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Chen CY, Yang GY, Tu HX, Weng XC, Hu C, Geng HY. The cognitive dysfunction of claustrum on Alzheimer's disease: A mini-review. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1109256. [PMID: 37122376 PMCID: PMC10140374 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1109256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases characterized by cognitive deficits and dementia. AD entails predominant pathological characteristics including amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque formation, neurofibrillary entanglements, and brain atrophy, which gradually result in cognitive dysfunctions. Studies showed that these pathological changes are found in a myriad of brain structures, including the claustrum (CLA), a nucleus that penetrates deeply into the brain and is extensively interconnected to various brain structures. The CLA modulates many aspects of cognitive functions, with attention, executive function, visuospatial ability, language, and memory in particular. It is also implicated in multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, of which one worthy of particular attention is AD-related cognitive impairments. To inspire novel AD treatment strategies, this review has summarized the CLA functionality in discriminative cognitive dysfunctions in AD. And then propose an array of potential mechanisms that might contribute to the cognitive impairments caused by an abnormal CLA physiology. We advocate that the CLA might be a new promising therapeutic target in combination with existing anti-AD drugs and brain stimulation approaches for future AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Science, Ministry of Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Science, Ministry of Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Xia Tu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Science, Ministry of Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu-Chu Weng
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Science, Ministry of Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Science, Ministry of Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chun Hu,
| | - Hong-Yan Geng
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Science, Ministry of Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Hong-Yan Geng,
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Tiepolt S, Becker GA, Wilke S, Cecchin D, Rullmann M, Meyer PM, Barthel H, Hesse S, Patt M, Luthardt J, Wagenknecht G, Sattler B, Deuther-Conrad W, Ludwig FA, Fischer S, Gertz HJ, Smits R, Hoepping A, Steinbach J, Brust P, Sabri O. (+)-[ 18F]Flubatine as a novel α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor PET ligand-results of the first-in-human brain imaging application in patients with β-amyloid PET-confirmed Alzheimer's disease and healthy controls. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:731-746. [PMID: 32935187 PMCID: PMC8036219 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-05029-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES We present the first in-human brain PET imaging data of the new α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-targeting radioligand (+)-[18F]Flubatine. Aims were to develop a kinetic modeling-based approach to quantify (+)-[18F]Flubatine and compare the data of healthy controls (HCs) and patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD); to investigate the partial volume effect (PVE) on regional (+)-[18F]Flubatine binding; and whether (+)-[18F]Flubatine binding and cognitive test data respective β-amyloid radiotracer accumulation were correlated. METHODS We examined 11 HCs and 9 mild AD patients. All subjects underwent neuropsychological testing and [11C]PiB PET/MRI examination. (+)-[18F]Flubatine PET data were evaluated using full kinetic modeling and regional as well as voxel-based analyses. RESULTS With 270-min p.i., the unchanged parent compound amounted to 97 ± 2%. Adequate fits of the time-activity curves were obtained with the 1 tissue compartment model (1TCM). (+)-[18F]Flubatine distribution volume (binding) was significantly reduced in bilateral mesial temporal cortex in AD patients compared with HCs (right 10.6 ± 1.1 vs 11.6 ± 1.4, p = 0.049; left 11.0 ± 1.1 vs 12.2 ± 1.8, p = 0.046; one-sided t tests each). PVE correction increased not only (+)-[18F]Flubatine binding of approximately 15% but also standard deviation of 0.4-70%. Cognitive test data and (+)-[18F]Flubatine binding were significantly correlated in the left anterior cingulate, right posterior cingulate, and right parietal cortex (r > 0.5, p < 0.05 each). In AD patients, (+)-[18F]Flubatine binding and [11C]PiB standardized uptake value ratios were negatively correlated in several regions; whereas in HCs, a positive correlation between cortical (+)-[18F]Flubatine binding and [11C]PiB accumulation in the white matter was found. No adverse event related to (+)-[18F]Flubatine occurred. CONCLUSION (+)-[18F]Flubatine is a safe and stable PET ligand. Full kinetic modeling can be realized by 1TCM without metabolite correction. (+)-[18F]Flubatine binding affinity was high enough to detect group differences. Of interest, correlation between white matter β-amyloid PET uptake and (+)-[18F]Flubatine binding indicated an association between white matter integrity and availability of α4β2 nAChRs. Overall, (+)-[18F]Flubatine showed favorable characteristics and has therefore the potential to serve as α4β2 nAChR-targeting PET ligand in further clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig Tiepolt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Georg-Alexander Becker
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Wilke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Diego Cecchin
- Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Michael Rullmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp M. Meyer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henryk Barthel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Swen Hesse
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marianne Patt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Luthardt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gudrun Wagenknecht
- Electronic Systems (ZEA-2), Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, Research Centre Juelich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Juelich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Sattler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Winnie Deuther-Conrad
