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Rawat N, Singh MP. Effect of chlorpyrifos on cypermethrin-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2024; 40:530-538. [PMID: 39075981 DOI: 10.1177/07482337241267192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the combined effects of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin combined on dopaminergic neurotoxicity, motor behaviours and level of selected inflammatory proteins in rats compared to either alone for delineating an interaction between these two pesticides. The rotarod and grip strength tests were employed to assess neurobehavioural changes. The striatal dopamine content and expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), α-synuclein, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) proteins in the nigrostriatal tissue were measured. Chlorpyrifos impaired the neurobehavioural indexes, reduced the striatal dopamine level, augmented the level of α-synuclein, COX-2, and TNF-α and attenuated the expression of TH similar to but a little less than cypermethrin. Half the dose of both pesticides together produced additional neurotoxicity compared with the usual (highest employed) dose of either alone. The results showed that chlorpyrifos induced moderately less dopaminergic neurotoxicity than cypermethrin. In the combination, they produced a little higher toxicity than either pesticide alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Rawat
- Systems Toxicology Group, FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Mahendra Pratap Singh
- Systems Toxicology Group, FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Capacity Building and Knowledge Services Group, ASSIST Division, CSIR-IITR, Lucknow, India
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Baas PW, Sullivan KA, Terry AV, Case K, Yates PL, Sun X, Raghupathi R, Huber BR, Qiang L. Is Gulf War Illness a prolonged early phase tauopathy? Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2024; 81:41-46. [PMID: 37702426 PMCID: PMC10841075 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
The work of the Gulf War Illness (GWI) Consortium and that of basic and clinical researchers across the USA have resulted in a better understanding in recent years of the pathological basis of GWI, as well as of the mechanisms underlying the disorder. Among the most concerning symptoms suffered by veterans with GWI are cognitive decrements including those related to memory functioning. These decrements are not severe enough to meet dementia criteria, but there is significant concern that the mild cognitive impairment of these veterans will progress to dementia as they become older. Recent studies on GWI using human brain organoids as well as a rat model suggest that one potential cause of the cognitive problems may be elevated levels of tau in the brain, and this is supported by high levels of tau autoantibodies in the blood of veterans with GWI. There is urgency in finding treatments and preventive strategies for these veterans before they progress to dementia, with added value in doing so because their current status may represent an early phase of tauopathy common to many neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W. Baas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Sullivan
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Alvin V. Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Kendra Case
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Philip L. Yates
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Xiaohuan Sun
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Ramesh Raghupathi
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Bertrand R. Huber
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System, US Department of Veteran Affairs, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Liang Qiang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
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Li W, Ehrich M. Effect of chlorpyrifos on VEGF gene expression. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110573. [PMID: 37263558 PMCID: PMC10527174 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF; 0,0-diethyl 0-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)-phosphorothioate), a cholinesterase inhibitor, compromised the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) when used at low concentrations during our previous experiments in vitro. To determine if BBB leakage would also occur in vivo, we used FITC-dextrans to evaluate BBB permeability in CPF-dosed mice. Results indicated BBB leakages that were evident at 2 h after treatment with 70 mg/kg CPF ip. Since vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent vasopermeability factor, is a signaling protein that promotes the growth of new blood vessels, we investigated the possible involvement of VEGF in BBB disruption by CPF. We found that VEGF serum concentration was significantly increased at 24 h after CPF exposure. To further explore VEGF involving BBB disruption by CPF treatment, the receptor antagonist for VEGF (sFlt-1) was used for pretreatment before CPF exposure. After sFlt-1 pretreatment, gene expressions of the tight junction (TJ) proteins claudin5 and occludin were significantly downregulated at 1, 2, and 3 h, but returned to control levels at 24 h after CPF treatment. These results suggest that VEGF is involved in BBB disruption by CPF through BBB-TJs regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Marion Ehrich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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Setyopranoto I, Gofir A, Rahardjo LP, Panggabean AS, Dwianingsih EK, Setyaningsih I, Setyaningrum CTS, Sutarni S, Malueka RG. Association of Pesticide Exposure with Cognitive Function in Farmers. Eur Neurol 2023; 86:305-314. [PMID: 37364544 DOI: 10.1159/000530899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Organophosphate and carbamate are two types of pesticides that can induce cholinesterase suppression in humans. These lead to poisoning symptoms including muscle paralysis and respiratory depression in acute settings. In chronic settings, the mechanism of organophosphate and carbamate poisoning is still openly discussed. Accordingly, this study aimed to identify any correlations between erythrocyte cholinesterase and type of pesticides with cognitive performance of the subjects. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in two sampling periods (July 2017 and October 2018) in Ngablak Districts, Magelang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The study subjects were farmers with history of pesticide exposure. Cholinesterase levels (ChE) were analyzed from blood samples. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Stroop Test. RESULTS In total, 151 subjects aged between 23 and 91 years old were included. The long-term organophosphate exposure group had significantly lower MMSE scores compared with other types of pesticides, but not in carbamate (p = 0.017). After comparing "organophosphate only" and "carbamate only" groups, there were significant differences in MMSE scores (p = 0.018) but not in blood ChE levels (p = 0.286). Detailed assessment in MMSE domains showed significantly lower scores for orientation, attention, and registration domains (p < 0.05) in the organophosphate group. There were no significant associations between types of pesticides and blood ChE levels with the Stroop Test results (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Long-term organophosphate exposure could produce lower cognitive function and the insignificant association between blood ChE levels to MMSE could lead to non-cholinergic pathways as its underlying pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Setyopranoto
- Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Abdul Gofir
- Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Laxmiprita Pusparani Rahardjo
- Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Andre Stefanus Panggabean
- Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ery Kus Dwianingsih
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Indarwati Setyaningsih
- Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Cempaka Thursina Srie Setyaningrum
- Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sri Sutarni
- Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rusdy Ghazali Malueka
- Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Kodali M, Jankay T, Shetty AK, Reddy DS. Pathophysiological basis and promise of experimental therapies for Gulf War Illness, a chronic neuropsychiatric syndrome in veterans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:673-697. [PMID: 36790443 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06319-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the pathophysiology and potential treatments for Gulf War Illness (GWI), which is a chronic neuropsychiatric illness linked to a combination of chemical exposures experienced by service personnel during the first Gulf War in 1991. However, there is currently no effective treatment for veterans with GWI. The article focuses on the current status and efficacy of existing therapeutic interventions in preclinical models of GWI, as well as potential perspectives of promising therapies. GWI stems from changes in brain and peripheral systems in veterans, leading to neurocognitive deficits, as well as physiological and psychological effects resulting from multifaceted changes such as neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal damage. Aging not only renders veterans more susceptible to GWI symptoms, but also attenuates their immune capabilities and response to therapies. A variety of experimental models are being used to investigate the pathophysiology and develop therapies that have the ability to alleviate devastating symptoms. Over two dozen therapeutic interventions targeting neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuronal injury, and neurogenesis are being tested, including agents such as curcumin, curcumin nanoparticles, monosodium luminol, melatonin, resveratrol, fluoxetine, rolipram, oleoylethanolamide, ketamine, levetiracetam, nicotinamide riboside, minocycline, pyridazine derivatives, and neurosteroids. Preclinical outcomes show that some agents have promise, including curcumin, resveratrol, and ketamine, which are being tested in clinical trials in GWI veterans. Neuroprotectants and other compounds such as monosodium luminol, melatonin, levetiracetam, oleoylethanolamide, and nicotinamide riboside appear promising for future clinical trials. Neurosteroids have been shown to have neuroprotective and disease-modifying properties, which makes them a promising medicine for GWI. Therefore, accelerated clinical studies are urgently needed to evaluate and launch an effective therapy for veterans displaying GWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheedhar Kodali
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Tanvi Jankay
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.,Texas A&M Health Institute of Pharmacology and Neurotherapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, 8447 Riverside Pkwy, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA. .,Texas A&M Health Institute of Pharmacology and Neurotherapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, 8447 Riverside Pkwy, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA.
