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Rana N, Kapil L, Singh C, Singh A. Modeling Huntington's disease: An insight on in-vitro and in-vivo models. Behav Brain Res 2024; 459:114757. [PMID: 37952684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease is a neurodegenerative illness that causes neuronal death most extensively within the basal ganglia. There is a broad class of neurologic disorders associated with the expansion of polyglutamine (polyQ) repeats in numerous proteins. Several other molecular mechanisms have also been implicated in HD pathology, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), mitochondrial dysfunction, and altered synaptic plasticity in central spiny neurons. HD pathogenesis and the effectiveness of therapy approaches have been better understood through the use of animal models. The pathological manifestations of the disease were reproduced by early models of glutamate analog toxicity and mitochondrial respiration inhibition. Because the treatments available for HD are quite limited, it is important to have a definite preclinical model that mimics all the aspects of the disease. It can be used to study mechanisms and validate candidate therapies. Although there hasn't been much success in translating animal research into clinical practice, each model has something special to offer in the quest for a deeper comprehension of HD's neurobehavioral foundations. This review provides insight into various in-vitro-and in-vivo models of HD which may be useful in the screening of newer therapeutics for this incapacitating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitasha Rana
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Affiliated to I.K Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Lakshay Kapil
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Affiliated to I.K Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Charan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University (A Central University), Chauras Campus, Distt. Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand 246174, India
| | - Arti Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Affiliated to I.K Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India.
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2
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Wan T, Au DWT, Mo J, Chen L, Cheung KM, Kong RYC, Seemann F. Assessment of parental benzo[a]pyrene exposure-induced cross-generational neurotoxicity and changes in offspring sperm DNA methylome in medaka fish. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2022; 8:dvac013. [PMID: 35769199 PMCID: PMC9233418 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed that DNA methylation changes could serve as potential genomic markers for environmental benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) exposure and intergenerational inheritance of various physiological impairments (e.g. obesity and reproductive pathologies). As a typical aromatic hydrocarbon pollutant, direct BaP exposure has been shown to induce neurotoxicity. To unravel the inheritance mechanisms of the BaP-induced bone phenotype in freshwater medaka, we conducted whole-genome bisulfite sequencing of F1 sperm and identified 776 differentially methylated genes (DMGs). Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed that DMGs were significantly enriched in pathways associated with neuronal development and function. Therefore, it was hypothesized that parental BaP exposure (1 μg/l, 21 days) causes offspring neurotoxicity. Furthermore, the possibility for sperm methylation as an indicator for a neurotoxic phenotype was investigated. The F0 adult brains and F1 larvae were analyzed for BaP-induced direct and inherited toxicity. Acetylcholinesterase activity was significantly reduced in the larvae, together with decreased swimming velocity. Molecular analysis revealed that the marker genes associated with neuron development and growth (alpha1-tubulin, mbp, syn2a, shh, and gap43) as well as brain development (dlx2, otx2, and krox-20) were universally downregulated in the F1 larvae (3 days post-hatching). While parental BaP exposure at an environmentally relevant concentration could induce neurotoxicity in the developing larvae, the brain function of the exposed F0 adults was unaffected. This indicates that developmental neurotoxicity in larvae may result from impaired neuronal development and differentiation, causing delayed brain growth. The present study demonstrates that the possible adverse health effects of BaP in the environment are more extensive than currently understood. Thus, the possibility of multigenerational BaP toxicity should be included in environmental risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wan
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Doris Wai-Ting Au
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiezhang Mo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lianguo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Kwok-Ming Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Richard Yuen-Chong Kong
