1
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Saita Y, Hattori K, Hokari A, Ohyama T, Inoue J, Nishimura T, Nemoto S, Aoyagi S. Plasma myoglobin indicates muscle damage associated with acceleration/deceleration during football. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:1337-1342. [PMID: 37712927 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15203-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring muscle damage in athletes assists not only coaches to adjust the training workload but also medical staff to prevent injury. Measuring blood myoglobin concentration can help evaluate muscle damage. The novel portable device utilized in this study allows for easy on-site measurement of myoglobin, providing real-time data on the player's muscle damage. This study investigated the relationship between external load (global positioning system parameters) and internal loads (myoglobin concentration and creatine kinase activity) in 15 male professional football players before and after a match. METHODS Whole blood samples from participants' fingertips were collected before the match (baseline) and at 2, 16, and 40 h after the match. Myoglobin concentrations were measured using the IA-100 compact immunoassay system. Creatine kinase concentrations were measured in a clinical laboratory, and match loads were monitored using a global positioning system device. RESULTS The mean myoglobin concentration was significantly higher at 2 h than at the other time points (P<0.05), and decreased to baseline levels within 16 h post-match. The mean creatine kinase concentration increased after the match but did not reach a significant level. Muscle damage monitored by myoglobin after football match-play was strongly associated with acceleration/deceleration metrics rather than the sprint/high-speed running distance. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that myoglobin is a more sensitive marker of muscle damage than creatine kinase after football match-play. Monitoring myoglobin in athletes can aid in determining their recovery status from the previous training load and help practitioners manage the training load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitomo Saita
- Department of Medical, IWAKI Sports Club, Fukushima, Japan -
- Department of Sports and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan -
| | - Kazuhiko Hattori
- Department of Sports and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hokari
- Department of Sports and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Berne A, Zhang T, Shomar J, Ferrer AJ, Valdes A, Ohyama T, Klein M. Mechanical vibration patterns elicit behavioral transitions and habituation in crawling Drosophila larvae. eLife 2023; 12:e69205. [PMID: 37855833 PMCID: PMC10586805 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
How animals respond to repeatedly applied stimuli, and how animals respond to mechanical stimuli in particular, are important questions in behavioral neuroscience. We study adaptation to repeated mechanical agitation using the Drosophila larva. Vertical vibration stimuli elicit a discrete set of responses in crawling larvae: continuation, pause, turn, and reversal. Through high-throughput larva tracking, we characterize how the likelihood of each response depends on vibration intensity and on the timing of repeated vibration pulses. By examining transitions between behavioral states at the population and individual levels, we investigate how the animals habituate to the stimulus patterns. We identify time constants associated with desensitization to prolonged vibration, with re-sensitization during removal of a stimulus, and additional layers of habituation that operate in the overall response. Known memory-deficient mutants exhibit distinct behavior profiles and habituation time constants. An analogous simple electrical circuit suggests possible neural and molecular processes behind adaptive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Berne
- Department of Physics, Department of Biology, University of MiamiCoral GablesUnited States
| | - Tom Zhang
- Department of Physics, Department of Biology, University of MiamiCoral GablesUnited States
| | - Joseph Shomar
- Department of Physics, Department of Biology, University of MiamiCoral GablesUnited States
| | - Anggie J Ferrer
- Department of Physics, Department of Biology, University of MiamiCoral GablesUnited States
| | - Aaron Valdes
- Department of Physics, Department of Biology, University of MiamiCoral GablesUnited States
| | - Tomoko Ohyama
- Department of Biology, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Mason Klein
- Department of Physics, Department of Biology, University of MiamiCoral GablesUnited States
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3
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Zhu J, Boivin JC, Pang S, Xu CS, Lu Z, Saalfeld S, Hess HF, Ohyama T. Comparative connectomics and escape behavior in larvae of closely related Drosophila species. Curr Biol 2023:S0960-9822(23)00675-9. [PMID: 37285846 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Evolution has generated an enormous variety of morphological, physiological, and behavioral traits in animals. How do behaviors evolve in different directions in species equipped with similar neurons and molecular components? Here we adopted a comparative approach to investigate the similarities and differences of escape behaviors in response to noxious stimuli and their underlying neural circuits between closely related drosophilid species. Drosophilids show a wide range of escape behaviors in response to noxious cues, including escape crawling, stopping, head casting, and rolling. Here we find that D. santomea, compared with its close relative D. melanogaster, shows a higher probability of rolling in response to noxious stimulation. To assess whether this behavioral difference could be attributed to differences in neural circuitry, we generated focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope volumes of the ventral nerve cord of D. santomea to reconstruct the downstream partners of mdIV, a nociceptive sensory neuron in D. melanogaster. Along with partner interneurons of mdVI (including Basin-2, a multisensory integration neuron necessary for rolling) previously identified in D. melanogaster, we identified two additional partners of mdVI in D. santomea. Finally, we showed that joint activation of one of the partners (Basin-1) and a common partner (Basin-2) in D. melanogaster increased rolling probability, suggesting that the high rolling probability in D. santomea is mediated by the additional activation of Basin-1 by mdIV. These results provide a plausible mechanistic explanation for how closely related species exhibit quantitative differences in the likelihood of expressing the same behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Zhu
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Docteur Penfield, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada; Integrated Program of Neuroscience, McGill University, Pine Avenue W., Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Jean-Christophe Boivin
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Docteur Penfield, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada; Integrated Program of Neuroscience, McGill University, Pine Avenue W., Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Song Pang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - C Shan Xu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Lu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Stephan Saalfeld
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Harald F Hess
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Tomoko Ohyama
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Docteur Penfield, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada; Alan Edwards Center for Research on Pain, McGill University, University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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4
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Abstract
Nociception, the process of encoding and processing noxious or painful stimuli, allows animals to detect and avoid or escape from potentially life-threatening stimuli. Here, we provide a brief overview of recent technical developments and studies that have advanced our understanding of the Drosophila larval nociceptive circuit and demonstrated its potential as a model system to elucidate the mechanistic basis of nociception. The nervous system of a Drosophila larva contains roughly 15,000 neurons, which allows for reconstructing the connectivity among them directly by transmission electron microscopy. In addition, the availability of genetic tools for manipulating the activity of individual neurons and recent advances in computational and high-throughput behavior analysis methods have facilitated the identification of a neural circuit underlying a characteristic nocifensive behavior. We also discuss how neuromodulators may play a key role in modulating the nociceptive circuit and behavioral output. A detailed understanding of the structure and function of Drosophila larval nociceptive neural circuit could provide insights into the organization and operation of pain circuits in mammals and generate new knowledge to advance the development of treatment options for pain in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Boivin
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jiayi Zhu
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tomoko Ohyama
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Correspondence: Tomoko Ohyama
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5
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Wu Q, Akhter A, Pant S, Cho E, Zhu JX, Garner A, Ohyama T, Tajkhorshid E, van Meyel D, Ryan RM. Ataxia-linked SLC1A3 mutations alter EAAT1 chloride channel activity and glial regulation of CNS function. Biophys J 2023; 122:465a. [PMID: 36784387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.11.2495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Wu
- Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Shashank Pant
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | | | - Jin X Zhu
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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6
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Wu Q, Akhter A, Pant S, Cho E, Zhu JX, Garner AR, Ohyama T, Tajkhorshid E, van Meyel DJ, Ryan RM. Ataxia-linked SLC1A3 mutations alter EAAT1 chloride channel activity and glial regulation of CNS function. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:154891. [PMID: 35167492 PMCID: PMC8970671 DOI: 10.1172/jci154891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters (EAATs) regulate extracellular glutamate by transporting it into cells, mostly glia, to terminate neurotransmission and to avoid neurotoxicity. EAATs are also chloride (Cl-) channels, but the physiological role of Cl- conductance through EAATs is poorly understood. Mutations of human EAAT1 (hEAAT1) have been identified in patients with episodic ataxia type 6 (EA6). One mutation showed increased Cl- channel activity and decreased glutamate transport, but the relative contributions of each function of hEAAT1 to mechanisms underlying the pathology of EA6 remain unclear. Here we investigated the effects of five additional EA6-related mutations on hEAAT1 function in Xenopus laevis oocytes, and on CNS function in a Drosophila melanogaster model of locomotor behavior. Our results indicate that mutations resulting in decreased hEAAT1 Cl- channel activity but with functional glutamate transport can also contribute to the pathology of EA6, highlighting the importance of Cl- homeostasis in glial cells for proper CNS function. We also identified a novel mechanism involving an ectopic sodium (Na+) leak conductance in glial cells. Together, these results strongly support the idea that EA6 is primarily an ion channelopathy of CNS glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Wu
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Azman Akhter
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Shashank Pant
- Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
| | - Eunjoo Cho
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jin Xin Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Tomoko Ohyama
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
| | - Donald J van Meyel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Renae M Ryan
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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7
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Eschbach C, Fushiki A, Winding M, Schneider-Mizell CM, Shao M, Arruda R, Eichler K, Valdes-Aleman J, Ohyama T, Thum AS, Gerber B, Fetter RD, Truman JW, Litwin-Kumar A, Cardona A, Zlatic M. Recurrent architecture for adaptive regulation of learning in the insect brain. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:544-555. [PMID: 32203499 PMCID: PMC7145459 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-0607-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons (DANs) drive learning across the animal kingdom, but the upstream circuits that regulate their activity and thereby learning remain poorly understood. We provide a synaptic-resolution connectome of the circuitry upstream of all DANs in a learning center, the mushroom body of Drosophila larva. We discover afferent sensory pathways and a large population of neurons that provide feedback from mushroom body output neurons and link distinct memory systems (aversive and appetitive). We combine this with functional studies of DANs and their presynaptic partners and with comprehensive circuit modeling. We find that DANs compare convergent feedback from aversive and appetitive systems, which enables the computation of integrated predictions that may improve future learning. Computational modeling reveals that the discovered feedback motifs increase model flexibility and performance on learning tasks. Our study provides the most detailed view to date of biological circuit motifs that support associative learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Eschbach
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Akira Fushiki
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Winding
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Casey M Schneider-Mizell
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mei Shao
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | | | - Katharina Eichler
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Science Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | | | - Tomoko Ohyama
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andreas S Thum
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bertram Gerber
- Abteilung Genetik von Lernen & Gedächtnis, Leibniz Institut für Neurobiologie, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Institut für Biologie, Verhaltensgenetik, & Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - James W Truman
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ashok Litwin-Kumar
- Department of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Albert Cardona
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA.