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6
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Elhaj R, Reynolds JM. Chemical exposures and suspected impact on Gulf War Veterans. Mil Med Res 2023; 10:11. [PMID: 36882803 PMCID: PMC9993698 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-023-00449-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gulf War Illness (GWI) encompass a spectrum of maladies specific to troops deployed during the Persian Gulf War (1990-1991). There are several hypothesized factors believed to contribute to GWI, including (but not limited to) exposures to chemical agents and a foreign environment (e.g., dust, pollens, insects, and microbes). Moreover, the inherent stress associated with deployment and combat has been associated with GWI. While the etiology of GWI remains uncertain, several studies have provided strong evidence that chemical exposures, especially neurotoxicants, may be underlying factors for the development of GWI. This mini style perspective article will focus on some of the major evidence linking chemical exposures to GWI development and persistence decades after exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Elhaj
- Center for Cancer Biology, Immunology and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Joseph M Reynolds
- Center for Cancer Biology, Immunology and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
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Hosseini A, Alipour A, Baradaran Rahimi V, Askari VR. A comprehensive and mechanistic review on protective effects of kaempferol against natural and chemical toxins: Role of NF-κB inhibition and Nrf2 activation. Biofactors 2022; 49:322-350. [PMID: 36471898 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Different toxins, including chemicals and natural, can be entered from various routes and influence human health. Herbal medicines and their active components can attenuate the toxicity of agents via multiple mechanisms. For example, kaempferol, as a flavonoid, can be found in fruits and vegetables, and has an essential role in improving disorders such as cardiovascular disorders, neurological diseases, cancer, pain, and inflammation situations. The beneficial effects of kaempferol may be related to the inhibition of oxidative stress, attenuation of inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nuclear factor ĸB (NF-ĸB) as well as the modulation of apoptosis and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. This flavonoid boasts a wide spectrum of toxin targeting effects in tissue fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress thus shows promising protective effects against natural and chemical toxin induced hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity, lung, and intestinal in the in vitro and in vivo setting. The most remarkable aspect of kaempferol is that it does not focus its efforts on just one organ or one molecular pathway. Although its significance as a treatment option remains questionable and requires more clinical studies, it seems to be a low-risk therapeutic option. It is crucial to emphasize that kaempferol's poor bioavailability is a significant barrier to its use as a therapeutic option. Nanotechnology can be a promising way to overcome this challenge, reviving optimism in using kaempferol as a viable treatment agent against toxin-induced disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azar Hosseini
- Pharmacological Research Centre of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alieh Alipour
- Pharmacological Research Centre of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vafa Baradaran Rahimi
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Reza Askari
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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8
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Retinal Toxicity Induced by Chemical Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158182. [PMID: 35897758 PMCID: PMC9331776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vision is an important sense for humans, and visual impairment/blindness has a huge impact in daily life. The retina is a nervous tissue that is essential for visual processing since it possesses light sensors (photoreceptors) and performs a pre-processing of visual information. Thus, retinal cell dysfunction or degeneration affects visual ability and several general aspects of the day-to-day of a person's lives. The retina has a blood-retinal barrier, which protects the tissue from a wide range of molecules or microorganisms. However, several agents, coming from systemic pathways, reach the retina and influence its function and survival. Pesticides are still used worldwide for agriculture, contaminating food with substances that could reach the retina. Natural products have also been used for therapeutic purposes and are another group of substances that can get to the retina. Finally, a wide number of medicines administered for different diseases can also affect the retina. The present review aimed to gather recent information about the hazard of these products to the retina, which could be used to encourage the search for more healthy, suitable, or less risky agents.
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Spirhanzlova P, Couderq S, Le Mével S, Leemans M, Krief S, Mughal BB, Demeneix BA, Fini JB. Short- and Long-Term Effects of Chlorpyrifos on Thyroid Hormone Axis and Brain Development in Xenopus laevis. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 113:1298-1311. [PMID: 35753306 DOI: 10.1159/000525719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The extensive use of the insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) throughout the world has brought increased scrutiny on its environmental and health impact. CPF is a cholinergic neurotoxicant; however, exposure to low noncholinergic doses is associated with numerous neurodevelopmental effects in animal models. In this study, we aimed to assess CPF for its potential to disrupt thyroid hormone signalling and investigate the short- and long-term effects on neurodevelopment by using Xenopus laevis. METHODS The thyroid hormone (TH) disrupting potential of CPF was assessed using TH-sensitive transgenic Tg(thibz:eGFP) tadpoles. The consequences of early embryonic exposure were examined by exposing fertilized eggs for 72 h to environmentally relevant CPF concentrations (10-10 M and 10-8 M). Three endpoints were evaluated: (1) gene expression in whole embryonic brains immediately after exposure, (2) mobility and brain morphology 1 week after exposure, and (3) brain morphology and axon diameters at the end of metamorphosis (2 months after the exposure). RESULTS CPF disrupted TH signalling in Tg(thibz:eGFP) tadpoles. The expression of genes klf9, cntn4, oatp1c1, and tubb2b was downregulated in response to CPF. Tadpoles exposed to CPF exhibited increased mobility and altered brain morphology compared to control tadpoles. Early embryonic exposure of CPF affected myelinated axon diameter, with exposed animals exhibiting shifted frequency distributions of myelinated axons diameters towards smaller diameters in the hindbrain of froglets. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION This study provides more evidence of the endocrine and neurodevelopment disrupting activity of CPF. Further experimental and epidemiological studies are warranted to determine the long-term consequences of early CPF exposure on brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Spirhanzlova
- Unité PhyMA Laboratory, Adaptation du Vivant, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- Unité Eco-Anthropologie, Hommes et Environnements, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Musée de l'Homme, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Métrologie et d'Essais, Paris, France
| | - Stephan Couderq
- Unité PhyMA Laboratory, Adaptation du Vivant, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Sébastian Le Mével
- Unité PhyMA Laboratory, Adaptation du Vivant, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Michelle Leemans
- Unité PhyMA Laboratory, Adaptation du Vivant, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Sabrina Krief
- Unité Eco-Anthropologie, Hommes et Environnements, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Musée de l'Homme, Paris, France
| | - Bilal B Mughal
- Unité PhyMA Laboratory, Adaptation du Vivant, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Barbara A Demeneix
- Unité PhyMA Laboratory, Adaptation du Vivant, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Fini
- Unité PhyMA Laboratory, Adaptation du Vivant, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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Terry AV, Beck WD, Lin PC, Callahan PM, Rudic RD, Hamrick MW. Manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging method detects age-related impairments in axonal transport in mice and attenuation of the impairments by a microtubule-stabilizing compound. Brain Res 2022; 1789:147947. [PMID: 35597325 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In this study a manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) method was developed for mice for measuring axonal transport (AXT) rates in real time in olfactory receptor neurons, which project from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory neuronal layer of the olfactory bulb. Using this MEMRI method, two major experiments were conducted: 1) an evaluation of the effects of age on AXT rates and 2) an evaluation of the brain-penetrant, microtubule-stabilizing agent, Epothilone D for effect on AXT rates in aged mice. In these studies, we improved upon previous MEMRI approaches to develop a method where real-time measurements (32 time points) of AXT rates in mice can be determined over a single (approximately 100 min) scanning session. In the age comparisons, AXT rates were significantly higher in young (mean age ∼4.0 months old) versus aged (mean age ∼24.5 months old) mice. Moreover, in aged mice, eight weeks of treatment with Epothilone D, (0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg) was associated with statistically significant increases in AXT rates compared to vehicle-treated subjects. These experiments conducted in a living mammalian model (i.e., wild type, C57BL/6 mice), using a new modified MEMRI method, thus provide further evidence that the process of aging leads to decreases in AXT rates in the brain and they further support the argument that microtubule-based therapeutic strategies designed to improve AXT rates have potential for age-related neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin V Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.
| | - Wayne D Beck
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Ping-Chang Lin
- Research Computing Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Patrick M Callahan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - R Daniel Rudic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Mark W Hamrick
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
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Ribeiro AC, Hawkins E, Jahr FM, McClay JL, Deshpande LS. Repeated exposure to chlorpyrifos is associated with a dose-dependent chronic neurobehavioral deficit in adult rats. Neurotoxicology 2022; 90:172-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Li W, Ehrich M. Effects of chlorpyrifos on transient receptor potential channels. Toxicol Lett 2022; 358:100-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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13
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Onder S, van Grol M, Fidder A, Xiao G, Noort D, Yerramalla U, Tacal O, Schopfer LM, Lockridge O. Rabbit Antidiethoxyphosphotyrosine Antibody, Made by Single B Cell Cloning, Detects Chlorpyrifos Oxon-Modified Proteins in Cultured Cells and Immunopurifies Modified Peptides for Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:4728-4745. [PMID: 34469172 PMCID: PMC8491160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Chronic low-dose
exposure to organophosphorus pesticides is associated
with the risk of neurodegenerative disease. The mechanism of neurotoxicity
is independent of acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Adducts on tyrosine,
lysine, threonine, and serine can occur after exposure to organophosphorus
pesticides, the most stable being adducts on tyrosine. Rabbit monoclonal
1C6 to diethoxyphosphate-modified tyrosine (depY) was created by single
B cell cloning. The amino acid sequence and binding constant (Kd 3.2 × 10–8 M) were
determined. Cultured human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y and mouse neuroblastoma
N2a cells incubated with a subcytotoxic dose of 10 μM chlorpyrifos
oxon contained depY-modified proteins detected by monoclonal 1C6 on
Western blots. depY-labeled peptides from tryptic digests of cell
lysates were immunopurified by binding to immobilized 1C6. Peptides
released with 50% acetonitrile and 1% formic acid were analyzed by
liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) on an Orbitrap
Fusion Lumos mass spectrometer. Protein Prospector database searches
identified 51 peptides modified on tyrosine by diethoxyphosphate in
SH-SY5Y cell lysate and 73 diethoxyphosphate-modified peptides in
N2a cell lysate. Adducts appeared most frequently on the cytoskeleton
proteins tubulin, actin, and vimentin. It was concluded that rabbit
monoclonal 1C6 can be useful for studies that aim to understand the
mechanism of neurotoxicity resulting from low-dose exposure to organophosphorus
pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Onder
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Marco van Grol
- TNO Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, 2280 AA Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Fidder
- TNO Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, 2280 AA Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Gaoping Xiao
- Syd Labs, Inc., Hopkinton, Massachusetts 01748, United States
| | - Daan Noort
- TNO Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, 2280 AA Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ozden Tacal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Lawrence M Schopfer
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Oksana Lockridge
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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14
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Weis GCC, Assmann CE, Mostardeiro VB, Alves ADO, da Rosa JR, Pillat MM, de Andrade CM, Schetinger MRC, Morsch VMM, da Cruz IBM, Costabeber IH. Chlorpyrifos pesticide promotes oxidative stress and increases inflammatory states in BV-2 microglial cells: A role in neuroinflammation. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 278:130417. [PMID: 33839396 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The exposure to environmental stressors, such as organophosphate (OP) pesticides, has been associated with the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is the worldwide most used OP pesticide and one of the most hazardous pesticides as it can cross the blood-brain barrier. Since studies evaluating the effects of CPF on brain immune cells are scarce, this research investigated the oxidative and inflammatory responses of CPF exposure in murine microglial cells. BV-2 cells were exposed to different concentrations of CPF pesticide (0.3-300 μM). CPF induced activation of microglial cells, confirmed by Iba-1 and CD11b marking, and promoted microglial proliferation and cell cycle arrest at S phase. Moreover, CPF exposure increased oxidative stress production (NO, MDA, and O2∙), and upregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and NLRP3) genes expression in BV-2 cells. Overall, data showed that CPF exposure, at the lowest concentrations, acted by promoting pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory states in microglial cells. These results provide important information on the potential role of microglial activation in CPF-induced neuroinflammation and add to the expanding knowledge on the neurotoxicity of OP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles Elias Assmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | | | - Audrei de Oliveira Alves
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Jéssica Righi da Rosa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Micheli Mainardi Pillat
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Cinthia Melazzo de Andrade
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | | | - Vera Maria Melchiors Morsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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15
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Hernandez-Toledano D, Vega L. The cytoskeleton as a non-cholinergic target of organophosphate compounds. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 346:109578. [PMID: 34265256 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Current organophosphate (OP) toxicity research now considers potential non-cholinergic mechanisms for these compounds, since the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) cannot completely explain all the adverse biological effects of OP. Thanks to the development of new strategies for OP detection, some potential molecular targets have been identified. Among these molecules are several cytoskeletal proteins, including actin, tubulin, intermediate filament proteins, and associated proteins, such as motor proteins, microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), and cofilin. in vitro, ex vivo, and some in vivo reports have identified alterations in the cytoskeleton following OP exposure, including cell morphology defects, cells detachments, intracellular transport disruption, aberrant mitotic spindle formation, modification of cell motility, and reduced phagocytic capability, which implicate the cytoskeleton in OP toxicity. Here, we reviewed the evidence indicating the cytoskeletal targets of OP compounds, including their strategies, the potential effects of their alterations, and their possible participation in neurotoxicity, embryonic development, cell division, and immunotoxicity related to OP compounds exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hernandez-Toledano
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute. Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, C.P. 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Libia Vega
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute. Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, C.P. 07360, Mexico City, Mexico.
