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Xu P, Lin F, Alimu G, Zhang J, Jin Z, Li L. The Important Role of the Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Conflict Adaptation: A Combined Voxel-Based Morphometry and Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation Study. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:1172-1183. [PMID: 38579250 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Humans can flexibly adjust their executive control to resolve conflicts. Conflict adaptation and conflict resolution are crucial aspects of conflict processing. Functional neuroimaging studies have associated the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) with conflict processing, but its causal role remains somewhat controversial. Moreover, the neuroanatomical basis of conflict processing has not been thoroughly examined. In this study, the Stroop task, a well-established measure of conflict, was employed to investigate (1) the neuroanatomical basis of conflict resolution and conflict adaptation with the voxel-based morphometry analysis, (2) the causal role of DLPFC in conflict processing with the application of the continuous theta burst stimulation to DLPFC. The results revealed that the Stroop effect was correlated to the gray matter volume of the precuneus, postcentral gyrus, and cerebellum, and the congruency sequence effect was correlated to the gray matter volume of superior frontal gyrus, postcentral gyrus, and lobule paracentral gyrus. These findings indicate the neuroanatomical basis of conflict resolution and adaptation. In addition, the continuous theta burst stimulation over the right DLPFC resulted in a significant reduction in the Stroop effect of RT after congruent trials compared with vertex stimulation and a significant increase in the Stroop effect of accuracy rate after incongruent trials than congruent trials, demonstrating the causal role of right DLPFC in conflict adaptation. Moreover, the DLPFC stimulation did not affect the Stroop effect of RT and accuracy rate. Overall, our study offers further insights into the neural mechanisms underlying conflict resolution and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
| | - Feng Lin
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
| | | | - Junjun Zhang
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
| | - Zhenlan Jin
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
| | - Ling Li
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
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Hernández-Sauret A, Martin de la Torre O, Redolar-Ripoll D. Use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for studying cognitive control in depressed patients: A systematic review. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2024:10.3758/s13415-024-01193-w. [PMID: 38773020 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-024-01193-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating mental disorder and the leading cause of disease burden. Major depressive disorder is associated with emotional impairment and cognitive deficit. Cognitive control, which is the ability to use perceptions, knowledge, and information about goals and motivations to shape the selection of goal-directed actions or thoughts, is a primary function of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Psychotropic medications are one of the main treatments for MDD, but they are not effective for all patients. An alternative treatment is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Previous studies have provided mixed results on the cognitive-enhancing effects of TMS treatment in patients with MDD. Some studies have found significant improvement, while others have not. There is a lack of understanding of the specific effects of different TMS protocols and stimulation parameters on cognitive control in MDD. Thus, this review aims to synthesize the effectiveness of the TMS methods and a qualitative assessment of their potential benefits in improving cognitive functioning in patients with MDD. We reviewed 21 studies in which participants underwent a treatment of any transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol, such as repetitive TMS or theta-burst stimulation. One of the primary outcome measures was any change in the cognitive control process. Overall, the findings indicate that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) may enhance cognitive function in patients with MDD. Most of the reviewed studies supported the notion of cognitive improvement following TMS treatment. Notably, improvements were predominantly observed in inhibition, attention, set shifting/flexibility, and memory domains. However, fewer significant improvements were detected in evaluations of visuospatial function and recognition, executive function, phonemic fluency, and speed of information processing. This review found evidence supporting the use of TMS as a treatment for cognitive deficits in patients with MDD. The results are promising, but further research is needed to clarify the specific TMS protocol and stimulation locations that are most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Hernández-Sauret
- Cognitive Neurolab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), Rambla del Poblenou 156, Barcelona, Spain.
- Instituto Brain360, Unidad Neuromodulación y Neuroimagen, Calle Maó 9, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ona Martin de la Torre
- Cognitive Neurolab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), Rambla del Poblenou 156, Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto Brain360, Unidad Neuromodulación y Neuroimagen, Calle Maó 9, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Redolar-Ripoll
- Cognitive Neurolab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), Rambla del Poblenou 156, Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto Brain360, Unidad Neuromodulación y Neuroimagen, Calle Maó 9, Barcelona, Spain
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Wang Y, Wu D, Sun K, Zhu Y, Chen X, Xiao W. The Effect of Rhythmic Audio-Visual Stimulation on Inhibitory Control: An ERP Study. Brain Sci 2024; 14:506. [PMID: 38790484 PMCID: PMC11119230 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14050506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control, as an essential cognitive ability, affects the development of higher cognitive functions. Rhythmic perceptual stimulation has been used to improve cognitive abilities. It is unclear, however, whether it can be used to improve inhibitory control. This study used the Go/NoGo task and the Stroop task to assess various levels of inhibitory control using rhythmic audio-visual stimuli as the stimulus mode. Sixty subjects were randomly divided into three groups to receive 6 Hz, 10 Hz, and white noise stimulation for 30 min. Two tasks were completed by each subject both before and after the stimulus. Before and after the task, closed-eye resting EEG data were collected. The results showed no differences in behavioral and EEG measures of the Go/NoGo task among the three groups. While both 6 Hz and 10 Hz audio-visual stimulation reduced the conflict effect in the Stroop task, only 6 Hz audio-visual stimulation improved the amplitude of the N2 component and decreased the conflict score. Although rhythmic audio-visual stimulation did not enhance response inhibition, it improved conflict inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Xiao
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.W.); (D.W.); (K.S.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.)
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Xu M, Nikolin S, Samaratunga N, Chow EJH, Loo CK, Martin DM. Cognitive Effects Following Offline High-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (HF-rTMS) in Healthy Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2024; 34:250-276. [PMID: 36857011 PMCID: PMC10920443 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-023-09580-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF-rTMS) is a commonly used form of rTMS to treat neuropsychiatric disorders. Emerging evidence suggests that 'offline' HF-rTMS may have cognitive enhancing effects, although the magnitude and moderators of these effects remain unclear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to clarify the cognitive effects of offline HF-rTMS in healthy individuals. A literature search for randomised controlled trials with cognitive outcomes for pre and post offline HF-rTMS was performed across five databases up until March 2022. This study was registered on the PROSPERO international prospective protocol for systematic reviews (PROSPERO 2020 CRD 42,020,191,269). The Risk of Bias 2 tool was used to assess the risk of bias in randomised trials. Separate analyses examined the cognitive effects of excitatory and inhibitory forms of offline HF-rTMS on accuracy and reaction times across six cognitive domains. Fifty-three studies (N = 1507) met inclusion criteria. Excitatory offline HF-rTMS showed significant small sized effects for improving accuracy (k = 46, g = 0.12) and reaction time (k = 44, g = -0.13) across all cognitive domains collapsed. Excitatory offline HF-rTMS demonstrated a relatively greater effect for executive functioning in accuracy (k = 24, g = 0.14). Reaction times were also improved for the executive function (k = 21, g = -0.11) and motor (k = 3, g = -0.22) domains following excitatory offline HF-rTMS. The current review was restricted to healthy individuals and future research is required to examine cognitive enhancement from offline HF-rTMS in clinical cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xu
- Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stevan Nikolin
- Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nisal Samaratunga
- Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Esther Jia Hui Chow
- Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Colleen K Loo
- Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Sydney, Australia
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Donel M Martin
- Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
- Black Dog Institute, Sydney, Australia.