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- South Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Frauke Seemann
- *Correspondence address. Department of Life Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA. Tel: +1-361-825-2683; Fax: +1 (361) 825-2742;
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Clayman CL, Connaughton VP. Neurochemical and Behavioral Consequences of Ethanol and/or Caffeine Exposure: Effects in Zebrafish and Rodents. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:560-578. [PMID: 34766897 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211111142027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish are increasingly being utilized to model the behavioral and neurochemical effects of pharmaceuticals and, more recently, pharmaceutical interactions. Zebrafish models of stress establish that both caffeine and ethanol influence anxiety, though few studies have implemented co-administration to assess the interaction of anxiety and reward-seeking. Caffeine exposure in zebrafish is teratogenic, causing developmental abnormalities in the cardiovascular, neuromuscular, and nervous systems of embryos and larvae. Ethanol is also a teratogen and, as an anxiolytic substance, may be able to offset the anxiogenic effects of caffeine. Co-exposure to caffeine and alcohol impacts neuroanatomy and behavior in adolescent animal models, suggesting stimulant substances may moderate the impact of alcohol on neural circuit development. Here, we review the literature describing neuropharmacological and behavioral consequences of caffeine and/or alcohol exposure in the zebrafish model, focusing on neurochemistry, locomotor effects, and behavioral assessments of stress/anxiety as reported in adolescent/juvenile and adult animals. The purpose of this review is twofold: (1) describe the work in zebrafish documenting the effects of ethanol and/or caffeine exposure and (2) compare these zebrafish studies with comparable experiments in rodents. We focus on specific neurochemical pathways (dopamine, serotonin, adenosine, GABA, adenosine), anxiety-type behaviors (assessed with novel tank, thigmotaxis, shoaling), and locomotor changes resulting from both individual and co-exposure. We compare findings in zebrafish with those in rodent models, revealing similarities across species and identifying conservation of mechanisms that potentially reinforce co-addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly L Clayman
- Department of Biology and Center for Neuroscience and Behavior American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States
| | - Victoria P Connaughton
- Department of Biology and Center for Neuroscience and Behavior American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States
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Vizuete AFK, Mussulini BH, Zenki KC, Baggio S, Pasqualotto A, Rosemberg DB, Bogo MR, de Oliveira DL, Rico EP. Prolonged ethanol exposure alters glutamate uptake leading to astrogliosis and neuroinflammation in adult zebrafish brain. Neurotoxicology 2021; 88:57-64. [PMID: 34728274 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
High ethanol (EtOH) consumption is a serious condition that induces tremors, alcoholic psychosis, and delirium, being considered a public health problem worldwide. Prolonged EtOH exposure promotes neurodegeneration, affecting several neurotransmitter systems and transduction signaling pathways. Glutamate is the major excitatory amino acid in the central nervous system (CNS) and the extracellular glutamatergic tonus is controlled by glutamate transporters mostly located in astrocytes. Here, we explore the effects of prolonged EtOH exposure on the glutamatergic uptake system and its relationship with astroglial markers (GFAP and S100B), neuroinflammation (IL-1β and TNF-α), and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the CNS of adult zebrafish. Animals were exposed to 0.5% EtOH for 7, 14, and 28 days continuously. Glutamate uptake was significantly decreased after 7 and 14 days of EtOH exposure, returning to baseline levels after 28 days of exposure. No alterations were observed in crucial enzymatic activities linked to glutamate uptake, like Na,K-ATPase or glutamine synthetase. Prolonged EtOH exposure increased GFAP, S100B, and TNF-α levels after 14 days. Additionally, increased BDNF mRNA levels were observed after 14 and 28 days of EtOH exposure, while BDNF protein levels increased only after 28 days. Collectively, our data show markedly brain astroglial, neuroinflammatory and neurotrofic responses after an initial impairment of glutamate uptake following prolonged EtOH exposure. This neuroplasticity event could play a key role in the modulatory effect of EtOH on glutamate uptake after 28 days of continuous exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Fernanda Kuckartz Vizuete
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ben Hur Mussulini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Kamila Cagliari Zenki
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Suelen Baggio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Amanda Pasqualotto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Denis Broock Rosemberg