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16
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Penatzer JA, Miller JV, Prince N, Shaw M, Lynch C, Newman M, Hobbs GR, Boyd JW. Differential phosphoprotein signaling in the cortex in mouse models of Gulf War Illness using corticosterone and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07552. [PMID: 34307952 PMCID: PMC8287240 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Veterans from the 1990–91 Gulf War were exposed to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), and, following service, an estimated one-third began suffering from a medically unexplained, multi-symptom illness termed Gulf War Illness (GWI). Previous research has developed validated rodent models that include exposure to exogenous corticosterone (CORT) and AChEIs to simulate high stress and chemical exposures encountered in theater. This combination of exposures in mice resulted in a marked increase in neuroinflammation, which is a common symptom of veterans suffering from GWI. To further elucidate the mechanisms associated with these mouse models of GWI, an investigation into intracellular responses in the cortex were performed to characterize the early cellular signaling changes associated with this exposure-initiated neuroinflammation. Main methods Adult male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to CORT in the drinking water (200 μg/mL) for 7 days followed by a single intraperitoneal injection of diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP; 4.0 mg/kg) or chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO; 8.0 mg/kg), on day 8 and euthanized 0.5, 2, and 24 h post-injection. Eleven post-translationally modified protein targets were measured using a multiplexed ELISA. Key findings Phosphoprotein responses were found to be exposure specific following AChEI insult, with and without CORT. Specifically, CORT + CPO exposure was found to sequentially activate several phosphoproteins involved in mitogen activated protein kinase signaling (p-MEK1/2, p-ERK1/2, and p-JNK). DFP alone similarly increased proteins in this pathway (p-RPS6, and p-JNK), but the addition of CORT ameliorated these affects. Significance The results of this study provide insight into differentially activated pathways depending on AChEI in these GWI models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Penatzer
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morvantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Nicole Prince
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morvantown, WV, USA
| | - Misa Shaw
- Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Clinical and Translational Science Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Cayla Lynch
- Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Mackenzie Newman
- Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Gerald R Hobbs
- Department of Statistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jonathan W Boyd
- Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
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17
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Naughton SX, Beck WD, Wei Z, Wu G, Baas PW, Terry AV. The Carbamate, Physostigmine does not Impair Axonal Transport in Rat Cortical Neurons. Neurosci Insights 2021; 16:26331055211020289. [PMID: 34104889 PMCID: PMC8155748 DOI: 10.1177/26331055211020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the various chemicals that are commonly used as pesticides,
organophosphates (OPs), and to a lesser extent, carbamates, are most frequently
associated with adverse long-term neurological consequences. OPs and the
carbamate, pyridostigmine, used as a prophylactic drug against potential nerve
agent attacks, have also been implicated in Gulf War Illness (GWI), which is
often characterized by chronic neurological symptoms. While most OP- and
carbamate-based pesticides, and pyridostigmine are relatively potent
acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), this toxicological mechanism is
inadequate to explain their long-term health effects, especially when no signs
of acute cholinergic toxicity are exhibited. Our previous work suggests that a
potential mechanism of the long-term neurological deficits associated with OPs
is impairment of axonal transport (AXT); however, we had not previously
evaluated carbamates for this effect. Here we thus evaluated the carbamate,
physostigmine (PHY), a highly potent AChEI, on AXT using an in
vitro neuronal live imaging assay that we have previously found to
be very sensitive to OP-related deficits in AXT. We first evaluated the OP,
diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) (concentration range 0.001-10.0 µM) as a
reference compound that we found previously to impair AXT and subsequently
evaluated PHY (concentration range 0.01-100 nM). As expected, DFP impaired AXT
in a concentration-dependent manner, replicating our previously published
results. In contrast, none of the concentrations of PHY (including
concentrations well above the threshold for impairing AChE) impaired AXT. These
data suggest that the long-term neurological deficits associated with some
carbamates are not likely due to acute impairments of AXT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean X Naughton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Wayne D Beck
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Zhe Wei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Guangyu Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Peter W Baas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alvin V Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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18
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Abou-Donia MB, Krengel MH, Lapadula ES, Zundel CG, LeClair J, Massaro J, Quinn E, Conboy LA, Kokkotou E, Nguyen DD, Abreu M, Klimas NG, Sullivan K. Sex-Based Differences in Plasma Autoantibodies to Central Nervous System Proteins in Gulf War Veterans versus Healthy and Symptomatic Controls. Brain Sci 2021; 11:148. [PMID: 33498629 PMCID: PMC7911379 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Veterans from the 1991 Gulf War (GW) have suffered from Gulf War illness (GWI) for nearly 30 years. This illness encompasses multiple body systems, including the central nervous system (CNS). Diagnosis and treatment of GWI is difficult because there has not been an objective diagnostic biomarker. Recently, we reported on a newly developed blood biomarker that discriminates GWI from GW healthy controls, and symptomatic controls with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). The present study was designed to compare levels of these biomarkers between men and women with GWI, as well as sex-specific effects in comparison to healthy GW veterans and symptomatic controls (IBS, ME/CFS). The results showed that men and women with GWI differ in 2 of 10 plasma autoantibodies, with men showing significantly elevated levels. Men and women with GWI showed significantly different levels of autoantibodies in 8 of 10 biomarkers to neuronal and glial proteins in plasma relative to controls. In summary, the present study addressed the utility of the use of plasma autoantibodies for CNS proteins to distinguish among both men and women veterans with GWI and other healthy and symptomatic control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed B. Abou-Donia
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Maxine H. Krengel
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (M.H.K.); (C.G.Z.)
| | - Elizabeth S. Lapadula
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Clara G. Zundel
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (M.H.K.); (C.G.Z.)
| | - Jessica LeClair
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (J.L.); (J.M.); (E.Q.)
| | - Joseph Massaro
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (J.L.); (J.M.); (E.Q.)
| | - Emily Quinn
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (J.L.); (J.M.); (E.Q.)
| | - Lisa A. Conboy
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (L.A.C.); (E.K.)
| | - Efi Kokkotou
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (L.A.C.); (E.K.)
| | - Daniel D. Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Maria Abreu
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Institute for Neuroimmune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA; (M.A.); (N.G.K.)
- Department of Immunology, Miami VA Medical Center, Miami, FL 33125, USA
| | - Nancy G. Klimas
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Institute for Neuroimmune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA; (M.A.); (N.G.K.)
