID: 36727860 PMCID: PMC9940911 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Every decision that we make involves a conflict between exploiting our current knowledge of an action's value or exploring alternative courses of action that might lead to a better, or worse outcome. The sub-cortical nuclei that make up the basal ganglia have been proposed as a neural circuit that may contribute to resolving this explore-exploit 'dilemma'. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effects of neuromodulating the basal ganglia's output nucleus, the globus pallidus interna, in patients who had undergone deep brain stimulation (DBS) for isolated dystonia. Neuromodulation enhanced the number of exploratory choices to the lower value option in a two-armed bandit probabilistic reversal-learning task. Enhanced exploration was explained by a reduction in the rate of evidence accumulation (drift rate) in a reinforcement learning drift diffusion model. We estimated the functional connectivity profile between the stimulating DBS electrode and the rest of the brain using a normative functional connectome derived from heathy controls. Variation in the extent of neuromodulation induced exploration between patients was associated with functional connectivity from the stimulation electrode site to a distributed brain functional network. We conclude that the basal ganglia's output nucleus, the globus pallidus interna, can adaptively modify decision choice when faced with the dilemma to explore or exploit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luisa de A Marcelino
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Charité Campus MitteBerlinGermany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Core Facility GenomicsBerlinGermany
| | - Owen Gray
- Division of Imaging Science and Technology, Medical School, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Bassam Al-Fatly
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Charité Campus MitteBerlinGermany
| | - William Gilmour
- Division of Imaging Science and Technology, Medical School, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - J Douglas Steele
- Division of Imaging Science and Technology, Medical School, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrea A Kühn
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Charité Campus MitteBerlinGermany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Core Facility GenomicsBerlinGermany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Charité - University Medicine BerlinBerlinGermany
- NeuroCure, Charité - University Medicine BerlinBerlinGermany
- DZNE, German Centre for Degenerative DiseasesBerlinGermany
| | - Tom Gilbertson
- Division of Imaging Science and Technology, Medical School, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
- Department of Neurology, Ninewells Hospital & Medical SchoolDundeeUnited Kingdom
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Song J, Lin H, Liu S. Basal ganglia network dynamics and function: Role of direct, indirect and hyper-direct pathways in action selection. NETWORK (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2023; 34:84-121. [PMID: 36856435 DOI: 10.1080/0954898x.2023.2173816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Basal ganglia (BG) are a widely recognized neural basis for action selection, but its decision-making mechanism is still a difficult problem for researchers. Therefore, we constructed a spiking neural network inspired by the BG anatomical data. Simulation experiments were based on the principle of dis-inhibition and our functional hypothesis within the BG: the direct pathway, the indirect pathway, and the hyper-direct pathway of the BG jointly implement the initiation execution and termination of motor programs. Firstly, we studied the dynamic process of action selection with the network, which contained intra-group competition and inter-group competition. Secondly, we focused on the effects of the stimulus intensity and the proportion of excitation and inhibition on the GPi/SNr. The results suggested that inhibition and excitation shape action selection. They also explained why the firing rate of GPi/SNr did not continue to increase in the action-selection experiment. Finally, we discussed the experimental results with the functional hypothesis. Uniquely, this paper summarized the decision-making neural mechanism of action selection based on the direct pathway, the indirect pathway, and the hyper-direct pathway within BG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Song
- School of Mathematics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shenquan Liu
- School of Mathematics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Codol O, Gribble PL, Gurney KN. Differential Dopamine Receptor-Dependent Sensitivity Improves the Switch Between Hard and Soft Selection in a Model of the Basal Ganglia. Neural Comput 2022; 34:1588-1615. [PMID: 35671472 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_01517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The problem of selecting one action from a set of different possible actions, simply referred to as the problem of action selection, is a ubiquitous challenge in the animal world. For vertebrates, the basal ganglia (BG) are widely thought to implement the core computation to solve this problem, as its anatomy and physiology are well suited to this end. However, the BG still display physiological features whose role in achieving efficient action selection remains unclear. In particular, it is known that the two types of dopaminergic receptors (D1 and D2) present in the BG give rise to mechanistically different responses. The overall effect will be a difference in sensitivity to dopamine, which may have ramifications for action selection. However, which receptor type leads to a stronger response is unclear due to the complexity of the intracellular mechanisms involved. In this study, we use an existing, high-level computational model of the BG, which assumes that dopamine contributes to action selection by enabling a switch between different selection regimes, to predict which of D1 or D2 has the greater sensitivity. Thus, we ask, Assuming dopamine enables a switch between action selection regimes in the BG, what functional sensitivity values would result in improved action selection computation? To do this, we quantitatively assessed the model's capacity to perform action selection as we parametrically manipulated the sensitivity weights of D1 and D2. We show that differential (rather than equal) D1 and D2 sensitivity to dopaminergic input improves the switch between selection regimes during the action selection computation in our model. Specifically, greater D2 sensitivity compared to D1 led to these improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Codol
- Department of Psychology and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Paul L Gribble
- Department of Psychology and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.,Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT 06511, U.S.A.
