1
|
ASK1 signaling regulates phase-specific glial interactions during neuroinflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2103812119. [PMID: 35101972 PMCID: PMC8832969 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103812119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is associated with many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis (MS). Thus, decreasing neuroinflammation may be a promising treatment for these diseases. Apoptosis signal-related kinase 1 (ASK1) has been shown to cause neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disease models, but its mechanism of action has been unclear. Here, we generated conditional knockout mice that lack ASK1 in T cells, dendritic cells, microglia/macrophages, microglia, or astrocytes, to assess the roles of ASK1 during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of MS. We propose that ASK1 is required in microglia and astrocytes to cause and maintain neuroinflammation by a feedback loop between these two cell types. Neuroinflammation is well known to be associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase that has been implicated in neuroinflammation, but its precise cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we generated conditional knockout (CKO) mice that lack ASK1 in T cells, dendritic cells, microglia/macrophages, microglia, or astrocytes, to assess the roles of ASK1 during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We found that neuroinflammation was reduced in both the early and later stages of EAE in microglia/macrophage-specific ASK1 knockout mice, whereas only the later-stage neuroinflammation was ameliorated in astrocyte-specific ASK1 knockout mice. ASK1 deficiency in T cells and dendritic cells had no significant effects on EAE severity. Further, we found that ASK1 in microglia/macrophages induces a proinflammatory environment, which subsequently activates astrocytes to exacerbate neuroinflammation. Microglia-specific ASK1 deletion was achieved using a CX3CR1CreER system, and we found that ASK1 signaling in microglia played a major role in generating and maintaining disease. Activated astrocytes produce key inflammatory mediators, including CCL2, that further activated and recruited microglia/macrophages, in an astrocytic ASK1-dependent manner. Astrocyte-specific analysis revealed CCL2 expression was higher in the later stage compared with the early stage, suggesting a greater proinflammatory role of astrocytes in the later stage. Our findings demonstrate cell-type–specific roles of ASK1 and suggest phase-specific ASK1-dependent glial cell interactions in EAE pathophysiology. We propose glial ASK1 as a promising therapeutic target for reducing neuroinflammation.
Collapse
|
2
|
Nasrnezhad R, Halalkhor S, Sadeghi F, Pourabdolhossein F. Piperine Improves Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis Rats Through its Neuroprotective, Anti-inflammatory, and Antioxidant Effects. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5473-5493. [PMID: 34338970 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02497-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation, demyelination, glial activation, and oxidative damage are the most pathological hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS). Piperine, a main bioactive alkaloid of black pepper, possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties whose therapeutic potential has been less studied in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models. In this study, the efficiency of piperine on progression of EAE model and myelin repair mechanisms was investigated. EAE was induced in female Lewis rats and piperine and its vehicle were daily administrated intraperitoneally from day 8 to 29 post immunization. We found that piperine alleviated neurological deficits and EAE disease progression. Luxol fast blue and H&E staining and immunostaining of lumbar spinal cord cross sections confirmed that piperine significantly reduced the extent of demyelination, inflammation, immune cell infiltration, microglia, and astrocyte activation. Gene expression analysis in lumbar spinal cord showed that piperine treatment decreased the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) and iNOS and enhanced IL-10, Nrf2, HO-1, and MBP expressions. Piperine supplementation also enhanced the total antioxidant capacity (FRAP) and reduced the level of oxidative stress marker (MDA) in the CNS of EAE rats. Finally, we found that piperine has anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effect in EAE through reducing caspase-3 (apoptosis marker) and enhancing BDNF and NeuN expressing cells. This study strongly indicates that piperine has a beneficial effect on the EAE progression and could be considered as a potential therapeutic target for MS treatment. Upcoming clinical trials will provide a deeper understanding of piperine's role for the treatment of the MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Nasrnezhad
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sohrab Halalkhor
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Farzin Sadeghi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Pourabdolhossein
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. .,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zaychik Y, Fainstein N, Touloumi O, Goldberg Y, Hamdi L, Segal S, Nabat H, Zoidou S, Grigoriadis N, Katz A, Ben-Hur T, Einstein O. High-Intensity Exercise Training Protects the Brain Against Autoimmune Neuroinflammation: Regulation of Microglial Redox and Pro-inflammatory Functions. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:640724. [PMID: 33708074 PMCID: PMC7940666 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.640724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Exercise training induces beneficial effects on neurodegenerative diseases, and specifically on multiple sclerosis (MS) and it’s model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, it is unclear whether exercise training exerts direct protective effects on the central nervous system (CNS), nor are the mechanisms of neuroprotection fully understood. In this study, we investigated the direct neuroprotective effects of high-intensity continuous training (HICT) against the development of autoimmune neuroinflammation and the role of resident microglia. Methods: We used the transfer EAE model to examine the direct effects of training on the CNS. Healthy mice performed HICT by treadmill running, followed by injection of encephalitogenic proteolipid (PLP)-reactive T-cells to induce EAE. EAE severity was assessed clinically and pathologically. Brain microglia from sedentary (SED) and HICT healthy mice, as well as 5-days post EAE induction (before the onset of disease), were analyzed ex vivo for reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) formation, mRNA expression of M1/M2 markers and neurotrophic factors, and secretion of cytokines and chemokines. Results: Transfer of encephalitogenic T-cells into HICT mice resulted in milder EAE, compared to sedentary mice, as indicated by reduced clinical severity, attenuated T-cell, and neurotoxic macrophage/microglial infiltration, and reduced loss of myelin and axons. In healthy mice, HICT reduced the number of resident microglia without affecting their profile. Isolated microglia from HICT mice after transfer of encephalitogenic T-cells exhibited reduced ROS formation and released less IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP) in response to PLP-stimulation. Conclusions: These findings point to the critical role of training intensity in neuroprotection. HICT protects the CNS against autoimmune neuroinflammation by reducing microglial-derived ROS formation, neurotoxicity, and pro-inflammatory responses involved in the propagation of autoimmune neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifat Zaychik
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Nina Fainstein
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Olga Touloumi
- B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Yehuda Goldberg
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Liel Hamdi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Shir Segal
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Hanan Nabat
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Sofia Zoidou
- B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Abram Katz
- Åstrand Laboratory of Work Physiology, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tamir Ben-Hur
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofira Einstein
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zandifar A, Badrfam R. COVID-19 and anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis: Are we facing an increase in the prevalence of autoimmune encephalitis? J Med Virol 2020; 93:1913-1914. [PMID: 33336825 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Zandifar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Rajaei Educational & Medical Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Rahim Badrfam
- Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu Y, Xia Y, Qiu CH. Functions of CD169 positive macrophages in human diseases (Review). Biomed Rep 2020; 14:26. [PMID: 33408860 PMCID: PMC7780751 DOI: 10.3892/br.2020.1402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD169+ macrophages are a unique type of macrophage subset that differ from M1 and M2 macrophages. CD169+ macrophages are present in multiple tissues and organs throughout the body and are primarily expressed in secondary lymphoid organs. These cells are primarily divided across three locations in secondary lymphoid organs: The metallophilic marginal zone of the spleen, the subcapsular sinus and the medulla of the lymph nodes. Due to their unique location distribution in vivo and the presence of the CD169 molecule on their surfaces, CD169+ macrophages are reported to serve important roles in several processes, such as phagocytosis, antigen presentation, immune tolerance, viral infection and inflammatory responses. At the same time, it has been reported that CD169+ macrophages may also serve an important role in anti-tumour immunity. The present review focuses on the research progress surrounding the function of CD169+ macrophages in a variety of diseases, such as viral infection, autoimmune diseases and tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Xia
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Hong Qiu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nano-hesperetin enhances the functional recovery and endogenous remyelination of the optic pathway in focal demyelination model. Brain Res Bull 2020; 164:392-399. [PMID: 32926949 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Our recent report demonstrated that hesperetin (Hst) as a citrus flavonoid, significantly reduces the levels of demyelination in optic chiasm of rats. Previous evidence also indicated that nano-hesperetin (nano-Hst) possesses beneficial impacts in experimental models of Alzheimer's disease and autism. In this study, the effects of nano-Hst on latency of visual signals, demyelination levels, glial activation, and expression of Olig2 and MBP were evaluated in lysolecithin (LPC)-induced demyelination model. Focal demyelination was induced by injection of LPC (1%, 2 μL) into the rat optic chiasm. Animals received oral administration of nano-Hst at dose of 20 mg/kg for 14 or 21 days post LPC injection. Visual evoked potential (VEP) recording showed that nano-Hst reduces the latency of visual signals and ameliorates the extent of demyelination areas and glial activation. Expression levels of the Olig2 and MBP were also significantly increased in nano-Hst treated rats. Overall, our data suggest that nano-Hst reduces the latency of visual signals through its protective effects on myelin sheath, amelioration of glial activation, and enhancement of endogenous remyelination.