- Department of Immunology, Miami VA Medical Center, Miami, FL 33125, USA
| | - Kimberly Sullivan
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
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19
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Iqubal A, Ahmed M, Ahmad S, Sahoo CR, Iqubal MK, Haque SE. Environmental neurotoxic pollutants: review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:41175-41198. [PMID: 32820440 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10539-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollutants are recognized as one of the major concerns for public health and responsible for various forms of neurological disorders. Some of the common sources of environmental pollutants related to neurotoxic manifestations are industrial waste, pesticides, automobile exhaust, laboratory waste, and burning of terrestrial waste. Among various environmental pollutants, particulate matter, ultrafine particulate matter, nanoparticles, and lipophilic vaporized toxicant (acrolein) easily cross the blood-brain barrier, activate innate immune responses in the astrocytes, microglia, and neurons, and exert neurotoxicity. Growing shreds of evidence from human epidemiological studies have correlated the environmental pollutants with neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, myelin sheath disruption, and alterations in the blood-brain barrier anatomy leading to cognitive dysfunction and poor quality of life. These environmental pollutants also considerably cause developmental neurotoxicity, exhibit teratogenic effect and mental growth retardance, and reduce IQ level. Until now, the exact mechanism of pollutant-induced neurotoxicity is not known, but studies have shown interference of pollutants with the endogenous antioxidant defense system, inflammatory pathway (Nrf2/NF-kB, MAPKs/PI3K, and Akt/GSK3β), modulation of neurotransmitters, and reduction in long-term potentiation. In the current review, various sources of pollutants and exposure to the human population, developmental neurotoxicity, and molecular mechanism of different pollutants involved in the pathogenesis of different neurological disorders have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Musheer Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Shahnawaz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Chita Ranjan Sahoo
- Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences & Sum Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751003, India
| | - Mohammad Kashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Syed Ehtaishamul Haque
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
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20
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Dickey B, Madhu LN, Shetty AK. Gulf War Illness: Mechanisms Underlying Brain Dysfunction and Promising Therapeutic Strategies. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 220:107716. [PMID: 33164782 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gulf War Illness (GWI), a chronic multisymptom health problem, afflicts ~30% of veterans served in the first GW. Impaired brain function is among the most significant symptoms of GWI, which is typified by persistent cognitive and mood impairments, concentration problems, headaches, chronic fatigue, and musculoskeletal pain. This review aims to discuss findings from animal prototypes and veterans with GWI on mechanisms underlying its pathophysiology and emerging therapeutic strategies for alleviating brain dysfunction in GWI. Animal model studies have linked brain impairments to incessantly elevated oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, inhibitory interneuron loss, altered lipid metabolism and peroxisomes, mitochondrial dysfunction, modified expression of genes relevant to cognitive function, and waned hippocampal neurogenesis. Furthermore, the involvement of systemic alterations such as the increased intensity of reactive oxygen species and proinflammatory cytokines in the blood, transformed gut microbiome, and activation of the adaptive immune response have received consideration. Investigations in veterans have suggested that brain dysfunction in GWI is linked to chronic activation of the executive control network, impaired functional connectivity, altered blood flow, persistent inflammation, and changes in miRNA levels. Lack of protective alleles from Class II HLA genes, the altered concentration of phospholipid species and proinflammatory factors in the circulating blood have also been suggested as other aiding factors. While some drugs or combination therapies have shown promise for alleviating symptoms in clinical trials, larger double-blind, placebo-controlled trials are needed to validate such findings. Based on improvements seen in animal models of GWI, several antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds are currently being tested in clinical trials. However, reliable blood biomarkers that facilitate an appropriate screening of veterans for brain pathology need to be discovered. A liquid biopsy approach involving analysis of brain-derived extracellular vesicles in the blood appears efficient for discerning the extent of neuropathology both before and during clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Dickey
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA; Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Leelavathi N Madhu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.
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21
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Abou-Donia MB, Lapadula ES, Krengel MH, Quinn E, LeClair J, Massaro J, Conboy LA, Kokkotou E, Abreu M, Klimas NG, Nguyen DD, Sullivan K. Using Plasma Autoantibodies of Central Nervous System Proteins to Distinguish Veterans with Gulf War Illness from Healthy and Symptomatic Controls. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E610. [PMID: 32899468 PMCID: PMC7563126 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
For the past 30 years, there has been a lack of objective tools for diagnosing Gulf War Illness (GWI), which is largely characterized by central nervous system (CNS) symptoms emerging from 1991 Gulf War (GW) veterans. In a recent preliminary study, we reported the presence of autoantibodies against CNS proteins in the blood of veterans with GWI, suggesting a potential objective biomarker for the disorder. Now, we report the results of a larger, confirmatory study of these objective biomarkers in 171 veterans with GWI compared to 60 healthy GW veteran controls and 85 symptomatic civilian controls (n = 50 myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and n = 35 irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)). Specifically, we compared plasma markers of CNS autoantibodies for diagnostic characteristics of the four groups (GWI, GW controls, ME/CFS, IBS). For veterans with GWI, the results showed statistically increased levels of nine of the ten autoantibodies against neuronal "tubulin, neurofilament protein (NFP), Microtubule Associated Protein-2 (MAP-2), Microtubule Associated Protein-Tau (Tau), alpha synuclein (α-syn), calcium calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII)" and glial proteins "Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP), Myelin Associated Glycoprotein (MAG), Myelin Basic Protein (MBP), S100B" compared to healthy GW controls as well as civilians with ME/CFS and IBS. Next, we summed all of the means of the CNS autoantibodies for each group into a new index score called the Neurodegeneration Index (NDI). The NDI was calculated for each tested group and showed veterans with GWI had statistically significantly higher NDI values than all three control groups. The present study confirmed the utility of the use of plasma autoantibodies for CNS proteins to distinguish among veterans with GWI and other healthy and symptomatic control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed B. Abou-Donia
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (M.B.A.-D.); (E.S.L.)
| | - Elizabeth S. Lapadula
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (M.B.A.-D.); (E.S.L.)
| | - Maxine H. Krengel
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Emily Quinn
- Departments of Biostatistics and Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (E.Q.); (J.L.); (J.M.); (D.D.N.)
| | - Jessica LeClair
- Departments of Biostatistics and Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (E.Q.); (J.L.); (J.M.); (D.D.N.)
| | - Joseph Massaro
- Departments of Biostatistics and Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (E.Q.); (J.L.); (J.M.); (D.D.N.)
| | - Lisa A. Conboy
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (L.A.C.); (E.K.)
| | - Efi Kokkotou
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (L.A.C.); (E.K.)
| | - Maria Abreu
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Institute for Neuroimmune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA; (M.A.); (N.G.K.)
- Department of Immunology, Miami VA Medical Center, Miami, FL 33125, USA
| | - Nancy G. Klimas
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Institute for Neuroimmune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA; (M.A.); (N.G.K.)
- Department of Immunology, Miami VA Medical Center, Miami, FL 33125, USA
| | - Daniel D. Nguyen
- Departments of Biostatistics and Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (E.Q.); (J.L.); (J.M.); (D.D.N.)
| | - Kimberly Sullivan
- Departments of Biostatistics and Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (E.Q.); (J.L.); (J.M.); (D.D.N.)
