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Chillon TS, Tuchtenhagen M, Schwarz M, Hackler J, Heller R, Kaghazian P, Moghaddam A, Schomburg L, Haase H, Kipp AP, Schwerdtle T, Maares M. Determination of copper status by five biomarkers in serum of healthy women. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 84:127441. [PMID: 38579499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The essential trace element copper is relevant for many important physiological processes. Changes in copper homeostasis can result from disease and affect human health. A reliable assessment of copper status by suitable biomarkers may enable fast detection of subtle changes in copper metabolism. To this end, additional biomarkers besides serum copper and ceruloplasmin (CP) concentrations are required. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the emerging copper biomarkers CP oxidase (CPO) activity, exchangeable copper (CuEXC) and labile copper in serum of healthy women and compare them with the conventional biomarkers total serum copper and CP. METHOD AND MAIN FINDINGS This observational study determined CPO activity, the non CP-bound copper species CuEXC and labile copper, total serum copper and CP in sera of 110 healthy women. Samples were collected at four time points over a period of 24 weeks. The concentrations of total serum copper and CP were within the reference ranges. The comparison of all five biomarkers provided insight into their relationship, the intra- and inter-individual variability as well as the age dependence. The correlation and Principal Component Analyses (PCA) indicated that CP, CPO activity and total copper correlated well, followed by CuEXC, while the labile copper pool was unrelated to the other parameters. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the non-CP-bound copper species represent copper pools that are differently regulated from total copper or CP-bound copper, making them interesting complementary biomarkers to enable a more complete assessment of body copper status with potential relevance for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Samson Chillon
- TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin, Jena, Germany; Max Rubner Center for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research (CMR), Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Straße 3-4, Berlin D-10115, Germany
| | - Max Tuchtenhagen
- TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin, Jena, Germany; Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal 14558, Germany
| | - Maria Schwarz
- TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin, Jena, Germany; Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Julian Hackler
- TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin, Jena, Germany; Max Rubner Center for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research (CMR), Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Straße 3-4, Berlin D-10115, Germany
| | - Raban Heller
- Max Rubner Center for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research (CMR), Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Straße 3-4, Berlin D-10115, Germany; Bundeswehr Hospital Berlin, Clinic of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Berlin D-10115, Germany; Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Straße des 17. Juni 135, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - Peyman Kaghazian
- Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Frohsinnstraße 12, Aschaffenburg D-63739, Germany
| | - Arash Moghaddam
- Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Frohsinnstraße 12, Aschaffenburg D-63739, Germany
| | - Lutz Schomburg
- TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin, Jena, Germany; Max Rubner Center for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research (CMR), Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Straße 3-4, Berlin D-10115, Germany
| | - Hajo Haase
- TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin, Jena, Germany; Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Straße des 17. Juni 135, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - Anna P Kipp
- TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin, Jena, Germany; Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin, Jena, Germany; Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal 14558, Germany; German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Maares
- TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin, Jena, Germany; Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal 14558, Germany; Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Straße des 17. Juni 135, Berlin 10623, Germany.
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Scolari Grotto F, Glaser V. Are high copper levels related to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases? A systematic review and meta-analysis of articles published between 2011 and 2022. Biometals 2024; 37:3-22. [PMID: 37594582 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-023-00530-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Copper performs an important role in the brain, but in high levels it can be neurotoxic. Further, some authors have described that copper dyshomeostasis could be related with neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, this review was performed to observe whether high copper levels are related to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases (AD and PD), using the literature published recently. Articles that measured copper levels in AD or PD patients was included, as well as they that measured copper levels in models used to mimic these diseases. Also, results about high copper levels effects and its relationship with AD and PD observed in laboratory animals are considered. In summary, 38 and 24 articles with AD and PD patients were included, respectively. Despite of the heterogeneity between the studies in humans, meta-analysis has demonstrated that there is an increase in free and total copper levels in the blood of AD patients compared to controls, and a decrease in copper levels in PD patients. A decrease in the metal content in postmortem brain tissue was observed in AD and PD. In manuscripts using animal models that mimic AD and PD, it was included seven and three articles, respectively. Two of them have reported an increase in copper concentrations in AD model, and one in PD model. Finally, studies with laboratory animals have concluded that high copper levels are related to oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, changes in neurotransmitter levels, cell death, and reduced both cognitive and locomotor activity, which are also described in AD or PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabielly Scolari Grotto
- Cell Biology Lab, Biological and Agronomic Sciences Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Rodovia Ulysses Gaboardi, Km3, Curitibanos, SC, Brazil
| | - Viviane Glaser
- Cell Biology Lab, Biological and Agronomic Sciences Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Rodovia Ulysses Gaboardi, Km3, Curitibanos, SC, Brazil.