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Marta Zlatic
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA.
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
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8
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Burgos A, Honjo K, Ohyama T, Qian CS, Shin GJE, Gohl DM, Silies M, Tracey WD, Zlatic M, Cardona A, Grueber WB. Nociceptive interneurons control modular motor pathways to promote escape behavior in Drosophila. eLife 2018. [PMID: 29528286 PMCID: PMC5869015 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and efficient escape behaviors in response to noxious sensory stimuli are essential for protection and survival. Yet, how noxious stimuli are transformed to coordinated escape behaviors remains poorly understood. In Drosophila larvae, noxious stimuli trigger sequential body bending and corkscrew-like rolling behavior. We identified a population of interneurons in the nerve cord of Drosophila, termed Down-and-Back (DnB) neurons, that are activated by noxious heat, promote nociceptive behavior, and are required for robust escape responses to noxious stimuli. Electron microscopic circuit reconstruction shows that DnBs are targets of nociceptive and mechanosensory neurons, are directly presynaptic to pre-motor circuits, and link indirectly to Goro rolling command-like neurons. DnB activation promotes activity in Goro neurons, and coincident inactivation of Goro neurons prevents the rolling sequence but leaves intact body bending motor responses. Thus, activity from nociceptors to DnB interneurons coordinates modular elements of nociceptive escape behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Burgos
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States
| | - Ken Honjo
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ohyama
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Cheng Sam Qian
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States
| | - Grace Ji-Eun Shin
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States
| | - Daryl M Gohl
- University of Minnesota Genomics Center, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Marion Silies
- European Neuroscience Institute Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - W Daniel Tracey
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States.,Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
| | - Marta Zlatic
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Albert Cardona
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Wesley B Grueber
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States.,Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States.,Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, United States
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9
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Luo J, Imai H, Ohyama T, Hashimoto S, Hasunuma T, Inoue Y, Kotegawa T, Ohashi K, Uemura N. The Pharmacokinetic Exposure to Fexofenadine is Volume-Dependently Reduced in Healthy Subjects Following Oral Administration With Apple Juice. Clin Transl Sci 2016; 9:201-6. [PMID: 27197662 PMCID: PMC5351340 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic exposures to fexofenadine (FEX) are reduced by apple juice (AJ); however, the relationship between the AJ volume and the degree of AJ‐FEX interaction has not been understood. In this crossover study, 10 healthy subjects received single doses of FEX 60 mg with different volumes (150, 300, and 600 mL) of AJ or water (control). To identify an AJ volume lacking clinically meaningful interaction, we tested a hypothesis that the 90% confidence interval (CI) for geometric mean ratio (GMR) of FEX AUCAJ/AUCwater is contained within a biocomparability bound of 0.5–2.0, with at least one tested volume of AJ. GMR (90% CI) of AUCAJ 150mL/AUCwater, AUCAJ 300mL/AUCwater, and AUCAJ 600mL/AUCwater were 0.903 (0.752–1.085), 0.593 (0.494–0.712), and 0.385 (0.321–0.462), respectively. While a moderate to large AJ‐FEX interaction is caused by a larger volumes of AJ (e.g., 300 to 600 mL), the effect of a small volume (e.g., 150 mL) appears to be not meaningful.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Luo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Japan
| | - H Imai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Japan.,General Clinical Research Center (GCRC), Oita University Hospital, Japan
| | - T Ohyama
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Japan.,General Clinical Research Center (GCRC), Oita University Hospital, Japan
| | - S Hashimoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Japan.,General Clinical Research Center (GCRC), Oita University Hospital, Japan
| | - T Hasunuma
- Clinical Pharmacology Center, Oita University Hospital, Japan.,General Clinical Research Center (GCRC), Oita University Hospital, Japan
| | - Y Inoue
- General Clinical Research Center (GCRC), Oita University Hospital, Japan
| | - T Kotegawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Japan
| | - K Ohashi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Japan
| | - N Uemura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Japan.,Clinical Pharmacology Center, Oita University Hospital, Japan.,General Clinical Research Center (GCRC), Oita University Hospital, Japan
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10
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Itakura Y, Kohsaka H, Ohyama T, Zlatic M, Pulver SR, Nose A. Identification of Inhibitory Premotor Interneurons Activated at a Late Phase in a Motor Cycle during Drosophila Larval Locomotion. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136660. [PMID: 26335437 PMCID: PMC4559423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhythmic motor patterns underlying many types of locomotion are thought to be produced by central pattern generators (CPGs). Our knowledge of how CPG networks generate motor patterns in complex nervous systems remains incomplete, despite decades of work in a variety of model organisms. Substrate borne locomotion in Drosophila larvae is driven by waves of muscular contraction that propagate through multiple body segments. We use the motor circuitry underlying crawling in larval Drosophila as a model to try to understand how segmentally coordinated rhythmic motor patterns are generated. Whereas muscles, motoneurons and sensory neurons have been well investigated in this system, far less is known about the identities and function of interneurons. Our recent study identified a class of glutamatergic premotor interneurons, PMSIs (period-positive median segmental interneurons), that regulate the speed of locomotion. Here, we report on the identification of a distinct class of glutamatergic premotor interneurons called Glutamatergic Ventro-Lateral Interneurons (GVLIs). We used calcium imaging to search for interneurons that show rhythmic activity and identified GVLIs as interneurons showing wave-like activity during peristalsis. Paired GVLIs were present in each abdominal segment A1-A7 and locally extended an axon towards a dorsal neuropile region, where they formed GRASP-positive putative synaptic contacts with motoneurons. The interneurons expressed vesicular glutamate transporter (vGluT) and thus likely secrete glutamate, a neurotransmitter known to inhibit motoneurons. These anatomical results suggest that GVLIs are premotor interneurons that locally inhibit motoneurons in the same segment. Consistent with this, optogenetic activation of GVLIs with the red-shifted channelrhodopsin, CsChrimson ceased ongoing peristalsis in crawling larvae. Simultaneous calcium imaging of the activity of GVLIs and motoneurons showed that GVLIs’ wave-like activity lagged behind that of motoneurons by several segments. Thus, GVLIs are activated when the front of a forward motor wave reaches the second or third anterior segment. We propose that GVLIs are part of the feedback inhibition system that terminates motor activity once the front of the motor wave proceeds to anterior segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Itakura
- Department of Complexity Science and Engineering Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kohsaka
- Department of Complexity Science and Engineering Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ohyama
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Marta Zlatic
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Stefan R Pulver
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Akinao Nose
- Department of Complexity Science and Engineering Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan; Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Shimamura K, Matsushita Y, Oishi M, Ohyama T, Kurita N. 141 Effect of ligand-binding on specific interactions between DNA and regulatory protein: molecular simulations based on MD and ab initiofragment MO methods. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1032774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Ohyama T, Schneider-Mizell CM, Fetter RD, Aleman JV, Franconville R, Rivera-Alba M, Mensh BD, Branson KM, Simpson JH, Truman JW, Cardona A, Zlatic M. A multilevel multimodal circuit enhances action selection in Drosophila. Nature 2015; 520:633-9. [PMID: 25896325 DOI: 10.1038/nature14297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural events present multiple types of sensory cues, each detected by a specialized sensory modality. Combining information from several modalities is essential for the selection of appropriate actions. Key to understanding multimodal computations is determining the structural patterns of multimodal convergence and how these patterns contribute to behaviour. Modalities could converge early, late or at multiple levels in the sensory processing hierarchy. Here we show that combining mechanosensory and nociceptive cues synergistically enhances the selection of the fastest mode of escape locomotion in Drosophila larvae. In an electron microscopy volume that spans the entire insect nervous system, we reconstructed the multisensory circuit supporting the synergy, spanning multiple levels of the sensory processing hierarchy. The wiring diagram revealed a complex multilevel multimodal convergence architecture. Using behavioural and physiological studies, we identified functionally connected circuit nodes that trigger the fastest locomotor mode, and others that facilitate it, and we provide evidence that multiple levels of multimodal integration contribute to escape mode selection. We propose that the multilevel multimodal convergence architecture may be a general feature of multisensory circuits enabling complex input-output functions and selective tuning to ecologically relevant combinations of cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ohyama
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA
| | - Casey M Schneider-Mizell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA
| | - Richard D Fetter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA
| | - Javier Valdes Aleman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA
| | - Romain Franconville
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA
| | - Marta Rivera-Alba
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA
| | - Brett D Mensh
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA
| | - Kristin M Branson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA
| | - Julie H Simpson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA
| | - James W Truman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA
| | - Albert Cardona
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA
| | - Marta Zlatic
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA
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Hasegawa M, Miyata K, Abe Y, Ishii T, Ishigami T, Ohtani K, Nagai E, Ohyama T, Umekawa Y, Nakabayashi S. 3-T MRI safety assessments of magnetic dental attachments and castable magnetic alloys. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2015; 44:20150011. [PMID: 25785821 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20150011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the safety of different magnetic dental attachments during 3-T MRI according to the American Society for Testing and Materials F2182-09 and F2052-06e1 standard testing methods and to develop a method to determine MRI compatibility by measuring magnetically induced torque. METHODS The temperature elevations, magnetically induced forces and torques of a ferromagnetic stainless steel keeper, a coping comprising a keeper and a cast magnetic alloy coping were measured on MRI systems. RESULTS The coping comprising a keeper demonstrated the maximum temperature increase (1.42 °C) for the whole-body-averaged specific absorption rate and was calculated as 2.1 W kg⁻¹ with the saline phantom. All deflection angles exceeded 45°. The cast magnetic alloy coping had the greatest deflection force (0.33 N) during 3-T MRI and torque (1.015 mN m) during 0.3-T MRI. CONCLUSIONS The tested devices showed minimal radiofrequency (RF)-induced heating in a 3-T MR environment, but the cast magnetic alloy coping showed a magnetically induced deflection force and torque approximately eight times that of the keepers. For safety, magnetic dental attachments should be inspected before and after MRI and large prostheses containing cast magnetic alloy should be removed. Although magnetic dental attachments may pose no great risk of RF-induced heating or magnetically induced torque during 3-T MRI, their magnetically induced deflection forces tended to exceed acceptable limits. Therefore, the inspection of such devices before and after MRI is important for patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hasegawa
- 1 Department of Partial Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Miyata
- 1 Department of Partial Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Abe
- 1 Department of Partial Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Ishii
- 1 Department of Partial Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Ishigami
- 1 Department of Partial Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,2 Division of Clinical Research, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Ohtani
- 1 Department of Partial Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,2 Division of Clinical Research, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - E Nagai
- 1 Department of Partial Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,2 Division of Clinical Research, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Ohyama
- 1 Department of Partial Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,2 Division of Clinical Research, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Umekawa
- 1 Department of Partial Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,2 Division of Clinical Research, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Nakabayashi
- 1 Department of Partial Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,2 Division of Clinical Research, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Fosque BF, Sun Y, Dana H, Yang CT, Ohyama T, Tadross MR, Patel R, Zlatic M, Kim DS, Ahrens MB, Jayaraman V, Looger LL, Schreiter ER. Neural circuits. Labeling of active neural circuits in vivo with designed calcium integrators. Science 2015; 347:755-60. [PMID: 25678659 DOI: 10.1126/science.1260922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The identification of active neurons and circuits in vivo is a fundamental challenge in understanding the neural basis of behavior. Genetically encoded calcium (Ca(2+)) indicators (GECIs) enable quantitative monitoring of cellular-resolution activity during behavior. However, such indicators require online monitoring within a limited field of view. Alternatively, post hoc staining of immediate early genes (IEGs) indicates highly active cells within the entire brain, albeit with poor temporal resolution. We designed a fluorescent sensor, CaMPARI, that combines the genetic targetability and quantitative link to neural activity of GECIs with the permanent, large-scale labeling of IEGs, allowing a temporally precise "activity snapshot" of a large tissue volume. CaMPARI undergoes efficient and irreversible green-to-red conversion only when elevated intracellular Ca(2+) and experimenter-controlled illumination coincide. We demonstrate the utility of CaMPARI in freely moving larvae of zebrafish and flies, and in head-fixed mice and adult flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Fosque
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Yi Sun
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Hod Dana
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Chao-Tsung Yang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Tomoko Ohyama
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Michael R Tadross
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Ronak Patel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Marta Zlatic
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Douglas S Kim
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Misha B Ahrens
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Vivek Jayaraman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Loren L Looger
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Eric R Schreiter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
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Schachtner T, Reinke P, Dorje C, Mjoen G, Midtvedt K, Strom EH, Oyen O, Jenssen T, Reisaeter AV, Smedbraaten YV, Sagedal S, Mjoen G, Fagerland MW, Hartmann A, Thiel S, Zulkarnaev A, Vatazin A, Vincenti F, Harel E, Kantor A, Thurison T, Hoyer-Hansen G, Craik C, Kute VB, Shah PS, Vanikar AV, Modi PR, Shah PR, Gumber MR, Patel HV, Engineer DP, Shah VR, Rizvi J, Trivedi HL, Malheiro J, Dias L, Martins LS, Fonseca I, Pedroso S, Almeida M, Castro-Henriques A, Cabrita A, Costa C, Ritta M, Sinesi F, Sidoti F, Mantovani S, Di Nauta A, Messina M, Cavallo R, Verflova A, Svobodova E, Slatinska J, Slavcev A, Pokorna E, Viklicky O, Yagan J, Chandraker A, Messina M, Diena D, Tognarelli G, Ranghino A, Bussolino S, Fop F, Segoloni GP, Biancone L, Leone F, Mauro MV, Gigliotti P, Lofaro D, Greco F, Perugini D, Papalia T, Perri A, Vizza D, Giraldi C, Bonofilgio R, Luis-Lima S, Marrero D, Gonzalez-Rinne A, Torres A, Salido E, Jimenez-Sosa A, Aldea-Perona A, Gonzalez-Posada JM, Perez-Tamajon L, Rodriguez-Hernandez A, Negrin-Mena N, Porrini E, Mjoen G, Pihlstrom H, Dahle DO, Holdaas H, Von Der Lippe N, Waldum B, Brekke F, Amro A, Reisaeter AV, Os I, Klin P, Sanabria H, Bridoux P, De Francesco J, Fortunato RM, Raffaele P, Kong J, Son SH, Kwon HY, Whang EJ, Choi WY, Yoon CS, Thanaraj V, Theakstone A, Stopper K, Ferraro A, Bhattacharjya S, Devonald M, Williams A, Mella A, Messina M, Gallo E, Fop F, Di Vico MC, Diena D, Pagani F, Gai M, Ranghino A, Segoloni GP, Biancone L, Cho HJ, Nho KW, Park SK, Kim SB, Yoshida K, Ishii D, Ohyama T, Kohguchi D, Takeuchi Y, Varga A, Sandor B, Kalmar-Nagy K, Toth A, Toth K, Szakaly P, Zulkarnaev A, Vatazin A, Kildushevsky A, Fedulkina V, Kantaria R, Staeck O, Halleck F, Rissling O, Naik M, Neumayer HH, Budde K, Khadzhynov D, Bhadauria D, Kaul A, Prasad N, Sharma RK, Sezer S, Bal Z, Erkmen Uyar M, Guliyev O, Erdemir B, Colak T, Ozdemir N, Haberal M, Caliskan Y, Yazici H, Artan AS, Oto OA, Aysuna N, Bozfakioglu S, Turkmen A, Yildiz A, Sever MS, Yagisawa T, Nukui A, Kimura T, Nannmoku K, Kurosawa A, Sakuma Y, Miki A, Damiano F, Ligabue G, De Biasi S, Granito M, Cossarizza A, Cappelli G, Martins LS, Fonseca I, Malheiro J, Henriques AC, Pedroso S, Almeida M, Dias L, Davide J, Cabrita A, Von During ME, Jenssen TG, Bollerslev J, Godang K, Asberg A, Hartmann A, Bachelet T, Martinez C, Bello A, Kejji S, Couzi L, Guidicelli G, Lepreux S, Visentin J, Congy-Jolivet N, Rostaing L, Taupin JL, Kamar N, Merville P, Sezer S, Bal Z, Erkmen Uyar M, Ozdemir H, Guliyev O, Yildirim S, Tutal E, Ozdemir N, Haberal M, Sezer S, Erkmen Uyar M, Bal Z, Guliyev O, Sayin B, Colak T, Ozdemir Acar N, Haberal M, Banasik M, Boratynska M, Koscielska-Kasprzak K, Kaminska D, Bartoszek D, Mazanowska O, Krajewska M, Zmonarski S, Chudoba P, Dawiskiba T, Protasiewicz M, Halon A, Sas A, Kaminska M, Klinger M, Stefanovic N, Cvetkovic T, Velickovic - Radovanovic R, Jevtovic - Stoimenov T, Vlahovic P, Rungta R, Das P, Ray DS, Gupta S, Kolonko A, Szotowska M, Kuczera P, Chudek J, Wiecek A, Sikora-Grabka E, Adamczak M, Szotowska M, Kuczera P, Madej P, Wiecek A, Amanova A, Kendi Celebi Z, Bakar F, Caglayan MG, Keven K, Massimetti C, Imperato G, Zampi G, De Vincenzi A, Fabbri GDD, Brescia F, Feriozzi S, Filipov JJ, Zlatkov BK, Dimitrov EP, Svinarov DA, Poesen R, De Vusser K, Evenepoel P, Kuypers D, Naesens M, Meijers B, Kocak H, Yilmaz VT, Yilmaz F, Uslu HB, Aliosmanoglu I, Ermis H, Dinckan A, Cetinkaya R, Ersoy FF, Suleymanlar G, Fonseca I, Oliveira JC, Santos J, Martins LS, Almeida M, Dias L, Pedroso S, Lobato L, Castro-Henriques A, Mendonca D, Watarai Y, Yamamoto T, Tsujita M, Hiramitsu T, Goto N, Narumi S, Kobayashi T, Dahle DO, Holdaas H, Reisaeter AV, Dorje C, Mjoen G, Line PD, Hartmann A, Housawi A, House A, Ng C, Denesyk K, Rehman F, Moist L, Musetti C, Battista M, Izzo C, Guglielmetti G, Airoldi A, Stratta P, Musetti C, Cena T, Quaglia M, Fenoglio R, Cagna D, Airoldi A, Amoroso A, Stratta P, Palmisano A, Degli Antoni AM, Vaglio A, Piotti G, Cremaschi E, Buzio C, Maggiore U, Lee MC, Hsu BG, Zalamea Jarrin F, Sanchez Sobrino B, Lafuente Covarrubias O, Karsten Alvarez S, Dominguez Apinaniz P, Llopez Carratala R, Portoles Perez J, Yildirim T, Yilmaz R, Turkmen E, Altindal M, Arici M, Altun B, Erdem Y, Dounousi E, Mitsis M, Naka K, Pappas H, Lakkas L, Harisis H, Pappas K, Koutlas V, Tzalavra I, Spanos G, Michalis L, Siamopoulos K, Iwabuchi T, Yagisawa T, Kimura T, Nanmoku K, Kurosawa A, Yasunaru S, Lee MC, Hsu BG, Yoshikawa M, Kitamura K, Fuji H, Fujisawa M, Nishi S, Carta P, Zanazzi M, Buti E, Larti A, Caroti L, Di Maria L, Minetti EE, Shi Y, Luo L, Cai B, Wang T, Zou Y, Wang L, Kim Y, Kim HS, Choi BS, Park CW, Yang CW, Kim YS, Chung BH, Baek CH, Kim M, Kim JS, Yang WS, Han DJ, Park SK, Mikolasevic I, Racki S, Lukenda V, Persic MP, Colic M, Devcic B, Orlic L, Sezer S, Gurlek Demirci B, Guliyev O, Colak T, Say N CB, Ozdemir Acar FN, Haberal M, Vali S, Ismal K, Sahay M, Civiletti F, Cantaluppi V, Medica D, Mazzeo AT, Assenzio B, Mastromauro I, Deambrosis I, Giaretta F, Fanelli V, Mascia L, Musetti C, Airoldi A, Quaglia M, Guglielmetti G, Battista M, Izzo C, Stratta P, Lakkas L, Naka K, Dounousi E, Koutlas V, Gkirdis I, Bechlioulis A, Evangelou D, Zarzoulas F, Kotsia A, Balafa O, Tzeltzes G, Nakas G, Pappas K, Kalaitzidis R, Katsouras C, Michalis L, Siamopoulos K, Tutal E, Erkmen Uyar M, Uyanik S, Bal Z, Guliyev O, Toprak SK, Ilhan O, Sezer S, Bal Z, Ekmen Uyar M, Guliyev O, Sayin B, Colak T, Sezer S, Haberal M, Hernandez Vargas H, Artamendi Larranaga M, Ramalle Gomara E, Gil Catalinas F, Bello Ovalle A, Pimentel Guzman G, Coloma Lopez A, Sierra Carpio M, Gil Paraiso A, Dall Anesse C, Beired Val I, Huarte Loza E, Choy BY, Kwan L, Mok M, Chan TM, Yamakawa T, Kobayashi A, Yamamoto I, Mafune A, Nakada Y, Tannno Y, Tsuboi N, Yamamoto H, Yokoyama K, Ohkido I, Yokoo T, Luque Y, Anglicheau D, Rabant M, Clement R, Kreis H, Sartorius A, Noel LH, Timsit MO, Legendre C, Rancic N, Vavic N, Dragojevic-Simic V, Katic J, Jacimovic N, Kovacevic A, Mikov M, Veldhuijzen NMH, Rookmaaker MB, Van Zuilen AD, Nquyen TQ, Boer WH, Mjoen G, Pihlstrom H, Dahle DO, Holdaas H, Sahtout W, Ghezaiel H, Azzebi A, Ben Abdelkrim S, Guedri Y, Mrabet S, Nouira S, Ferdaws S, Amor S, Belarbia A, Zellama D, Mokni M, Achour A, Viklicky O, Parikova A, Slatinska J, Hanzal V, Fronek J, Orandi BJ, James NT, Montgomery RA, Desai NM, Segev DL, Fontana F, Ballestri M, Magistroni R, Damiano F, Cappelli G. TRANSPLANTATION CLINICAL 1. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Vogelstein JT, Park Y, Ohyama T, Kerr RA, Truman JW, Priebe CE, Zlatic M. Discovery of Brainwide Neural-Behavioral Maps via Multiscale Unsupervised Structure Learning. Science 2014; 344:386-92. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1250298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Udagawa K, Ohyama T. Positions of pluripotency genes and hepatocyte-specific genes in the nucleus before and after mouse ES cell differentiation. Genet Mol Res 2014; 13:1979-88. [PMID: 24737423 DOI: 10.4238/2014.march.24.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Spatial positioning of genes in the cell nucleus plays an important role in the regulation of genomic functions. Evidence for changes in gene positioning associated with transcriptional activity has been reported. However, our understanding of this phenomenon is still quite limited. We examined how pluripotency genes and hepatocyte-specific genes behave during the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells into hepatocytes, by targeting the loci of the Klf4, Nanog, Oct4, Sox2, Cyp7α1, Pck1, Tat, and Tdo2 genes, and using three-dimensional fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses. We found that each gene has a distinctly inherent localization profile in the ES cell nucleus. During differentiation, the Klf4, Nanog, Oct4, Cyp7α1, Pck1, and Tat loci shifted toward the nuclear center, while the Sox2 and Tdo2 loci shifted toward the periphery. The Klf4, Nanog, Oct4, and Tdo2 seem to prefer the outer regions, rather than the inner regions, when they are active. We also found that the radial positioning of the focused genes in the hepatocyte cell nucleus was highly correlated with the local GC content and the gene density of the surrounding region, but not with gene activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Udagawa
- Major in Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Ohyama
- Major in Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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Ohyama T, Jovanic T, Denisov G, Dang TC, Hoffmann D, Kerr RA, Zlatic M. High-throughput analysis of stimulus-evoked behaviors in Drosophila larva reveals multiple modality-specific escape strategies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71706. [PMID: 23977118 PMCID: PMC3748116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
All organisms react to noxious and mechanical stimuli but we still lack a complete understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms by which somatosensory information is transformed into appropriate motor outputs. The small number of neurons and excellent genetic tools make Drosophila larva an especially tractable model system in which to address this problem. We developed high throughput assays with which we can simultaneously expose more than 1,000 larvae per man-hour to precisely timed noxious heat, vibration, air current, or optogenetic stimuli. Using this hardware in combination with custom software we characterized larval reactions to somatosensory stimuli in far greater detail than possible previously. Each stimulus evoked a distinctive escape strategy that consisted of multiple actions. The escape strategy was context-dependent. Using our system we confirmed that the nociceptive class IV multidendritic neurons were involved in the reactions to noxious heat. Chordotonal (ch) neurons were necessary for normal modulation of head casting, crawling and hunching, in response to mechanical stimuli. Consistent with this we observed increases in calcium transients in response to vibration in ch neurons. Optogenetic activation of ch neurons was sufficient to evoke head casting and crawling. These studies significantly increase our understanding of the functional roles of larval ch neurons. More generally, our system and the detailed description of wild type reactions to somatosensory stimuli provide a basis for systematic identification of neurons and genes underlying these behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ohyama
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Tihana Jovanic
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Gennady Denisov
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Tam C. Dang
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Dominik Hoffmann
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Rex A. Kerr
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Marta Zlatic
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
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Bharadwaj R, Roy M, Ohyama T, Sivan-Loukianova E, Delannoy M, Lloyd TE, Zlatic M, Eberl DF, Kolodkin AL. Cbl-associated protein regulates assembly and function of two tension-sensing structures in Drosophila. Development 2013; 140:627-38. [PMID: 23293294 DOI: 10.1242/dev.085100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cbl-associated protein (CAP) localizes to focal adhesions and associates with numerous cytoskeletal proteins; however, its physiological roles remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Drosophila CAP regulates the organization of two actin-rich structures in Drosophila: muscle attachment sites (MASs), which connect somatic muscles to the body wall; and scolopale cells, which form an integral component of the fly chordotonal organs and mediate mechanosensation. Drosophila CAP mutants exhibit aberrant junctional invaginations and perturbation of the cytoskeletal organization at the MAS. CAP depletion also results in collapse of scolopale cells within chordotonal organs, leading to deficits in larval vibration sensation and adult hearing. We investigate the roles of different CAP protein domains in its recruitment to, and function at, various muscle subcellular compartments. Depletion of the CAP-interacting protein Vinculin results in a marked reduction in CAP levels at MASs, and vinculin mutants partially phenocopy Drosophila CAP mutants. These results show that CAP regulates junctional membrane and cytoskeletal organization at the membrane-cytoskeletal interface of stretch-sensitive structures, and they implicate integrin signaling through a CAP/Vinculin protein complex in stretch-sensitive organ assembly and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish Bharadwaj
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Ohyama T, Sato K, Kishimoto K, Yamazaki Y, Horiguchi N, Ichikawa T, Kakizaki S, Takagi H, Izumi T, Mori M. Azelnidipine is a calcium blocker that attenuates liver fibrosis and may increase antioxidant defence. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1173-87. [PMID: 21790536 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Oxidative stress plays a critical role in liver fibrogenesis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulate hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and ROS-mediated increases in calcium influx further increase ROS production. Azelnidipine is a calcium blocker that has been shown to have antioxidant effects in endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes. Therefore, we evaluated the anti-fibrotic and antioxidative effects of azelnidipine on liver fibrosis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used TGF-β1-activated LX-2 cells (a human HSC line) and mouse models of fibrosis induced by treatment with either carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4) ) or thioacetamide (TAA). KEY RESULTS Azelnidipine inhibited TGF-β1 and angiotensin II (Ang II)-activated α1(I) collagen mRNA expression in HSCs. Furthermore, TGF-β1- and Ang II-induced oxidative stress and TGF-β1-induced p38 and JNK phosphorylation were reduced in HSCs treated with azelnidipine. Azelnidipine significantly decreased inflammatory cell infiltration, pro-fibrotic gene expressions, HSC activation, lipid peroxidation, oxidative DNA damage and fibrosis in the livers of CCl(4) - or TAA-treated mice. Finally, azelnidipine prevented a decrease in the expression of some antioxidant enzymes and accelerated regression of liver fibrosis in CCl(4) -treated mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Azelnidipine inhibited TGF-β1- and Ang II-induced HSC activation in vitro and attenuated CCl(4) - and TAA-induced liver fibrosis, and it accelerated regression of CCl(4) -induced liver fibrosis in mice. The anti-fibrotic mechanism of azelnidipine against CCl(4) -induced liver fibrosis in mice may have been due an increased level of antioxidant defence. As azelnidipine is widely used in clinical practice without serious adverse effects, it may provide an effective new strategy for anti-fibrotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ohyama
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Science Biochemistry, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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Tong C, Ohyama T, Tien AC, Rajan A, Haueter CM, Bellen HJ. Rich regulates target specificity of photoreceptor cells and N-cadherin trafficking in the Drosophila visual system via Rab6. Neuron 2011; 71:447-59. [PMID: 21835342 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurons establish specific synaptic connections with their targets, a process that is highly regulated. Numerous cell adhesion molecules have been implicated in target recognition, but how these proteins are precisely trafficked and targeted is poorly understood. To identify components that affect synaptic specificity, we carried out a forward genetic screen in the Drosophila eye. We identified a gene, named ric1 homologue (rich), whose loss leads to synaptic specificity defects. Loss of rich leads to reduction of N-Cadherin in the photoreceptor cell synapses but not of other proteins implicated in target recognition, including Sec15, DLAR, Jelly belly, and PTP69D. The Rich protein binds to Rab6, and Rab6 mutants display very similar phenotypes as the rich mutants. The active form of Rab6 strongly suppresses the rich synaptic specificity defect, indicating that Rab6 is regulated by Rich. We propose that Rich activates Rab6 to regulate N-Cadherin trafficking and affects synaptic specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tong
