1
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Wuyun Q, Zhang Y, Yuan J, Zhang J, Ren C, Wang Q, Yan S, Liu W, Wang G. A classic screening marker does not affect antennal electrophysiology but strongly regulates reproductive behaviours in Bactrocera dorsalis. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 33:136-146. [PMID: 37877756 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The key phenotype white eye (white) has been used for decades to selectively remove females before release in sterile insect technique programs and as an effective screening marker in genetic engineering. Bactrocera dorsalis is a representative tephritid pest causing damage to more than 150 fruit crops. Yet, the function of white in important biological processes remains unclear in B. dorsalis. In this study, the impacts of the white gene on electrophysiology and reproductive behaviour in B. dorsalis were tested. The results indicated that knocking out Bdwhite disrupted eye pigmentation in adults, consistent with previous reports. Bdwhite did not affect the antennal electrophysiology response to 63 chemical components with various structures. However, reproductive behaviours in both males and females were significantly reduced in Bdwhite-/- . Both pre-copulatory and copulation behaviours were significantly reduced in Bdwhite-/- , and the effect was male-specific. Mutant females significantly delayed their oviposition towards γ-octalactone, and the peak of oviposition behaviour towards orange juice was lost. These results show that Bdwhite might not be an ideal screening marker in functional gene research aiming to identify molecular targets for behaviour-modifying chemicals. Instead, owing to its strong effect on B. dorsalis sexual behaviours, the downstream genes regulated by Bdwhite or the genes from white-linked areas could be alternate molecular targets that promote the development of better behavioural modifying chemical-based pest management techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- QiQige Wuyun
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Management of Forest Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Management of Forest Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinxi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Management of Forest Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Management of Forest Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Cong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Management of Forest Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Management of Forest Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Shanchun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Management of Forest Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Genome, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Branch of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Gene Data Analysis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guirong Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Genome, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Branch of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Gene Data Analysis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenzhen, China
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2
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Berne A, Zhang T, Shomar J, Ferrer AJ, Valdes A, Ohyama T, Klein M. Mechanical vibration patterns elicit behavioral transitions and habituation in crawling Drosophila larvae. eLife 2023; 12:e69205. [PMID: 37855833 PMCID: PMC10586805 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
How animals respond to repeatedly applied stimuli, and how animals respond to mechanical stimuli in particular, are important questions in behavioral neuroscience. We study adaptation to repeated mechanical agitation using the Drosophila larva. Vertical vibration stimuli elicit a discrete set of responses in crawling larvae: continuation, pause, turn, and reversal. Through high-throughput larva tracking, we characterize how the likelihood of each response depends on vibration intensity and on the timing of repeated vibration pulses. By examining transitions between behavioral states at the population and individual levels, we investigate how the animals habituate to the stimulus patterns. We identify time constants associated with desensitization to prolonged vibration, with re-sensitization during removal of a stimulus, and additional layers of habituation that operate in the overall response. Known memory-deficient mutants exhibit distinct behavior profiles and habituation time constants. An analogous simple electrical circuit suggests possible neural and molecular processes behind adaptive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Berne
- Department of Physics, Department of Biology, University of MiamiCoral GablesUnited States
| | - Tom Zhang
- Department of Physics, Department of Biology, University of MiamiCoral GablesUnited States
| | - Joseph Shomar
- Department of Physics, Department of Biology, University of MiamiCoral GablesUnited States
| | - Anggie J Ferrer
- Department of Physics, Department of Biology, University of MiamiCoral GablesUnited States
| | - Aaron Valdes
- Department of Physics, Department of Biology, University of MiamiCoral GablesUnited States