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Aguila-Rosas J, García-Martínez BA, Ríos C, Diaz-Ruiz A, Obeso JL, Quirino-Barreda CT, Ibarra IA, Guzmán-Vargas A, Lima E. Copper release by MOF-74(Cu): a novel pharmacological alternative to diseases with deficiency of a vital oligoelement. RSC Adv 2024; 14:855-862. [PMID: 38174271 PMCID: PMC10759266 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07109j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Copper deficiency can trigger various diseases such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease (PD) and even compromise the development of living beings, as manifested in Menkes disease (MS). Thus, the regulated administration (controlled release) of copper represents an alternative to reduce neuronal deterioration and prevent disease progression. Therefore, we present, to the best of our knowledge, the first experimental in vitro investigation for the kinetics of copper release from MOF-74(Cu) and its distribution in vivo after oral administration in male Wistar rats. Taking advantage of the abundance and high periodicity of copper within the crystalline-nanostructured metal-organic framework material (MOF-74(Cu)), it was possible to control the release of copper due to the partial degradation of the material. Thus, we simultaneously corroborated a low accumulation of copper in the liver (the main detoxification organ) and a slight increase of copper in the brain (striatum and midbrain), demonstrating that MOF-74(Cu) is a promising pharmacological alternative (controlled copper source) to these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Aguila-Rosas
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica y Reactividad de Superficies (LaFReS), Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Circuito Exterior s/n, CU, Del. Coyoacán 04510 Ciudad de México Mexico
- Laboratorio de Farmacia Molecular y Liberación Controlada, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, C.P. 04960 CDMX Mexico
| | - Betzabeth A García-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, C.P. 04960 CDMX Mexico
- Neurociencias Básica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Calz. México Xochimilco 289, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, C.P. 14389 CDMX Mexico
| | - Camilo Ríos
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, C.P. 04960 CDMX Mexico
- Neurociencias Básica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Calz. México Xochimilco 289, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, C.P. 14389 CDMX Mexico
| | - Araceli Diaz-Ruiz
- Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez Insurgentes Sur 3877, La Fama, Tlalpan CP14269 CDMX Mexico
| | - Juan L Obeso
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica y Reactividad de Superficies (LaFReS), Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Circuito Exterior s/n, CU, Del. Coyoacán 04510 Ciudad de México Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología y Gestión Integrada del Agua (LNAgua), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CICATA U. Legaria Legaria 694 Irrigación, Miguel Hidalgo CDMX Mexico
| | - Carlos T Quirino-Barreda
- Laboratorio de Farmacia Molecular y Liberación Controlada, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, C.P. 04960 CDMX Mexico
| | - Ilich A Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica y Reactividad de Superficies (LaFReS), Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Circuito Exterior s/n, CU, Del. Coyoacán 04510 Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Ariel Guzmán-Vargas
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Materiales Porosos, Catálisis Ambiental y Química Fina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ESIQIE-SEPI-DIQI UPALM Edif. 7 P.B. Zacatenco, GAM 07738 CDMX Mexico
| | - Enrique Lima
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica y Reactividad de Superficies (LaFReS), Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Circuito Exterior s/n, CU, Del. Coyoacán 04510 Ciudad de México Mexico
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Maares M, Haupt A, Schüßler C, Kulike-Koczula M, Hackler J, Keil C, Mohr I, Schomburg L, Süssmuth RD, Zischka H, Merle U, Haase H. A fluorometric assay to determine labile copper(II) ions in serum. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12807. [PMID: 37550465 PMCID: PMC10406877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39841-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Labile copper(II) ions (Cu2+) in serum are considered to be readily available for cellular uptake and to constitute the biologically active Cu2+ species in the blood. It might also be suitable to reflect copper dyshomeostasis during diseases such as Wilson's disease (WD) or neurological disorders. So far, no direct quantification method has been described to determine this small Cu2+ subset. This study introduces a fluorometric high throughput assay using the novel Cu2+ binding fluoresceine-peptide sensor FP4 (Kd of the Cu2+-FP4-complex 0.38 pM) to determine labile Cu2+ in human and rat serum. Using 96 human serum samples, labile Cu2+was measured to be 0.14 ± 0.05 pM, showing no correlation with age or other serum trace elements. No sex-specific differences in labile Cu2+ concentrations were noted, in contrast to the total copper levels in serum. Analysis of the effect of drug therapy on labile Cu2+ in the sera of 19 patients with WD showed a significant decrease in labile Cu2+ following copper chelation therapy, suggesting that labile Cu2+ may be a specific marker of disease status and that the assay could be suitable for monitoring treatment progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maares
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
- TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin-Jena, Germany
| | - Alessia Haupt
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Schüßler
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
- TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin-Jena, Germany
| | - Marcel Kulike-Koczula
- Department of Organic and Biological Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Hackler
- TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin-Jena, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Keil
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabelle Mohr
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schomburg
- TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin-Jena, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roderich D Süssmuth
- Department of Organic and Biological Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Zischka
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- School of Medicine, Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Technical University Munich, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Uta Merle
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hajo Haase
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
- TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin-Jena, Germany.