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA, 70458, USA
| | - Maurício Reis Bogo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Diogo Lösch de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA, 70458, USA
| | - Eduardo Pacheco Rico
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Extreme Southern Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
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Kumar V, Singh C, Singh A. Zebrafish an experimental model of Huntington's disease: molecular aspects, therapeutic targets and current challenges. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:8181-8194. [PMID: 34665402 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06787-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is a lethal autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease whose exact causative mechanism is still unknown. It can transform from one generation to another generation. The CAG triplet expansion on polyglutamine (PolyQ) tract on Huntingtin protein primarily contributes in HD pathogenesis. Apart from this some another molecular mechanisms are also involved in HD pathology such as loss of Brain derived neurotrophic factor in medium spiny neurons, mitochondrial dysfunction, and alterations in synaptic plasticity are briefly discussed in this review. However, several chemicals (3-nitropropionic acid, and Quinolinic acid) and genetic (mHTT-ΔN17-97Q over expression) experimental models are used to explore the exact pathogenic mechanism and finding of new drug targets for the development of novel therapeutic approaches. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is widely used in in-vivo screening of several central nervous system (CNS) diseases such as HD, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and in memory deficits. Thus, this makes zebrafish as an excellent animal model for the development of new therapeutic strategies against various CNS disorders. We had reviewed several publications utilizing zebrafish and rodents to explore the disease pathology. Studies suggested that zebrafish genes and their human homologues have conserved functions. Zebrafish advantages and their characteristics over the other experimental animals make it an excellent tool for the disease study. This review explains the possible pathogenic mechanism of HD and also discusses about possible treatment therapies, apart from this we also discussed about possible potential therapeutic targets which will helps in designing of novel therapeutic approaches to overcome the disease progression. Diagrammatic depiction shows prevention of HD pathogenesis through attenuation of various biochemical alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Charan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
- Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144603, India
| | - Arti Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India.
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Goi LDS, Altenhofen S, Nabinger DD, Bonan CD, Sato DK. Decreased convulsive threshold and memory loss after anti-NMDAR positive CSF injection in zebrafish. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 359:577689. [PMID: 34384966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis initially promotes memory deficits, behavioral changes, and epileptic seizures. We developed a new animal model of anti-NMDAR encephalitis using a single cerebroventricular injection of CSF from patients in adult zebrafish. We observed a reduction of the seizure threshold and recent memory deficits in those animals injected with CSF from patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. The locomotor activity was similar in the CSF and control groups. This zebrafish model consistently recapitulates symptoms seen in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. It may provide a reliable, fast and cost-effective platform to investigate new therapeutic strategies to anti-NMDAR encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leise D S Goi
- Neuroinflammation and Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Stefani Altenhofen
- School of Sciences, Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Neurochemistry and Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Debora D Nabinger
- School of Sciences, Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Neurochemistry and Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla D Bonan
- School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; School of Sciences, Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Neurochemistry and Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Douglas K Sato