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22
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Phillips KF, Santos E, Blair RE, Deshpande LS. Targeting Intracellular Calcium Stores Alleviates Neurological Morbidities in a DFP-Based Rat Model of Gulf War Illness. Toxicol Sci 2020; 169:567-578. [PMID: 30859209 PMCID: PMC6542335 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a chronic multi-symptom disorder afflicting the veterans of the First Gulf War, and includes neurological symptoms characterized by depression and memory deficits. Chronic exposure to organophosphates (OPs) is considered a leading cause for GWI, yet its pathobiology is not fully understood. We recently observed chronic elevations in neuronal Ca2+ levels ([Ca2+]i) in an OP-diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP)-based rat model for GWI. This study was aimed at identifying mechanisms underlying elevated [Ca2+]i in this DFP model and investigating whether their therapeutic targeting could improve GWI-like neurological morbidities. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (9 weeks) were exposed to DFP (0.5 mg/kg, s.c., 1×-daily for 5 days) and at 3 months postDFP exposure, behavior was assessed and rats were euthanized for protein estimations and ratiometric Fura-2 [Ca2+]i estimations in acutely dissociated hippocampal neurons. In DFP rats, a sustained elevation in intracellular Ca2+ levels occurred, and pharmacological blockade of Ca2+-induced Ca2+-release mechanisms significantly lowered elevated [Ca2+]i in DFP neurons. Significant reductions in the protein levels of the ryanodine receptor (RyR) stabilizing protein Calstabin2 were also noted. Such a posttranslational modification would render RyR “leaky” resulting in sustained DFP [Ca2+]i elevations. Antagonism of RyR with levetiracetam significantly lower elevated [Ca2+]i in DFP neurons and improved GWI-like behavioral symptoms. Since Ca2+ is a major second messenger molecule, such chronic increases in its levels could underlie pathological synaptic plasticity that expresses itself as GWI morbidities. Our studies show that treatment with drugs targeted at blocking intracellular Ca2+ release could be effective therapies for GWI neurological morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laxmikant S Deshpande
- Departments of Neurology.,Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
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23
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Michalovicz LT, Kelly KA, Sullivan K, O'Callaghan JP. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor exposures as an initiating factor in the development of Gulf War Illness, a chronic neuroimmune disorder in deployed veterans. Neuropharmacology 2020; 171:108073. [PMID: 32247728 PMCID: PMC7398580 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a chronic multi-symptom disorder, characterized by symptoms such as fatigue, pain, cognitive and memory impairment, respiratory, skin and gastrointestinal problems, that is experienced by approximately one-third of 1991 Gulf War veterans. Over the nearly three decades since the end of the war, investigators have worked to elucidate the initiating factors and underlying causes of GWI. A significant portion of this research has indicated a strong correlation between GWI and exposure to a number of different acetycholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) in theater, such as sarin and cyclosarin nerve agents, chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos pesticides, and the anti-nerve agent prophylactic pyridostigmine bromide. Through studying these exposures and their relationship to the symptoms presented by ill veterans, it has become increasingly apparent that GWI is the likely result of an underlying neuroimmune disorder. While evidence indicates that AChEIs are a key exposure in the development of GWI, particularly organophosphate AChEIs, the mechanism(s) by which these chemicals instigate illness appears to be related to "off-target", non-cholinergic effects. In this review, we will discuss the role of AChEI exposure in the development and persistence of GWI; in particular, how these chemicals, combined with other exposures, have led to a chronic neuroimmune disorder. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: From Bench to Bedside to Battlefield'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay T Michalovicz
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Kimberly A Kelly
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - James P O'Callaghan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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Yang J, Li Q. Manganese-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Application in Central Nervous System Diseases. Front Neurol 2020; 11:143. [PMID: 32161572 PMCID: PMC7052353 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) relies on the strong paramagnetism of Mn2+. Mn2+ is a calcium ion analog and can enter excitable cells through voltage-gated calcium channels. Mn2+ can be transported along the axons of neurons via microtubule-based fast axonal transport. Based on these properties, MEMRI is used to describe neuroanatomical structures, monitor neural activity, and evaluate axonal transport rates. The application of MEMRI in preclinical animal models of central nervous system (CNS) diseases can provide more information for the study of disease mechanisms. In this article, we provide a brief review of MEMRI use in CNS diseases ranging from neurodegenerative diseases to brain injury and spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital & Cancer Center, Kunming, China
| | - Qinqing Li
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital & Cancer Center, Kunming, China
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Yang J, Li Q, Han D, Liao C, Wang P, Gao J, Xu Z, Liu Y. Radiation-induced impairment of optic nerve axonal transport in tree shrews and rats monitored by longitudinal manganese-enhanced MRI. Neurotoxicology 2020; 77:145-154. [PMID: 31987859 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation-induced optic neuropathy (RION) is a serious complication that occurs after radiation therapy of tumors in the vicinity of the optic nerve, yet its mechanism and imaging features are poorly understood. In this study, we employed manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) to assess optic nerve axonal transport in tree shrews and rats after irradiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comparison of normal visual projections in tree shrews and rats was conducted by intravitreal MnCl2 injection followed by MRI. Adult male tree shrews and rats received a total dose of 20 Gy delivered in two fractions (10 Gy per fraction) within 5 days. Longitudinal MEMRI was conducted 5, 10, 20 and 30 weeks after radiation. At the end of observation, motor proteins involved in axonal transport were detected by western blotting, and the axon cytoskeleton was assessed by immunofluorescence. RESULTS The eyeballs, lens sizes, vitreous volumes, optic nerves and superior colliculi of tree shrews were significantly larger than those of rats on MEMRI (P < 0.05). The Mn2+-enhancement of the optic nerve showed no significant changes at 5 and 10 weeks (P > 0.05) but decreased gradually from 20 to 30 weeks postirradiation (P < 0.05). The enhancement of the superior colliculus gradually decreased from 5 weeks to 30 weeks, and the decrease was most significant at 30 weeks (P < 0.05). The levels of the motor proteins cytoplasmic dynein-1, kinesin-1 and kinesin-2 in the experimental group were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The immunofluorescence results showed that the α-tubulin, β-tubulin and SMI 31 levels in the experimental groups and control groups were not significantly different (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Tree shrews show great advantages in visual neuroscience research involving MEMRI. The main cause of the decline in axonal transport in RION is an insufficient level of motor protein rather than damage to the axonal cytoskeletal structure. Longitudinal MEMRI can be used to detect changes in axonal transport function and to observe the relatively intact axon structure from the early to late stages after radiation administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Radiology. The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital & Cancer Center, No. 519 Kunzhou Road, Xishan District, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, PR China.
| | - Qinqing Li
- Department of Radiology. The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital & Cancer Center, No. 519 Kunzhou Road, Xishan District, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Dan Han
- Department of Medical Imaging. The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Chengde Liao
- Department of Radiology. The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital & Cancer Center, No. 519 Kunzhou Road, Xishan District, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Department of Key Laboratory. The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dianmian Road, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Jingyan Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology. The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital & Cancer Center, No. 519 Kunzhou Road, Xishan District, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Zeyan Xu
- Department of Radiology. The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital & Cancer Center, No. 519 Kunzhou Road, Xishan District, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Yifan Liu
- Department of Radiology. The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital & Cancer Center, No. 519 Kunzhou Road, Xishan District, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, PR China
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Multifunctional compounds lithium chloride and methylene Blue attenuate the negative effects of diisopropylfluorophosphate on axonal transport in rat cortical neurons. Toxicology 2020; 431:152379. [PMID: 31962143 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphates (OPs) are valuable as pesticides in agriculture and for controlling deadly vector-borne illnesses; however, they are highly toxic and associated with many deleterious health effects in humans including long-term neurological impairments. Antidotal treatment regimens are available to combat the symptoms of acute OP toxicity, which result from the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). However, there are no established treatments for the long-term neurological consequences of OP exposure. In addition to AChE, OPs can negatively affect multiple protein targets as well as biological processes such as axonal transport. Given the fundamental nature of axonal transport to neuronal health, we rationalized that this process might serve as a general focus area for novel therapeutic strategies against OP toxicity. In the studies described here, we employed a multi-target, phenotypic screening, and drug repurposing strategy for the evaluations of potential novel OP-treatments using a primary neuronal culture model and time-lapse live imaging microscopy. Two multi-target compounds, lithium chloride (LiCl) and methylene blue (MB), which are FDA-approved for other indications, were evaluated for their ability to prevent the negative effects of the OP, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) on axonal transport. The results indicated that both LiCl and MB prevented DFP-induced impairments in anterograde and retrograde axonal transport velocities in a concentration dependent manner. While in vivo studies will be required to confirm our in vitro findings, these experiments support the potential of LiCl and MB as repurposed drugs for the treatment of the long-term neurological deficits associated with OP exposure (currently an unmet medical need).
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Richardson JR, Fitsanakis V, Westerink RHS, Kanthasamy AG. Neurotoxicity of pesticides. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 138:343-362. [PMID: 31197504 PMCID: PMC6826260 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are unique environmental contaminants that are specifically introduced into the environment to control pests, often by killing them. Although pesticide application serves many important purposes, including protection against crop loss and against vector-borne diseases, there are significant concerns over the potential toxic effects of pesticides to non-target organisms, including humans. In many cases, the molecular target of a pesticide is shared by non-target species, leading to the potential for untoward effects. Here, we review the history of pesticide usage and the neurotoxicity of selected classes of pesticides, including insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, to humans and experimental animals. Specific emphasis is given to linkages between exposure to pesticides and risk of neurological disease and dysfunction in humans coupled with mechanistic findings in humans and animal models. Finally, we discuss emerging techniques and strategies to improve translation from animal models to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Richardson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel School of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
| | - Vanessa Fitsanakis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Remco H S Westerink
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Deng W, Faiq MA, Liu C, Adi V, Chan KC. Applications of Manganese-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Ophthalmology and Visual Neuroscience. Front Neural Circuits 2019; 13:35. [PMID: 31156399 PMCID: PMC6530364 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2019.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of vision in health and disease requires knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the eye and the neural pathways relevant to visual perception. As such, development of imaging techniques for the visual system is crucial for unveiling the neural basis of visual function or impairment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers non-invasive probing of the structure and function of the neural circuits without depth limitation, and can help identify abnormalities in brain tissues in vivo. Among the advanced MRI techniques, manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) involves the use of active manganese contrast agents that positively enhance brain tissue signals in T1-weighted imaging with respect to the levels of connectivity and activity. Depending on the routes of administration, accumulation of manganese ions in the eye and the visual pathways can be attributed to systemic distribution or their local transport across axons in an anterograde fashion, entering the neurons through voltage-gated calcium channels. The use of the paramagnetic manganese contrast in MRI has a wide range of applications in the visual system from imaging neurodevelopment to assessing and monitoring neurodegeneration, neuroplasticity, neuroprotection, and neuroregeneration. In this review, we present four major domains of scientific inquiry where MEMRI can be put to imperative use — deciphering neuroarchitecture, tracing neuronal tracts, detecting neuronal activity, and identifying or differentiating glial activity. We deliberate upon each category studies that have successfully employed MEMRI to examine the visual system, including the delivery protocols, spatiotemporal characteristics, and biophysical interpretation. Based on this literature, we have identified some critical challenges in the field in terms of toxicity, and sensitivity and specificity of manganese enhancement. We also discuss the pitfalls and alternatives of MEMRI which will provide new avenues to explore in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Deng
- NYU Langone Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, NYU School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Muneeb A Faiq
- NYU Langone Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, NYU School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Crystal Liu
- NYU Langone Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, NYU School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vishnu Adi
- NYU Langone Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, NYU School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kevin C Chan
- NYU Langone Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, NYU School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Radiology, NYU School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States.,Center for Neural Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
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Owumi SE, Dim UJ. Manganese suppresses oxidative stress, inflammation and caspase-3 activation in rats exposed to chlorpyrifos. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:202-209. [PMID: 30859069 PMCID: PMC6396099 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the individual and combined impact of organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) and manganese (Mn), a naturally occurring trace metal, on hepatorenal function in adult rats. The four experimental groups namely control, CPF alone (5 mg/kg), Mn alone (10 mg/kg) and the co-exposure group consisted of eight rats which were orally gavage for 14 consecutive days. Following sacrifice, the biomarkers of hepatorenal damage, antioxidant enzyme activities, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity as well as levels of nitric oxide, reactive oxygen and nitrogen (RONS) species and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were analysed spectrophotometrically. Further, the concentration of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 β (IL-1β) and caspase-3 activity were assessed using ELISA. Results showed that the CPF-induced increase in biomarkers of hepatorenal toxicity were significantly (p < 0.05) alleviated in rats co-expose to CPF and Mn. Moreover, the decrease in antioxidant status as well as the elevation in RONS and LPO were significantly assuaged in rats co-treated with CPF and Mn. In addition, CPF mediated increase in TNF-α, IL-1β and caspase-3 activity were significantly diminished in the liver and kidney of rats co-exposed to CPF and Mn. Light microscopic examination evidenced that the severity of histopathological lesions induced by CPF were alleviated in rats co-exposed to CPF and Mn. In conclusion, the results highlight that co-exposure to CPF and Mn in rats assuaged CPF-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and caspase-3 activation in the liver and kidney of the rats.