| | - Tomoko Ohyama
- Department of Biology, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Mason Klein
- Department of Physics, Department of Biology, University of MiamiCoral GablesUnited States
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3
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Krams IA, Krama T, Krams R, Trakimas G, Popovs S, Jõers P, Munkevics M, Elferts D, Rantala MJ, Makņa J, de Bivort BL. Serotoninergic Modulation of Phototactic Variability Underpins a Bet-Hedging Strategy in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:659331. [PMID: 33935664 PMCID: PMC8085305 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.659331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
When organisms’ environmental conditions vary unpredictably in time, it can be advantageous for individuals to hedge their phenotypic bets. It has been shown that a bet-hedging strategy possibly underlies the high inter-individual diversity of phototactic choice in Drosophila melanogaster. This study shows that fruit flies from a population living in a boreal and relatively unpredictable climate have more variable variable phototactic biases than fruit flies from a more stable tropical climate, consistent with bet-hedging theory. We experimentally show that phototactic variability of D. melanogaster is regulated by the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT), which acts as a suppressor of the variability of phototactic choices. When fed 5-HT precursor, boreal flies exhibited lower variability, and they were insensitive to 5-HT inhibitor. The opposite pattern was seen in the tropical flies. Thus, the reduction of 5-HT in fruit flies’ brains may be the mechanistic basis of an adaptive bet-hedging strategy in a less predictable boreal climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrikis A Krams
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia.,Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Tatjana Krama
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia.,Chair of Plant Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ronalds Krams
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia.,Chair of Plant Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Sergejs Popovs
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Priit Jõers
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maris Munkevics
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia.,Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Didzis Elferts
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Markus J Rantala
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jānis Makņa
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Systems Engineering, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Benjamin L de Bivort
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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4
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Gowda SBM, Salim S, Mohammad F. Anatomy and Neural Pathways Modulating Distinct Locomotor Behaviors in Drosophila Larva. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:90. [PMID: 33504061 PMCID: PMC7910854 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The control of movements is a fundamental feature shared by all animals. At the most basic level, simple movements are generated by coordinated neural activity and muscle contraction patterns that are controlled by the central nervous system. How behavioral responses to various sensory inputs are processed and integrated by the downstream neural network to produce flexible and adaptive behaviors remains an intense area of investigation in many laboratories. Due to recent advances in experimental techniques, many fundamental neural pathways underlying animal movements have now been elucidated. For example, while the role of motor neurons in locomotion has been studied in great detail, the roles of interneurons in animal movements in both basic and noxious environments have only recently been realized. However, the genetic and transmitter identities of many of these interneurons remains unclear. In this review, we provide an overview of the underlying circuitry and neural pathways required by Drosophila larvae to produce successful movements. By improving our understanding of locomotor circuitry in model systems such as Drosophila, we will have a better understanding of how neural circuits in organisms with different bodies and brains lead to distinct locomotion types at the organism level. The understanding of genetic and physiological components of these movements types also provides directions to understand movements in higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Farhan Mohammad
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (BBS), College of Health & Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha 34110, Qatar; (S.B.M.G.); (S.S.)
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5