- UNSW Sydney, High St, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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Asgarinejad M, Saviz M, Sadjadi SM, Saliminia S, Kakaei A, Esmaeili P, Hammoud A, Ebrahimzadeh E, Soltanian-Zadeh H. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as a tool for cognitive enhancement in healthy adults: a review study. Med Biol Eng Comput 2024; 62:653-673. [PMID: 38044385 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-023-02968-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
As human beings, we have always sought to expand on our abilities, including our cognitive and motor skills. One of the still-underrated tools employed to this end is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Until recently, rTMS was almost exclusively used in studies with rehabilitation purposes. Only a small strand of literature has focused on the application of rTMS on healthy people with the aim of enhancing cognitive abilities such as decision-making, working memory, attention, source memory, cognitive control, learning, computational speed, risk-taking, and impulsive behaviors. It, therefore, seems that the findings in this particular field are the indirect results of rehabilitation research. In this review paper, we have set to investigate such studies and evaluate the rTMS effectuality in terms of how it improves the cognitive skills in healthy subjects. Furthermore, since the most common brain site used for rTMS protocols is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), we have added theta burst stimulation (TBS) wave patterns that are similar to brain patterns to increase the effectiveness of this method. The results of this study can help people who have high-risk jobs including firefighters, surgeons, and military officers with their job performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marzieh Saviz
- Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyyed Mostafa Sadjadi
- CIPCE, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sarah Saliminia
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering, Payame Noor University of North Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amineh Kakaei
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peyman Esmaeili
- Department of Health, Safety and Environment, Shahid Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Hammoud
- Department of Medical and Technical Information Technology, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elias Ebrahimzadeh
- School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Soltanian-Zadeh
- CIPCE, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
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Xu P, Wang S, Yang Y, Guragai B, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Jin Z, Li L. cTBS to Right DLPFC Modulates Physiological Correlates of Conflict Processing: Evidence from a Stroop task. Brain Topogr 2024; 37:37-51. [PMID: 37880501 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-023-01015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Conflict typically occurs when goal-directed processing competes with more automatic responses. Though previous studies have highlighted the importance of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC) in conflict processing, its causal role remains unclear. In the current study, the behavioral experiment, the continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS), and the electroencephalography (EEG) were combined to explore the effects of behavioral performance and physiological correlates during conflict processing, after the cTBS over the rDLPFC and vertex (the control condition). Twenty-six healthy participants performed the Stroop task which included congruent and incongruent trials. Although the cTBS did not induce significant changes in the behavioral performance, the cTBS over the rDLPFC reduced the Stroop effects of conflict monitoring-related frontal-central N2 component and theta oscillation, and conflict resolution-related parieto-occipital alpha oscillation, compared to the vertex stimulation. Moreover, a significant hemispheric difference in alpha oscillation was exploratively observed after the cTBS over the rDLPFC. Interestingly, we found the rDLPFC stimulation resulted in significantly reduced Stroop effects of theta and gamma oscillation after response, which may reflect the adjustment of cognitive control for the next trial. In conclusion, our study not only demonstrated the critical involvement of the rDLPFC in conflict monitoring, conflict resolution processing, and conflict adaptation but also revealed the electrophysiological mechanism of conflict processing mediated by the rDLPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Song Wang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Yulu Yang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Bishal Guragai
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Qiuzhu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Junjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Zhenlan Jin
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.
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Cheng C, Yang Y. Food stimuli decrease activation in regions of the prefrontal cortex related to executive function: an fNIRS study. Eat Weight Disord 2023; 28:96. [PMID: 37982958 PMCID: PMC10661783 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-023-01623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Overweight/obese individuals show impairments in executive functions such as inhibitory control. However, the neural mechanisms underlying these disturbances-and specifically, whether or not they involve altered activation of the specific prefrontal cortex regions-are not yet fully understood. METHODS The motivational dimensional model of affect suggests that high approach-motivated positive affect (e.g., desire) may impair executive function. In the present study, we investigated individual differences in neural responses to videos of food stimuli, and examined brain activity during a cognitive task in an approach-motivated positive state using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). In Experiment 1, in 16 healthy young adults, we tested whether prefrontal cortex activation differed during a food video clip versus a neutral video clip. Then, after viewing each video clip, we tested for differences in executive function performance and prefrontal cortex activation during a Stroop task. Experiment 2 was the same, except that we compared 20 overweight/obese with 20 healthy young adults, and it incorporated only the food video clip. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The results of both experiments indicated that food stimuli decrease activation in regions of the prefrontal cortex related to executive function. This study also suggests that overweight/obese might consciously suppress their responses to a desired stimulus, yet here it seems that effect was less pronounced than in healthy controls. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II, Cohort Studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cheng
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, Tennis College, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Graduate institute of athletics and coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport university, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of NeuroCognition/Imaging, School of Physical Education and Sport, Chaohu University, No. 1 Bantang Road, Chaohu City, Hefei City, 238000, Anhui Province, China.
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Fatakdawala I, Ayaz H, Safati AB, Sakib MN, Hall PA. Effects of prefrontal theta burst stimulation on neuronal activity and subsequent eating behavior: an interleaved rTMS and fNIRS study. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2023; 18:6146114. [PMID: 33615370 PMCID: PMC10074772 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) are both important nodes for self-control and decision-making but through separable processes (cognitive control vs evaluative processing). This study aimed to examine the effects of excitatory brain stimulation [intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS)] targeting the dlPFC and dmPFC on eating behavior. iTBS was hypothesized to decrease consumption of appetitive snack foods, via enhanced interference control for dlPFC stimulation and reduced delay discounting (DD) for dmPFC stimulation. Using a single-blinded, between-subjects design, participants (N = 43) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (i) iTBS targeting the left dlPFC, (ii) iTBS targeting bilateral dmPFC or (iii) sham. Participants then completed two cognitive tasks (DD and Flanker), followed by a bogus taste test. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy imaging revealed that increases in the medial prefrontal cortex activity were evident in the dmPFC stimulation group during the DD task; likewise, a neural efficiency effect was observed in the dlPFC stimulation group during the Flanker. Gender significantly moderated during the taste test, with females in the dmPFC showing paradoxical increases in food consumption compared to sham. Findings suggest that amplification of evaluative processing may facilitate eating indulgence when preponderant social cues are permissive and food is appetitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris Fatakdawala
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, CA, ON, Canada
| | - Hasan Ayaz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Drexel Solutions Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Family and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adrian B Safati
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, CA, ON, Canada
| | - Mohammad N Sakib
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, CA, ON, Canada
| | - Peter A Hall
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, CA, ON, Canada.,Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Yu H, Liu S, Dai P, Wang Z, Liu C, Zhang H. Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Gait and Postural Control Ability of Patients with Executive Dysfunction after Stroke. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12091185. [PMID: 36138921 PMCID: PMC9497186 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12091185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To assess the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on the gait and postural control ability of patients with executive dysfunction (ED) after stroke. Methods: A total of 18 patients with ED after stroke were randomly assigned into two groups, including an experimental group and a sham group. Patients in both groups received routine rehabilitation therapy, and patients in the experimental group underwent rTMS on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) for 2 weeks (5 HZ, 80%MT, 1200 pulses). In the sham group, patients experienced sham stimulation treatment, in which the coil was placed vertically with the head. Before and after treatment, patients in both groups were subjected to Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) scoring, Fugl−Meyer assessment of lower extremity (L-FMA), Stroop color-word test (SCWT), gait analysis, foot plantar pressure test, 10-m walking test (10MWT), Berg balance scale (BBS), and timed up and go test (TUGT). In the SCWT, it was attempted to record the time of each card (SCWT-T), the correct number (SCWT-C), Stroop interference effect-time (SIE-T), and SIE correct count (SIE-C). The TUGT was categorized into four stages: getting up (GT), walking straight (WT), turning around (TT), and sitting down (ST), in which the total time of TUGT was calculated. Results: After two weeks of treatment, the evaluation indexes were improved in the two groups, some of which were statistically significant. In the experimental group, SCWT-T, SIE-T, SIE-C, GT, WT, TT, ST, and TUGT were significantly improved after treatment (p < 0.05). SCWT-C, L-FMA score, 10MWT, GT, WT, stride length, step width, foot plantar pressure, pressure center curve, and activities of daily living were not statistically different from those before treatment (p > 0.05). After treatment, SCWT-T, SIE-C, SIE-T, BBS score, TT, and ST in the experimental group were significantly shorter than those before treatment, with statistical differences (p < 0.05). Compared with the sham group, SCWT-C, L-FMA score, 10MWT, GT, WT, TUGT, stride length, step width, foot plantar pressure, pressure center curve, and motor skills were not significantly improved (p > 0.05). Conclusion: It was revealed that post-stroke rTMS treatment of patients with ED could improve executive function, improve postural control function, and reduce the risk of falling. In addition, rTMS of DLPFC could be a therapeutic target for improving postural control ability and reducing the risk of falling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixian Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100060, China