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Saldarriaga W, Salcedo-Arellano MJ, Rodriguez-Guerrero T, Ríos M, Fandiño-Losada A, Ramirez-Cheyne J, Lein PJ, Tassone F, Hagerman RJ. Increased severity of fragile X spectrum disorders in the agricultural community of Ricaurte, Colombia. Int J Dev Neurosci 2019; 72:1-5. [PMID: 30385191 PMCID: PMC6354926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Premutation carriers of the FMR1 gene (CGG repeats between 55 and 200) usually have normal intellectual abilities but approximately 20% are diagnosed with developmental problems or autism spectrum disorder. Additionally, close to 50% have psychiatric problems such as anxiety, ADHD and/or depression. The spectrum of fragile X disorders also includes Fragile-X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) in female carriers and Fragile-X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) in older male and female carriers. We evaluated 25 premutation carriers in the rural community of Ricaurte Colombia and documented all behavioral problems, social deficits and clinical signs of FXPOI and FXTAS as well as reviewed the medical and obstetric history. We found an increased frequency and severity of symptoms of fragile X spectrum disorders, which might be related to the vulnerability of FMR1 premutation carriers to higher exposure to neurotoxic pesticides in this rural community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilmar Saldarriaga
- School of Medicine, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia; Research Group in Congenital & Perinatal Malformations, Dysmorphology and Clinical Genetics (MACOS), Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia; Department of Morphology, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - María J Salcedo-Arellano
- School of Medicine, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia; Research Group in Congenital & Perinatal Malformations, Dysmorphology and Clinical Genetics (MACOS), Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia; Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | | | - Marcela Ríos
- School of Medicine, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Andrés Fandiño-Losada
- School of Medicine, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia; CISALVA Institute, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Julian Ramirez-Cheyne
- School of Medicine, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia; Research Group in Congenital & Perinatal Malformations, Dysmorphology and Clinical Genetics (MACOS), Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia; Department of Morphology, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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Hussein RM, Mohamed WR, Omar HA. A neuroprotective role of kaempferol against chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress and memory deficits in rats via GSK3β-Nrf2 signaling pathway. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 152:29-37. [PMID: 30497708 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an agricultural pesticide and a potential food contaminant, which causes neurotoxicity. Here, we aimed at exploring the link between the repeated exposure to CPF and memory dysfunction in rats and the possible protective effect of kaempferol, a flavonoid with appreciable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Rats were divided into: Control group (received drug vehicles for 14 days); CPF-treated group (received subcutaneous 18 mg/kg BW of CPF daily for 14 days and CPF + Kaempferol treated group (received the same CPF dose +21 mg/kg BW of Kaempferol intraperitoneally for 14 days. On the 14th day, Y-maze and novel target recognition behavioral tests were employed to evaluate memory deficits. 24 h after the last dose of CPF, animals were sacrificed, and brain tissues were used for the determination of oxidative stress biomarkers and gene expression levels of GSK3β and Nrf2. The results revealed that CPF-treated rats suffered from severe deterioration of spatial and non-spatial memory functions with low activities of antioxidant enzymes and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The administration of kaempferol significantly protected against CPF-induced neuronal damage, increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes and AChE and induced a better performance in the behavioral tests. The protective effect of kaempferol was mediated through the inhibition of GSK3β gene expression and the induction of Nrf2 expression in the brain tissues. In conclusion, the repeated exposure to CPF is associated with oxidative stress and memory deficits in rats. However, kaempferol administration effectively alleviated CPF- induced brain toxicity, possibly through the modulation of GSK3β-Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha M Hussein
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, 62514 Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | - Wafaa R Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Hany A Omar
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
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32
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Naughton SX, Terry AV. Neurotoxicity in acute and repeated organophosphate exposure. Toxicology 2018; 408:101-112. [PMID: 30144465 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The term organophosphate (OP) refers to a diverse group of chemicals that are found in hundreds of products worldwide. As pesticides, their most common use, OPs are clearly beneficial for agricultural productivity and the control of deadly vector-borne illnesses. However, as a consequence of their widespread use, OPs are now among the most common synthetic chemicals detected in the environment as well as in animal and human tissues. This is an increasing environmental concern because many OPs are highly toxic and both accidental and intentional exposures to OPs resulting in deleterious health effects have been documented for decades. Some of these deleterious health effects include a variety of long-term neurological and psychiatric disturbances including impairments in attention, memory, and other domains of cognition. Moreover, some chronic illnesses that manifest these symptoms such as Gulf War Illness and Aerotoxic Syndrome have (at least in part) been attributed to OP exposure. In addition to acute acetylcholinesterase inhibition, OPs may affect a number of additional targets that lead to oxidative stress, axonal transport deficits, neuroinflammation, and autoimmunity. Some of these targets could be exploited for therapeutic purposes. The purpose of this review is thus to: 1) describe the important uses of organophosphate (OP)-based compounds worldwide, 2) provide an overview of the various risks and toxicology associated with OP exposure, particularly long-term neurologic and psychiatric symptoms, 3) discuss mechanisms of OP toxicity beyond cholinesterase inhibition, 4) review potential therapeutic strategies to reverse the acute toxicity and long term deleterious effects of OPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean X Naughton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, 30912, Georgia
| | - Alvin V Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, 30912, Georgia.
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Naughton SX, Hernandez CM, Beck WD, Poddar I, Yanasak N, Lin PC, Terry AV. Repeated exposures to diisopropylfluorophosphate result in structural disruptions of myelinated axons and persistent impairments of axonal transport in the brains of rats. Toxicology 2018; 406-407:92-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Schopfer LM, Lockridge O. Chlorpyrifos oxon promotes tubulin aggregation via isopeptide cross-linking between diethoxyphospho-Lys and Glu or Asp: Implications for neurotoxicity. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:13566-13577. [PMID: 30006344 PMCID: PMC6120212 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to organophosphorus toxicants (OP) can have chronic adverse effects that are not explained by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, the cause of acute OP toxicity. We therefore hypothesized that OP-induced chronic illness is initiated by the formation of organophosphorus adducts on lysine residues in proteins, followed by protein cross-linking and aggregation. Here, Western blots revealed that exposure to the OP chlorpyrifos oxon converted porcine tubulin from its original 55-kDa mass to high-molecular-weight aggregates. Liquid chromatography–tandem MS analysis of trypsin-digested samples identified several diethoxyphospho-lysine residues in the OP-treated tubulin. Using a search approach based on the Batch Tag program, we identified cross-linked peptides and found that these chemically activated lysines reacted with acidic amino acid residues creating γ-glutamyl-ϵ-lysine or aspartyl-ϵ-lysine isopeptide bonds between β- and α-tubulin. Of note, these cross-linked tubulin molecules accounted for the high-molecular-weight aggregates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report indicating that chlorpyrifos oxon–exposed tubulin protein forms intermolecular cross-links with other tubulin molecules, resulting in high-molecular-weight protein aggregates. It is tempting to speculate that chronic illness from OP exposure may be explained by a mechanism that starts with OP adduct formation on protein lysines followed by protein cross-linking. We further speculate that OP-modified or cross-linked tubulin can impair axonal transport, reduce neuron connections, and result in neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Schopfer
- From the Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900
| | - Oksana Lockridge
- From the Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900
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Moyano P, Frejo MT, Anadon MJ, García JM, Díaz MJ, Lobo M, Sola E, García J, Del Pino J. SN56 neuronal cell death after 24 h and 14 days chlorpyrifos exposure through glutamate transmission dysfunction, increase of GSK-3β enzyme, β-amyloid and tau protein levels. Toxicology 2018; 402-403:17-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Mohamed WR, Mehany ABM, Hussein RM. Alpha lipoic acid protects against chlorpyrifos-induced toxicity in Wistar rats via modulating the apoptotic pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 59:17-23. [PMID: 29500983 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The chronic exposure to chlorpyrifos (CPF) pesticide induces several human disorders including hepatotoxicity. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a natural antioxidant compound found in plants and animals. The present study aimed to investigate the possible protective effect of ALA against CPF-induced hepatotoxicity and the possible underlying molecular mechanism. Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into: Normal rats received only vehicle; ALA group received ALA (10 mg/kg, i.p.); CPF group received CPF (18 mg/kg, s.c.) and CPF-ALA group received CPF (18 mg/kg, s.c.) once daily for 14 days. The present results demonstrated that administration of ALA significantly improved liver functions (p < 0.05) and limited the histopathological lesions induced by CPF in liver tissues. Furthermore, ALA decreased hepatic malondialdehyde contents while increased the glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase and acetylcholinesterase activities. Interestingly, ALA showed significant antiapoptotic effects through downregulation of Bax and Caspase-3 expression levels. In conclusion, ALA possess protective effects against CPF-induced liver injury through attenuation of apoptosis and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa R Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Ahmed B M Mehany
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Egypt
| | - Rasha M Hussein
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, 62514, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
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Three-dimensional (3D) tetra-culture brain on chip platform for organophosphate toxicity screening. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2841. [PMID: 29434277 PMCID: PMC5809488 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20876-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate-based compounds (OPs) represent a significant threat to warfighters (nerve agents) and civilian populations (pesticides). There is a pressing need to develop in vitro brain models that correlate to the in vivo brain to rapidly study OPs for neurotoxicity. Here we report on a microfluidic-based three-dimensional, four-cell tissue construct consisting of 1) a blood-brain barrier that has dynamic flow and membrane-free culture of the endothelial layer, and 2) an extracellular matrix (ECM)-embedded tissue construct with neuroblastoma, microglia, and astrocytes. We demonstrated this platform’s utility by measuring OP effects on barrier integrity, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, viability and residual OP concentration with four model OPs. The results show that the OPs penetrate the blood brain barrier (BBB) and rapidly inhibit AChE activity, and that in vitro toxicity was correlated with available in vivo data. This paper demonstrates the potential utility of a membrane-free tetra-cultured brain on chip that can be scaled to high throughput as a cost-effective alternative method to animal testing.