Collapse
|
7
|
Namekata K, Guo X, Kimura A, Arai N, Harada C, Harada T. DOCK8 is expressed in microglia, and it regulates microglial activity during neurodegeneration in murine disease models. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:13421-13433. [PMID: 31337702 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor whose loss of function results in immunodeficiency, but its role in the central nervous system (CNS) has been unclear. Microglia are the resident immune cells of the CNS and are implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and glaucoma, which affects the visual system. However, the exact roles of microglia in these diseases remain unknown. Herein, we report that DOCK8 is expressed in microglia but not in neurons or astrocytes and that its expression is increased during neuroinflammation. To define the role of DOCK8 in microglial activity, we focused on the retina, a tissue devoid of infiltrating T cells. The retina is divided into distinct layers, and in a disease model of MS/optic neuritis, DOCK8-deficient mice exhibited a clear reduction in microglial migration through these layers. Moreover, neuroinflammation severity, indicated by clinical scores, visual function, and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death, was reduced in the DOCK8-deficient mice. Furthermore, using a glaucoma disease model, we observed impaired microglial phagocytosis of RGCs in DOCK8-deficient mice. Our data demonstrate that DOCK8 is expressed in microglia and regulates microglial activity in disease states. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the molecular pathways involved in microglial activation and implicate a role of DOCK8 in several neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Namekata
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Atsuko Kimura
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Arai
- Brain Pathology Research Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Chikako Harada
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Takayuki Harada
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bai XY, Wang XF, Zhang LS, Du PC, Cao Z, Hou Y. Tetramethylpyrazine ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by modulating the inflammatory response. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:1968-1972. [PMID: 30078676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disabling inflammatory and demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) has been demonstrated to ameliorate cerebral ischemic injury and spinal cord injury by inhibiting inflammatory cell activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. However, the effects of TMP on MS have not been studied. In this study, we evaluated the effects of TMP on the inflammatory response in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is an animal model of MS. TMP (30 mg/kg) treatment significantly reduced the expression levels of NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein inflammasome and caspase-1and decreased inflammatory infiltration and glial activation. Moreover, TMP (30 mg/kg) suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-18 [IL-18] and IL-17) and promoted the expression of an anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10). The reduced inflammatory response resulted in improvement in clinical scores and decreased demyelination in EAE mice. Therefore, our results demonstrate that TMP (30 mg/kg) improved functional recovery in part by reducing inflammation in EAE mice. TMP may be a potential therapeutic agent for MS therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Yong Bai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Xi-Feng Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Yu Huang Ding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Lian-Shuang Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Peng-Chao Du
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Zhang Cao
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Yun Hou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of compounds with a new scaffold as anti-neuroinflammatory agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 149:129-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
10
|
Guo X, Namekata K, Kimura A, Harada C, Harada T. The Renin-Angiotensin System Regulates Neurodegeneration in a Mouse Model of Optic Neuritis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:2876-2885. [PMID: 28919108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The major role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), including that of angiotensin II (Ang II), the principal effector molecule, in the cardiovascular system is well known. Increasing evidence suggests that the RAS also plays a role in the development of autoimmune diseases. Optic neuritis (ie, inflammation of the optic nerve, with retinal ganglion cell loss) is strongly associated with multiple sclerosis. We investigated the effects of candesartan, an Ang II receptor antagonist, on optic neuritis in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis. The Ang II concentration was increased in the early phase of EAE. Oral administration of candesartan markedly attenuated demyelination of the optic nerve and spinal cord and reduced retinal ganglion cell loss and visual impairment in mice with EAE. In vitro analyses revealed that Ang II up-regulated the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 in astrocytes via the NF-κB pathway. In addition, Ang II treatment enhanced lipopolysaccharide-induced production of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in astrocytes, and pretreatment with candesartan or SN50, an NF-κB inhibitor, suppressed the effects of Ang II. The novel pathway of RAS-NF-κB-TLR4 in glial cells identified in the present study may be a valid therapeutic target for neurodegeneration in neuroinflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Guo
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Namekata
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Kimura
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikako Harada
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Harada
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gerzanich V, Makar TK, Guda PR, Kwon MS, Stokum JA, Woo SK, Ivanova S, Ivanov A, Mehta RI, Morris AB, Bryan J, Bever CT, Simard JM. Salutary effects of glibenclamide during the chronic phase of murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:177. [PMID: 28865458 PMCID: PMC5581426 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0953-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), inflammation is perpetuated by both infiltrating leukocytes and astrocytes. Recent work implicated SUR1-TRPM4 channels, expressed mostly by astrocytes, in murine EAE. We tested the hypothesis that pharmacological inhibition of SUR1 during the chronic phase of EAE would be beneficial. Methods EAE was induced in mice using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35–55. Glibenclamide (10 μg/day) was administered beginning 12 or 24 days later. The effects of treatment were determined by clinical scoring and tissue examination. Drug within EAE lesions was identified using bodipy-glibenclamide. The role of SUR1-TRPM4 in primary astrocytes was characterized using patch clamp and qPCR. Demyelinating lesions from MS patients were studied by immunolabeling and immunoFRET. Results Administering glibenclamide beginning 24 days after MOG35–55 immunization, well after clinical symptoms had plateaued, improved clinical scores, reduced myelin loss, inflammation (CD45, CD20, CD3, p65), and reactive astrocytosis, improved macrophage phenotype (CD163), and decreased expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), B-cell activating factor (BAFF), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) in lumbar spinal cord white matter. Glibenclamide accumulated within EAE lesions, and had no effect on leukocyte sequestration. In primary astrocyte cultures, activation by TNF plus IFNγ induced de novo expression of SUR1-TRPM4 channels and upregulated Tnf, Baff, Ccl2, and Nos2 mRNA, with glibenclamide blockade of SUR1-TRPM4 reducing these mRNA increases. In demyelinating lesions from MS patients, astrocytes co-expressed SUR1-TRPM4 and BAFF, CCL2, and NOS2. Conclusions SUR1-TRPM4 may be a druggable target for disease modification in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Gerzanich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene St., Suite S12D, Baltimore, MD, 21201-1595, USA
| | - Tapas K Makar