- School of Rehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Sihao Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100060, China
| | - Pei Dai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100060, China
- School of Rehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100060, China
| | - Changbin Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100060, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-010-8756-9345
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Rostami R, Kazemi R, Nasiri Z, Ataei S, Hadipour AL, Jaafari N. Cold Cognition as Predictor of Treatment Response to rTMS; A Retrospective Study on Patients With Unipolar and Bipolar Depression. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:888472. [PMID: 35959241 PMCID: PMC9358278 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.888472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundCognitive impairments are prevalent in patients with unipolar and bipolar depressive disorder (UDD and BDD, respectively). Considering the fact assessing cognitive functions is increasingly feasible for clinicians and researchers, targeting these problems in treatment and using them at baseline as predictors of response to treatment can be very informative.MethodIn a naturalistic, retrospective study, data from 120 patients (Mean age: 33.58) with UDD (n = 56) and BDD (n = 64) were analyzed. Patients received 20 sessions of bilateral rTMS (10 Hz over LDLPFC and 1 HZ over RDLPFC) and were assessed regarding their depressive symptoms, sustained attention, working memory, and executive functions, using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery Cambridge, at baseline and after the end of rTMS treatment course. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) and logistic regression were used as the main statistical methods to test the hypotheses.ResultsFifty-three percentage of all patients (n = 64) responded to treatment. In particular, 53.1% of UDD patients (n = 34) and 46.9% of BDD patients (n = 30) responded to treatment. Bilateral rTMS improved all cognitive functions (attention, working memory, and executive function) except for visual memory and resulted in more modulations in the working memory of UDD compared to BDD patients. More improvements in working memory were observed in responded patients and visual memory, age, and sex were determined as treatment response predictors. Working memory, visual memory, and age were identified as treatment response predictors in BDD and UDD patients, respectively.ConclusionBilateral rTMS improved cold cognition and depressive symptoms in UDD and BDD patients, possibly by altering cognitive control mechanisms (top-down), and processing negative emotional bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rostami
- Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Reza Rostami
| | - Reza Kazemi
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies>, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Nasiri
- Convergent Technologies Research Center, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ataei
- Department of Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Abed L. Hadipour
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Nematollah Jaafari
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Intersectorielle en Psychiatrie Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France
- University Poitiers & CHU Poitiers, INSERM U1084, Laboratoire Expérimental et Clinique en Neurosciences, Poitiers, France
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Hernandez CM, Hernandez AR, Hoffman JM, King PH, McMahon LL, Buford TW, Carter C, Bizon JL, Burke SN. A Neuroscience Primer for Integrating Geroscience With the Neurobiology of Aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2022; 77:e19-e33. [PMID: 34623396 PMCID: PMC8751809 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroscience has a rich history of studies focusing on neurobiology of aging. However, much of the aging studies in neuroscience occur outside of the gerosciences. The goal of this primer is 2-fold: first, to briefly highlight some of the history of aging neurobiology and second, to introduce to geroscientists the broad spectrum of methodological approaches neuroscientists use to study the neurobiology of aging. This primer is accompanied by a corresponding geroscience primer, as well as a perspective on the current challenges and triumphs of the current divide across these 2 fields. This series of manuscripts is intended to foster enhanced collaborations between neuroscientists and geroscientists with the intent of strengthening the field of cognitive aging through inclusion of parameters from both areas of expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caesar M Hernandez
- Department of Cellular, Development, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Abigail R Hernandez
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jessica M Hoffman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Peter H King
- Department of Cellular, Development, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Lori L McMahon
- Department of Cellular, Development, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,UAB Nathan Shock Center for the Basic Biology of Aging, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,UAB Integrative Center for Aging Research, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Thomas W Buford
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,UAB Nathan Shock Center for the Basic Biology of Aging, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,UAB Integrative Center for Aging Research, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Christy Carter
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jennifer L Bizon
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, and the McKnight Brain Institute, The University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sara N Burke
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, and the McKnight Brain Institute, The University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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12
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Li H, Ma J, Zhang J, Shi WY, Mei HN, Xing Y. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Modulates Thyroid Hormones Level and Cognition in the Recovery Stage of Stroke Patients with Cognitive Dysfunction. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e931914. [PMID: 34686649 PMCID: PMC8549488 DOI: 10.12659/msm.931914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This single-center study aimed to investigate the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on modulation of thyroid hormone levels and cognition in the recovery stage of patients with cognitive dysfunction following stroke. Material/Methods Seventy post-stroke patients who had cognitive impairment were randomly assigned to either the rTMS group or the control (sham) group. Both groups were administered basic treatment, with the rTMS group receiving rTMS (1 Hz, 90% MT, 1000 pulse/20 min, once a day for 5 days, for a total of 20 times), the stimulation site was the contralateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and the sham group receiving sham stimulation which had the same stimulation parameters and site, except that the coil plane was placed perpendicular to the surface of the scalp. Cognitive function assessment and thyroid function tests were performed before and after 4 weeks of treatment. Results Serum levels of triiodothyronine (T3), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) showed a positive correlation with Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale score of stroke patients in the recovery phase. The post-treatment change in the scores of MoCA and Modified Barthel Index (MBI) and scores of 3 cognitive domains (visuospatial function, memory, and attention), as well as serum T3, FT3, and TSH levels, were improved more significantly in the rTMS group, and T3 and FT3 levels significantly affected the MoCA scores within the reference range. Conclusions Serum T3, FT3, and TSH levels of stroke patients in the recovery phase were positively correlated with MoCA score. rTMS increased T3, FT3, and TSH levels and also improved MoCA and MBI of patients in the recovery phase of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Jiang Ma
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Wan-Ying Shi
- Department of Neurology, Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Hao-Nan Mei
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Yan Xing
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
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13
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Brioschi Guevara A, Bieler M, Altomare D, Berthier M, Csajka C, Dautricourt S, Démonet JF, Dodich A, Frisoni GB, Miniussi C, Molinuevo JL, Ribaldi F, Scheltens P, Chételat G. Protocols for cognitive enhancement. A user manual for Brain Health Services-part 5 of 6. Alzheimers Res Ther 2021; 13:172. [PMID: 34635149 PMCID: PMC8507160 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00844-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive complaints in the absence of objective cognitive impairment, observed in patients with subjective cognitive decline (SCD), are common in old age. The first step to postpone cognitive decline is to use techniques known to improve cognition, i.e., cognitive enhancement techniques.We aimed to provide clinical recommendations to improve cognitive performance in cognitively unimpaired individuals, by using cognitive, mental, or physical training (CMPT), non-invasive brain stimulations (NIBS), drugs, or nutrients. We made a systematic review of CMPT studies based on the GRADE method rating the strength of evidence.CMPT have clinically relevant effects on cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes. The quality of evidence supporting the improvement of outcomes following a CMPT was high for metamemory; moderate for executive functions, attention, global cognition, and generalization in daily life; and low for objective memory, subjective memory, motivation, mood, and quality of life, as well as a transfer to other cognitive functions. Regarding specific interventions, CMPT based on repeated practice (e.g., video games or mindfulness, but not physical training) improved attention and executive functions significantly, while CMPT based on strategic learning significantly improved objective memory.We found encouraging evidence supporting the potential effect of NIBS in improving memory performance, and reducing the perception of self-perceived memory decline in SCD. Yet, the high heterogeneity of stimulation protocols in the different studies prevent the issuing of clear-cut recommendations for implementation in a clinical setting. No conclusive argument was found to recommend any of the main pharmacological cognitive enhancement drugs ("smart drugs", acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, antidepressant) or herbal extracts (Panax ginseng, Gingko biloba, and Bacopa monnieri) in people without cognitive impairment.Altogether, this systematic review provides evidence for CMPT to improve cognition, encouraging results for NIBS although more studies are needed, while it does not support the use of drugs or nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Brioschi Guevara