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Potter S, Sifers J, Yocom E, Blümich SLE, Potter R, Nadolski J, Harrison DA, Cooper RL. Effects of inhibiting mTOR with rapamycin on behavior, development, neuromuscular physiology and cardiac function in larval Drosophila. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.046508. [PMID: 31704693 PMCID: PMC6899040 DOI: 10.1242/bio.046508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapamycin and other mTOR inhibitors are being heralded as possible treatments for many human ailments. It is currently being utilized clinically as an immunomodulator after transplantation procedures and as a treatment for certain forms of cancer, but it has numerous potential clinical indications. Some studies have shown profound effects on life cycle and muscle physiology, but these issues have not been addressed in an organism undergoing developmental processes. This paper fills this void by examining the effect of mTOR inhibition by rapamycin on several different qualities of larval Drosophila. Various dosages of the compound were fed to second instar larvae. These larvae were monitored for pupae formation to elucidate possible life cycle effects, and a delay to pupation was quantified. Behavioral deficits were documented in rapamycin-treated larvae. Electrophysiological measurements were taken to discern changes in muscle physiology and synaptic signaling (i.e. resting membrane potential, amplitude of excitatory post-synaptic potentials, synaptic facilitation). Pupation delay and effects on behavior that are likely due to synaptic alterations within the central nervous system were discovered in rapamycin-fed larvae. These results allow for several conclusions as to how mTOR inhibition by rapamycin affects a developing organism. This could eventually allow for a more informed decision when using rapamycin and other mTOR inhibitors to treat human diseases, especially in children and adolescents, to account for known side effects. Summary: Inhibiting mTOR by rapamycin delays pupation, reduced body wall contractions and mouth-hook movements while synaptic transmission appeared normal in larval Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Potter
- Deptartment of Biology and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Jacob Sifers
- Deptartment of Biology and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.,Alice Lloyd College, 100 Purpose Road, Pippa Passes, KY, 41844, USA
| | - Emily Yocom
- Deptartment of Biology and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.,Kentucky Wesleyan College, Owensboro, KY, 42301, USA
| | - Sandra L E Blümich
- Deptartment of Biology and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.,Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rachel Potter
- Deptartment of Biology and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Jeremy Nadolski
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Benedictine University, Lisle, IL, 60532 , USA
| | - Douglas A Harrison
- Deptartment of Biology and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Robin L Cooper
- Deptartment of Biology and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
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6
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Malloy CA, Somasundaram E, Omar A, Bhutto U, Medley M, Dzubuk N, Cooper RL. Pharmacological identification of cholinergic receptor subtypes: modulation of locomotion and neural circuit excitability in Drosophila larvae. Neuroscience 2019; 411:47-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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7
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Istas O, Greenhalgh A, Cooper R. The Effects of a Bacterial Endotoxin on Behavior and Sensory-CNS-Motor Circuits in Drosophila melanogaster. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10040115. [PMID: 31013568 PMCID: PMC6523965 DOI: 10.3390/insects10040115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of bacterial sepsis on animal behavior and physiology is complex due to direct and indirect actions. The most common form of bacterial sepsis in humans is from gram-negative bacterial strains. The endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and/or associated peptidoglycans from the bacteria are the key agents to induce an immune response, which then produces a cascade of immunological consequences. However, there are direct actions of LPS and associated peptidoglycans on cells which are commonly overlooked. This study showed behavioral and neural changes in larval Drosophila fed commercially obtained LPS from Serratia marcescens. Locomotor behavior was not altered, but feeding behavior increased and responses to sensory tactile stimuli were decreased. In driving a sensory-central nervous system (CNS)-motor neural circuit in in-situ preparations, direct application of commercially obtained LPS initially increased evoked activity and then decreased and even stopped evoked responses in a dose-dependent manner. With acute LPS and associated peptidoglycans exposure (10 min), the depressed neural responses recovered within a few minutes after removal of LPS. Commercially obtained LPS induces a transitory hyperpolarization of the body wall muscles within seconds of exposure and alters activity within the CNS circuit. Thus, LPS and/or associated peptidoglycans have direct effects on body wall muscle without a secondary immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Istas
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA.
| | - Abigail Greenhalgh
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA.
| | - Robin Cooper
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA.