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Fukunaga S, Kanda G, Tanase J, Harashima H, Ohyama T, Kamiya H. A designed curved DNA sequence remarkably enhances transgene expression from plasmid DNA in mouse liver. Gene Ther 2011; 19:828-35. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2011.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Hasegawa K, Matsumoto T, Yamano A, Miyata K, Inui K, Niwa K, Watanabe T, Ohyama T. Structure determination of toxin complex from Clostridium botulinumserotype D. Acta Crystallogr A 2011. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767311093330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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24
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Wu Z, Sweeney LB, Ayoob JC, Chak K, Andreone BJ, Ohyama T, Kerr R, Luo L, Zlatic M, Kolodkin AL. A combinatorial semaphorin code instructs the initial steps of sensory circuit assembly in the Drosophila CNS. Neuron 2011; 70:281-98. [PMID: 21521614 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Longitudinal axon fascicles within the Drosophila embryonic CNS provide connections between body segments and are required for coordinated neural signaling along the anterior-posterior axis. We show here that establishment of select CNS longitudinal tracts and formation of precise mechanosensory afferent innervation to the same CNS region are coordinately regulated by the secreted semaphorins Sema-2a and Sema-2b. Both Sema-2a and Sema-2b utilize the same neuronal receptor, plexin B (PlexB), but serve distinct guidance functions. Localized Sema-2b attraction promotes the initial assembly of a subset of CNS longitudinal projections and subsequent targeting of chordotonal sensory afferent axons to these same longitudinal connectives, whereas broader Sema-2a repulsion serves to prevent aberrant innervation. In the absence of Sema-2b or PlexB, chordotonal afferent connectivity within the CNS is severely disrupted, resulting in specific larval behavioral deficits. These results reveal that distinct semaphorin-mediated guidance functions converge at PlexB and are critical for functional neural circuit assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuhao Wu
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Oguma K, Inoue K, Fujinaga Y, Yokota K, Watanabe T, Ohyama T, Takeshi K, Inoue K. Structure and Function ofClostridium BotulinumProgenitor Toxin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/15569549909036015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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26
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Khuankaew T, Ruamrungsri S, Ito S, Sato T, Ohtake N, Sueyoshi K, Ohyama T. Assimilation and translocation of nitrogen and carbon in Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2010; 12:414-423. [PMID: 20522177 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Curcuma or Siam tulip (Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep.) is an ornamental flowering plant with two underground storage organs, rhizomes and storage roots. Characteristics of N and C assimilation and transport in curcuma were investigated. The plants were treated with (15)NH(4) (+) + (15)NO(3) (-) and (13)CO(2) at 10, 13 or 21 weeks after planting. Plants were sampled at several stages up to 32 weeks. The C stored in old storage roots was used rapidly during the first 10 weeks; after which N stored in old rhizomes and old storage roots were used. The daily gain in C depending on photosynthesis was remarkably high between 10 and 21 weeks. However, the daily gain in N was relatively constant throughout the growth period. The (15)N absorbed at 10 weeks was initially accumulated in leaves and roots, but some was transported to flowering organs at 13 weeks. At harvest, 41% of (15)N was recovered in new rhizomes and 17% in new storage roots. After (13)CO(2) exposure at 10 and 13 weeks, the distribution of (13)C among organs was relatively constant in subsequent stages. When given (13)CO(2) at 21 weeks, a large amount of labelled C was recovered in new storage roots and new rhizomes at harvest. Both new rhizomes and new storage roots stored N and C, however, rhizomes played a more important role in supplying N, while storage roots provided C.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Khuankaew
- Graduate school of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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27
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Verstreken P, Ohyama T, Haueter C, Habets RL, Lin YQ, Swan LE, Ly CV, Venken KJT, De Camilli P, Bellen HJ. Tweek, an evolutionarily conserved protein, is required for synaptic vesicle recycling. Neuron 2009; 63:203-15. [PMID: 19640479 PMCID: PMC2759194 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic vesicle endocytosis is critical for maintaining synaptic communication during intense stimulation. Here we describe Tweek, a conserved protein that is required for synaptic vesicle recycling. tweek mutants show reduced FM1-43 uptake, cannot maintain release during intense stimulation, and harbor larger than normal synaptic vesicles, implicating it in vesicle recycling at the synapse. Interestingly, the levels of a fluorescent PI(4,5)P(2) reporter are reduced at tweek mutant synapses, and the probe is aberrantly localized during stimulation. In addition, various endocytic adaptors known to bind PI(4,5)P(2) are mislocalized and the defects in FM1-43 dye uptake and adaptor localization are partially suppressed by removing one copy of the phosphoinositide phosphatase synaptojanin, suggesting a role for Tweek in maintaining proper phosphoinositide levels at synapses. Our data implicate Tweek in regulating synaptic vesicle recycling via an action mediated at least in part by the regulation of PI(4,5)P(2) levels or availability at the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Verstreken
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
- VIB, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Program in Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Program in Cognitive and Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Neuronal Communication, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
- K.U.Leuven, Center for Human Genetics, Program in Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Program in Cognitive and Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Neuronal Communication, Herestraat 49 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tomoko Ohyama
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Claire Haueter
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ron L.P. Habets
- VIB, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Program in Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Program in Cognitive and Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Neuronal Communication, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
- K.U.Leuven, Center for Human Genetics, Program in Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Program in Cognitive and Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Neuronal Communication, Herestraat 49 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yong Q. Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Laura E. Swan
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cindy V. Ly
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Koen J. T. Venken
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pietro De Camilli
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
- Correspondence:
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Yao CK, Lin YQ, Ly CV, Ohyama T, Haueter CM, Moiseenkova-Bell VY, Wensel TG, Bellen HJ. A synaptic vesicle-associated Ca2+ channel promotes endocytosis and couples exocytosis to endocytosis. Cell 2009; 138:947-60. [PMID: 19737521 PMCID: PMC2749961 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic vesicle (SV) exo- and endocytosis are tightly coupled to sustain neurotransmission in presynaptic terminals, and both are regulated by Ca(2+). Ca(2+) influx triggered by voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels is necessary for SV fusion. However, extracellular Ca(2+) has also been shown to be required for endocytosis. The intracellular Ca(2+) levels (<1 microM) that trigger endocytosis are typically much lower than those (>10 microM) needed to induce exocytosis, and endocytosis is inhibited when the Ca(2+) level exceeds 1 microM. Here, we identify and characterize a transmembrane protein associated with SVs that, upon SV fusion, localizes at periactive zones. Loss of Flower results in impaired intracellular resting Ca(2+) levels and impaired endocytosis. Flower multimerizes and is able to form a channel to control Ca(2+) influx. We propose that Flower functions as a Ca(2+) channel to regulate synaptic endocytosis and hence couples exo- with endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Kuang Yao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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29
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Mikami A, Yamano A, Hasegawa K, Miyata K, Chikai T, Yoneyama T, Ikeda T, Niwa K, Watanabe T, Ohyama T. Crystallization of Clostridium botulinumserotype D neurotoxin complex. Acta Crystallogr A 2008. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767308092325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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30
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Ueno T, Baba K, Fueki K, Ai M, Ohyama T. Influence of protrusive tooth contact on tapping point distribution. J Oral Rehabil 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2000.00656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Ly CV, Yao CK, Verstreken P, Ohyama T, Bellen HJ. straightjacket is required for the synaptic stabilization of cacophony, a voltage-gated calcium channel alpha1 subunit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 181:157-70. [PMID: 18391075 PMCID: PMC2287295 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200712152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In a screen to identify genes involved in synaptic function, we isolated mutations in Drosophila melanogaster straightjacket (stj), an α2δ subunit of the voltage-gated calcium channel. stj mutant photoreceptors develop normal synaptic connections but display reduced “on–off” transients in electroretinogram recordings, indicating a failure to evoke postsynaptic responses and, thus, a defect in neurotransmission. stj is expressed in neurons but excluded from glia. Mutants exhibit endogenous seizure-like activity, indicating altered neuronal excitability. However, at the synaptic level, stj larval neuromuscular junctions exhibit approximately fourfold reduction in synaptic release compared with controls stemming from a reduced release probability at these synapses. These defects likely stem from destabilization of Cacophony (Cac), the primary presynaptic α1 subunit in D. melanogaster. Interestingly, neuronal overexpression of cac partially rescues the viability and physiological defects in stj mutants, indicating a role for the α2δ Ca2+ channel subunit in mediating the proper localization of an α1 subunit at synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy V Ly
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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32
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Inoue K, Ohyama T, Sakuragi Y, Yamamoto R, Inoue NA, Yu LH, Goto YI, Wegner M, Lupski JR. Translation of SOX10 3' untranslated region causes a complex severe neurocristopathy by generation of a deleterious functional domain. Hum Mol Genet 2008. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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33