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Research Service and MS Center of Excellence, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Poornachander Reddy Guda
- Research Service and MS Center of Excellence, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Min Seong Kwon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene St., Suite S12D, Baltimore, MD, 21201-1595, USA
| | - Jesse A Stokum
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene St., Suite S12D, Baltimore, MD, 21201-1595, USA
| | - Seung Kyoon Woo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene St., Suite S12D, Baltimore, MD, 21201-1595, USA
| | - Svetlana Ivanova
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene St., Suite S12D, Baltimore, MD, 21201-1595, USA
| | - Alexander Ivanov
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene St., Suite S12D, Baltimore, MD, 21201-1595, USA
| | - Rupal I Mehta
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Alexandra Brooke Morris
- Research Service and MS Center of Excellence, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Joseph Bryan
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, 720 Broadway, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - Christopher T Bever
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Research Service and MS Center of Excellence, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - J Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene St., Suite S12D, Baltimore, MD, 21201-1595, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Neurosurgical Service, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ghareghani M, Dokoohaki S, Ghanbari A, Farhadi N, Zibara K, Khodadoust S, Parishani M, Ghavamizadeh M, Sadeghi H. Melatonin exacerbates acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by enhancing the serum levels of lactate: A potential biomarker of multiple sclerosis progression. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 44:52-61. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ghareghani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; Faculty of Medicine; Yasuj University of Medical Sciences; Yasuj Iran
| | - Shima Dokoohaki
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; Faculty of Medicine; Yasuj University of Medical Sciences; Yasuj Iran
| | - Amir Ghanbari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; Faculty of Medicine; Yasuj University of Medical Sciences; Yasuj Iran
| | - Naser Farhadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; Faculty of Medicine; Yasuj University of Medical Sciences; Yasuj Iran
| | - Kazem Zibara
- ER045; Laboratory of Stem Cells; EDST; Biology Department; Faculty of Sciences; Lebanese University; Beirut Lebanon
| | - Saeid Khodadoust
- Department of Chemistry; Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology; Behbahan Iran
| | - Mohammad Parishani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; Faculty of Medicine; Yasuj University of Medical Sciences; Yasuj Iran
| | - Mehdi Ghavamizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Gerash Research center; Gerash University of Medical Science; Gerash Iran
| | - Heibatollah Sadeghi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; Faculty of Medicine; Yasuj University of Medical Sciences; Yasuj Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Guo X, Kimura A, Azuchi Y, Akiyama G, Noro T, Harada C, Namekata K, Harada T. Caloric restriction promotes cell survival in a mouse model of normal tension glaucoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33950. [PMID: 27669894 PMCID: PMC5037377 DOI: 10.1038/srep33950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is characterized by progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. We previously reported that loss of glutamate transporters (EAAC1 or GLAST) in mice leads to RGC degeneration that is similar to normal tension glaucoma and these animal models are useful in examining potential therapeutic strategies. Caloric restriction has been reported to increase longevity and has potential benefits in injury and disease. Here we investigated the effects of every-other-day fasting (EODF), a form of caloric restriction, on glaucomatous pathology in EAAC1−/− mice. EODF suppressed RGC death and retinal degeneration without altering intraocular pressure. Moreover, visual impairment was ameliorated with EODF, indicating the functional significance of the neuroprotective effect of EODF. Several mechanisms associated with this neuroprotection were explored. We found that EODF upregulated blood β-hydroxybutyrate levels and increased histone acetylation in the retina. Furthermore, it elevated retinal mRNA expression levels of neurotrophic factors and catalase, whereas it decreased oxidative stress levels in the retina. Our findings suggest that EODF, a safe, non-invasive, and low-cost treatment, may be available for glaucoma therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Guo
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Kimura
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuriko Azuchi
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Goichi Akiyama
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiko Noro
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikako Harada
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Namekata
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Harada
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Makar TK, Gerzanich V, Nimmagadda VKC, Jain R, Lam K, Mubariz F, Trisler D, Ivanova S, Woo SK, Kwon MS, Bryan J, Bever CT, Simard JM. Silencing of Abcc8 or inhibition of newly upregulated Sur1-Trpm4 reduce inflammation and disease progression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:210. [PMID: 26581714 PMCID: PMC4652344 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), deletion of transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (Trpm4) and administration of glibenclamide were found to ameliorate disease progression, prompting speculation that glibenclamide acts by directly inhibiting Trpm4. We hypothesized that in EAE, Trpm4 upregulation is accompanied by upregulation of sulfonylurea receptor 1 (Sur1) to form Sur1-Trpm4 channels, which are highly sensitive to glibenclamide, and that Sur1-Trpm4 channels are required for EAE progression. METHODS EAE was induced in wild-type (WT) and Abcc8-/- mice using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 (MOG35-55). Lumbar spinal cords were examined by immunohistochemistry, immuno-Förster resonance energy transfer (immunoFRET), and co-immunoprecipitation for Sur1-Trpm4. WT/EAE mice were administered with the Sur1 inhibitor, glibenclamide, beginning on post-induction day 10. Mice were evaluated for clinical function, inflammatory cells and cytokines, axonal preservation, and white matter damage. RESULTS Sur1-Trpm4 channels were upregulated in EAE, predominantly in astrocytes. The clinical course and severity of EAE were significantly ameliorated in glibenclamide-treated WT/EAE and in Abcc8-/-/EAE mice. At 30 days, the lumbar spinal cords of glibenclamide-treated WT/EAE and Abcc8-/-/EAE mice showed significantly fewer invading immune cells, including leukocytes (CD45), T cells (CD3), B cells (CD20) and macrophages/microglia (CD11b), and fewer cells expressing pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17). In both glibenclamide-treated WT/EAE and Abcc8-/-/EAE mice, the reduced inflammatory burden correlated with better preservation of myelin, better preservation of axons, and more numerous mature and precursor oligodendrocytes. CONCLUSIONS Sur-Trpm4 channels are newly upregulated in EAE and may represent a novel target for disease-modifying therapy in multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tapas K Makar
- Research Service and MS Center of Excellence, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Volodymyr Gerzanich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Vamshi K C Nimmagadda
- Research Service and MS Center of Excellence, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Rupal Jain
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Kristal Lam
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Fahad Mubariz
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - David Trisler
- Research Service and MS Center of Excellence, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Svetlana Ivanova
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Seung Kyoon Woo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Min Seong Kwon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Joseph Bryan
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, 720 Broadway, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA.