- Neuroinflammation and Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Agostini JF, Santo GD, Baldin SL, Bernardo HT, de Farias ACS, Rico EP, Wanderley AG. Gallic Acid Reverses Neurochemical Changes Induced by Prolonged Ethanol Exposure in the Zebrafish Brain. Neuroscience 2020; 455:251-262. [PMID: 33285238 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Gallic acid (GA) is a polyphenolic compound that has attracted significant interest due to its antioxidant action through free radical elimination and metal chelation. Ethanol is a highly soluble psychoactive substance, and its toxicity is associated with oxidative stress. In this context, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of GA on neurochemical changes in zebrafish brains exposed to ethanol. GA was first analyzed in isolation by treating the animals at concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 mg/L for 24 h and 48 h. The results revealed that the group exposed to 20 mg/L over a 24/48 h period exhibited increases in thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBA-RS) levels and 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCFH) oxidation, demonstrating a pro-oxidant profile. Moreover, decrease in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity was observed. To investigate the effects of GA after ethanol exposure, the animals were divided into four groups: control; those exposed to 0.5% ethanol for 7 days; those exposed to 0.5% ethanol for 7 days and treated with GA at 5 and 10 mg/L on day 8. Treatment with GA at 5 and 10 mg/L reversed impairment of choline acetyltransferase activity and the damage to TBA-RS levels, DCFH oxidation, and superoxide dismutase activity induced by ethanol. Results of the present study suggest that GA treatment (20 mg/L) appeared to disrupt oxidative parameters in the zebrafish brain. GA treatment at 5 and 10 mg/L reversed alterations to the cholinergic system induced by prolonged exposure to ethanol in the zebrafish brain, probably through an antioxidant mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jotele Fontana Agostini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Dal Santo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Samira Leila Baldin
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Extreme Southern Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Henrique Teza Bernardo
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Extreme Southern Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Salvador de Farias
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Extreme Southern Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Pacheco Rico
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Extreme Southern Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Almir Gonçalves Wanderley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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Lutte AH, Majolo JH, Da Silva RS. Inhibition of ecto-5'-nucleotidase and adenosine deaminase is able to reverse long-term behavioural effects of early ethanol exposure in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Sci Rep 2020; 10:17809. [PMID: 33082435 PMCID: PMC7576130 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74832-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The behavioural impacts of prenatal exposure to ethanol include a lower IQ, learning problems, anxiety and conduct disorders. Several components of the neurochemical network could contribute to the long-lasting effects of ethanol embryonic exposure. Adenosine is an important neuromodulator, that has been indicated to be affected by acute and chronic exposure to ethanol. Here, embryos of zebrafish exposed to 1% ethanol during the developmental stages of gastrula/segmentation or pharyngula exhibited anxiolytic effect, increased aggressiveness, and decreased social interaction. The exposure during pharyngula stage was able to affect all behavioural parameters analysed at 3 months-post fertilization (mpf), while the treatment during gastrula stage affected the anxiety and social interaction parameters. The aggressiveness was the only behavioural effect of early ethanol exposure that lasted to 12 mpf. The use of a specific inhibitor of adenosine production, the inhibitor of ecto-5′-nucleotidase (AMPCP/150 mg/kg), and the specific inhibitor of adenosine degradation, the inhibitor of adenosine deaminase, EHNA (100 mg/kg) did not affect the effects over anxiety. However, AMPCP at 3 mpf, but not EHNA, reversed aggressive parameters. AMPCP also recovered the social interaction parameter at 3 mpf in animals treated in both stages, while EHNA recovered this parameter just in those animals treated with ethanol during the gastrula stage. These results suggest that long-lasting behavioural effects of ethanol can be modulated by intervention on ecto-5′-nucleotidase and adenosine deaminase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Haab Lutte
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica E Psicofarmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde E da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Julia Huppes Majolo
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica E Psicofarmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde E da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Rosane Souza Da Silva
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica E Psicofarmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde E da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil.