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Abstract
To maintain transmitter release during intense stimulation, neurons need to efficiently recycle vesicles at the synapse. Following membrane fusion, vesicles are reshaped and formed from the plasma membrane by bulk or clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Most synapses, including the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ), can also recycle synaptic vesicles directly by closing the fusion pore, a process referred to as "kiss and run." While the process of clathrin-mediated vesicle retrieval is under intense investigation, the kiss-and-run phenomenon remains much less accepted. To gain better insight into the mechanisms of synaptic vesicle recycling, it is therefore critical not only to identify and characterize novel players involved in the process, but also to develop novel methods to study vesicle recycling. Although in recent years numerous techniques to study vesicle traffic have been developed (see also this volume), in this chapter we outline established procedures that use the fluorescent dye FM 1-43 or related compounds to study vesicle cycling. We describe how FM 1-43 can be used to study and visualize clathrin-mediated or bulk endocytosis from the presynaptic membrane as well as exocytosis of labeled vesicles at the Drosophila NMJ, one of the best-characterized model synapses to study synaptic function in a genetic model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Verstreken
- VIB, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics and K.U. Leuven, Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
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Ohyama T, Verstreken P, Ly CV, Rosenmund T, Rajan A, Tien AC, Haueter C, Schulze KL, Bellen HJ. Huntingtin-interacting protein 14, a palmitoyl transferase required for exocytosis and targeting of CSP to synaptic vesicles. J Cell Biol 2007; 179:1481-96. [PMID: 18158335 PMCID: PMC2373489 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200710061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modification through palmitoylation regulates protein localization and function. In this study, we identify a role for the Drosophila melanogaster palmitoyl transferase Huntingtin-interacting protein 14 (HIP14) in neurotransmitter release. hip14 mutants show exocytic defects at low frequency stimulation and a nearly complete loss of synaptic transmission at higher temperature. Interestingly, two exocytic components known to be palmitoylated, cysteine string protein (CSP) and SNAP25, are severely mislocalized at hip14 mutant synapses. Complementary DNA rescue and localization experiments indicate that HIP14 is required solely in the nervous system and is essential for presynaptic function. Biochemical studies indicate that HIP14 palmitoylates CSP and that CSP is not palmitoylated in hip14 mutants. Furthermore, the hip14 exocytic defects can be suppressed by targeting CSP to synaptic vesicles using a chimeric protein approach. Our data indicate that HIP14 controls neurotransmitter release by regulating the trafficking of CSP to synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ohyama
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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35
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Inoue K, Ohyama T, Sakuragi Y, Yamamoto R, Inoue NA, Yu LH, Li-Hua Y, Goto YI, Wegner M, Lupski JR. Translation of SOX10 3' untranslated region causes a complex severe neurocristopathy by generation of a deleterious functional domain. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16:3037-46. [PMID: 17855451 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral demyelinating neuropathy, central dysmyelinating leukodystrophy, Waardenburg syndrome and Hirschsprung disease (PCWH) is a complex neurocristopathy caused by SOX10 mutations. Most PCWH-associated SOX10 mutations result in premature termination codons (PTCs), for which the molecular mechanism has recently been delineated. However, the first mutation reported to cause PCWH was a disruption of the native stop codon that by conceptual translation extends the protein into the 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) for an additional 82 residues. In this study, we sought to determine the currently unknown molecular pathology for the SOX10 extension mutation using in vitro functional assays. Despite the wild-type SOX10 coding sequence remaining intact, the extension mutation led to severely diminished transcription and DNA-binding activities. Nevertheless, it showed no dominant-negative interference with wild-type SOX10 in vitro. Within the 82-amino acid tail, an 11-amino acid region (termed the WR domain) was responsible primarily for the deleterious properties of the extension. The WR domain, presumably forming an alpha-helix structure, inhibited SOX10 transcription activities if inserted in the carboxyl-terminal half of the protein. The WR domain can also affect other transcription factors with a graded effect when fused to the carboxyl termini, suggesting that it probably elicits a toxic functional activity. Together, molecular pathology for the SOX10 extension mutation is distinct from that of more common PTC mutations. Failure to properly terminate SOX10 translation causes the generation of a deleterious functional domain that occurs because of translation of the normal 3'-UTR; the mutant fusion protein causes a severe neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Inoue
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
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Matsui T, Nakashima K, Ohyama T, Kobayashi J, Arima Y, Kishimoto T, Ogawa M, Cai Y, Shiga S, Ando S, Kurane I, Tabara K, Itagaki A, Nitta N, Fukushi H, Matsumoto A, Okabe N. An outbreak of psittacosis in a bird park in Japan. Epidemiol Infect 2007; 136:492-5. [PMID: 17559693 PMCID: PMC2870830 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268807008783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of psittacosis related to a bird park occurred in Matsue City, Shimane Prefecture, Japan, during winter 2001. Seventeen cases of psittacosis (12 visitors, three staff, and two student interns) were confirmed. A cohort study was conducted among the park staff and students to determine the risk factors for the development of acute serologically confirmed psittacosis (SCP) infection. Being 'bird staff' had an increased risk of SCP infection (RR 3.96, 95% CI 1.48-10.58). Entering the staff building, where ill birds were maintained without proper isolation, was also associated with an increased risk of SCP infection (RR 3.61, 95% CI 1.03-12.6). Isolation of ill birds and quarantine measures were found to be insufficient. Dehumidifiers and a high-pressure water spray under a closed ventilation environment may have raised the concentration of Chlamydophila psittaci in the hothouses. Bird park staff and visitors should be educated about psittacosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matsui
- Field Epidemiology Training Program, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare objective and subjective hardness of selected common foods with a wax cube used as a test item in a mixing ability test. Objective hardness was determined for 11 foods (cream cheese, boiled fish paste, boiled beef, apple, raw carrot, peanut, soft/hard rice cracker, jelly, plain chocolate and chewing gum) and the wax cube. Peak force (N) to compress each item was obtained from force-time curves generated with the Tensipresser. Perceived hardness ratings of each item were made by 30 dentate subjects (mean age 26.9 years) using a visual analogue scale (100 mm). These subjective assessments were given twice with a 1 week interval. High intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for test-retest reliability were seen for all foods (ICC > 0.68; P < 0.001). One-way anova found a significant effect of food type on both the objective hardness score and the subjective hardness rating (P < 0.001). The wax cube showed significant lower objective hardness score (32.6 N) and subjective hardness rating (47.7) than peanut (45.3 N, 63.5) and raw carrot (82.5 N, 78.4) [P < 0.05; Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsch (REGW)-F]. A significant semilogarithmic relationship was found between the logarithm of objective hardness scores and subjective hardness ratings across twelve test items (r = 0.90; P < 0.001). These results suggest the wax cube has a softer texture compared with test foods traditionally used for masticatory performance test, such as peanut and raw carrot. The hardness of the wax cube could be modified to simulate a range of test foods by changing mixture ratio of soft and hard paraffin wax.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Salleh
- Removable Prosthodontics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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38
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Izumi T, Yagita K, Endo T, Ohyama T. Detection system of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts by brackish water benthic shellfish (Corbicula japonica) as a biological indicator in river water. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2006; 51:559-66. [PMID: 16998637 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-005-0174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2005] [Accepted: 10/27/2005] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The brackish water benthic shellfish, Corbicula japonica, was experimentally exposed to Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts at 1.51x10(4)oocysts/clam/day for 7 or 14 days. Oocysts were predominantly eliminated through the feces of Corbicula japonica in both cases by microscopic and PCR methods. The fecal excretion rates of oocysts within 4 days after the last exposure to Corbicula japonica were 87.6% for the 7-day exposure group and 86.0% for the 14-day exposure group. The tissue residue level of oocysts in the gastrointestinal tract 3 days after the last exposure was 2.7% of total exposed oocysts and that of 7 days was 1.1% for the 7-day exposure case and 1.6 and 0.5% for the 14-day exposure case, respectively, maintaining infectivity to cultured cells (HCT-8) in vitro. At the same time, field tests of Corbicula japonica for collecting oocysts showed that this clam could certainly collect Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in the natural river and, furthermore, the gene type of C. parvum could be also identified proving its effectiveness as a biological indicator. The present study showed that the brackish water benthic shellfish Corbicula japonica may be capable of gathering and preserving Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts to a considerable extent under the natural ecological conditions, and further suggests the effectiveness of Corbicula japonica as a practical and general bioindicator for estimates of river water contamination by oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Izumi
- Section of Drinking Water Chemistry, Division of Environmental Hygiene, Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, North 19, West 12, North Ward, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan.