| | - Christopher T Bever
- Research Service and MS Center of Excellence, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - J Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Neurosurgical Service, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, 22 S. Greene St., Suite S12D, Baltimore, MD, 21201-1595, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Noro T, Namekata K, Kimura A, Guo X, Azuchi Y, Harada C, Nakano T, Tsuneoka H, Harada T. Spermidine promotes retinal ganglion cell survival and optic nerve regeneration in adult mice following optic nerve injury. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1720. [PMID: 25880087 PMCID: PMC4650557 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spermidine acts as an endogenous free radical scavenger and inhibits the action of reactive oxygen species. In this study, we examined the effects of spermidine on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death in a mouse model of optic nerve injury (ONI). Daily ingestion of spermidine reduced RGC death following ONI and sequential in vivo retinal imaging revealed that spermidine effectively prevented retinal degeneration. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1 (ASK1) is an evolutionarily conserved mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase and has an important role in ONI-induced RGC apoptosis. We demonstrated that spermidine suppresses ONI-induced activation of the ASK1-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Moreover, production of chemokines important for microglia recruitment was decreased with spermidine treatment and, consequently, accumulation of retinal microglia is reduced. In addition, the ONI-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the retina was inhibited with spermidine treatment, particularly in microglia. Furthermore, daily spermidine intake enhanced optic nerve regeneration in vivo. Our findings indicate that spermidine stimulates neuroprotection as well as neuroregeneration, and may be useful for treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases including glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Noro
- 1] Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan [2] Department of Ophthalmology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Namekata
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Kimura
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - X Guo
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Azuchi
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C Harada
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Nakano
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Tsuneoka
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Harada
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lee MJ, Jang M, Choi J, Chang BS, Kim DY, Kim SH, Kwak YS, Oh S, Lee JH, Chang BJ, Nah SY, Cho IH. Korean Red Ginseng and Ginsenoside-Rb1/-Rg1 Alleviate Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Suppressing Th1 and Th17 Cells and Upregulating Regulatory T Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1977-2002. [PMID: 25846819 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of Korean red ginseng extract (KRGE) on autoimmune disorders of the nervous system are not clear. We investigated whether KRGE has a beneficial effect on acute and chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Pretreatment (daily from 10 days before immunization with myelin basic protein peptide) with KRGE significantly attenuated clinical signs and loss of body weight and was associated with the suppression of spinal demyelination and glial activation in acute EAE rats, while onset treatment (daily after the appearance of clinical symptoms) did not. The suppressive effect of KRGE corresponded to the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α] and interleukin [IL]-1β), chemokines (RANTES, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 [MCP-1], and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α [MIP-1α]), adhesion molecules (intercellular adhesion molecule-1 [ICAM-1], vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 [VCAM-1], and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule [PECAM-1]), and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the spinal cord after immunization. Interestingly, in acute EAE rats, pretreatment with KRGE significantly reduced the population of CD4(+), CD4(+)/IFN-γ(+), and CD4(+)/IL-17(+) T cells in the spinal cord and lymph nodes, corresponding to the downregulation of mRNA expression of IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-23 in the spinal cord. On the other hand, KRGE pretreatment increased the population of CD4(+)/Foxp3(+) T cells in the spinal cord and lymph nodes of these rats, corresponding to the upregulation of mRNA expression of Foxp3 in the spinal cord. Interestingly, intrathecal pretreatment of rats with ginsenosides (Rg1 and Rb1) significantly decreased behavioral impairment. These results strongly indicate that KRGE has a beneficial effect on the development and progression of EAE by suppressing T helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 T cells and upregulating regulatory T cells. Additionally, pre- and onset treatment with KRGE alleviated neurological impairment of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein(35-55)-induced mouse model of chronic EAE. These results warrant further investigation of KRGE as preventive or therapeutic strategies for autoimmune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects
- Blood-Brain Barrier/pathology
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Chronic Disease
- Demyelinating Diseases/complications
- Demyelinating Diseases/drug therapy
- Demyelinating Diseases/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Female
- Fibronectins/metabolism
- Ginsenosides/pharmacology
- Ginsenosides/therapeutic use
- Inflammation/complications
- Inflammation/drug therapy
- Inflammation/pathology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neuroglia/drug effects
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Neuroglia/pathology
- Panax/chemistry
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plant Extracts/therapeutic use
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Lee
- Department of Cancer Preventive Material Development, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhee Jang
- Department of Cancer Preventive Material Development, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghee Choi
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Soo Chang
- Department of Cosmetology, Hanseo University, Seosan, 356-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Young Kim
- Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph's Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- Department of Cancer Preventive Material Development, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Seong Kwak
- Central Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, 305-805, Republic of Korea
| | - Seikwan Oh
- Department of Neuroscience and Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 158-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Joon Chang
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea.
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Brimonidine suppresses loss of retinal neurons and visual function in a murine model of optic neuritis. Neurosci Lett 2015; 592:27-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
18
|
Kimura A, Namekata K, Guo X, Noro T, Harada C, Harada T. Valproic acid prevents NMDA-induced retinal ganglion cell death via stimulation of neuronal TrkB receptor signaling. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 185:756-64. [PMID: 25542970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is widely prescribed for treatment of epilepsy, mood disorders, migraines, and neuropathic pain. It exerts its therapeutic benefits through multiple mechanisms, including enhancement of GABAergic activity, activation of prosurvival protein kinases, and inhibition of histone deacetylase. Increasing evidence suggests that VPA possesses neuroprotective properties. We examined neuroprotective effects of VPA in an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) excitotoxicity model, which mimics some of the pathological features of glaucoma. In vivo retinal imaging using optical coherence tomography revealed that NMDA-induced retinal degeneration was suppressed in the VPA-treated retina, and histological analyses confirmed that VPA reduced retinal ganglion cell death. In vivo electrophysiological analyses demonstrated that visual impairment was prevented in the VPA-treated retina, clearly establishing both histological and functional effects of VPA. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression was up-regulated in Müller glial cells, and neuroprotective effects of VPA on retinal ganglion cells were significantly reduced in a conditional knockout mouse strain with deletion of tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), a receptor for BDNF from retinal ganglion cells. The results show that VPA stimulates BDNF up-regulation in Müller glial cells and provides direct evidence that neuronal TrkB is important in VPA-mediated neuroprotection. Also, VPA suppresses oxidative stress induced by NMDA in the retina. Our findings raise intriguing possibilities that the widely prescribed drug VPA may be useful for treatment of glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Kimura
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Namekata
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiko Noro
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikako Harada
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Harada
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Interferon β-secreting mesenchymal stem cells combined with minocycline attenuate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 274:20-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
20
|
Semba K, Namekata K, Kimura A, Harada C, Mitamura Y, Harada T. Brimonidine prevents neurodegeneration in a mouse model of normal tension glaucoma. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1341. [PMID: 25032864 PMCID: PMC4123097 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness that is characterized by progressive degeneration of optic nerves and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). In the mammalian retina, excitatory amino-acid carrier 1 (EAAC1) is expressed in neural cells, including RGCs, and the loss of EAAC1 leads to RGC degeneration without elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Brimonidine (BMD) is an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist and it is commonly used in a form of eye drops to lower IOP in glaucoma patients. Recent studies have suggested that BMD has direct protective effects on RGCs involving IOP-independent mechanisms, but it is still controversial. In the present study, we examined the effects of BMD in EAAC1-deficient (KO) mice, an animal model of normal tension glaucoma. BMD caused a small decrease in IOP, but sequential in vivo retinal imaging and electrophysiological analysis revealed that treatment with BMD was highly effective for RGC protection in EAAC1 KO mice. BMD suppressed the phosphorylation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2B (NR2B) subunit in RGCs in EAAC1 KO mice. Furthermore, in cultured Müller glia, BMD stimulated the production of several neurotrophic factors that enhance RGC survival. These results suggest that, in addition to lowering IOP, BMD prevents glaucomatous retinal degeneration by stimulating multiple pathways including glia–neuron interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Semba