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Research Site Leipzig, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Steffen Fischer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Research Site Leipzig, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Gertz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstraße 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - René Smits
- ABX advanced biochemical compounds GmbH, Heinrich-Gläser-Straße 10, 01454 Radeberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Hoepping
- ABX advanced biochemical compounds GmbH, Heinrich-Gläser-Straße 10, 01454 Radeberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Steinbach
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzener Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Brust
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Research Site Leipzig, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Osama Sabri
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Wilson H, Pagano G, Politis M. Dementia spectrum disorders: lessons learnt from decades with PET research. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:233-251. [PMID: 30762136 PMCID: PMC6449308 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-01975-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The dementia spectrum encompasses a range of disorders with complex diagnosis, pathophysiology and limited treatment options. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging provides insights into specific neurodegenerative processes underlying dementia disorders in vivo. Here we focus on some of the most common dementias: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinsonism dementias including Parkinson's disease with dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal syndrome, and frontotemporal lobe degeneration. PET tracers have been developed to target specific proteinopathies (amyloid, tau and α-synuclein), glucose metabolism, cholinergic system and neuroinflammation. Studies have shown distinct imaging abnormalities can be detected early, in some cases prior to symptom onset, allowing disease progression to be monitored and providing the potential to predict symptom onset. Furthermore, advances in PET imaging have identified potential therapeutic targets and novel methods to accurately discriminate between different types of dementias in vivo. There are promising imaging markers with a clinical application on the horizon, however, further studies are required before they can be implantation into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Wilson
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, 125 Coldharbour Lane, Camberwell, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Gennaro Pagano
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, 125 Coldharbour Lane, Camberwell, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Marios Politis
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, 125 Coldharbour Lane, Camberwell, London, SE5 9NU, UK.
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Tiernan CT, Ginsberg SD, He B, Ward SM, Guillozet-Bongaarts AL, Kanaan NM, Mufson EJ, Counts SE. Pretangle pathology within cholinergic nucleus basalis neurons coincides with neurotrophic and neurotransmitter receptor gene dysregulation during the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 117:125-136. [PMID: 29859871 PMCID: PMC6278831 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic basal forebrain neurons of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (nbM) regulate attentional and memory function and are exquisitely prone to tau pathology and neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) formation during the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). nbM neurons require the neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF), its cognate receptor TrkA, and the pan-neurotrophin receptor p75NTR for their maintenance and survival. Additionally, nbM neuronal activity and cholinergic tone are regulated by the expression of nicotinic (nAChR) and muscarinic (mAChR) acetylcholine receptors as well as receptors modulating glutamatergic and catecholaminergic afferent signaling. To date, the molecular and cellular relationships between the evolution of tau pathology and nbM neuronal survival remain unknown. To address this knowledge gap, we profiled cholinotrophic pathway genes within nbM neurons immunostained for pS422, a pretangle phosphorylation event preceding tau C-terminal truncation at D421, or dual-labeled for pS422 and TauC3, a later stage tau neo-epitope revealed by this same C-terminal truncation event, via single-population custom microarray analysis. nbM neurons were obtained from postmortem tissues from subjects who died with an antemortem clinical diagnosis of no cognitive impairment (NCI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or mild/moderate AD. Quantitative analysis revealed significant downregulation of mRNAs encoding TrkA as well as TrkB, TrkC, and the Trk-mediated downstream pro-survival kinase Akt in pS422+ compared to unlabeled, pS422-negative nbM neurons. In addition, pS422+ neurons displayed a downregulation of transcripts encoding NMDA receptor subunit 2B, metabotropic glutamate receptor 2, D2 dopamine receptor, and β1 adrenoceptor. By contrast, transcripts encoding p75NTR were downregulated in dual-labeled pS422+/TauC3+ neurons. Appearance of the TauC3 epitope was also associated with an upregulation of the α7 nAChR subunit and differential downregulation of the β2 nAChR subunit. Notably, we found that gene expression patterns for each cell phenotype did not differ with clinical diagnosis. However, linear regression revealed that global cognition and Braak stage were predictors of select transcript changes within both unlabeled and pS422+/TauC3- neurons. Taken together, these cell phenotype-specific gene expression profiling data suggest that dysregulation of neurotrophic and neurotransmitter signaling is an early pathogenic mechanism associated with NFT formation in vulnerable nbM neurons and cognitive decline in AD, which may be amenable to therapeutic intervention early in the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea T Tiernan
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Stephen D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Physiology & Neuroscience, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; NYU Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bin He
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Sarah M Ward
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | | | - Nicholas M Kanaan
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA; Hauenstein Neurosciences Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Elliott J Mufson