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the influence of food platform width on food mixing ability in patients with mandibular removable partial dentures (RPDs). Twelve subjects (six males and six females, mean age 56.8 years) with intact dentition except for unilaterally missing mandibular first and second molars participated in the study. The food platforms of their RPDs were made of light polymerized composite and three platform conditions were evaluated. A food platform (Control condition) had 7 mm width with a central focus on the top of the residual ridge. Narrowed platforms (5 mm) were created by trimming a lingual portion (Buccally oriented occlusion, Buccal condition) or a buccal portion (Lingually oriented occlusion, Lingual condition) from the control. Subjects chewed a standardized wax cube which provided an estimate of food mixing ability [Mixing Ability Index (MAI)] for each of the three platforms. A significant effect (P < 0.001) on the MAI was found for food platform type (repeated measures one-way analysis of variance). Tukey multiple comparisons found significant differences of MAI between Control condition (1.05 +/- 0.26) and Buccal condition (0.86 +/- 0.23) (P = 0.032), and between Control and Lingual condition (0.54 +/- 0.37) (P < 0.001). Furthermore, MAI with Lingual condition was significantly smaller than that with Buccal condition (P < 0.001). These results suggest that reduction in the width of the food platform may impair masticatory function and the buccal portion of mandibular food platform of RPD is more critical for food mixing than the lingual portion of the platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yoshimura
- Removable Prosthodontics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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40
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Khajavi M, Inoue K, Wiszniewski W, Ohyama T, Snipes GJ, Lupski JR. Curcumin treatment abrogates endoplasmic reticulum retention and aggregation-induced apoptosis associated with neuropathy-causing myelin protein zero-truncating mutants. Am J Hum Genet 2005; 77:841-50. [PMID: 16252242 PMCID: PMC1271391 DOI: 10.1086/497541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 08/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in MPZ, the gene encoding myelin protein zero (MPZ), the major protein constituent of peripheral myelin, can cause the adult-onset, inherited neuropathy Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, as well as the more severe, childhood-onset Dejerine-Sottas neuropathy and congenital hypomyelinating neuropathy. Most MPZ-truncating mutations associated with severe forms of peripheral neuropathy result in premature termination codons within the terminal or penultimate exons that are not subject to nonsense-mediated decay and are stably translated into mutant proteins with potential dominant-negative activity. However, some truncating mutations at the 3' end of MPZ escape the nonsense-mediated decay pathway and cause a mild peripheral neuropathy phenotype. We examined the functional properties of MPZ-truncating proteins that escaped nonsense-mediated decay, and we found that frameshift mutations associated with severe disease cause an intracellular accumulation of mutant proteins, primarily within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which induces apoptosis. Curcumin, a chemical compound derived from the curry spice tumeric, releases the ER-retained MPZ mutants into the cytoplasm accompanied by a lower number of apoptotic cells. Our findings suggest that curcumin treatment is sufficient to relieve the toxic effect of mutant aggregation-induced apoptosis and may potentially have a therapeutic role in treating selected forms of inherited peripheral neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Khajavi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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41
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Abstract
As cited in literatures, canine protected occlusion has a potential to reduce clenching induced temporomandibular joint loadings. However, these previous studies did not perform a control of the clenching level which differed with the depending occlusal conditions. This result may be due largely to an associated reduced jaw closing muscle activity. The present study has investigated clenching induced condylar displacements with controlled clenching level. Twenty healthy human subjects (15 males and five females with an average age of 26.5 years) volunteered to participate in this study. Metallic occlusal overlays were fabricated for the lower working side canine and overlaid to the second molar and the non-working side second molar in order to simulate a canine protected occlusion, group function occlusion and bilateral balanced occlusion. Electromyographic (EMG) activity from the bilateral masseter, anterior temporalis, and posterior temporalis was recorded. These signals were rectified, summarized, and presented to each subject using an oscilloscope screen. Using this visual feedback, subjects were asked to perform clenching tasks at a 50% level of maximal voluntary contraction exerted with simulated group function occlusion and three-dimensional condylar displacements were recorded. An experimental occlusal pattern that shows statistically significant affects on condylar displacements (anova: P<0.001) was found. When compared with the simulated canine protected occlusion, the simulated group function occlusion caused smaller working side condylar displacement and the simulated bilateral balanced occlusion caused significantly smaller non-working side and working side condylar displacements. These results suggest that the increased working side tooth contacts have a potential to reduce working side joint loadings, and a balancing side contact has a potential to reduce non-working side joint loadings, under the laboratory condition where the clenching level is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Okano
- Removable Prosthodontics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity of the Mixing Ability Test to detect improvement of masticatory function in subjects on transition from old to new removable partial dentures. Thirty-two subjects (seven males, 25 females, mean age 65.0 years) with distal extension partially edentulous area in mandible and/or maxilla participated in the study. The following reasons were presented for replacing the old removable partial dentures with new ones: fracture and/or poor fitness of retainers, extraction of abutment teeth, poor fitness of denture base, severe wear of artificial teeth and request for metal base dentures. Masticatory function with old and new removable partial dentures after an adaptation period (mean 27.4 weeks) was evaluated by the Mixing Ability Test. Subjects were asked to masticate five two-coloured wax cubes with each removable partial denture. Mixing Ability Index was obtained from the colour mixture and shape of the masticated cubes. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to test the difference of Mixing Ability Indexes between old and new removable partial dentures. The mixing ability indexes with new removable partial dentures (mean+/- s.d.: 0.70+/- 0.68) was significantly higher (P<0.001) than those with old removable partial dentures (-0.11+/-1.13). The results suggest that the Mixing Ability Test was capable of detecting improvement in masticatory function with new removable partial dentures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Asakawa
- Removable Prosthodontics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Ohyama T, Kubota H, Horikawa Y, Matsuda K, Sakata SF, Tamaki N. Preference for glucose in Zn-deficient rats selecting from glucose and fructose diets. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2005; 51:16-21. [PMID: 15915663 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.51.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glucose and fructose selection patters of rats were analyzed for 28 d by a 2-choice selection in either Zn-adequate or Zn-deficient status. In this paper, we describe the following serial studies: (1) For the first 24 h, rats fed a Zn-deficient diet preferred a fructose-diet compared with a glucose-diet. On and after the third day, rats fed both Zn-adequate and Zn-deficient diets preferred the glucose-diet. (2) Throughout the experimental period, many of the rats fed a Zn-adequate and Zn-deficient diet continuously selected one diet. (3) Some of the rats fed a Zn-adequate and Zn-deficient diet suddenly changed preference for the glucose-diet or the fructose-diet. (4) The sum of daily glucose- and fructose-diet intake in rats fed a Zn-deficient diet showed a characteristic variation with the cyclic period of 3.9 +/- 0.4 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ohyama
- Faculty of Nutrition and High Technology Research Center, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe 651-2180, Japan
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44