- 1] Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - K Namekata
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Kimura
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C Harada
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Mitamura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - T Harada
- 1] Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Semba K, Namekata K, Guo X, Harada C, Harada T, Mitamura Y. Renin-angiotensin system regulates neurodegeneration in a mouse model of normal tension glaucoma. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1333. [PMID: 25032856 PMCID: PMC4123089 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma, one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness, is characterized by progressive degeneration of optic nerves and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). In the mammalian retina, excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1) is expressed in neural cells, including RGCs, and the loss of EAAC1 leads to RGC degeneration without elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). In the present study, we found that expressions of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1-R) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are increased in RGCs and retinal Müller glia in EAAC1-deficient (KO) mice. The orally active AT1-R antagonist candesartan suppressed TLR4 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expressions in the EAAC1 KO mouse retina. Sequential in vivo retinal imaging and electrophysiological analysis revealed that treatment with candesartan was effective for RGC protection in EAAC1 KO mice without affecting IOP. In cultured Müller glia, candesartan suppressed LPS-induced iNOS production by inhibiting the TLR4-apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 pathway. These results suggest that the renin–angiotensin system is involved in the innate immune responses in both neural and glial cells, which accelerate neural cell death. Our findings raise intriguing possibilities for the management of glaucoma by utilizing widely prescribed drugs for the treatment of high blood pressure, in combination with conventional treatments to lower IOP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Semba
- 1] Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - K Namekata
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - X Guo
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C Harada
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Harada
- 1] Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Y Mitamura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Park CW, Lee JC, Ahn JH, Lee DH, Cho GS, Yan BC, Park JH, Kim IH, Lee HY, Won MH, Cho JH. Neuronal damage using fluoro-Jade B histofluorescence and gliosis in the gerbil septum submitted to various durations of cerebral ischemia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2013; 33:991-1001. [PMID: 23893372 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-9967-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The extent of neuronal damage/death in some brain regions is highly correlated to duration time of transient ischemia. In the present study, we carried out neuronal degeneration/death and glial changes in the septum 4 days after 5, 10, 15, and 20 min of transient cerebral ischemia using gerbils. To examine neuronal damage, Fluoro-Jade B (F-J B, a marker for neuronal degeneration) histofluorescence staining was used. F-J B positive ((+)) cells were detected in the septo-hippocampal nucleus (SHN) of the septum only in the 20 min ischemia-group; the mean number of F-J B(+) neurons was 14.9 ± 2.5/400 μm(2) in a section. Gliosis of astrocytes and microglia was examined using anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and anti-ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1), respectively. In all the ischemia-groups, GFAP- and Iba-1-immunoreactive astrocytes and microglia, respectively, were increased in number, and apparently tended to be increased in their immunoreactivity. Especially, in the 20 min ischemia-group, the number and immunoreactivity of Iba-immunoreactive microglia was highest and strongest in the ischemic SHN 4 days after ischemia-reperfusion. In brief, our findings showed that neuronal damage/death in the SHN occurred and gliosis was apparently increased in the 20 min ischemia-group at 4 days after ischemia-reperfusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chan Woo Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, and Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hou Y, Ryu CH, Park KY, Kim SM, Jeong CH, Jeun SS. Effective combination of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and minocycline in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:77. [PMID: 23826999 PMCID: PMC3854709 DOI: 10.1186/scrt228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). Minocycline ameliorates the clinical severity of MS and exhibits antiinflammatory, neuroprotective activities, and good tolerance for long-term use, whereas it is toxic to the CNS. Recently, the immunomodulation and neuroprotection capabilities of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) were shown in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this study, we evaluated whether the combination of hBM-MSCs and a low-dose minocycline could produce beneficial effects in EAE mice. METHODS The sensitivity of hBM-MSCs to minocycline was determined by an established cell-viability assay. Minocycline-treated hBM-MSCs were also characterized with flow cytometry by using MSC surface markers and analyzed for their multiple differentiation capacities. EAE was induced in C57BL/6 mice by using immunization with MOG35-55. Immunopathology assays were used to detect the inflammatory cells, demyelination, and neuroprotection. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ)/tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-4 (IL-4)/interleukin-10 (IL-10), the hallmark cytokines that direct Th1 and Th2 development, were detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). terminal dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining was performed to elucidate the cell apoptosis in the spinal cords of EAE mice. RESULTS Minocycline did not affect the viability, surface phenotypes, or differentiation capacity of hBM-MSCs, while minocycline affected the viability of astrocytes at a high dose. In vivo efficacy experiments showed that combined treatment, compared to the use of minocycline or hBM-MSCs alone, resulted in a significant reduction in clinical scores, along with attenuation of inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Moreover, the combined treatment with hBM-MSCs and minocycline enhanced the immunomodulatory effects, which suppressed proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α) and conversely increased anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10). In addition, TUNEL staining also demonstrated a significant decrease of the number of apoptotic cells in the combined treatment compared with either treatment alone. CONCLUSIONS The combination of hBM-MSCs and minocycline provides a novel experimental protocol to enhance the therapeutic effects in MS.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in the Western world. The disease is characterized histologically by the infiltration of encephalitogenic TH1/TH17-polarized CD4+ T cells, B cells, and a plethora of myeloid cells, resulting in severe demyelination ultimately leading to a degeneration of neuronal structures. These pathological processes are substantially modulated by microglia, the resident immune competent cells of the CNS. In this overview, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the highly diverse and complex function of microglia during CNS autoimmunity in either promoting tissue injury or tissue repair. Hence, understanding microglia involvement in MS offers new exciting paths for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
|
25
|
Yang JF, Tao HQ, Liu YM, Zhan XX, Liu Y, Wang XY, Wang JH, Mu LL, Yang LL, Gao ZM, Kong QF, Wang GY, Han JH, Sun B, Li HL. Characterization of the interaction between astrocytes and encephalitogenic lymphocytes during the development of experimental autoimmune encephalitomyelitis (EAE) in mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 170:254-65. [PMID: 23121666 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of pathogenic mechanisms associated with the development of multiple sclerosis (MS) have long been debated. However, limited research was conducted to define the interplay between infiltrating lymphocytes and resident cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Data presented in this report describe a novel role for astrocyte-mediated alterations to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)(35-55) -specific lymphocyte responses, elicited during the development of experimental autoimmune encephalitomyelitis (EAE). In-vitro studies demonstrated that astrocytes inhibited the proliferation and interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-17 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β secretion levels of MOG(35-55) -specific lymphocytes, an effect that could be ameliorated by astrocyte IL-27 neutralization. However, when astrocytes were pretreated with IFN-γ, they could promote the proliferation and secretion levels of MOG(35-55) -specific lymphocytes, coinciding with apparent expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II on astrocytes themselves. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) demonstrated that production of IL-27 in the spinal cord was at its highest during the initial phases. Conversely, production of IFN-γ in the spinal cord was highest during the peak phase. Quantitative analysis of MHC-II expression in the spinal cord showed that there was a positive correlation between MHC-II expression and IFN-γ production. In addition, astrocyte MHC-II expression levels correlated positively with IFN-γ production in the spinal cord. These findings suggested that astrocytes might function as both inhibitors and promoters of EAE. Astrocytes prevented MOG(35-55) -specific lymphocyte function by secreting IL-27 during the initial phases of EAE. Then, in the presence of higher IFN-γ levels in the spinal cord, astrocytes were converted into antigen-presenting cells. This conversion might promote the progression of pathological damage and result in a peak of EAE severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J F Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University Provincial Key Lab of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Katome T, Namekata K, Guo X, Semba K, Kittaka D, Kawamura K, Kimura A, Harada C, Ichijo H, Mitamura Y, Harada T. Inhibition of ASK1-p38 pathway prevents neural cell death following optic nerve injury. Cell Death Differ 2012; 20:270-80. [PMID: 22976835 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2012.