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8
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Takagi S, Nose A. Circuit architecture for somatotopic action selection in invertebrates. Neurosci Res 2018; 140:37-42. [PMID: 30130542 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Invertebrate species have significantly contributed to neuroscience owing to the accessibility they provide to cellular- and molecular-level understanding of brain functions. Somatotopic action selection is one of the key features of animal behavior, and studying this process in invertebrates is potentially a sweet spot in understanding the general relationship between neuronal morphology, circuit structure, and animal behavior. In this review, we introduce circuit architectures that realize somatotopic action selection, from simple reflexes to patterned motor outputs, in different invertebrate species. We then discuss future directions towards understanding the general principles underlying the development and evolution of the circuit architecture that enables sensorimotor transformation and action selection in the animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Takagi
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Akinao Nose
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Complexity Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Carreira-Rosario A, Zarin AA, Clark MQ, Manning L, Fetter RD, Cardona A, Doe CQ. MDN brain descending neurons coordinately activate backward and inhibit forward locomotion. eLife 2018; 7:38554. [PMID: 30070205 PMCID: PMC6097840 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Command-like descending neurons can induce many behaviors, such as backward locomotion, escape, feeding, courtship, egg-laying, or grooming (we define ‘command-like neuron’ as a neuron whose activation elicits or ‘commands’ a specific behavior). In most animals, it remains unknown how neural circuits switch between antagonistic behaviors: via top-down activation/inhibition of antagonistic circuits or via reciprocal inhibition between antagonistic circuits. Here, we use genetic screens, intersectional genetics, circuit reconstruction by electron microscopy, and functional optogenetics to identify a bilateral pair of Drosophila larval ‘mooncrawler descending neurons’ (MDNs) with command-like ability to coordinately induce backward locomotion and block forward locomotion; the former by stimulating a backward-active premotor neuron, and the latter by disynaptic inhibition of a forward-specific premotor neuron. In contrast, direct monosynaptic reciprocal inhibition between forward and backward circuits was not observed. Thus, MDNs coordinate a transition between antagonistic larval locomotor behaviors. Interestingly, larval MDNs persist into adulthood, where they can trigger backward walking. Thus, MDNs induce backward locomotion in both limbless and limbed animals. When we choose to make one kind of movement, it often prevents us making another. We cannot move forward and backward at the same time, for example, and a horse cannot simultaneously gallop and walk. These ‘antagonistic’ behaviors often use the same group of muscles, but the muscles contract in a different order. This requires exquisite control over muscle contractions. Neurons located in the central nervous system form circuits to produce distinct patterns of muscle contractions and to switch between these patterns. Smooth, rapid switching between behaviors is important for animal escape and survival, as well as for performing fine movements. However, we know little about how the activity of the neuronal circuits enables this. Carreira-Rosario, Zarin, Clark et al. set out to identify the underlying neuronal circuitry that allows larval fruit flies to transition between crawling forward and backward. Results from a combination of genetics and microscopy techniques revealed that a neuron called the Mooncrawler Descending Neuron (MDN) induces a switch from forward to backward travel. MDN activates a neuron that stops the larvae crawling forward, and at the same time activates a different neuron that is only active when the larvae crawl backward. Carreira-Rosario et al. also found that MDN triggers backward crawling in the six-limbed adult fly. Understanding how a single neuron – in this case MDN – can trigger a smooth switch between opposing behaviors could be beneficial for the medical and robotics fields. In the medical field, understanding how movement is generated could help to improve therapies that fix damage to the relevant neuronal circuits. Understanding how behavioral transitions occur may also help to design autonomous robots that can navigate complex terrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaldo Carreira-Rosario
- Institute of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| | - Aref Arzan Zarin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| | - Matthew Q Clark
- Institute of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| | - Laurina Manning
- Institute of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| | - Richard D Fetter
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Albert Cardona
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Chris Q Doe
- Institute of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
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10