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Bi W, Ohyama T, Nakamura H, Yan J, Visvanathan J, Justice MJ, Lupski JR. Inactivation of Rai1 in mice recapitulates phenotypes observed in chromosome engineered mouse models for Smith–Magenis syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 14:983-95. [PMID: 15746153 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid induced 1 (RAI1) is among the 20 genes identified in the critical region of Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS), a genomic disorder with multiple congenital anomalies associated with a 3.7 Mb heterozygous deletion of 17p11.2. Heterozygous premature termination mutations in RAI1 have been identified recently in SMS patients without detectable deletions. To investigate Rai1 function, we generated a null allele in mice by gene targeting and simultaneously inserted a lacZ reporter gene into the Rai1 locus. X-gal staining of the Rai1(+/-) mice recapitulated the endogenous expression pattern of Rai1. The gene was predominantly expressed in the epithelial cells involved in organogenesis. Obesity and craniofacial abnormalities, which have been reported in SMS mouse models containing a heterozygous deletion of the syntenic SMS critical region, were observed in Rai1(+/-) mice. Thus, haploinsufficiency of Rai1 causes obesity and craniofacial abnormalities in mice. Interestingly, the penetrance of craniofacial anomalies is further reduced in Rai1(+/-) mice. Most homozygous mice died during gastrulation and organogenesis. The surviving Rai1(-/-) mice were growth retarded and displayed malformations in both the craniofacial and the axial skeleton. Using green fluorescence protein and GAL4 DNA binding domain fusions to Rai1, we showed that Rai1 is translocated to the nucleus and it has transactivation activity. Our data are consistent with Rai1 functioning as a transcriptional regulator, document that Rai1 haploinsufficiency is responsible for obesity and craniofacial phenotypes in mice with SMS deletions, and indicate Rai1 is important for embryonic and postnatal developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Bi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Muraki H, Wakabayashi N, Park I, Ohyama T. Finite element contact stress analysis of the RPD abutment tooth and periodontal ligament. J Dent 2004; 32:659-65. [PMID: 15476961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2003] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of the occlusal rest position in removable partial dentures on the displacement of the abutment tooth and the stress distribution in the periodontal ligament (PL). METHODS We constructed three-dimensional finite element models of the mandibular first and second premolars. A layer of the PL and a mesial or distal occlusal rest were produced on the second premolar as an abutment. A zero displacement was prescribed on the outer surface of the PL and the first premolar. In each simulation, the rest was moved 0.05 mm vertically to the apical direction, with or without restriction of horizontal movements. We simulated the contact phenomena on the abutment surfaces, and calculated the movements of the abutment and stress distributions in the PL. RESULTS We observed a maximum distal displacement of 42 microm at the buccal cusp of the abutment and a principal compressive stress of 0.35 MPa in the PL when the abutment was vertically loaded by a distal rest that was allowed to move horizontally. However, the displacements and stresses were relatively small, and were all within the physiological limitations of the tissues. The restriction of the horizontal movement of the rests was effective in reducing the horizontal displacements of the abutment, regardless of the rest position. CONCLUSIONS The single vertical load exerted from either the mesial or distal rest on the abutment was unlikely to cause any mechanical damage to its supporting tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Muraki
- Removable Prosthodontics, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Department of Masticatory Function Rehabilitation, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
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Matsui T, Suzuki S, Takahashi H, Ohyama T, Kobayashi J, Izumiya H, Watanabe H, Kasuga F, Kijima H, Shibata K, Okabe N. Salmonella Enteritidis outbreak associated with a school-lunch dessert: cross-contamination and a long incubation period, Japan, 2001. Epidemiol Infect 2004; 132:873-9. [PMID: 15473150 PMCID: PMC2870174 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268804002778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) outbreak in Japan was investigated with an observational study, analytical epidemiology and bacteriological examination (including phage typing). The outbreak occurred among 96 schoolchildren, and was caused by SE phage type 1. The outbreak source was dessert buns served at a school lunch (RR 42.55, 95 % CI 5.93-305.11, P < 0.001). The buns were probably cross-contaminated from eggs from a factory with a history of SE-contaminated products. The incubation period was longer than usual (3-16 days, median 8 days). A low contaminating dose may account for the long incubation period and low attack rate. Outbreak detection was hampered by the absence of routine Salmonella surveillance in Japan. The investigation was complicated by concurrent illnesses from other SE phage types. It was successful, in part, because adequate food samples were available for microbiological testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matsui
- Field Epidemiology Training Program, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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47
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Shimizu H, Ikeda T, Wakabayashi N, Ohyama T. Effect of metal strengthener length on stress distribution in acrylic denture bases: a finite element study. J Oral Rehabil 2004; 31:879-83. [PMID: 15369469 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2004.01307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of metal strengthener length on stress created in acrylic denture bases in relation to location of the vertical support to the dentures. Finite element analysis was conducted to calculate stress generated in the straps of 2 mm-thickness and 18 mm-width that were reinforced with metal strengtheners of five different lengths. A vertical biting force of 60 N was directed on one end of each strap, while the other end was fixed. Vertical movements were restricted at one of the three support locations between the centre of the strap and the loading site. When the straps were vertically supported near the loading site, greater maximum tensile stresses were seen in the straps with relatively short strengtheners than those shown in the straps with longer strengtheners. The metal strengtheners with sufficient length may provide a preventive denture design against the acrylic fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shimizu
- Removable Prosthodontics, Department of Masticatory Function Rehabilitation, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Ohyama T, Matsuda K, Tachibana H, Fujimoto Sakata S, Mori M, Horiuchi M, Tamaki N. Purification and expression of a processing protease on beta-alanine-oxoglutarate aminotransferase from rat liver mitochondria. FEBS Lett 2004; 572:251-5. [PMID: 15304357 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2004] [Revised: 07/10/2004] [Accepted: 07/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
GABA[arrow beta]AlaAT convertase is an endopeptidase that processes brain-type 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase (GABA AT; EC 2.6.1.19) to liver-type beta-alanine-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (beta-AlaAT I) in rats. Its molecular mass was 180 kDa as determined by gel filtration. A subunit molecular mass of 97652 Da was measured using MALDI-TOF MS. The N-terminal sequence of the purified GABA[arrow beta]AlaAT convertase was SRVEVSKVLILGSGGLSIGQAGEFDYSGSQAV- and was identical to residues 418-449 of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I (CPS I; EC 1.2.1.27) purified from rat liver. The subunit molecular mass and the N-terminal amino acid sequence suggested that GABA[arrow beta]AlaAT convertase was the 418-1305 peptide of CPS I. An expression vector containing the coding region of the 418-1305 peptide of rat CPS I was transfected into NIH3T3 cells and the extract of the cells showed GABA[arrow beta]AlaAT convertase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ohyama
- Faculty of Nutrition and High Technology Research Center, Kobe-Gakuin University, Arise 518, Ikawadani-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2180, Japan.
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49
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Ohyama T, Ko IK, Miura A, Iwata H, Taki W. ProNectin F-grafted-ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVAL) as a liquid type material for treating cerebral aneurysm—An in vivo and in vitro study. Biomaterials 2004; 25:3845-52. [PMID: 15020160 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2003] [Accepted: 10/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The authors aimed to develop a liquid material for embolization of aneurysms. In vitro and in vivo performances of the new embolic material were examined by cell culture and using an aneurysm model made in common carotid arteries (CCAs) of adult rats. Engineered protein ProNectin F (PnF), which contains 13 sites of an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD), was grafted onto ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVAL-g-PnF). The liquid material, EVAL-g-PnF dissolved in DMSO, was infused into an aneurysm model. The blood segments were harvested 2, 5, and 14 days and examined histologically. A number of bovine coronary artery endothelial cells became able to attach to and form cobblestone-like islands on the EVAL by incorporating PnF. The aneurysm model infused with the EVAL-g-PnF solution revealed that the aneurysm lumen was filled with proliferated fibroblasts and macrophages. On the other hand, the aneurysm model treated with unmodified EVAL showed that the cavity was almost filled with EVAL mass and that fibroblasts and macrophages filled a narrow space between the EVAL mass and the cavity wall. The results indicate that EVAL-g-PnF could be more suitable for reorganizing the cavity of an aneurysm than native EVAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ohyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mie University School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
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Inoue K, Khajavi M, Ohyama T, Hirabayashi SI, Wilson J, Reggin JD, Mancias P, Butler IJ, Wilkinson MF, Wegner M, Lupski JR. Molecular mechanism for distinct neurological phenotypes conveyed by allelic truncating mutations. Nat Genet 2004; 36:361-9. [PMID: 15004559 DOI: 10.1038/ng1322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2003] [Accepted: 01/30/2004] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms by which different mutations in the same gene can result in distinct disease phenotypes remain largely unknown. Truncating mutations of SOX10 cause either a complex neurocristopathy designated PCWH or a more restricted phenotype known as Waardenburg-Shah syndrome (WS4; OMIM 277580). Here we report that although all nonsense and frameshift mutations that cause premature termination of translation generate truncated SOX10 proteins with potent dominant-negative activity, the more severe disease phenotype, PCWH, is realized only when the mutant mRNAs escape the nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) pathway. We observe similar results for truncating mutations of MPZ that convey distinct myelinopathies. Our experiments show that triggering NMD and escaping NMD may cause distinct neurological phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Inoue
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Room 604B, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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