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Optic nerve injury (ONI) induces retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and optic nerve atrophy that lead to visual loss. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is an evolutionarily conserved mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase kinase and has an important role in stress-induced RGC apoptosis. In this study, we found that ONI-induced p38 activation and RGC loss were suppressed in ASK1-deficient mice. Sequential in vivo retinal imaging revealed that post-ONI treatment with a p38 inhibitor into the eyeball was effective for RGC protection. ONI-induced monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production in RGCs and microglial accumulation around RGCs were suppressed in ASK1-deficient mice. In addition, the productions of tumor necrosis factor and inducible nitric oxide synthase in microglia were decreased when the ASK1-p38 pathway was blocked. These results suggest that ASK1 activation in both neural and glial cells is involved in neural cell death, and that pharmacological interruption of ASK1-p38 pathways could be beneficial in the treatment of ONI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Katome
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cabezas R, El-Bachá RS, González J, Barreto GE. Mitochondrial functions in astrocytes: neuroprotective implications from oxidative damage by rotenone. Neurosci Res 2012; 74:80-90. [PMID: 22902554 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical for cell survival and normal development, as they provide energy to the cell, buffer intracellular calcium, and regulate apoptosis. They are also major targets of oxidative stress, which causes bioenergetics failure in astrocytes through the activation of different mechanisms and production of oxidative molecules. This review provides an insightful overview of the recent discoveries and strategies for mitochondrial protection in astrocytes. We also discuss the importance of rotenone as an experimental approach for assessing oxidative stress in the brain and delineate some molecular strategies that enhance mitochondrial function in astrocytes as a promising strategy against brain damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Cabezas
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
The CCL2 synthesis inhibitor bindarit targets cells of the neurovascular unit, and suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:171. [PMID: 22788993 PMCID: PMC3488971 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Production of the chemokine CCL2 by cells of the neurovascular unit (NVU) drives critical aspects of neuroinflammation. Suppression of CCL2 therefore holds promise in treating neuroinflammatory disease. Accordingly, we sought to determine if the compound bindarit, which inhibits CCL2 synthesis, could repress the three NVU sources of CCL2 most commonly reported in neuroinflammation--astrocytes, microglia and brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC)--as well as modify the clinical course of neuroinflammatory disease. METHODS The effect of bindarit on CCL2 expression by cultured murine astrocytes, microglia and BMEC was examined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Bindarit action on mouse brain and spinal cord in vivo was similarly investigated by qRT-PCR following LPS injection in mice. And to further gauge the potential remedial effects of bindarit on neuroinflammatory disease, its impact on the clinical course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice was also explored. RESULTS Bindarit repressed CCL2 expression by all three cultured cells, and antagonized upregulated expression of CCL2 in both brain and spinal cord in vivo following LPS administration. Bindarit also significantly modified the course and severity of clinical EAE, diminished the incidence and onset of disease, and evidenced signs of disease reversal. CONCLUSION Bindarit was effective in suppressing CCL2 expression by cultured NVU cells as well as brain and spinal cord tissue in vivo. It further modulated the course of clinical EAE in both preventative and therapeutic ways. Collectively, these results suggest that bindarit might prove an effective treatment for neuroinflammatory disease.
Collapse
|
29
|
C3-dependent mechanism of microglial priming relevant to multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:965-70. [PMID: 22219359 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1111924109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial priming predisposes the brain to neurodegeneration and affects disease progression. The signal to switch from the quiescent to the primed state is unknown. We show that deleting the C3 convertase regulator complement receptor 1-related protein y (Crry) induces microglial priming. Mice that were double-knockout for Crry and either C3 or factor B did not show priming, demonstrating dependence on alternative pathway activation. Colocalization of C3b/iC3b and CR3 implicated the CR3/iC3b interaction in priming. Systemic lipopolysaccharide challenge overactivated primed microglia with florid expression of proinflammatory molecules, which were blocked by complement inhibition. Relevance for neurodegenerative disease is exemplified by human multiple sclerosis (MS) and by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of MS. In human MS, microglial priming was evident in perilesional white matter, in close proximity to C3b/iC3b deposits. EAE was accelerated and exacerbated in Crry-deficient mice, and was dependent on C activation. In summary, C3-dependent microglial priming confers susceptibility to other challenges. Our observations are relevant to progression in MS and other neurological diseases exacerbated by acute insults.
Collapse
|
30
|
HAYAKAWA R, HAYAKAWA T, TAKEDA K, ICHIJO H. Therapeutic targets in the ASK1-dependent stress signaling pathways. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2012; 88:434-53. [PMID: 23060232 PMCID: PMC3491083 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.88.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K) family that activates downstream MAP kinases (MAPKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and p38 MAPKs, in response to various stresses, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, lipopolysaccharide, and calcium overload. Activation of the JNK and p38 pathways induces stress responses such as cell death, differentiation, and the production of inflammatory cytokines. A series of studies using ASK1-deficient mice have indicated that ASK1 plays important roles in many stress-related diseases, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting that small compounds that inhibit ASK1 activity could possibly be used for the amelioration of the development and/or progression of these diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the pathophysiological roles of ASK1-dependent signaling pathways and discuss the mechanistic basis for how these could serve as potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi HAYAKAWA
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruyuki HAYAKAWA
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohsuke TAKEDA
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Biomedical
Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hidenori ICHIJO
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Guo X, Harada C, Namekata K, Matsuzawa A, Camps M, Ji H, Swinnen D, Jorand-Lebrun C, Muzerelle M, Vitte PA, Rückle T, Kimura A, Kohyama K, Matsumoto Y, Ichijo H, Harada T. Regulation of the severity of neuroinflammation and demyelination by TLR-ASK1-p38 pathway. EMBO Mol Med 2011; 2:504-15. [PMID: 21064192 PMCID: PMC3377347 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is an evolutionarily conserved mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase kinase which plays important roles in stress and immune responses. Here, we show that ASK1 deficiency attenuates neuroinflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), without affecting the proliferation capability of T cells. Moreover, we found that EAE upregulates expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in activated astrocytes and microglia, and that TLRs can synergize with ASK1-p38 MAPK signalling in the release of key chemokines from astrocytes. Consequently, oral treatment with a specific small molecular weight inhibitor of ASK1 suppressed EAE-induced autoimmune inflammation in both spinal cords and optic nerves. These results suggest that the TLR-ASK1-p38 pathway in glial cells may serve as a valid therapeutic target for autoimmune demyelinating disorders including multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Guo
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Organization for Medical Research, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Glia- and neuron-specific functions of TrkB signalling during retinal degeneration and regeneration. Nat Commun 2011; 2:189. [PMID: 21304518 PMCID: PMC3105320 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glia, the support cells of the central nervous system, have recently attracted considerable attention both as mediators of neural cell survival and as sources of neural regeneration. To further elucidate the role of glial and neural cells in neurodegeneration, we generated TrkBGFAP and TrkBc-kit knockout mice in which TrkB, a receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), is deleted in retinal glia or inner retinal neurons, respectively. Here, we show that the extent of glutamate-induced retinal degeneration was similar in these two mutant mice. Furthermore in TrkBGFAP knockout mice, BDNF did not prevent photoreceptor degeneration and failed to stimulate Müller glial cell proliferation and expression of neural markers in the degenerating retina. These results demonstrate that BDNF signalling in glia has important roles in neural protection and regeneration, particularly in conversion of Müller glia to photoreceptors. In addition, our genetic models provide a system in which glia- and neuron-specific gene functions can be tested in central nervous system tissues in vivo. The central nervous system contains glial cells, which have been shown to have an important role in neuronal survival. Harada et al. use transgenic mouse models to show that TrkB, a receptor for the growth factor brain-derived neurotrophic factor, is required for retinal Müller glial cells to provide neuroprotection and regeneration.