| | - Kevin N Gurney
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K.
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Suryanarayana SM, Robertson B, Grillner S. The neural bases of vertebrate motor behaviour through the lens of evolution. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20200521. [PMID: 34957847 PMCID: PMC8710883 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary driver of the evolution of the vertebrate nervous system has been the necessity to move, along with the requirement of controlling the plethora of motor behavioural repertoires seen among the vast and diverse vertebrate species. Understanding the neural basis of motor control through the perspective of evolution, mandates thorough examinations of the nervous systems of species in critical phylogenetic positions. We present here, a broad review of studies on the neural motor infrastructure of the lamprey, a basal and ancient vertebrate, which enjoys a unique phylogenetic position as being an extant representative of the earliest group of vertebrates. From the central pattern generators in the spinal cord to the microcircuits of the pallial cortex, work on the lamprey brain over the years, has provided detailed insights into the basic organization (a bauplan) of the ancestral vertebrate brain, and narrates a compelling account of common ancestry of fundamental aspects of the neural bases for motion control, maintained through half a billion years of vertebrate evolution. This article is part of the theme issue 'Systems neuroscience through the lens of evolutionary theory'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas M. Suryanarayana
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Brita Robertson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sten Grillner
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Fasano A, Mazzoni A, Falotico E. Reaching and Grasping Movements in Parkinson's Disease: A Review. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:1083-1113. [PMID: 35253780 PMCID: PMC9198782 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-213082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is known to affect the brain motor circuits involving the basal ganglia (BG) and to induce, among other signs, general slowness and paucity of movements. In upper limb movements, PD patients show a systematic prolongation of movement duration while maintaining a sufficient level of endpoint accuracy. PD appears to cause impairments not only in movement execution, but also in movement initiation and planning, as revealed by abnormal preparatory activity of motor-related brain areas. Grasping movement is affected as well, particularly in the coordination of the hand aperture with the transport phase. In the last fifty years, numerous behavioral studies attempted to clarify the mechanisms underlying these anomalies, speculating on the plausible role that the BG-thalamo-cortical circuitry may play in normal and pathological motor control. Still, many questions remain open, especially concerning the management of the speed-accuracy tradeoff and the online feedback control. In this review, we summarize the literature results on reaching and grasping in parkinsonian patients. We analyze the relevant hypotheses on the origins of dysfunction, by focusing on the motor control aspects involved in the different movement phases and the corresponding role played by the BG. We conclude with an insight into the innovative stimulation techniques and computational models recently proposed, which might be helpful in further clarifying the mechanisms through which PD affects reaching and grasping movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Fasano
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence to: Alessio Fasano and Egidio Falotico, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Polo Sant’Anna Valdera, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio, 34, 56025 Pontedera (PI), Italy. Tel.: +39 050 883 457; E-mails: and
| | - Alberto Mazzoni
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Egidio Falotico
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence to: Alessio Fasano and Egidio Falotico, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Polo Sant’Anna Valdera, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio, 34, 56025 Pontedera (PI), Italy. Tel.: +39 050 883 457; E-mails: and
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Humphries MD, Gurney K. Making decisions in the dark basement of the brain: A look back at the GPR model of action selection and the basal ganglia. BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2021; 115:323-329. [PMID: 34272969 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-021-00887-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
How does your brain decide what you will do next? Over the past few decades compelling evidence has emerged that the basal ganglia, a collection of nuclei in the fore- and mid-brain of all vertebrates, are vital to action selection. Gurney, Prescott, and Redgrave published an influential computational account of this idea in Biological Cybernetics in 2001. Here we take a look back at this pair of papers, outlining the "GPR" model contained therein, the context of that model's development, and the influence it has had over the past twenty years. Tracing its lineage into models and theories still emerging now, we are encouraged that the GPR model is that rare thing, a computational model of a brain circuit whose advances were directly built on by others.