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Wiprich MT, Zanandrea R, Altenhofen S, Bonan CD. Influence of 3-nitropropionic acid on physiological and behavioral responses in zebrafish larvae and adults. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 234:108772. [PMID: 32353558 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Long-term treatment with 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA), a toxin derived from plants and fungi, may reproduce symptoms and biochemical characteristics of Huntington's disease (HD). Our study evaluated the effects of 3-NPA on the physiological and behavioral responses in zebrafish larvae and adults. Larvae exposed to 0.1, 0.2, or 0.5 mM 3-NPA exhibited an increase in heart rate at 2- and 5-days post-fertilization (dpf). There was a decrease in the ocular distance at 5 dpf with 0.05 mM 3-NPA treatment. However, 3-NPA did not alter larval locomotor parameters. Adult zebrafish received 3-NPA intraperitoneal injections (a total of seven injections at doses 10, 20, or 60 mg/kg every 96 h) and showed a decrease in body weight , locomotion and aggressive behavior. No changes were observed in anxiety-like behavior and social interaction between 3-NPA-exposed animals and control groups. However, 3-NPA-treated animals (at 60 mg/kg) demonstrated impaired long-term aversive memory. Overall, 3-NPA exposure induced morphological and heart rate alterations in zebrafish larvae. Additionally, our study showed behavioral changes in zebrafish that were submitted to long-term 3-NPA treatment, which could be related to HD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Talita Wiprich
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Zanandrea
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Stefani Altenhofen
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Cerebrais, Excitotoxicidade e Neuroproteção, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Denise Bonan
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Cerebrais, Excitotoxicidade e Neuroproteção, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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10
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Behavioral plasticity and gene regulation in the brain during an intermittent ethanol exposure in adult zebrafish population. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 192:172909. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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11
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Rico EP, Rosemberg DB, Berteli JFA, da Silveira Langoni A, Souto AA, Bogo MR, Bonan CD, Souza DO. Adenosine deaminase activity and gene expression patterns are altered after chronic ethanol exposure in zebrafish brain. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2017; 65:14-18. [PMID: 29122710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol alters the homeostasis between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters and its intoxication reveals adenosine as responsible to modify several responses including signal transduction. Zebrafish has been recently investigated for knowledge the prolonged effect of ethanol on behavioral and biochemical parameters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the soluble and membrane adenosine deaminase activities and gene expression in zebrafish brain. Animals were exposed to 0.5% ethanol for 7, 14, and 28days. There were no significant changes in ADA activity from soluble fraction after all treatments. However, we verified a decrease of ADA activity in membrane fraction after 28days (44%) of ethanol exposure. ADA1 was not altered whereas mRNA transcript levels for ADAL presented an increase after 28days of ethanol exposure (34%). ADA2-1 showed a decrease (26%) followed by an increase (17%) of transcripts after 14 and 28days of ethanol exposure, respectively. However, ADA2-1 truncated alternative splice isoform (ADA2-1/T) demonstrated a reduction after 28days (20%). ADA2-2 was decreased (22%) followed by an increase (109%) of transcripts after 14 and 18days of ethanol exposure, respectively. Altogether, the purine catabolism promoted by ADA may be an important target of the chronic toxicity induced for ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Pacheco Rico
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Sinalização Neural e Psicofarmacologia, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária, 1105, Bloco S, Sala 6, Bairro Universitário, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Excitotoxicidade e Neuroproteção (INCT-EN), 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Denis Broock Rosemberg
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Excitotoxicidade e Neuroproteção (INCT-EN), 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jotele Fontana Agostini Berteli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Sinalização Neural e Psicofarmacologia, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária, 1105, Bloco S, Sala 6, Bairro Universitário, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Andrei da Silveira Langoni
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Brazil
| | - André Arigony Souto
- Faculdade de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maurício Reis Bogo
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Denise Bonan
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diogo Onofre Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Excitotoxicidade e Neuroproteção (INCT-EN), 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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12
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Repeated ethanol exposure alters social behavior and oxidative stress parameters of zebrafish. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 79:105-111. [PMID: 28602852 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Repeated ethanol (EtOH) consumption induces neurological disorders in humans and is considered an important public health problem. The physiological effects of EtOH are dose- and time-dependent, causing relevant changes in the social behavior. In addition, alcohol-induced oxidative stress has been proposed as a key mechanism involved in EtOH neurotoxicity. Here we investigate for the first time whether repeated EtOH exposure (REE) alters the social behavior of zebrafish and influences brain oxidation processes. Animals were exposed to water (control group) or 1% (v/v) EtOH (EtOH group) for 8 consecutive days (20min per day). EtOH was added directly to the tank water. At day 9, the social behavior and biochemical parameters were assessed. REE increased shoal cohesion by reducing inter-fish and farthest neighbor distances. SOD and CAT activities, as well as NPSH levels decreased in brain tissue. Moreover, REE increased lipid peroxidation suggesting oxidative damage. In summary, changes in oxidation processes may play a role in the CNS effects of EtOH, influencing the social behavior of zebrafish. Furthermore, in a translational neuroscience perspective, our data reinforces the utility of zebrafish to clarify the biochemical and behavioral effects of intermittent EtOH administration.