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Hussien HM, Ghareeb DA, Ahmed HEA, Hafez HS, Saleh SR. Pharmacological implications of ipriflavone against environmental metal-induced neurodegeneration and dementia in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:65349-65362. [PMID: 34235690 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to environmental neurotoxic metals is implicated in the induction of dementia and cognitive decline. The present study aims to illustrate the therapeutic role of ipriflavone as a synthetic isoflavone against environmental metal-induced cognitive impairment in rats. Dementia was induced by a mixture of aluminum, cadmium, and fluoride for 90 days followed by ipriflavone for a further 30 days. Metal-treated animals exhibited abnormal behaviors in the Morris water maze task. Neuropathological biomarkers including oxidative stress (TBARS, NO, SOD, GPX, GST, and GSH), inflammation (TNF- α, IL-6, and IL-1β), neurotransmission (AChE and MAO), and insulin resistance (insulin, insulin receptor, and insulin-degrading enzyme) were altered, which consequently elevated the level of amyloid-β42 and tau protein in the hippocampus tissues inducing neuronal injury. Ipriflavone significantly (P < 0.05) ameliorated the neurobehavioral abnormalities and the cognitive dysfunction biomarkers via antioxidant/anti-inflammatory mechanism. Moreover, ipriflavone downregulated the mRNA expression level of amyloid precursor protein and tau protein, preventing amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangle aggregation at P < 0.05. A molecular docking study revealed that ipriflavone has a potent binding affinity towards AChE more than donepezil and acts as a strong AChE inhibitor. Our data concluded that the therapeutic potential of ipriflavone against dementia could provide a new strategy in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend M Hussien
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University, Canal El Mahmoudia Street, Smouha, Sidi Gaber, P.O. Box 37, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Doaa A Ghareeb
- Biological Screening and Preclinical Trial Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Center of Excellency for Drug Preclinical Studies (CE-DPS), Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hany E A Ahmed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Hani S Hafez
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Samar R Saleh
- Biological Screening and Preclinical Trial Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Center of Excellency for Drug Preclinical Studies (CE-DPS), Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
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Bayramoglu Akkoyun M, Temel Y, Bengü AŞ, Akkoyun HT. Ameliorative effects of astaxanthin against copper(II) ion-induced alteration of pentose phosphate pathway and antioxidant system enzymes in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:62919-62926. [PMID: 34218382 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is one of the toxic elements that cause environmental pollution. As a result of excessive accumulation of copper in the organism, it causes damage in various organs and tissues and hemolysis in erythrocytes. Astaxanthin (ATX) is a pigment belonging to the xanthophyll family, which is an oxygenated derivative of carotenoids. Thanks to its powerful antioxidant properties, ATX has an extraordinary potential to protect the organism against various diseases, especially cancer. The main objective of this study was to investigate the toxic effect of copper ions on the glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phospho-gluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) enzymes and the role of astaxanthin in reducing this effect. In in vivo study, Wistar Albino male rats (n=28) were randomly divided into 4 groups: the control group, copper (Cu2+) group, astaxanthin (ATX) group, and copper + astaxanthin (Cu2++ATX) group. The results show that G6PD enzyme activity in Cu2+ group was strongly inhibited (p ˂ 0.05), while in other groups, there were no significant effects compared to the control group (p ⩾ 0.05). 6PGD enzyme activity was significantly reduced in Cu2+ group compared to that in the control group (p ˂ 0.05), and GR enzyme activity was lower in Cu2+ group compared to that in the control group (p ˂ 0.05). Similarly, when GST enzyme activity was evaluated, a strong decrease was observed in the Cu2+ group compared to that in the control group (p ˂ 0.05), while the enzyme activity in the Cu2++ATX group approached the control group (p ⩾ 0.05). When TrxR enzyme activity level was examined, a statistically significant decrease was observed in the Cu2+ and Cu2++ATX groups (p ˂ 0.05), and the enzyme activity in the ATX group was found to be close to that in the control group. When in vitro results were evaluated, it was observed that copper ions inhibited G6PD enzyme purified from rat erythrocyte tissues with IC50=1.90 μM value and Ki = 0.97 μM ± 0.082 value and the inhibition was non-competitive. From the results, it can be concluded that Cu2+ ions have an inhibitory effect on rat erythrocyte pentose phosphate pathway and antioxidant system enzymes both in vivo and in vitro, and astaxanthin reduces this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yusuf Temel
- Solhan Health Services Vocational School, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey.
| | - Aydın Şükrü Bengü
- Bingöl University, Health Services Vocational School, Bingöl, Turkey
| | - Hürrem Turan Akkoyun
- Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Physiology, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
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