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Gilbertson T, Steele D. Tonic dopamine, uncertainty and basal ganglia action selection. Neuroscience 2021; 466:109-124. [PMID: 34015370 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To make optimal decisions in uncertain circumstances flexible adaption of behaviour is required; exploring alternatives when the best choice is unknown, exploiting what is known when that is best. Using a computational model of the basal ganglia, we propose that switches between exploratory and exploitative decisions are mediated by the interaction between tonic dopamine and cortical input to the basal ganglia. We show that a biologically detailed action selection circuit model, endowed with dopamine dependant striatal plasticity, can optimally solve the explore-exploit problem, estimating the true underlying state of a noisy Gaussian diffusion process. Critical to the model's performance was a fluctuating level of tonic dopamine which increased under conditions of uncertainty. With an optimal range of tonic dopamine, explore-exploit decisions were mediated by the effects of tonic dopamine on the precision of the model action selection mechanism. Under conditions of uncertain reward pay-out, the model's reduced selectivity allowed disinhibition of multiple alternative actions to be explored at random. Conversely, when uncertainly about reward pay-out was low, enhanced selectivity of the action selection circuit facilitated exploitation of the high value choice. Model performance was at the level of a Kalman filter which provides an optimal solution for the task. These simulations support the idea that this subcortical neural circuit may have evolved to facilitate decision making in non-stationary reward environments. The model generates several experimental predictions with relevance to abnormal decision making in neuropsychiatric and neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Gilbertson
- Department of Neurology, Level 6, South Block, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee DD2 4BF, UK; Division of Imaging Science and Technology, Medical School, University of Dundee, DD2 4BF, UK.
| | - Douglas Steele
- Division of Imaging Science and Technology, Medical School, University of Dundee, DD2 4BF, UK
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Fischer P. Mechanisms of Network Interactions for Flexible Cortico-Basal Ganglia-Mediated Action Control. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0009-21.2021. [PMID: 33883192 PMCID: PMC8205496 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0009-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, finely tuned γ synchronization (60-90 Hz) rapidly appears at movement onset in a motor control network involving primary motor cortex, the basal ganglia and motor thalamus. Yet the functional consequences of brief movement-related synchronization are still unclear. Distinct synchronization phenomena have also been linked to different forms of motor inhibition, including relaxing antagonist muscles, rapid movement interruption and stabilizing network dynamics for sustained contractions. Here, I will introduce detailed hypotheses about how intrasite and intersite synchronization could interact with firing rate changes in different parts of the network to enable flexible action control. The here proposed cause-and-effect relationships shine a spotlight on potential key mechanisms of cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical (CBGTC) communication. Confirming or revising these hypotheses will be critical in understanding the neuronal basis of flexible movement initiation, invigoration and inhibition. Ultimately, the study of more complex cognitive phenomena will also become more tractable once we understand the neuronal mechanisms underlying behavioral readouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Fischer
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, United Kingdom
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Goenner L, Maith O, Koulouri I, Baladron J, Hamker FH. A spiking model of basal ganglia dynamics in stopping behavior supported by arkypallidal neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:2296-2321. [PMID: 33316152 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The common view that stopping action plans by the basal ganglia is achieved mainly by the subthalamic nucleus alone due to its direct excitatory projection onto the output nuclei of the basal ganglia has been challenged by recent findings. The proposed "pause-then-cancel" model suggests that the subthalamic nucleus provides a rapid stimulus-unspecific "pause" signal, followed by a stop-cue-specific "cancel" signal from striatum-projecting arkypallidal neurons. To determine more precisely the relative contribution of the different basal ganglia nuclei in stopping, we simulated a stop-signal task with a spiking neuron model of the basal ganglia, considering recently discovered