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13
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Cholinergic System and Oxidative Stress Changes in the Brain of a Zebrafish Model Chronically Exposed to Ethanol. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:749-758. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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14
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Baggio S, Mussulini BH, de Oliveira DL, Zenki KC, Santos da Silva E, Rico EP. Embryonic alcohol exposure promotes long-term effects on cerebral glutamate transport of adult zebrafish. Neurosci Lett 2016; 636:265-269. [PMID: 27838452 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol is a widely consumed substance throughout the world. During development it can substantially damage the human fetus, whereas the developing brain is particularly vulnerable. The brain damage induced by prenatal alcohol exposure may lead to a variety of long-lasting behavioral and neurochemical problems. However, there are no data concerning the effects of developmental ethanol exposure on the glutamatergic system, where extracellular glutamate acts as signaling molecule. Here we investigated the effect of ethanol exposure for 2h (concentrations of 0.0%, 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.50%, and 1.00%) in embryos at 24h post-fertilization (hpf) by measuring the functionality of glutamate transporters in the brain of adult (4 months) zebrafish. However, ethanol 0.1%, 0.25% and 0.50% decreased transport of glutamate to 81.96%, 60.65% and 45.91% respectively, when compared with the control group. Interestingly, 1.00% was able to inhibit the transport activity to 68.85%. In response to the embryonic alcohol exposure, we found impairment in the function of cerebral glutamate transport in adult fish, contributing to long-term alteration in the homeostasis glutamatergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suelen Baggio
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ben Hur Mussulini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diogo Losch de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Kamila Cagliari Zenki
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Emerson Santos da Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Pacheco Rico
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense - UNESC, Av. Universitária, 1105, Bairro Universitário, 88806-000, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
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Tran S, Facciol A, Gerlai R. The Zebrafish, a Novel Model Organism for Screening Compounds Affecting Acute and Chronic Ethanol-Induced Effects. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 126:467-84. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Santos-Fandila A, Vázquez E, Barranco A, Zafra-Gómez A, Navalón A, Rueda R, Ramírez M. Analysis of 17 neurotransmitters, metabolites and precursors in zebrafish through the life cycle using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1001:191-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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17
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Tran S, Nowicki M, Chatterjee D, Gerlai R. Acute and chronic ethanol exposure differentially alters alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in the zebrafish liver. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 56:221-6. [PMID: 25290637 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic ethanol exposure paradigms have been successfully used in the past to induce behavioral and central nervous system related changes in zebrafish. However, it is currently unknown whether chronic ethanol exposure alters ethanol metabolism in adult zebrafish. In the current study we examine the effect of acute ethanol exposure on adult zebrafish behavioral responses, as well as alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity in the liver. We then examine how two different chronic ethanol exposure paradigms (continuous and repeated ethanol exposure) alter behavioral responses and liver enzyme activity during a subsequent acute ethanol challenge. Acute ethanol exposure increased locomotor activity in a dose-dependent manner. ADH activity was shown to exhibit an inverted U-shaped curve and ALDH activity was decreased by ethanol exposure at all doses. During the acute ethanol challenge, animals that were continuously housed in ethanol exhibited a significantly reduced locomotor response and increased ADH activity, however, ALDH activity did not change. Zebrafish that were repeatedly exposed to ethanol demonstrated a small but significant attenuation of the locomotor response during the acute ethanol challenge but ADH and ALDH activity was similar to controls. Overall, we identified two different chronic ethanol exposure paradigms that differentially alter behavioral and physiological responses in zebrafish. We speculate that these two paradigms may allow dissociation of central nervous system-related and liver enzyme-dependent ethanol induced changes in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Tran
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Canada.