Collapse
|
33
|
Delayed onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Olig1 deficient mice. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20927333 PMCID: PMC2947525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Olig1 is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor that is essential for oligodendrogenesis and efficient remyelination. However, its role in neurodegenerative disorders has not been well-elucidated. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we investigated the effects of Olig1 deficiency on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). We show that the mean disease onset of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced EAE in Olig1−/− mice is significantly slower than wide-type (WT) mice (19.8±2.2 in Olig1−/− mice and 9.5±0.3 days in WT mice). In addition, 10% of Olig1−/− mice did not develop EAE by the end of the observation periods (60 days). The severity of EAE, the extent of demyelination, and the activation of microglial cells and astrocytes in spinal cords, were significantly milder in Olig1−/− mice compared with WT mice in the early stage. Moreover, the visual function, as assessed by the second-kernel of multifocal electroretinograms, was better preserved, and the number of degenerating axons in the optic nerve was significantly reduced in Olig1−/− mice. Interestingly, Olig1 deficiency had no effect on T cell response capability, however, it reduced the expression of myelin proteins such as MOG, myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG). The expression of Olig2 remained unchanged in the optic nerve and brain, and it was reduced in the spinal cord of Olig1−/− mice. Conclusions/Significance Our results suggest that the Olig1 signaling pathways may be involved in the incidence rate and the severity of neurological symptoms in MS.
Collapse
|
34
|
Centrally administered pertussis toxin inhibits microglia migration to the spinal cord and prevents dissemination of disease in an EAE mouse model. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12400. [PMID: 20811645 PMCID: PMC2928301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models are important vehicles for studying the effect of infectious elements such as Pertussis toxin (PTx) on disease processes related to acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (ADEM) or multiple sclerosis (MS). PTx has pleotropic effects on the immune system. This study was designed to investigate the effects of PTx administered intracerebroventricularly (icv) in preventing downstream immune cell infiltration and demyelination of the spinal cord. Methods and Findings EAE was induced in C57BL/6 mice with MOG35–55. PTx icv at seven days post MOG immunization resulted in mitigation of clinical motor symptoms, minimal T cell infiltration, and the marked absence of axonal loss and demyelination of the spinal cord. Integrity of the blood brain barrier was compromised in the brain whereas spinal cord BBB integrity remained intact. PTx icv markedly increased microglia numbers in the brain preventing their migration to the spinal cord. An in vitro transwell study demonstrated that PTx inhibited migration of microglia. Conclusion Centrally administered PTx abrogated migration of microglia in EAE mice, limiting the inflammatory cytokine milieu to the brain and prevented dissemination of demyelination. The effects of PTx icv warrants further investigation and provides an attractive template for further study regarding the pleotropic effects of infectious elements such as PTx in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders.
Collapse
|
35
|
Tokuhara N, Namiki K, Uesugi M, Miyamoto C, Ohgoh M, Ido K, Yoshinaga T, Yamauchi T, Kuromitsu J, Kimura S, Miyamoto N, Kasuya Y. N-type calcium channel in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:33294-33306. [PMID: 20720005 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.089805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the family of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC), the N-type Ca(2+) channel, is located predominantly in neurons and is associated with a variety of neuronal responses, including neurodegeneration. A precise mechanism for how the N-type Ca(2+) channel plays a role in neurodegenerative disease, however, is unknown. In this study, we immunized N-type Ca(2+) channel α(1B)-deficient (α(1B)(-/-)) mice and their wild type (WT) littermates with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 and analyzed the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The neurological symptoms of EAE in the α(1B)(-/-) mice were less severe than in the WT mice. In conjunction with these results, sections of the spinal cord (SC) from α(1B)(-/-) mice revealed a reduction in both leukocytic infiltration and demyelination compared with WT mice. No differences were observed in the delayed-type hypersensitivity response, spleen cell proliferation, or cytokine production from splenocytes between the two genotypes. On the other hand, Western blot array analysis and RT-PCR revealed that a typical increase in the expression of MCP-1 in the SC showed a good correlation with the infiltration of leukocytes into the SC. Likewise, immunohistochemical analysis showed that the predominant source of MCP-1 was activated microglia. The cytokine-induced production of MCP-1 in primary cultured microglia from WT mice was significantly higher than that from α(1B)(-/-) mice and was significantly inhibited by a selective N-type Ca(2+) channel antagonist, ω-conotoxin GVIA or a withdrawal of extracellular Ca(2+). These results suggest that the N-type Ca(2+) channel is involved in the pathogenesis of EAE at least in part by regulating MCP-1 production by microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Tokuhara
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670; Department of Biology/Pharmacology, Discovery Research, Neuroscience Product Creation Unit, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Kana Namiki
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670
| | - Mai Uesugi
- Department of Genomics, Biomarkers and Personalized Medicine Core Function Unit, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Chihiro Miyamoto
- Department of Tsukuba Discovery Research, KAN Product Creation Unit, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohgoh
- Department of Biology/Pharmacology, Discovery Research, Neuroscience Product Creation Unit, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Ido
- Department of Biology/Pharmacology, Discovery Research, Neuroscience Product Creation Unit, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshinaga
- Department of Global Drug Safety, Biopharmaceutical Assessment Core Function Unit, Eisai Company, Limited, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yamauchi
- Department of Biology/Pharmacology, Discovery Research, Neuroscience Product Creation Unit, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Junro Kuromitsu
- Department of Tsukuba Discovery Research, KAN Product Creation Unit, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Sadao Kimura
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670
| | - Norimasa Miyamoto
- Department of Tsukuba Discovery Research, KAN Product Creation Unit, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Yoshitoshi Kasuya
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gris D, Ye Z, Iocca HA, Wen H, Craven RR, Gris P, Huang M, Schneider M, Miller SD, Ting JPY. NLRP3 plays a critical role in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by mediating Th1 and Th17 responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:974-81. [PMID: 20574004 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0904145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between innate and adaptive immunity is important in multiple sclerosis (MS). The inflammasome complex, which activates caspase-1 to process pro-IL-1beta and pro-IL-18, is rapidly emerging as a pivotal regulator of innate immunity, with nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat containing protein family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) (cryopyrin or NALP3) as a prominent player. Although the role of NLRP3 in host response to pathogen associated molecular patterns and danger associated molecular patterns is well documented, its role in autoimmune diseases is less well studied. To investigate the role of NLRP3 protein in MS, we used a mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Nlrp3 expression was elevated in the spinal cords during EAE, and Nlrp3(-/-) mice had a dramatically delayed course and reduced severity of disease. This was accompanied by a significant reduction of the inflammatory infiltrate including macrophages, dendritic cells, CD4, and CD8(+) T cells in the spinal cords of the Nlrp3(-/-) mice, whereas microglial accumulation remained the same. Nlrp3(-/-) mice also displayed improved histology in the spinal cords with reduced destruction of myelin and astrogliosis. Nlrp3(-/-) mice with EAE produced less IL-18, and the disease course was similar to Il18(-/-) mice. Furthermore, Nlrp3(-/-) and Il18(-/-) mice had similarly reduced IFN-gamma and IL-17 production. Thus, NLRP3 plays a critical role in the induction of the EAE, likely through effects on capase-1-dependent cytokines which then influence Th1 and Th17.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Gris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Expression of NG2-positive cells during optic neuritis. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2010; 54:100-2. [DOI: 10.1007/s10384-009-0745-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
38
|
Effect of geranylgeranylacetone on optic neuritis in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neurosci Lett 2009; 462:281-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
39
|
Axonal and cell body protection by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in tumor necrosis factor-induced optic neuropathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2009; 68:915-27. [PMID: 19606062 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181afecfa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal degeneration often leads to the death of neuronal cell bodies. Previous studies have demonstrated the crucial role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) biosynthesis in axonal protection of motor neurons, but the role of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 and NAD in optic nerve degeneration is unclear. Intravitreal injection of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induces optic nerve degeneration and subsequent loss of retinal ganglion cells. We found that the levels of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 mRNA and protein and of NAD were significantly decreased in the optic nerve after intravitreal injection of TNF in rats. The concomitant disorganization of microtubules with vacuoles and neurofilament accumulations in the axons were blocked by exogenous NAD treatment. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide also prevented TNF-induced axonal loss and delayed retinal ganglion cell loss 2 months after TNF injection. Microglia identified by immunohistochemistry were increased in the optic nerves after TNF injection; this increase was inhibited by NAD treatment. These results suggest that axonal nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 and NAD declines are associated with TNF-induced optic nerve axonal degeneration and that axonal protection of NAD may be related to its inhibitory effect on microglial activation.