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Yang X, Naughton SX, Han Z, He M, Zheng YG, Terry AV, Bartlett MG. Mass Spectrometric Quantitation of Tubulin Acetylation from Pepsin-Digested Rat Brain Tissue Using a Novel Stable-Isotope Standard and Capture by Anti-Peptide Antibody (SISCAPA) Method. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2155-2163. [PMID: 29320166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Acetylation of α-tubulin at Lys-40 is a potential biomarker for cognitive deficits in various neurological disorders. However, this key post-translational modification (PTM) has not been previously studied with mass spectrometry, due to the inadequate distribution of tryptic cleavage sites. Following peptic digestion, a surrogate sequence containing this key PTM site was identified and was found to be stable and quantitatively reproducible. A highly sensitive and specific SISCAPA-LC-MS method for quantitating rat brain tubulin acetylation was developed, validated, and applied, and only required a small amount of tissue (2.2 mg). This workflow includes peptic digestion, stable-isotope dilution, capture with antiacetylated peptide antibody bound on protein G beads, and quantitation using LC-MS. The method allowed a lower limit of quantitation at 2.50 pmol/mg and provided a linear range of 2.50-62.50 pmol/mg. Selectivity, intra and interday precision and accuracy were also validated. This method has been successfully applied in a preclinical study of organophosphate neurotoxicity, and we found that chronic exposure to chlorpyrifos led to a significant and persistent inhibition of brain tubulin acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy , 250 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Sean X Naughton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia 30912, United States
| | - Zhen Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy , 250 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Maomao He
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy , 250 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Y George Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy , 250 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Alvin V Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia 30912, United States
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy , 250 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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Yang X, Wu X, Brown KA, Le T, Stice SL, Bartlett MG. Determination of chlorpyrifos and its metabolites in cells and culture media by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1063:112-117. [PMID: 28858752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive method to simultaneously quantitate chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos oxon and the detoxified product 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) was developed using either liquid-liquid extraction for culture media samples, or protein precipitation for cell samples. Multiple reaction monitoring in positive ion mode was applied for the detection of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos oxon, and selected ion recording in negative mode was applied to detect TCP. The method provided linear ranges from 5 to 500, 0.2-20 and 20-2000ng/mL for media samples and from 0.5-50, 0.02-2 and 2-200ng/million cells for CPF, CPO and TCP, respectively. The method was validated using selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, recovery, stability and dilution tests. All relative standard deviations (RSDs) and relative errors (REs) for QC samples were within 15% (except for LLOQ, within 20%). This method has been successfully applied to study the neurotoxicity and metabolism of chlorpyrifos in a human neuronal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, United States
| | - Xian Wu
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Kyle A Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, United States
| | - Thao Le
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, United States
| | - Steven L Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, United States.
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40
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Gao J, Naughton SX, Beck WD, Hernandez CM, Wu G, Wei Z, Yang X, Bartlett MG, Terry AV. Chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos oxon impair the transport of membrane bound organelles in rat cortical axons. Neurotoxicology 2017; 62:111-123. [PMID: 28600141 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an extensively used organophosphorus pesticide that has recently come under increasing scrutiny due to environmental health concerns particularly its association with neurodevelopmental defects. While the insecticidal actions and acute toxicity of CPF are attributed to its oxon metabolite (CPO) which potently inhibits the cholinergic enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), there is significant evidence that CPF, CPO, and other organophosphates may affect a variety of neuronal targets and processes that are not directly related to AChE. Previously, in adult rat sciatic nerves ex vivo and postnatal neurons from rats in vitro we observed that CPF and CPO impaired the movements of vesicles and mitochondria in axons. Here, in embryonic neurons from rats in culture, we evaluated 24h exposures to CPF and CPO across picomolar to micromolar concentrations for effects on fast axonal transport of membrane bound organelles (MBOs) that contained the amyloid precursor protein (APP) tagged with the fluorescent marker, Dendra2 (APPDendra2). The most notable observations of this study were concentration-dependent decreases in the velocity and percentage of MBOs moving in the anterograde direction, an increase in the number of stationary MBOs, and an increased frequency of pauses associated with both CPF and CPO. These effects occurred at concentrations that did not significantly inhibit AChE activity, they were not blocked by cholinergic receptor antagonists, and they were not associated with compromised cell viability. These effects of CPF and CPO may be significant given the importance of axonal transport to neuronal development as well the function of fully developed neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, 30912, Georgia
| | - Sean X Naughton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, 30912, Georgia
| | - Wayne D Beck
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, 30912, Georgia
| | - Caterina M Hernandez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, 30912, Georgia
| | - Guangyu Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, 30912, Georgia
| | - Zhe Wei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, 30912, Georgia
| | - Xiangkun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, 250 W. Green Street, Athens, 30602, Georgia
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, 250 W. Green Street, Athens, 30602, Georgia
| | - Alvin V Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, 30912, Georgia.