- Centre Leenaards de la Mémoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Melanie Bieler
- Centre Leenaards de la Mémoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Altomare
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Memory Clinic, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marcelo Berthier
- Unit of Cognitive Neurology and Aphasia, Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga - IBIMA, Malaga, Spain
| | - Chantal Csajka
- Center for Research and Innovation in clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Dautricourt
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Jean-François Démonet
- Centre Leenaards de la Mémoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Dodich
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences - CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Memory Clinic, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Miniussi
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences - CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - José Luis Molinuevo
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federica Ribaldi
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Memory Clinic, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Alzheimer's Neuroimaging and Epidemiology (LANE), Saint John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gael Chételat
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, 14000, Caen, France
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14
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Jenkins LM, Kogan A, Malinab M, Ingo C, Sedaghat S, Bryan NR, Yaffe K, Parrish TB, Nemeth AJ, Lloyd-Jones DM, Launer LJ, Wang L, Sorond F. Blood pressure, executive function, and network connectivity in middle-aged adults at risk of dementia in late life. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2024265118. [PMID: 34493658 PMCID: PMC8449402 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024265118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Midlife blood pressure is associated with structural brain changes, cognitive decline, and dementia in late life. However, the relationship between early adulthood blood pressure exposure, brain structure and function, and cognitive performance in midlife is not known. A better understanding of these relationships in the preclinical stage may advance our mechanistic understanding of vascular contributions to late-life cognitive decline and dementia and may provide early therapeutic targets. To identify resting-state functional connectivity of executive control networks (ECNs), a group independent components analysis was performed of functional MRI scans of 600 individuals from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults longitudinal cohort study, with cumulative systolic blood pressure (cSBP) measured at nine visits over the preceding 30 y. Dual regression analysis investigated performance-related connectivity of ECNs in 578 individuals (mean age 55.5 ± 3.6 y, 323 female, 243 Black) with data from the Stroop color-word task of executive function. Greater connectivity of a left ECN to the bilateral anterior gyrus rectus, right posterior orbitofrontal cortex, and nucleus accumbens was associated with better executive control performance on the Stroop. Mediation analyses showed that while the relationship between cSBP and Stroop performance was mediated by white matter hyperintensities (WMH), resting-state connectivity of the ECN mediated the relationship between WMH and executive function. Increased connectivity of the left ECN to regions involved in reward processing appears to compensate for the deleterious effects of WMH on executive function in individuals across the burden of cumulative systolic blood pressure exposure in midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne M Jenkins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611;
| | - Alexandr Kogan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Matthew Malinab
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Carson Ingo
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Sanaz Sedaghat
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Nick R Bryan
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19103
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94121
| | - Todd B Parrish
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208
| | - Alexander J Nemeth
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Donald M Lloyd-Jones
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 20814
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Farzaneh Sorond
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
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15
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Weiler M, Moreno-Castilla P, Starnes HM, Melendez ELR, Stieger KC, Long JM, Rapp PR. Effects of repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in aged rats depend on pre-treatment cognitive status: Toward individualized intervention for successful cognitive aging. Brain Stimul 2021; 14:1219-1225. [PMID: 34400378 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) has shown initial promise in combating age-related cognitive decline and dementia. The nature and severity of cognitive aging, however, varies markedly between individuals. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS We hypothesized that the distinct constellation of brain changes responsible for individual differences in cognitive aging might influence the response to rTMS. METHODS Cognitive effects of rTMS were evaluated using a rat model of cognitive aging in which aged rats are classified as Aged-Impaired (AI) or -Unimpaired (AU) relative to young (Y) according to their performance in the Morris water maze. Several weeks later, following presentation of a sample odor in an olfactory recognition task, rats received either sham (Y, n = 9; AU, n = 8; AI, n = 9) or intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation (Y, n = 8; AU, n = 8; AI, n = 9). Memory was tested 24 h later. RESULTS Recognition memory in the sham and stimulated conditions depended on pre-treatment cognitive status in the aged rats. Y and AU sham rats displayed robust odor recognition, whereas sham-treated AI rats exhibited no retention. In contrast, rTMS treated AI rats showed robust retention, comparable in magnitude to Y, whereas the AU stimulated scored at chance. CONCLUSION Our results are consistent with a perspective that the unique neurobiology associated with variability in cognitive aging modulates the response to rTMS. Protocols with documented efficacy in young adults may have unexpected outcomes in aging or neurodegenerative conditions, requiring individualized approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Weiler
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, USA
| | - Perla Moreno-Castilla
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, USA
| | - Hannah M Starnes
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, USA
| | - Edward L R Melendez
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, USA
| | - Kevin C Stieger
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Long
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, USA
| | - Peter R Rapp
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, USA.
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16
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Aloizou AM, Pateraki G, Anargyros K, Siokas V, Bakirtzis C, Sgantzos M, Messinis L, Nasios G, Peristeri E, Bogdanos DP, Doskas TK, Tzeferakos G, Dardiotis E. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9080949. [PMID: 34442086 PMCID: PMC8391181 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9080949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a debilitating impairment of cognitive functions that affects millions of people worldwide. There are several diseases belonging to the dementia spectrum, most prominently Alzheimer’s disease (AD), vascular dementia (VD), Lewy body dementia (LBD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a safe, non-invasive form of brain stimulation that utilizes a magnetic coil to generate an electrical field and induce numerous changes in the brain. It is considered efficacious for the treatment of various neuropsychiatric disorders. In this paper, we review the available studies involving rTMS in the treatment of these dementia types. The majority of studies have involved AD and shown beneficial effects, either as a standalone, or as an add-on to standard-of-care pharmacological treatment and cognitive training. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex seems to hold a central position in the applied protocols, but several parameters still need to be defined. In addition, rTMS has shown potential in mild cognitive impairment as well. Regarding the remaining dementias, research is still at preliminary phases, and large, randomized studies are currently lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina-Maria Aloizou
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly Biopolis, Mezourlo Hill, 41100 Larissa, Greece; (A.-M.A.); (G.P.); (K.A.); (V.S.); (M.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Georgia Pateraki
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly Biopolis, Mezourlo Hill, 41100 Larissa, Greece; (A.-M.A.); (G.P.); (K.A.); (V.S.); (M.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Konstantinos Anargyros
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly Biopolis, Mezourlo Hill, 41100 Larissa, Greece; (A.-M.A.); (G.P.); (K.A.); (V.S.); (M.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Vasileios Siokas
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly Biopolis, Mezourlo Hill, 41100 Larissa, Greece; (A.-M.A.); (G.P.); (K.A.); (V.S.); (M.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Christos Bakirtzis
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, B’Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Markos Sgantzos
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly Biopolis, Mezourlo Hill, 41100 Larissa, Greece; (A.-M.A.); (G.P.); (K.A.); (V.S.); (M.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Lambros Messinis
- Neuropsychology Section, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Patras and University of Patras, Medical School, 26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Grigorios Nasios
- Department of Speech and Language Therapy, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece;
| | - Eleni Peristeri
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly Biopolis, Mezourlo Hill, 41100 Larissa, Greece; (A.-M.A.); (G.P.); (K.A.); (V.S.); (M.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Dimitrios P. Bogdanos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University General Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 40500 Larissa, Greece;
| | | | - Georgios Tzeferakos
- Association for Regional Development and Mental Health (EPAPSY), 15124 Marousi, Greece;
| | - Efthimios Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly Biopolis, Mezourlo Hill, 41100 Larissa, Greece; (A.-M.A.); (G.P.); (K.A.); (V.S.); (M.S.); (E.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-241-350-1137 or +30-697-422-4279
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17