connections from the arkypallidal neurons, and cortex-projecting GPe neurons. For the arkypallidal and prototypical GPe neurons, we obtained neuron model parameters by fitting their neuronal responses to published experimental data. Our model replicates findings of stop-signal tasks at neuronal and behavioral levels. We provide evidence for the existence of a stop-related cortical input to the arkypallidal and cortex-projecting GPe neurons such that the stop responses of the subthalamic nucleus, the arkypallidal neurons, and the cortex-projecting GPe neurons complement each other to achieve functional stopping behavior. Particularly, the cortex-projecting GPe neurons may complement the stopping within the basal ganglia caused by the arkypallidal and STN neurons by diminishing cortical go-related processes. Furthermore, we predict effects of lesions on stopping performance and propose that arkypallidal neurons mainly participate in stopping by inhibiting striatal neurons of the indirect rather than the direct pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Goenner
- Department of Computer Science, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Oliver Maith
- Department of Computer Science, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Iliana Koulouri
- Department of Computer Science, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Javier Baladron
- Department of Computer Science, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Fred H Hamker
- Department of Computer Science, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
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15
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Fiore VG, Guertler ACV, Yu JC, Tatineni CC, Gu X. A change of mind: Globus pallidus activity and effective connectivity during changes in choice selections. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:2774-2787. [PMID: 33556221 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The basal ganglia are a group of interconnected subcortical nuclei that plays a key role in multiple motor and cognitive processes, in a close interplay with several cortical regions. Two conflicting theories postulate that the basal ganglia pathways can either foster or suppress the cortico-striatal output or, alternatively, they can stabilize or destabilize the cortico-striatal circuit dynamics. These different approaches significantly impact the understanding of observable behaviours and cognitive processes in healthy, as well as clinical populations. We investigated the predictions of these models in healthy participants (N = 28), using dynamic causal modeling of fMRI BOLD activity to estimate time- and context-dependent changes in the indirect pathway effective connectivity, in association with repetitions or changes of choice selections. We used two multi-option tasks that required the participants to adapt to uncontrollable environmental changes, by performing sequential choice selections, with and without value-based feedbacks. We found that, irrespective of the task, the trials that were characterized by changes in choice selections (switch trials) were associated with a neural response that mostly overlapped with a network commonly described for the encoding of uncertainty. More interestingly, dynamic causal modeling and family-wise model comparison identified with high likelihood a directed causal relation from the external to the internal part of the globus pallidus (i.e., the short indirect pathway in the basal ganglia), in association with the switch trials. This finding supports the hypothesis that the short indirect pathway in the basal ganglia drives instability in the network dynamics, resulting in changes in choice selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo G Fiore
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ann-Cathrin V Guertler
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Ju-Chi Yu
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Chandana C Tatineni
- The Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine at University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaosi Gu
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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16