| | - Magda Nowicki
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Canada
| | | | - Robert Gerlai
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Canada
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18
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Tran S, Gerlai R. Recent advances with a novel model organism: alcohol tolerance and sensitization in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 55:87-93. [PMID: 24593943 PMCID: PMC4225077 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse and dependence are a rapidly growing problem with few treatment options available. The zebrafish has become a popular animal model for behavioral neuroscience. This species may be appropriate for investigating the effects of alcohol on the vertebrate brain. In the current review, we examine the literature by discussing how alcohol alters behavior in zebrafish and how it may affect biological correlates. We focus on two phenomena that are often examined in the context of alcohol-induced neuroplasticity. Alcohol tolerance (a progressive decrease in the effect of alcohol over time) is often observed following continuous (chronic) exposure to low concentrations of alcohol. Alcohol sensitization also called reverse tolerance (a progressive increase in the effect of alcohol over time) is often observed following repeated discrete exposures to higher concentrations of alcohol. These two phenomena may underlie the development and maintenance of alcohol addiction. The phenotypical characterization of these responses in zebrafish may be the first important steps in establishing this species as a tool for the analysis of the molecular and neurobiological mechanisms underlying human alcohol addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Tran
- University of Toronto, Department of Cell and Systems Biology, Canada
| | - Robert Gerlai
- University of Toronto, Department of Cell and Systems Biology, Canada; University of Toronto at Mississauga, Department of Psychology, Canada.
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19
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An integrative analysis of ethanol tolerance and withdrawal in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Behav Brain Res 2014; 276:161-70. [PMID: 24598276 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish is emerging as a popular animal model for alcohol (ethanol or EtOH) addiction due to its simplicity and practical advantages. Two phenomena associated with ethanol addiction are the development of tolerance and withdrawal. Using a multi-level approach in the current study, we characterise ethanol tolerance and withdrawal in zebrafish. We first investigate the temporal trajectory of ethanol concentration in the zebrafish brain in response to an acute exposure and during withdrawal. We report that ethanol concentrations approach a steady state within 60 min of exposure to 0.50% and 1.00% v/v ethanol and rapidly decline and return to zero within 60 min following withdrawal from chronic ethanol exposure (0.50% v/v). We characterise the changes associated with ethanol tolerance and withdrawal in zebrafish by focusing on three domains relevant to ethanol addiction: motor patterns, physiological responses (i.e. cortisol levels), and neurochemical alterations. The use of multiple domains of investigation allowed an in-depth analysis of ethanol induced changes in zebrafish.
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20
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Aspartame-fed zebrafish exhibit acute deaths with swimming defects and saccharin-fed zebrafish have elevation of cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity in hypercholesterolemia. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:2899-905. [PMID: 21855599 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although many artificial sweeteners (AS) have safety issues, the AS have been widely used in industry. To determine the physiologic effect of AS in the presence of hyperlipidemia, zebrafish were fed aspartame or saccharin with a high-cholesterol diet (HCD). After 12 days, 30% of zebrafish, which consumed aspartame and HCD, died with exhibiting swimming defects. The aspartame group had 65% survivability, while the control and saccharin groups had 100% survivability. Under HCD, the saccharin-fed groups had the highest increase in the serum cholesterol level (599 mg/dL). Aspartame-fed group showed a remarkable increase in serum glucose (up to 125 mg/dL), which was 58% greater than the increase in the HCD alone group. The saccharin and HCD groups had the highest cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity (52% CE-transfer), while the HCD alone group had 42% CE-transfer. Histologic analysis revealed that the aspartame and HCD groups showed more infiltration of inflammatory cells in the brain and liver sections. Conclusively, under presence of hyperlipidemia, aspartame-fed zebrafish exhibited acute swimming defects with an increase in brain inflammation. Saccharin-fed zebrafish had an increased atherogenic serum lipid profile with elevation of CETP activity.
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