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Liu M, Nie ZY, Li RR, Zhang W, Huang LH, Wang JQ, Xiao WX, Zheng JC, Li YX. Neural Mechanism of Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Enhance Visual Working Memory in Elderly Individuals With Subjective Cognitive Decline. Front Neurol 2021; 12:665218. [PMID: 34335441 PMCID: PMC8320844 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.665218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual working memory (VWM), the core process inherent to many advanced cognitive processes, deteriorates with age. Elderly individuals usually experience defects in the processing of VWM. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is a key structure for the top-down control of working memory processes. Many studies have shown that repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) improves VWM by modulating the excitability of neurons in the target cortical region, though the underlying neural mechanism has not been clarified. Therefore, this study sought to assess the characteristics of brain memory function post-rTMS targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The study stimulated the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in elderly individuals by performing a high-frequency rTMS protocol and evaluated behavioral performance using cognitive tasks and a VWM task. Based on the simultaneously recorded electroencephalogram signals, event-related potential and event-related spectral perturbation analysis techniques were used to investigate the variation characteristics of event-related potential components' (N2PC and CDA) amplitudes and neural oscillations in elderly individuals to elucidate the effect of high-frequency rTMS. The results found that rTMS enhanced VWM performance and significantly improved attention and executive function in elderly individuals with subjective cognitive decline. We therefore speculate that rTMS enhances VWM by increasing the N2PC and CDA amplitude, alongside increasing β oscillation activity. This would improve the attention and allocation of resources in elderly individuals such as to improve an individual's VWM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Yu Nie
- Department of Neurology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ren-Ren Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-He Huang
- Research Center for Ageing Language and Care, School of Foreign Languages, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie-Qun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Xin Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialin C Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Xia Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Friehs MA, Klaus J, Singh T, Frings C, Hartwigsen G. Perturbation of the right prefrontal cortex disrupts interference control. Neuroimage 2020; 222:117279. [PMID: 32828926 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Resolving cognitive interference is central for successful everyday cognition and behavior. The Stroop task is a classical measure of cognitive interference. In this task, participants have to resolve interference on a trial-by-trial basis and performance is also influenced by the trial history, as reflected in sequence effects. Previous neuroimaging studies have associated the left and right prefrontal cortex with successful performance in the Stroop task. Yet, the causal relevance of both regions for interference processing remains largely unclear. We probed the functional relevance of the left and right prefrontal cortex for interference control. In three sessions, 25 healthy participants received online repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and sham stimulation over the vertex. During each session, participants completed a verbal-response Stroop task. Relative to sham rTMS and rTMS over the left prefrontal cortex, rTMS over the right prefrontal cortex selectively disrupted the Stroop sequence effect (i.e., the congruency sequence effect; CSE). This effect was specific to sequential modulations of interference since rTMS did not affect the Stroop performance in the ongoing trial. Our results demonstrate the functional relevance of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for the processing of interference control. This finding points towards process-specific lateralization within the prefrontal cortex. The observed process- and site-specific TMS effect provides new insights into the neurophysiological underpinnings of Stroop task performance and more general, the role of the prefrontal cortex in the processing of interference control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian A Friehs
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Methodology, Trier University, Germany.
| | - Jana Klaus
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Tarini Singh
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Halle University, Germany
| | - Christian Frings
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Methodology, Trier University, Germany
| | - Gesa Hartwigsen
- Lise Meitner Research Group Cognition and Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Germany
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Cui X, Ren W, Zheng Z, Li J. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Improved Source Memory and Modulated Recollection-Based Retrieval in Healthy Older Adults. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1137. [PMID: 32636777 PMCID: PMC7316954 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Source memory is one of the cognitive abilities that are most vulnerable to aging. Luckily, the brain plasticity could be modulated to counteract the decline. The repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a relatively non-invasive neuro-modulatory technique, could directly modulate neural excitability in the targeted cortical areas. Here, we are interested in whether the application of rTMS could enhance the source memory performance in healthy older adults. In addition, event-related potentials (ERPs) were employed to explore the specific retrieval process that rTMS could affect. Subjects were randomly assigned to either the rTMS group or the sham group. The rTMS group received 10 sessions (20 min per session) of 10 Hz rTMS applying on the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (i.e., F4 site), and the sham group received 10 sessions of sham stimulation. Both groups performed source memory tests before and after the intervention while the electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded during the retrieval process. Behavioral results showed that the source memory performance was significantly improved after rTMS compared with the sham stimulation; ERPs results showed that during the retrieval phase, the left parietal old/new effect, which reflected the process of recollection common to both young and old adults, increased in the rTMS group compared with the sham stimulation group, whereas the late reversed old/new effect specific to the source retrieval of older adults showed similar attenuation after intervention in both groups. The present results suggested that rTMS could be an effective intervention to improve source memory performance in healthy older adults and that it selectively facilitated the youth-like recollection process during retrieval. This study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR) with the identifier chictr-ire-15006371.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Center on Aging Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weicong Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Center on Aging Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhiwei Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Center on Aging Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Center on Aging Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Patel R, Silla F, Pierce S, Theule J, Girard TA. Cognitive functioning before and after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): A quantitative meta-analysis in healthy adults. Neuropsychologia 2020; 141:107395. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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21
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Corlier J, Burnette E, Wilson AC, Lou JJ, Landeros A, Minzenberg MJ, Leuchter AF. Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) on cognitive control. J Affect Disord 2020; 265:272-277. [PMID: 32090751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is commonly accompanied by cognitive control dysfunction that may persist after remission of clinical symptoms with antidepressant medication treatment. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is an effective treatment alternative for medication-resistant MDD. In this study, we investigated whether rTMS treatment had a beneficial effect not only on depressive symptoms, but on also cognitive control dysfunction. METHODS 77 subjects with MDD received a 30-session treatment course of 10 Hz rTMS administered at the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Treatment efficacy was assessed using the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Rated (IDS-SR) before and after treatment, with clinical response defined as 50% or greater decrease in the IDS-SR score at treatment 30. Cognitive control function was assessed before and after treatment using the Stroop word-color interference task. We examined changes in Stroop accuracy and reaction time for congruent and incongruent trials, as well as in relation to changes in depressive symptoms. RESULTS Performance accuracy improved particularly for the rTMS responders in the incongruent condition, with older subjects benefitting most from the rTMS treatment. Improvement in reaction times was positively associated with clinical improvement, especially in the incongruent condition. LIMITATIONS We used a single cognitive task in a naturalistic setting without control for individual rTMS treatment parameters or concomitant medication. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results indicate that rTMS treatment for MDD has beneficial effects on psychomotor speed and cognitive control. Future studies should extend these findings to larger patient populations and other cognitive domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Corlier
- TMS Clinical and Research Program, Neuromodulation Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Elizabeth Burnette
- Interdepartmental Program for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Andrew C Wilson
- TMS Clinical and Research Program, Neuromodulation Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jerry J Lou
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Adrian Landeros
- TMS Clinical and Research Program, Neuromodulation Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Andrew F Leuchter
- TMS Clinical and Research Program, Neuromodulation Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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22
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Geissler Geißler CF, Hofmann MJ, Frings C. It is more than Interference: Examining the neurohemodynamic correlates of the flanker task with functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:3022-3031. [PMID: 32090396 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous functional near-infrared spectroscopy studies using the Eriksen flanker task, in contrast to functional magnetic resonance imaging studies, revealed the quite puzzling finding of an inverted conflict effect, that is, greater middle and superior frontal activation in response compatible than in response incompatible trials. However, since neither prior functional near-infrared spectroscopy studies nor most previous functional magnetic resonance imaging studies separated between an identical and a compatible condition, it is hard to pinpoint whether this discrepancy occurs on the level of stimulus processing or response generation. By assigning two letters to both left (D, F) and right (J, K) hand reactions, we were able to separate identical (e.g., JJJ) and compatible (e.g., JKJ) conditions that solely differ in their stimulus congruency. Replicating prior functional magnetic resonance imaging findings, we found the standard conflict effect at the transition of superior and middle frontal gyrus, when comparing the activation in compatible trials to that in incompatible trials. Both changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin thus pointed to more effortful processing in incompatible trials. Interestingly, however, identical trials showed the highest activation in this region, according to both changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. A finding that mirrors and extends prior functional near-infrared spectroscopy findings, which only regarded oxygenated blood. We argue that this pattern of results does not reflect the standard conflict effect. We rather assume that other processes like perceptual familiarity or strategic readjustment might be at play.