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Pamukcu A, Cui Q, Xenias HS, Berceau BL, Augustine EC, Fan I, Chalasani S, Hantman AW, Lerner TN, Boca SM, Chan CS. Parvalbumin + and Npas1 + Pallidal Neurons Have Distinct Circuit Topology and Function. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7855-7876. [PMID: 32868462 PMCID: PMC7548687 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0361-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The external globus pallidus (GPe) is a critical node within the basal ganglia circuit. Phasic changes in the activity of GPe neurons during movement and their alterations in Parkinson's disease (PD) argue that the GPe is important in motor control. Parvalbumin-positive (PV+) neurons and Npas1+ neurons are the two principal neuron classes in the GPe. The distinct electrophysiological properties and axonal projection patterns argue that these two neuron classes serve different roles in regulating motor output. However, the causal relationship between GPe neuron classes and movement remains to be established. Here, by using optogenetic approaches in mice (both males and females), we showed that PV+ neurons and Npas1+ neurons promoted and suppressed locomotion, respectively. Moreover, PV+ neurons and Npas1+ neurons are under different synaptic influences from the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Additionally, we found a selective weakening of STN inputs to PV+ neurons in the chronic 6-hydroxydopamine lesion model of PD. This finding reinforces the idea that the reciprocally connected GPe-STN network plays a key role in disease symptomatology and thus provides the basis for future circuit-based therapies.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The external pallidum is a key, yet an understudied component of the basal ganglia. Neural activity in the pallidum goes awry in neurologic diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. While this strongly argues that the pallidum plays a critical role in motor control, it has been difficult to establish the causal relationship between pallidal activity and motor function/dysfunction. This was in part because of the cellular complexity of the pallidum. Here, we showed that the two principal neuron types in the pallidum have opposing roles in motor control. In addition, we described the differences in their synaptic influence. Importantly, our research provides new insights into the cellular and circuit mechanisms that explain the hypokinetic features of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arin Pamukcu
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Qiaoling Cui
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Harry S Xenias
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Brianna L Berceau
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Elizabeth C Augustine
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Isabel Fan
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Saivasudha Chalasani
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Adam W Hantman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147
| | - Talia N Lerner
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Simina M Boca
- Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007
| | - C Savio Chan
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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17
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Grillner S, Robertson B, Kotaleski JH. Basal Ganglia—A Motion Perspective. Compr Physiol 2020; 10:1241-1275. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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González-Redondo Á, Naveros F, Ros E, Garrido JA. A Basal Ganglia Computational Model to Explain the Paradoxical Sensorial Improvement in the Presence of Huntington's Disease. Int J Neural Syst 2020; 30:2050057. [PMID: 32840409 DOI: 10.1142/s0129065720500574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The basal ganglia (BG) represent a critical center of the nervous system for sensorial discrimination. Although it is known that Huntington's disease (HD) affects this brain area, it still remains unclear how HD patients achieve paradoxical improvement in sensorial discrimination tasks. This paper presents a computational model of the BG including the main nuclei and the typical firing properties of their neurons. The BG model has been embedded within an auditory signal detection task. We have emulated the effect that the altered levels of dopamine and the degree of HD affectation have in information processing at different layers of the BG, and how these aspects shape transient and steady states differently throughout the selection task. By extracting the independent components of the BG activity at different populations, it is evidenced that early and medium stages of HD affectation may enhance transient activity in the striatum and the substantia nigra pars reticulata. These results represent a possible explanation for the paradoxical improvement that HD patients present in discrimination task performance. Thus, this paper provides a novel understanding on how the fast dynamics of the BG network at different layers interact and enable transient states to emerge throughout the successive neuron populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Naveros
- Department of Computer Architecture and Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Eduardo Ros
- Department of Computer Architecture and Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús A Garrido
- Department of Computer Architecture and Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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19