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41
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Voorhees JR, Rohlman DS, Lein PJ, Pieper AA. Neurotoxicity in Preclinical Models of Occupational Exposure to Organophosphorus Compounds. Front Neurosci 2017; 10:590. [PMID: 28149268 PMCID: PMC5241311 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OPs) compounds are widely used as insecticides, plasticizers, and fuel additives. These compounds potently inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme that inactivates acetylcholine at neuronal synapses, and acute exposure to high OP levels can cause cholinergic crisis in humans and animals. Evidence further suggests that repeated exposure to lower OP levels insufficient to cause cholinergic crisis, frequently encountered in the occupational setting, also pose serious risks to people. For example, multiple epidemiological studies have identified associations between occupational OP exposure and neurodegenerative disease, psychiatric illness, and sensorimotor deficits. Rigorous scientific investigation of the basic science mechanisms underlying these epidemiological findings requires valid preclinical models in which tightly-regulated exposure paradigms can be correlated with neurotoxicity. Here, we review the experimental models of occupational OP exposure currently used in the field. We found that animal studies simulating occupational OP exposures do indeed show evidence of neurotoxicity, and that utilization of these models is helping illuminate the mechanisms underlying OP-induced neurological sequelae. Still, further work is necessary to evaluate exposure levels, protection methods, and treatment strategies, which taken together could serve to modify guidelines for improving workplace conditions globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaymie R. Voorhees
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
| | - Diane S. Rohlman
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa College of Public HealthIowa City, IA, USA
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Andrew A. Pieper
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Veteran Affairs, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Weill Cornell Autism Research Program, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York, NY, USA
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42
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Moyano P, del Pino J, Anadon MJ, Díaz MJ, Gómez G, Frejo MT. Toxicogenomic profile of apoptotic and necrotic SN56 basal forebrain cholinergic neuronal loss after acute and long-term chlorpyrifos exposure. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2017; 59:68-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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43
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Adedara IA, Rosemberg DB, de Souza D, Farombi EO, Aschner M, Souza DO, Rocha JBT. Neurobehavioral and biochemical changes in Nauphoeta cinerea following dietary exposure to chlorpyrifos. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 130:22-30. [PMID: 27155480 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to increase our understanding about the mode of toxic action of organophosphate pesticides in insects by evaluating the biochemical and neurobehavioral characteristics in Nauphoeta cinerea exposed to chlorpyrifos (CPF)-contaminated diet. The insects were exposed for 35 consecutive days to CPF at 0.078, 0.15625, 0.3125 and 0.625μg/g feed. Locomotor behavior was assessed for a 10-min trial in a novel arena and subsequently, biochemical analyses were carried out using the cockroaches' heads. In comparison to control, CPF-exposed cockroaches showed significant decreases in the total distance traveled, body rotation, turn angle and meandering, along with significant increase in the number of falls, time and episodes of immobility. The marked decrease in the exploratory profiles of CPF-exposed cockroaches was confirmed by track plots, whereas occupancy plot analyses showed a progressive dispersion at 0.15625μg/g feed group. Moreover, the heads of CPF-exposed cockroaches showed marked decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity and antioxidant status with concomitant significant elevation in dichlorofluorescein oxidation and lipid peroxidation levels in CPF-treated cockroaches. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analyses revealed bioaccumulation of CPF in cockroaches exposed to concentrations above 0.078μg/g feed. The findings from this investigation showed N. cinerea as a value model organism for the risk assessment of environmental organophosphate contamination in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac A Adedara
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Denis B Rosemberg
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego de Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ebenezer O Farombi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine Forchheimer 209; 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Diogo O Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Joao B T Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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44
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Pei Y, Peng J, Behl M, Sipes NS, Shockley KR, Rao MS, Tice RR, Zeng X. Comparative neurotoxicity screening in human iPSC-derived neural stem cells, neurons and astrocytes. Brain Res 2016; 1638:57-73. [PMID: 26254731 PMCID: PMC5032144 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and their differentiated derivatives offer a unique source of human primary cells for toxicity screens. Here, we report on the comparative cytotoxicity of 80 compounds (neurotoxicants, developmental neurotoxicants, and environmental compounds) in iPSC as well as isogenic iPSC-derived neural stem cells (NSC), neurons, and astrocytes. All compounds were tested over a 24-h period at 10 and 100 μM, in duplicate, with cytotoxicity measured using the MTT assay. Of the 80 compounds tested, 50 induced significant cytotoxicity in at least one cell type; per cell type, 32, 38, 46, and 41 induced significant cytotoxicity in iPSC, NSC, neurons, and astrocytes, respectively. Four compounds (valinomycin, 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol, deltamethrin, and triphenyl phosphate) were cytotoxic in all four cell types. Retesting these compounds at 1, 10, and 100 μM using the same exposure protocol yielded consistent results as compared with the primary screen. Using rotenone, we extended the testing to seven additional iPSC lines of both genders; no substantial difference in the extent of cytotoxicity was detected among the cell lines. Finally, the cytotoxicity assay was simplified by measuring luciferase activity using lineage-specific luciferase reporter iPSC lines which were generated from the parental iPSC line. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: PSC and the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Pei
- XCell Science Inc., Novato, CA, USA
| | - Jun Peng
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Mamta Behl
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27713, USA
| | - Nisha S Sipes
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27713, USA
| | - Keith R Shockley
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27713, USA
| | | | - Raymond R Tice
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27713, USA
| | - Xianmin Zeng
- XCell Science Inc., Novato, CA, USA; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.
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45
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SN56 basal forebrain cholinergic neuronal loss after acute and long-term chlorpyrifos exposure through oxidative stress generation; P75NTR and α7-nAChRs alterations mediated partially by AChE variants disruption. Toxicology 2016; 353-354:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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46
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Yang X, Bartlett MG. Identification of protein adduction using mass spectrometry: Protein adducts as biomarkers and predictors of toxicity mechanisms. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:652-664. [PMID: 26842586 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The determination of protein-xenobiotic adducts using mass spectrometry is an emerging area which allows detailed understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in toxicity. These approaches can also be used to reveal potential biomarkers of exposure or toxic response. The following review covers studies of protein adducts resulting from exposure to a wide variety of xenobiotics including organophosphates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, acetaminophen, alkylating agents and other related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2352, USA
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2352, USA
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47
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Saldarriaga W, Lein P, González Teshima LY, Isaza C, Rosa L, Polyak A, Hagerman R, Girirajan S, Silva M, Tassone F. Phenobarbital use and neurological problems in FMR1 premutation carriers. Neurotoxicology 2016; 53:141-147. [PMID: 26802682 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a CGG expansion in the FMR1 gene located at Xq27.3. Patients with the premutation in FMR1 present specific clinical problems associated with the number of CGG repeats (55-200 CGG repeats). Premutation carriers have elevated FMR1 mRNA expression levels, which have been associated with neurotoxicity potentially causing neurodevelopmental problems or neurological problems associated with aging. However, cognitive impairments or neurological problems may also be related to increased vulnerability of premutation carriers to neurotoxicants, including phenobarbital. Here we present a study of three sisters with the premutation who were exposed differentially to phenobarbital therapy throughout their lives, allowing us to compare the neurological effects of this drug in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilmar Saldarriaga
- Research Group in Congenital & Perinatal Malformations, Dysmorphology and Clinical Genetics (MACOS),Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia; Departments of Morphology and Obstetrics & Gynecology, Universidad del Valle, Hospital Universitario Del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
| | - Pamela Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | - Carolina Isaza
- Department of Morphology, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Lina Rosa
- La Misericordia International Clinic, Barranquilla, Colombia; Instituto Superior de Estudios Psicológicos, Barcelona, Spain; Autonomous University of Barcelona-Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew Polyak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Randi Hagerman
- Department of Pediatrics and the MIND Institute, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Santhosh Girirajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Marisol Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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48
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Gao J, Naughton SX, Wulff H, Singh V, Beck WD, Magrane J, Thomas B, Kaidery NA, Hernandez CM, Terry AV. Diisopropylfluorophosphate Impairs the Transport of Membrane-Bound Organelles in Rat Cortical Axons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 356:645-55. [PMID: 26718240 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.230839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The extensive use of organophosphates (OPs) is an ongoing environmental health concern due to multiple reports of OP-related neurologic abnormalities. The mechanism of the acute toxicity of OPs has been attributed to inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), but there is growing evidence that this may not account for all the long-term neurotoxic effects of OPs. In previous experiments (using ex vivo and in vitro model systems) we observed that the insecticide OP chlorpyrifos impaired the movements of vesicles and mitochondria in axons. Here, using a time-lapse imaging technique, we evaluated the OP-nerve agent diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) across a wide range of concentrations (subnanomolar to micromolar) for effects on fast axonal transport of membrane-bound organelles (MBOs) that contain the amyloid precursor protein (APP) tagged with the fluorescent marker Dendra2 (APPDendra2). Both 1 and 24 hours of exposure to DFP and a positive control compound, colchicine, resulted in a decrease in the velocity of anterograde and retrograde movements of MBOs and an increase in the number of stationary MBOs. These effects occurred at picomolar (100 pM) to low nanomolar (0.1 nM) concentrations that were not associated with compromised cell viability or cytoskeletal damage. Moreover, the effects of DFP on axonal transport occurred at concentrations that did not inhibit AChE activity, and they were not blocked by cholinergic receptor antagonists. Given the fundamental importance of axonal transport to neuronal function, these observations may explain some of the long-term neurologic deficits that have been observed in humans who have been exposed to OPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia (J.G., V.S., S.X.N., W.D.B., B.T., N.A.K., C.M.H., A.V.T.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California (H.W.); Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (J.M.)
| | - Sean X Naughton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia (J.G., V.S., S.X.N., W.D.B., B.T., N.A.K., C.M.H., A.V.T.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California (H.W.); Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (J.M.)
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia (J.G., V.S., S.X.N., W.D.B., B.T., N.A.K., C.M.H., A.V.T.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California (H.W.); Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (J.M.)
| | - Vikrant Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia (J.G., V.S., S.X.N., W.D.B., B.T., N.A.K., C.M.H., A.V.T.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California (H.W.); Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (J.M.)
| | - Wayne D Beck
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia (J.G., V.S., S.X.N., W.D.B., B.T., N.A.K., C.M.H., A.V.T.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California (H.W.); Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (J.M.)
| | - Jordi Magrane
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia (J.G., V.S., S.X.N., W.D.B., B.T., N.A.K., C.M.H., A.V.T.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California (H.W.); Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (J.M.)
| | - Bobby Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia (J.G., V.S., S.X.N., W.D.B., B.T., N.A.K., C.M.H., A.V.T.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California (H.W.); Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (J.M.)
| | - Navneet Ammal Kaidery
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia (J.G., V.S., S.X.N., W.D.B., B.T., N.A.K., C.M.H., A.V.T.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California (H.W.); Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (J.M.)
| | - Caterina M Hernandez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia (J.G., V.S., S.X.N., W.D.B., B.T., N.A.K., C.M.H., A.V.T.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California (H.W.); Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (J.M.)
| | - Alvin V Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia (J.G., V.S., S.X.N., W.D.B., B.T., N.A.K., C.M.H., A.V.T.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California (H.W.); Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (J.M.)
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Pino JD, Moyano P, Anadon MJ, García JM, Díaz MJ, García J, Frejo MT. Acute and long-term exposure to chlorpyrifos induces cell death of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons through AChE variants alteration. Toxicology 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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