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23
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Ma Q, Geng Y, Wang HL, Han B, Wang YY, Li XL, Wang L, Wang MW. High Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Alleviates Cognitive Impairment and Modulates Hippocampal Synaptic Structural Plasticity in Aged Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:235. [PMID: 31619982 PMCID: PMC6759649 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal aging is accompanied by hippocampus-dependent cognitive impairment, which is a risk factor of Alzheimer’s disease. This study aims to investigate the effect of high frequency-repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF-rTMS) on hippocampus-dependent learning and memory in aged mice and explore its underlying mechanisms. Forty-five male Kunming mice (15 months old) were randomly divided into three groups: aged sham, 5 Hz rTMS, and 25 Hz rTMS. Two sessions of 5 Hz or 25 Hz rTMS comprising 1,000 pulses in 10 trains were delivered once a day for 14 consecutive days. The aged sham group was treated by the reverse side of the coil. In the adult sham group, 15 male Kunming mice (3 months old) were treated the same way as the aged sham group. A Morris water maze (MWM) was conducted following the stimulation, and synaptic ultrastructure was observed through a transmission electron microscope. HF-rTMS improved spatial learning and memory impairment in the aged mice, and 5 Hz was more significant than 25 Hz. Synaptic plasticity-associated gene profiles were modified by HF-rTMS, especially neurotrophin signaling pathways and cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB) cofactors. Compared to the aged sham group, synaptic plasticity-associated proteins, i.e., synaptophysin (SYN) and postsynaptic density (PSD)-95 were increased; brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) significantly increased after the 5 Hz HF-rTMS treatment. Collectively, our results suggest that HF-rTMS ameliorated cognitive deficits in naturally aged mice. The 5 Hz rTMS treatment significantly enhanced synaptic structural plasticity and activated the BDNF/CREB pathway in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinying Ma
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Hebei, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuan Geng
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Hebei, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hua-Long Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Hebei, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Hebei, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yan-Yong Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Hebei, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiao-Li Li
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Emergency Department, CNPC Central Hospital, Langfang, China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Hebei, Shijiazhuang, China
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24
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Fileccia E, Di Stasi V, Poda R, Rizzo G, Stanzani-Maserati M, Oppi F, Avoni P, Capellari S, Liguori R. Effects on cognition of 20-day anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in patients affected by mild cognitive impairment: a case-control study. Neurol Sci 2019; 40:1865-1872. [PMID: 31062189 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-03903-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a common disorder affecting as much as 15% of the elderly population. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive technique of neuromodulation that has proven to influence performance in different cognitive domains. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS We investigated the effects on cognition of 20-day anodal tDCS in 17 MCI patients compared with 17 matched MCI patients. METHODS Patients underwent neuropsychological evaluation at baseline and then were randomly assigned to the anodal or sham group. The tDCS protocol consisted in 20 min, 5 days per week (up to a total of 20 days), of 2-mA anodal stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). The location of anodal electrode was chosen in accordance with previous reports which relate anodal stimulation of this site with cognitive enhancement. At the end of the last day of stimulation, a second neuropsychological evaluation was performed. We compared baseline and post-stimulation neuropsychological results in the anodal vs sham group using repeated measures ANOVA as a statistical analysis test. RESULTS At follow-up, patients exposed to anodal stimulation showed improvement in episodic verbal memory (p < 0.001) and figure naming test (p < 0.01), in a general index of cognitive function (Brief Mental Deterioration Battery) (p < 0.0001) and in a mood measurement test (Beck Depression Inventory) (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Anodal tDCS could be a useful tool to improve cognitive symptoms in MCI although more evidence is needed to understand the exact underlying mechanisms. Confirmation of its potential benefits in MCI would be significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Fileccia
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | | | - Roberto Poda
- Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Rizzo
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Federico Oppi
- Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Avoni
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabina Capellari
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rocco Liguori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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25
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Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation over Prefrontal Cortex on Attention in Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8040416. [PMID: 30934685 PMCID: PMC6518000 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8040416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may be effective for enhancing cognitive functioning. In this review, we aimed to systematically evaluate the effects of rTMS on attention in psychiatric diseases. In particular, we searched PubMed and Embase to examine the effectiveness of rTMS administered to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on this specific cognitive domain. The search identified 24 articles, 21 of which met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Among them, nine were conducted in patients with depression, four in patients with schizophrenia, three in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), two in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, one each in patients with Alzheimer's disease and in patients with alcohol or methamphetamine addiction. No evidence for cognitive adverse effects was found in all the included rTMS studies. Several studies showed a significant improvement of attentional function in patients with depression and schizophrenia. The beneficial effects on attention and other executive functions suggest that rTMS has the potential to target core features of ASD. rTMS may influence the attentional networks in alcohol-dependent and other addicted patients. We also reviewed and discussed the studies assessing the effects of rTMS on attention in the healthy population. This review suggests that prefrontal rTMS could exert procognitive effects on attention in patients with many psychiatric disorders.
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26
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Online repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation during working memory in younger and older adults: A randomized within-subject comparison. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213707. [PMID: 30901345 PMCID: PMC6430375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Working memory is the ability to perform mental operations on information that is stored in a flexible, limited capacity buffer. The ability to manipulate information in working memory is central to many aspects of human cognition, but also declines with healthy aging. Given the profound importance of such working memory manipulation abilities, there is a concerted effort towards developing approaches to improve them. The current study tested the capacity to enhance working memory manipulation with online repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in healthy young and older adults. Online high frequency (5Hz) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to test the hypothesis that active repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation would lead to significant improvements in memory recall accuracy compared to sham stimulation, and that these effects would be most pronounced in working memory manipulation conditions with the highest cognitive demand in both young and older adults. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied while participants were performing a delayed response alphabetization task with three individually-titrated levels of difficulty. The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was identified by combining electric field modeling to individualized functional magnetic resonance imaging activation maps and was targeted during the experiment using stereotactic neuronavigation with real-time robotic guidance, allowing optimal coil placement during the stimulation. As no accuracy differences were found between young and older adults, the results from both groups were collapsed. Subsequent analyses revealed that active stimulation significantly increased accuracy relative to sham stimulation, but only for the hardest condition. These results point towards further investigation of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for memory enhancement focusing on high difficulty conditions as those most likely to exhibit benefits.