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Mattingly M, Weineck K, Costa J, Cooper RL. Hyperpolarization by activation of halorhodopsin results in enhanced synaptic transmission: Neuromuscular junction and CNS circuit. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200107. [PMID: 29969493 PMCID: PMC6029800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics offers a unique method to regulate the activity of select neural circuits. However, the electrophysiological consequences of targeted optogenetic manipulation upon the entire circuit remain poorly understood. Analysis of the sensory-CNS-motor circuit in Drosophila larvae expressing eHpHR and ChR2-XXL revealed unexpected patterns of excitability. Optical stimulation of motor neurons targeted to express eNpHR resulted in inhibition followed by excitation of body wall contraction with repetitive stimulation in intact larvae. In situ preparations with direct electrophysiological measures showed an increased responsiveness to excitatory synaptic activity induced by sensory stimulation within a functional neural circuit. To ensure proper function of eNpHR and ChR2-XXL they were expressed in body wall muscle and direct electrophysiological measurements were obtained. Under eNpHR induced hyperpolarization the muscle remained excitable with increased amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic synaptic potentials. Theoretical models to explain the observations are presented. This study aids in increasing the understanding of the varied possible influences with light activated proteins within intact neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Mattingly
- Department of Biology and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Kristin Weineck
- Department of Biology and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jennifer Costa
- Department of Biology and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Robin L. Cooper
- Department of Biology and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Ferreiro MJ, Pérez C, Marchesano M, Ruiz S, Caputi A, Aguilera P, Barrio R, Cantera R. Drosophila melanogaster White Mutant w1118 Undergo Retinal Degeneration. Front Neurosci 2018; 11:732. [PMID: 29354028 PMCID: PMC5758589 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Key scientific discoveries have resulted from genetic studies of Drosophila melanogaster, using a multitude of transgenic fly strains, the majority of which are constructed in a genetic background containing mutations in the white gene. Here we report that white mutant flies from w1118 strain undergo retinal degeneration. We observed also that w1118 mutants have progressive loss of climbing ability, shortened life span, as well as impaired resistance to various forms of stress. Retinal degeneration was abolished by transgenic expression of mini-white+ in the white null background w1118 . We conclude that beyond the classical eye-color phenotype, mutations in Drosophila white gene could impair several biological functions affecting parameters like mobility, life span and stress tolerance. Consequently, we suggest caution and attentiveness during the interpretation of old experiments employing white mutant flies and when planning new ones, especially within the research field of neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. We also encourage that the use of w1118 strain as a wild-type control should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Ferreiro
- Departamento de Biología del Neurodesarrollo, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Coralia Pérez
- Center of Cooperative Research in Biosciences CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Mariana Marchesano
- Departamento de Biología del Neurodesarrollo, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Santiago Ruiz
- Departamento de Biología del Neurodesarrollo, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Angel Caputi
- Departamento de Neurociencias Integrativas y Computacionales, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Pedro Aguilera
- Departamento de Neurociencias Integrativas y Computacionales, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rosa Barrio
- Center of Cooperative Research in Biosciences CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Rafael Cantera
- Departamento de Biología del Neurodesarrollo, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Zoology Department, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Takagi S, Cocanougher BT, Niki S, Miyamoto D, Kohsaka H, Kazama H, Fetter RD, Truman JW, Zlatic M, Cardona A, Nose A. Divergent Connectivity of Homologous Command-like Neurons Mediates Segment-Specific Touch Responses in Drosophila. Neuron 2017; 96:1373-1387.e6. [PMID: 29198754 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Animals adaptively respond to a tactile stimulus by choosing an ethologically relevant behavior depending on the location of the stimuli. Here, we investigate how somatosensory inputs on different body segments are linked to distinct motor outputs in Drosophila larvae. Larvae escape by backward locomotion when touched on the head, while they crawl forward when touched on the tail. We identify a class of segmentally repeated second-order somatosensory interneurons, that we named Wave, whose activation in anterior and posterior segments elicit backward and forward locomotion, respectively. Anterior and posterior Wave neurons extend their dendrites in opposite directions to receive somatosensory inputs from the head and tail, respectively. Downstream of anterior Wave neurons, we identify premotor circuits including the neuron A03a5, which together with Wave, is necessary for the backward locomotion touch response. Thus, Wave neurons match their receptive field to appropriate motor programs by participating in different circuits in different segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Takagi
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | - Sawako Niki
- Department of Complexity Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Dohjin Miyamoto
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kohsaka
- Department of Complexity Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Hokto Kazama
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Richard Doty Fetter
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - James William Truman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Marta Zlatic
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Albert Cardona
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Akinao Nose
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Complexity Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan.