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Sotelo MR, Kalinosky BT, Goodfriend K, Hyngstrom AS, Schmit BD. Indirect Structural Connectivity Identifies Changes in Brain Networks After Stroke. Brain Connect 2020; 10:399-410. [PMID: 32731752 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2019.0725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Purpose: The purpose of this study was (1) to identify changes in structural connectivity after stroke and (2) to relate changes in indirect connectivity to post-stroke impairment. Methods: A novel measure of indirect connectivity was implemented to assess the impact of stroke on brain connectivity. Probabilistic tractography was performed on 13 chronic stroke and 16 control participants to estimate connectivity between gray matter (GM) regions. The Fugl-Meyer assessment of motor impairment was measured for stroke participants. Network measures of direct and indirect connectivity were calculated, and these measures were linearly combined with measures of white matter integrity to predict motor impairment. Results: We found significantly reduced indirect connectivity in the frontal and parietal lobes, ipsilesional subcortical regions, and bilateral cerebellum after stroke. When added to the regression analysis, the volume of GM with reduced indirect connectivity significantly improved the correlation between image parameters and upper extremity motor impairment (R2 = 0.71, p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study provides evidence of changes in indirect connectivity in regions remote from the lesion, particularly in the cerebellum and regions in the fronto-parietal cortices, and these changes correlate with upper extremity motor impairment. These results highlight the value of using measures of indirect connectivity to identify the effect of stroke on brain networks. Impact statement Changes in indirect structural connectivity occur in regions distant from a lesion after stroke, highlighting the impact that stroke has on brain functional networks. Specifically, losses in indirect structural connectivity occur in hubs with high centrality, including the fronto-parietal cortices and cerebellum. These losses in indirect connectivity more accurately reflect motor impairments than measures of direct structural connectivity. As a consequence, indirect structural connectivity appears to be important to recovery after stroke and imaging biomarkers that incorporate indirect structural connectivity might improve prognostication of stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel R Sotelo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Benjamin T Kalinosky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Karin Goodfriend
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Allison S Hyngstrom
- Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Brian D Schmit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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20
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Maizey L, Evans CJ, Muhlert N, Verbruggen F, Chambers CD, Allen CPG. Cortical and subcortical functional specificity associated with response inhibition. Neuroimage 2020; 220:117110. [PMID: 32619711 PMCID: PMC7573537 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Is motor response inhibition supported by a specialised neuronal inhibitory control mechanism, or by a more general system of action updating? This pre-registered study employed a context-cueing paradigm requiring both inhibitory and non-inhibitory action updating in combination with functional magnetic resonance imaging to test the specificity of responses under different updating conditions, including the cancellation of actions. Cortical regions of activity were found to be common to multiple forms of action updating. However, functional specificity during response inhibition was observed in the anterior right inferior frontal gyrus. In addition, fronto-subcortical activity was explored using a novel contrast method. These exploratory results indicate that the specificity for response inhibition observed in right prefrontal cortex continued downstream and was observed in right hemisphere subcortical activity, while left hemisphere activity was associated with right-hand response execution. Overall, our findings reveal both common and distinct correlates of response inhibition in prefrontal cortex, with exploratory analyses supporting putative models of subcortical pathways and extending them through the demonstration of lateralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Maizey
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, United Kingdom.
| | - C John Evans
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | - Nils Muhlert
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christopher D Chambers
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher P G Allen
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, United Kingdom.