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27
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Abstract
Healthy aging is associated with numerous deficits in cognitive function, which have been attributed to changes within the prefrontal cortex (PFC). This chapter summarizes some of the most prominent cognitive changes associated with age-related alterations in the anatomy and physiology of the PFC. Specifically, aging of the PFC results in deficient aspects of cognitive control, including sustained attention, selective attention, inhibitory control, working memory, and multitasking abilities. Yet, not all cognitive functions associated with the PFC exhibit age-related declines, such as arithmetic, comprehension, emotion perception, and emotional control. Moreover, not all older adults exhibit declines in cognition. Multiple life-course and lifestyle factors, as well as genetics, play a role in the trajectory of cognitive performance across the life span. Thus many adults retain cognitive function well into advanced age. Moreover, the brain remains plastic throughout life and there is increasing evidence that most age-related declines in cognition can be remediated by various methods such as physical exercise, cognitive training, or noninvasive brain stimulation. Overall, because cognitive aging is associated with numerous life-course and lifestyle factors, successful aging likely begins in early life, while maintaining cognition or remediating declines is a life-long process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore P Zanto
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Neuroscape, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Adam Gazzaley
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Departments of Physiology and Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Neuroscape, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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28
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Huo L, Zheng Z, Li J, Wan W, Cui X, Chen S, Wang W, Li J. Long-Term Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Does Not Improve Executive Function in Healthy Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:298. [PMID: 30386229 PMCID: PMC6199350 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Executive function tends to decline as people age. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is assumed to have beneficial effects on various cognitive functions. Some prior investigations have shown that repeated sessions of tDCS enhance the executive function performance of healthy elderly people by mediating cognitive training gains. However, studies of the effect of long-term stimulation on executive function without cognitive training are absent. Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore whether the executive function of healthy older adults could be enhanced with long-term tDCS alone applied on the prefrontal cortex. Methods: Sixty-five cognitively normal older adults were enrolled and randomly assigned to two groups: an anodal tDCS group and a sham tDCS group. The participants in the two groups received anodal stimulation or sham stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal lobe, for 30 min per day for 10 consecutive days. Executive function was tested before stimulation, immediately after stimulation and 3 months after stimulation. Three core components of executive function were tested using a two-back task for updating, a flanker task for inhibition, and a switching task for shifting. Results: Across the three tasks, we failed to discover any differences between the anodal and sham stimulation. Moreover, we found no statistically significant stimulation effect in the follow-up session. Conclusion: Our study does not support the assumption that multiple sessions of tDCS that are independent of cognitive training have a beneficial effect on executive function in healthy older adults, presumably because the effect of the stimulation lies in its amplification of training gains. It indicates that combining traditional cognitive training methods with brain stimulation may be a better approach to improve older adults' executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Huo
- Center on Aging Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Zheng
- Center on Aging Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Li
- Center on Aging Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyu Wan
- Center on Aging Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Cui
- Center on Aging Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyuan Chen
- Center on Aging Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Center on Aging Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Li
- Center on Aging Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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29
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Gomes-Osman J, Indahlastari A, Fried PJ, Cabral DLF, Rice J, Nissim NR, Aksu S, McLaren ME, Woods AJ. Non-invasive Brain Stimulation: Probing Intracortical Circuits and Improving Cognition in the Aging Brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:177. [PMID: 29950986 PMCID: PMC6008650 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of cognitive aging on brain function and structure is complex, and the relationship between aging-related structural changes and cognitive function are not fully understood. Physiological and pathological changes to the aging brain are highly variable, making it difficult to estimate a cognitive trajectory with which to monitor the conversion to cognitive decline. Beyond the information on the structural and functional consequences of cognitive aging gained from brain imaging and neuropsychological studies, non-invasive brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can enable stimulation of the human brain in vivo, offering useful insights into the functional integrity of intracortical circuits using electrophysiology and neuromodulation. TMS measurements can be used to identify and monitor changes in cortical reactivity, the integrity of inhibitory and excitatory intracortical circuits, the mechanisms of long-term potentiation (LTP)/depression-like plasticity and central cholinergic function. Repetitive TMS and tDCS can be used to modulate neuronal excitability and enhance cortical function, and thus offer a potential means to slow or reverse cognitive decline. This review will summarize and critically appraise relevant literature regarding the use of TMS and tDCS to probe cortical areas affected by the aging brain, and as potential therapeutic tools to improve cognitive function in the aging population. Challenges arising from intra-individual differences, limited reproducibility, and methodological differences will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Gomes-Osman
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Aprinda Indahlastari
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Peter J. Fried
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Danylo L. F. Cabral
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jordyn Rice
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Nicole R. Nissim
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Serkan Aksu
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Molly E. McLaren
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Adam J. Woods
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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30
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Yang CC, Völlm B, Khalifa N. The Effects of rTMS on Impulsivity in Normal Adults: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2018; 28:377-392. [DOI: 10.1007/s11065-018-9376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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31
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Şalçini C, Sayar GH, Çebi M, Tan O, Kağan G, Tanrıdağ O, Tarhan N. The impact of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on executive functioning of drug-free patients with treatment-resistant depression. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2017.1421398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Celal Şalçini
- Department of Neurology, Uskudar University, NPIstanbul Brain Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gökben Hızlı Sayar
- Department of Psychiatry, Uskudar University, NPIstanbul Brain Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Çebi
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oğuz Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, Uskudar University, NPIstanbul Brain Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gaye Kağan
- Department of Psychology, Uskudar University, NPIstanbul Brain Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
- Türkiye Yeşilay Cemiyeti, YEDAM, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oğuz Tanrıdağ
- Department of Neurology, Uskudar University, NPIstanbul Brain Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nevzat Tarhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Uskudar University, NPIstanbul Brain Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ren W, Ma J, Li J, Zhang Z, Wang M. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Modulates Lipid Metabolism in Aging Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:334. [PMID: 29089885 PMCID: PMC5650987 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia, one of the cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, is associated with an increase in the risk for dementia. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was applied over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) to modulate serum lipid levels in older adults. Participants received 10 sessions of rTMS or sham stimulation intervention within 2 weeks. The serum lipid and thyroid hormone-related endocrine levels were assessed before and after the treatment. We found that rTMS significantly decreased serum lipid levels, including the total cholesterol (CHO) and triglyceride (TG); meanwhile, it also increased the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) as well as thyroxine (T4) levels. This suggests that rTMS modulated the serum lipid metabolism by altering activity in the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. The trial was registered on the website of Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (http://www.chictr.org.cn).