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13
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Using optogenetics to assess neuroendocrine modulation of heart rate in Drosophila melanogaster larvae. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2017; 203:791-806. [PMID: 28612236 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-017-1191-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster heart has become a principal model in which to study cardiac physiology and development. While the morphology of the heart in Drosophila and mammals is different, many of the molecular mechanisms that underlie heart development and function are similar and function can be assessed by similar physiological measurements, such as cardiac output, rate, and time in systole or diastole. Here, we have utilized an intact, optogenetic approach to assess the neural influence on heart rate in the third instar larvae. To simulate the release of modulators from the nervous system in response to environmental influences, we have directed expression of channel-rhodopsin variants to targeted neuronal populations to assess the role of these neural ensembles in directing release of modulators that may affect heart rate in vivo. Our observations show that the activation of targeted neurons, including cholinergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic neurons, stimulate the release of cardioactive substances that increase heart rate after the initial activation at both room temperature and in a cold environment. This parallels previous studies suggesting these modulators play a crucial role in altering heart rate when applied to exposed hearts and adds to our understanding of chemical modulation of heart rate in intact Drosophila larvae.
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Soukup SF, Kuenen S, Vanhauwaert R, Manetsberger J, Hernández-Díaz S, Swerts J, Schoovaerts N, Vilain S, Gounko NV, Vints K, Geens A, De Strooper B, Verstreken P. A LRRK2-Dependent EndophilinA Phosphoswitch Is Critical for Macroautophagy at Presynaptic Terminals. Neuron 2016; 92:829-844. [PMID: 27720484 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Synapses are often far from the soma and independently cope with proteopathic stress induced by intense neuronal activity. However, how presynaptic compartments turn over proteins is poorly understood. We show that the synapse-enriched protein EndophilinA, thus far studied for its role in endocytosis, induces macroautophagy at presynaptic terminals. We find that EndophilinA executes this unexpected function at least partly independent of its role in synaptic vesicle endocytosis. EndophilinA-induced macroautophagy is activated when the kinase LRRK2 phosphorylates the EndophilinA-BAR domain and is blocked in animals where EndophilinA cannot be phosphorylated. EndophilinA-phosphorylation promotes the formation of highly curved membranes, and reconstitution experiments show these curved membranes serve as docking stations for autophagic factors, including Atg3. Functionally, deregulation of the EndophilinA phosphorylation state accelerates activity-induced neurodegeneration. Given that EndophilinA is connected to at least three Parkinson's disease genes (LRRK2, Parkin and Synaptojanin), dysfunction of EndophilinA-dependent synaptic macroautophagy may be common in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra-Fausia Soukup
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department for Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sabine Kuenen
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department for Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roeland Vanhauwaert
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department for Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julia Manetsberger
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department for Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sergio Hernández-Díaz
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department for Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jef Swerts
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department for Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nils Schoovaerts
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department for Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sven Vilain
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department for Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Natalia V Gounko
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department for Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katlijn Vints
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department for Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Geens
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department for Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department for Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrik Verstreken
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department for Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Modulatory Action by the Serotonergic System: Behavior and Neurophysiology in Drosophila melanogaster. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:7291438. [PMID: 26989517 PMCID: PMC4773565 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7291438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin modulates various physiological processes and behaviors. This study investigates the role of 5-HT in locomotion and feeding behaviors as well as in modulation of sensory-motor circuits. The 5-HT biosynthesis was dysregulated by feeding Drosophila larvae 5-HT, a 5-HT precursor, or an inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase during early stages of development. The effects of feeding fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, during early second instars were also examined. 5-HT receptor subtypes were manipulated using RNA interference mediated knockdown and 5-HT receptor insertional mutations. Moreover, synaptic transmission at 5-HT neurons was blocked or enhanced in both larvae and adult flies. The results demonstrate that disruption of components within the 5-HT system significantly impairs locomotion and feeding behaviors in larvae. Acute activation of 5-HT neurons disrupts normal locomotion activity in adult flies. To determine which 5-HT receptor subtype modulates the evoked sensory-motor activity, pharmacological agents were used. In addition, the activity of 5-HT neurons was enhanced by expressing and activating TrpA1 channels or channelrhodopsin-2 while recording the evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in muscle fibers. 5-HT2 receptor activation mediates a modulatory role in a sensory-motor circuit, and the activation of 5-HT neurons can suppress the neural circuit activity, while fluoxetine can significantly decrease the sensory-motor activity.
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