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21
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Hjorth JJJ, Kozlov A, Carannante I, Frost Nylén J, Lindroos R, Johansson Y, Tokarska A, Dorst MC, Suryanarayana SM, Silberberg G, Hellgren Kotaleski J, Grillner S. The microcircuits of striatum in silico. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:9554-9565. [PMID: 32321828 PMCID: PMC7197017 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000671117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia play an important role in decision making and selection of action primarily based on input from cortex, thalamus, and the dopamine system. Their main input structure, striatum, is central to this process. It consists of two types of projection neurons, together representing 95% of the neurons, and 5% of interneurons, among which are the cholinergic, fast-spiking, and low threshold-spiking subtypes. The membrane properties, soma-dendritic shape, and intrastriatal and extrastriatal synaptic interactions of these neurons are quite well described in the mouse, and therefore they can be simulated in sufficient detail to capture their intrinsic properties, as well as the connectivity. We focus on simulation at the striatal cellular/microcircuit level, in which the molecular/subcellular and systems levels meet. We present a nearly full-scale model of the mouse striatum using available data on synaptic connectivity, cellular morphology, and electrophysiological properties to create a microcircuit mimicking the real network. A striatal volume is populated with reconstructed neuronal morphologies with appropriate cell densities, and then we connect neurons together based on appositions between neurites as possible synapses and constrain them further with available connectivity data. Moreover, we simulate a subset of the striatum involving 10,000 neurons, with input from cortex, thalamus, and the dopamine system, as a proof of principle. Simulation at this biological scale should serve as an invaluable tool to understand the mode of operation of this complex structure. This platform will be updated with new data and expanded to simulate the entire striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Johannes Hjorth
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Electrical Engeneering and Computer Science, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Kozlov
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Electrical Engeneering and Computer Science, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Stockholm
| | - Ilaria Carannante
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Electrical Engeneering and Computer Science, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Robert Lindroos
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Stockholm
| | - Yvonne Johansson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Stockholm
| | - Anna Tokarska
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Stockholm
| | - Matthijs C Dorst
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Stockholm
| | | | - Gilad Silberberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Stockholm
| | - Jeanette Hellgren Kotaleski
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Electrical Engeneering and Computer Science, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Stockholm
| | - Sten Grillner
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Stockholm
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22
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Caso A, Cooper RP. A neurally plausible schema-theoretic approach to modelling cognitive dysfunction and neurophysiological markers in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 2020; 140:107359. [PMID: 32001232 PMCID: PMC7081178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cognitive mechanisms underlying sequential action selection in routine or everyday activities may be understood in terms of competition within a hierarchically organised network of action schemas. We present a neurobiologically plausible elaboration of an existing schema-based cognitive model of action selection in which the basal ganglia implements an activation-based selection process that mediates between assumed cortical representations of rule-based schemas. More specifically, the model employs a network of basal ganglia units with computations performed by individual BG nuclei, embedded in a corticothalamic loop that disinhibits schemas according to the received feedback. We provide bridging assumptions for linking the operation of the model with ERP components that describe the error-related negativity (ERN) and the parietal switch positivity (PSP), and evaluate the model against behavioural and neural markers of performance of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test by healthy control participants and Parkinson's Disease patients.
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23
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Jellinger KA. Neuropathology and pathogenesis of extrapyramidal movement disorders: a critical update-I. Hypokinetic-rigid movement disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:933-995. [PMID: 31214855 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extrapyramidal movement disorders include hypokinetic rigid and hyperkinetic or mixed forms, most of them originating from dysfunction of the basal ganglia (BG) and their information circuits. The functional anatomy of the BG, the cortico-BG-thalamocortical, and BG-cerebellar circuit connections are briefly reviewed. Pathophysiologic classification of extrapyramidal movement disorder mechanisms distinguish (1) parkinsonian syndromes, (2) chorea and related syndromes, (3) dystonias, (4) myoclonic syndromes, (5) ballism, (6) tics, and (7) tremor syndromes. Recent genetic and molecular-biologic classifications distinguish (1) synucleinopathies (Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease-dementia, and multiple system atrophy); (2) tauopathies (progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, FTLD-17; Guamian Parkinson-dementia; Pick's disease, and others); (3) polyglutamine disorders (Huntington's disease and related disorders); (4) pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration; (5) Wilson's disease; and (6) other hereditary neurodegenerations without hitherto detected genetic or specific markers. The diversity of phenotypes is related to the deposition of pathologic proteins in distinct cell populations, causing neurodegeneration due to genetic and environmental factors, but there is frequent overlap between various disorders. Their etiopathogenesis is still poorly understood, but is suggested to result from an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Multiple etiologies and noxious factors (protein mishandling, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, energy failure, and chronic neuroinflammation) are more likely than a single factor. Current clinical consensus criteria have increased the diagnostic accuracy of most neurodegenerative movement disorders, but for their definite diagnosis, histopathological confirmation is required. We present a timely overview of the neuropathology and pathogenesis of the major extrapyramidal movement disorders in two parts, the first one dedicated to hypokinetic-rigid forms and the second to hyperkinetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, 1150, Vienna, Austria.
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