Collapse
|
40
|
Guyton MK, Brahmachari S, Das A, Samantaray S, Inoue J, Azuma M, Ray SK, Banik NL. Inhibition of calpain attenuates encephalitogenicity of MBP-specific T cells. J Neurochem 2009; 110:1895-907. [PMID: 19627443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease of the CNS, possessing both immune and neurodegenerative events that lead to disability. Adoptive transfer (AT) of myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T cells into naïve female SJL/J mice results in a relapsing-remitting (RR) form of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Blocking the mechanisms by which MBP-specific T cells are activated before AT may help characterize the immune arm of MS and offer novel targets for therapy. One such target is calpain, which is involved in activation of T cells, migration of immune cells into the CNS, degradation of axonal and myelin proteins, and neuronal apoptosis. Thus, the hypothesis that inhibiting calpain in MBP-specific T cells would diminish their encephalitogenicity in RR-EAE mice was tested. Incubating MBP-specific T cells with the calpain inhibitor SJA6017 before AT markedly suppressed the ability of these T cells to induce clinical symptoms of RR-EAE. These reductions correlated with decreases in demyelination, inflammation, axonal damage, and loss of oligodendrocytes and neurons. Also, calpain : calpastatin ratio, production of truncated Bid, and Bax : Bcl-2 ratio, and activities of calpain and caspases, and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation were attenuated. Thus, these data suggest calpain as a promising target for treating EAE and MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Guyton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Skarica M, Wang T, McCadden E, Kardian D, Calabresi PA, Small D, Whartenby KA. Signal transduction inhibition of APCs diminishes th17 and Th1 responses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:4192-9. [PMID: 19299717 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
IL-17- and IFN-gamma-secreting T cells play an important role in autoimmune responses in multiple sclerosis and the model system experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Dendritic cells (DCs) in the periphery and microglia in the CNS are responsible for cytokine polarization and expansion of this T cell subset. Our results indicate that in vivo administration of a signal transduction inhibitor that targets DCs to mice with EAE led to a decrease in CNS infiltration of pathogenic Ag-specific T cells. Since this approach does not target T cells directly, we assessed the effects on the APCs that are involved in generating the T cell responses. Since in EAE and multiple sclerosis, both microglia and peripheral DCs are likely to contribute to disease, we utilized a bone marrow chimera system to distinguish between these two populations. These studies show that peripheral DCs are the primary target but that microglia are also modestly affected by CEP-701, as numbers and activation states of the cells in the CNS are decreased after therapy. Our results also showed a decrease in secretion of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-23 by DCs as well as a decrease in expression of costimulatory molecules. We further determined that levels of phospho-Stat1, Stat3, Stat5, and NF-kappaB, which are signaling molecules that have been implicated in these pathways, were decreased. Thus, use of this class of signal transduction inhibitors may represent a novel method to treat autoimmunity by dampening the autoreactive polarizing condition driven by DCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Skarica
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21231, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Almolda B, Costa M, Montoya M, González B, Castellano B. CD4 microglial expression correlates with spontaneous clinical improvement in the acute Lewis rat EAE model. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 209:65-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
43
|
Tambuyzer BR, Ponsaerts P, Nouwen EJ. Microglia: gatekeepers of central nervous system immunology. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 85:352-70. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0608385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
|
44
|
Lloyd E, Somera-Molina K, Van Eldik LJ, Watterson DM, Wainwright MS. Suppression of acute proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine upregulation by post-injury administration of a novel small molecule improves long-term neurologic outcome in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2008; 5:28. [PMID: 18590543 PMCID: PMC2483713 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-5-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) with its associated morbidity is a major area of unmet medical need that lacks effective therapies. TBI initiates a neuroinflammatory cascade characterized by activation of astrocytes and microglia, and increased production of immune mediators including proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. This inflammatory response contributes both to the acute pathologic processes following TBI including cerebral edema, in addition to longer-term neuronal damage and cognitive impairment. However, activated glia also play a neuroprotective and reparative role in recovery from injury. Thus, potential therapeutic strategies targeting the neuroinflammatory cascade must use careful dosing considerations, such as amount of drug and timing of administration post injury, in order not to interfere with the reparative contribution of activated glia. METHODS We tested the hypothesis that attenuation of the acute increase in proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines following TBI would decrease neurologic injury and improve functional neurologic outcome. We used the small molecule experimental therapeutic, Minozac (Mzc), to suppress TBI-induced up-regulation of glial activation and proinflammatory cytokines back towards basal levels. Mzc was administered in a clinically relevant time window post-injury in a murine closed-skull, cortical impact model of TBI. Mzc effects on the acute increase in brain cytokine and chemokine levels were measured as well as the effect on neuronal injury and neurobehavioral function. RESULTS Administration of Mzc (5 mg/kg) at 3 h and 9 h post-TBI attenuates the acute increase in proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels, reduces astrocyte activation, and the longer term neurologic injury, and neurobehavioral deficits measured by Y maze performance over a 28-day recovery period. Mzc-treated animals also have no significant increase in brain water content (edema), a major cause of the neurologic morbidity associated with TBI. CONCLUSION These results support the hypothesis that proinflammatory cytokines contribute to a glial activation cycle that produces neuronal dysfunction or injury following TBI. The improvement in long-term functional neurologic outcome following suppression of cytokine upregulation in a clinically relevant therapeutic window indicates that selective targeting of neuroinflammation may lead to novel therapies for the major neurologic morbidities resulting from head injury, and indicates the potential of Mzc as a future therapeutic for TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lloyd
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Memorial Hospital, 2300 Children's Plaza, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Luccarini I, Ballerini C, Biagioli T, Biamonte F, Bellucci A, Rosi MC, Grossi C, Massacesi L, Casamenti F. Combined treatment with atorvastatin and minocycline suppresses severity of EAE. Exp Neurol 2008; 211:214-26. [PMID: 18346732 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). An approach to improve MS treatment is to identify a rational combination of new medications or existing therapies that impact different aspects of the disease process. Statins are effective in the treatment of MS animal models and are promising candidates for future treatment. Minocycline ameliorates clinical severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and exhibits several anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. In this study, we tested whether the combination of these two drugs could produce beneficial effects in EAE mice immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte protein (MOG). Our findings show that combined treatment, compared to using the medications alone, resulted in a significant reduction in disease severity, in both the acute and chronic phases of the disease, along with attenuation of inflammation, demyelination and axonal loss. Stereological analysis revealed that the combined treatment significantly guarded against neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Moreover, a significant suppression of anti-MOG antibody production in animals treated with the two medications was found. In conclusion, our findings prove that this combination of drugs is neuroprotective and suppresses the severity of EAE. Furthermore, this pharmacological approach appears to be promising as a future therapeutic strategy to control MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Luccarini
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini n. 6, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|