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicong Ren
- Department of Psychology, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Center on Aging Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Ma
- Department of Rehabilitation, First Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Juan Li
- Center on Aging Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mingwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Viejo-Sobera R, Redolar-Ripoll D, Boixadós M, Palaus M, Valero-Cabré A, Marron EM. Impact of Prefrontal Theta Burst Stimulation on Clinical Neuropsychological Tasks. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:462. [PMID: 28867993 PMCID: PMC5563370 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Theta burst stimulation (TBS) protocols hold high promise in neuropsychological rehabilitation. Nevertheless, their ability to either decrease (continuous, cTBS) or increase (intermittent, iTBS) cortical excitability in areas other than the primary motor cortex, and their consistency modulating human behaviors with clinically relevant tasks remain to be fully established. The behavioral effects of TBS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) are particularly interesting given its involvement in working memory (WM) and executive functions (EF), often impaired following frontal brain damage. We aimed to explore the ability of cTBS and iTBS to modulate WM and EF in healthy individuals, assessed with clinical neuropsychological tests (Digits Backward, 3-back task, Stroop Test, and Tower of Hanoi). To this end, 36 participants were assessed using the four tests 1 week prior to stimulation and immediately following a single session of either cTBS, iTBS, or sham TBS, delivered to the left dlPFC. No significant differences were found across stimulation conditions in any of the clinical tasks. Nonetheless, in some of them, active stimulation induced significant pre/post performance modulations, which were not found for the sham condition. More specifically, sham stimulation yielded improvements in the 3-back task and the Color, Color-Word, and Interference Score of the Stroop Test, an effect likely caused by task practice. Both, iTBS and cTBS, produced improvements in Digits Backward and impairments in 3-back task accuracy. Moreover, iTBS increased Interference Score in the Stroop Test in spite of the improved word reading and impaired color naming, whereas cTBS decreased the time required to complete the Tower of Hanoi. Differing from TBS outcomes reported for cortico-spinal measures on the primary motor cortex, our analyses did not reveal any of the expected performance differences across stimulation protocols. However, if one considers independently pre/post differences for each individual outcome measure and task, either one or both of the active protocols appeared to modulate WM and EF. We critically discuss the value, potential explanations, and some plausible interpretations for this set of subtle impacts of left dlPFC TBS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Viejo-Sobera
- Cognitive NeuroLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de CatalunyaBarcelona, Spain.,Laboratory for Neuropsychiatry and Neuromodulation, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, United States
| | - Diego Redolar-Ripoll
- Cognitive NeuroLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de CatalunyaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Boixadós
- Cognitive NeuroLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de CatalunyaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Palaus
- Cognitive NeuroLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de CatalunyaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Valero-Cabré
- Cognitive NeuroLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de CatalunyaBarcelona, Spain.,Cerebral Dynamics Plasticity and Rehabilitation Group, Frontlab, Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 725, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale 1127 and UPMCParis, France.,Laboratory for Cerebral Dynamics Plasticity and Rehabilitation, Boston University School of MedicineBoston, MA, United States
| | - Elena M Marron
- Cognitive NeuroLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de CatalunyaBarcelona, Spain
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The effects of high-frequency rTMS over the left DLPFC on cognitive control in young healthy participants. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179430. [PMID: 28614399 PMCID: PMC5470713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence suggests that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is clinically effective in treating neuropsychiatric disorders and multiple sessions are commonly used. However, it is unknown whether multiple sessions of rTMS improve cognitive control, which is a function of the neural circuitry of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)-cingulate cortex in healthy individuals. In addition, it is still unclear which stages of neural processing are altered by rTMS. In this study, we investigated the effects of high-frequency rTMS on cognitive control and explored the time course changes of cognitive processing after rTMS using event-related potentials (ERPs). For seven consecutive days, 25 young healthy participants underwent one 10-Hz rTMS session per day in which stimulation was applied over the left DLPFC, and a homogeneous participant group of 25 individuals received a sham rTMS treatment. A Stroop task was performed, and an electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. The results revealed that multiple sessions of rTMS can decrease reaction time (RTs) under both congruent and incongruent conditions and also increased the amplitudes of both N2 and N450 compared with sham rTMS. The negative correlations between the mean amplitudes of both N2 and N450 and the RTs were found, however, the latter correlation were restricted to incongruent trials and the correlation was enhanced significantly by rTMS. This observation supports the view that high-frequency rTMS over the left DLPFC can not only recruit more neural resources from the prefrontal cortex by inducing an electrophysiologically excitatory effect but also enhance efficiency of resources to deploy for conflict resolution during multiple stages of cognitive control processing in healthy young people.
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Brain Stimulation for Cognitive Enhancement in the Older Person: State of the Art and Future Directions. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-017-0036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tatti E, Rossi S, Innocenti I, Rossi A, Santarnecchi E. Non-invasive brain stimulation of the aging brain: State of the art and future perspectives. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 29:66-89. [PMID: 27221544 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Favored by increased life expectancy and reduced birth rate, worldwide demography is rapidly shifting to older ages. The golden age of aging is not only an achievement but also a big challenge because of the load of the elderly on social and medical health care systems. Moreover, the impact of age-related decline of attention, memory, reasoning and executive functions on self-sufficiency emphasizes the need of interventions to maintain cognitive abilities at a useful degree in old age. Recently, neuroscientific research explored the chance to apply Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation (NiBS) techniques (as transcranial electrical and magnetic stimulation) to healthy aging population to preserve or enhance physiologically-declining cognitive functions. The present review will update and address the current state of the art on NiBS in healthy aging. Feasibility of NiBS techniques will be discussed in light of recent neuroimaging (either structural or functional) and neurophysiological models proposed to explain neural substrates of the physiologically aging brain. Further, the chance to design multidisciplinary interventions to maximize the efficacy of NiBS techniques will be introduced as a necessary future direction.
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Martins ARS, Fregni F, Simis M, Almeida J. Neuromodulation as a cognitive enhancement strategy in healthy older adults: promises and pitfalls. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2016; 24:158-185. [DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2016.1176986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Correlating Gray Matter Volume with Individual Difference in the Flanker Interference Effect. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136877. [PMID: 26322974 PMCID: PMC4554993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Eriksen Flanker task has been widely used as a measurement of cognitive control, however till now information is still scarce about how the neuroanatomical properties are related to performance in this task. Using voxel-based morphometry technique (VBM), the current study identified a set of distributed areas where the gray matter volume (GM) correlated positively with participants’ efficiency in interference inhibition. These areas included the bilateral prefrontal gyri, left insula and inferior temporal gyrus, the left inferior parietal lobule. Further analysis using a novel machine learning algorithm with balanced cross-validation procedure confirmed that in these areas the GM-behavioral association was unlikely a byproduct of outlier values, instead, the gray matter volume could predict reliably participants’ interference inhibition efficiency. These results underscore the importance of the fronto-parietal and insula systems to the brain functioning of interference inhibition from the neuroanatomical perspective.
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Hsu WY, Ku Y, Zanto TP, Gazzaley A. Effects of noninvasive brain stimulation on cognitive function in healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2348-59. [PMID: 26022770 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the effects of noninvasive brain stimulation on cognitive function in healthy older adults and patients with Alzheimer's disease. A comprehensive literature search was performed on noninvasive stimulation studies published from January 1990 to November 2014 in Pubmed and Web of Science. Fourteen articles with a total of 331 participants were identified as studies with healthy older adults, and the mean effect size and 95% confidence interval were estimated. A significant effect size of 0.42 was found for the cognitive outcome. Further subgroup analyses demonstrated more prominent effects for studies delivering the stimulation before the execution of the task and studies applying multiple sessions of stimulation. To assess the effects of stimulation on Alzheimer's disease patients, 11 studies with a total of 200 patients were included in the analysis. A significant effect size of 1.35 was found for the cognitive outcomes. Subgroup analyses indicated more pronounced effects for studies applying the stimulation during the execution of the task compared with studies delivering the stimulation before the execution of the task. Noninvasive brain stimulation has a positive effect on cognitive function in physiological and pathological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yu Hsu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yixuan Ku
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Institue of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Theodore P Zanto
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam Gazzaley
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Physiology and Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Cognitive effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with neurodegenerative diseases - clinician's perspective. J Neurol Sci 2014; 339:15-25. [PMID: 24530170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) represents a promising tool for studying and influencing cognition in people with neurodegenerative diseases. This procedure is noninvasive and painless, and it does not require the use of anesthesia or pharmacological substances. In this systematic critical review we report outcomes from research focused on behavioral cognitive effects induced by rTMS in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) preceding AD. There are still major limitations to rTMS use, such as a poor understanding of its after-effects and inter-individual variability in their magnitude, discrepancies in stimulation protocols and study designs, varied selection of the specific stimulated areas and control procedures, and neuropsychological methods for assessment of after-effects; hence, the results of the present research can only be considered preliminary. The future directions are discussed.
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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation applications normalized prefrontal dysfunctions and cognitive-related metabolic profiling in aged mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81482. [PMID: 24278445 PMCID: PMC3838337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that has recently received increasing interests as a therapeutic procedure for neurodegenerative diseases. To identify the metabolism mechanism underlying the improving effects of rTMS, we observed that high frequency (25Hz) rTMS for 14 days could reverse the decline of the performance of the passive avoidance task in aged mice. We further investigated the metabolite profiles in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in those mice and found that rTMS could also reverse the metabolic abnormalities of gamma-aminobutyric acid, N-acetyl aspartic, and cholesterol levels to the degree similar to the young mice. These data suggested that the rTMS could ameliorate the age-related cognitive impairment and improving the metabolic profiles in PFC, and potentially can be used to improve cognitive decline in the elderly.
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