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Scott E Counts
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA; Hauenstein Neurosciences Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI, USA; Department of Family Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA; Michigan Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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5
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Brumberg J, Küsters S, Al-Momani E, Marotta G, Cosgrove KP, van Dyck CH, Herrmann K, Homola GA, Pezzoli G, Buck AK, Volkmann J, Samnick S, Isaias IU. Cholinergic activity and levodopa-induced dyskinesia: a multitracer molecular imaging study. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2017; 4:632-639. [PMID: 28904985 PMCID: PMC5590520 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the association between levodopa‐induced dyskinesias and striatal cholinergic activity in patients with Parkinson's disease. Methods This study included 13 Parkinson's disease patients with peak‐of‐dose levodopa‐induced dyskinesias, 12 nondyskinetic patients, and 12 healthy controls. Participants underwent 5‐[123I]iodo‐3‐[2(S)‐2‐azetidinylmethoxy]pyridine single‐photon emission computed tomography, a marker of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, [123I]N‐ω‐fluoropropyl‐2β‐carbomethoxy‐3β‐(4‐iodophenyl)nortropane single‐photon emission computed tomography, to measure dopamine reuptake transporter density and 2‐[18F]fluoro‐2‐deoxyglucose positron emission tomography to assess regional cerebral metabolic activity. Striatal binding potentials, uptake values at basal ganglia structures, and correlations with clinical variables were analyzed. Results Density of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the caudate nucleus of dyskinetic subjects was similar to that of healthy controls and significantly higher to that of nondyskinetic patients, in particular, contralaterally to the clinically most affected side. Interpretation Our findings support the hypothesis that the expression of dyskinesia may be related to cholinergic neuronal excitability in a dopaminergic‐depleted striatum. Cholinergic signaling would play a role in maintaining striatal dopaminergic responsiveness, possibly defining disease phenotype and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Brumberg
- Department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital Würzburg and Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg Germany
| | - Sebastian Küsters
- Department of Neurology University Hospital Würzburg and Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg Germany
| | - Ehab Al-Momani
- Department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital Würzburg and Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg Germany
| | - Giorgio Marotta
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy
| | - Kelly P Cosgrove
- Department of Psychiatry Yale University School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut
| | | | - Ken Herrmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital Würzburg and Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
| | - György A Homola
- Department of Neuroradiology University Hospital Würzburg and Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg Germany
| | | | - Andreas K Buck
- Department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital Würzburg and Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg Germany
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology University Hospital Würzburg and Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg Germany
| | - Samuel Samnick
- Department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital Würzburg and Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg Germany
| | - Ioannis U Isaias
- Department of Neurology University Hospital Würzburg and Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg Germany
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Roy R, Niccolini F, Pagano G, Politis M. Cholinergic imaging in dementia spectrum disorders. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016; 43:1376-86. [PMID: 26984612 PMCID: PMC4865532 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-016-3349-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The multifaceted nature of the pathology of dementia spectrum disorders has complicated their management and the development of effective treatments. This is despite the fact that they are far from uncommon, with Alzheimer's disease (AD) alone affecting 35 million people worldwide. The cholinergic system has been found to be crucially involved in cognitive function, with cholinergic dysfunction playing a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of dementia. The use of molecular imaging such as SPECT and PET for tagging targets within the cholinergic system has shown promise for elucidating key aspects of underlying pathology in dementia spectrum disorders, including AD or parkinsonian dementias. SPECT and PET studies using selective radioligands for cholinergic markers, such as [(11)C]MP4A and [(11)C]PMP PET for acetylcholinesterase (AChE), [(123)I]5IA SPECT for the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and [(123)I]IBVM SPECT for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter, have been developed in an attempt to clarify those aspects of the diseases that remain unclear. This has led to a variety of findings, such as cortical AChE being significantly reduced in Parkinson's disease (PD), PD with dementia (PDD) and AD, as well as correlating with certain aspects of cognitive function such as attention and working memory. Thalamic AChE is significantly reduced in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and multiple system atrophy, whilst it is not affected in PD. Some of these findings have brought about suggestions for the improvement of clinical practice, such as the use of a thalamic/cortical AChE ratio to differentiate between PD and PSP, two diseases that could overlap in terms of initial clinical presentation. Here, we review the findings from molecular imaging studies that have investigated the role of the cholinergic system in dementia spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Roy
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Flavia Niccolini
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gennaro Pagano
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marios Politis
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
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7
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Isaias IU, Spiegel J, Brumberg J, Cosgrove KP, Marotta G, Oishi N, Higuchi T, Küsters S, Schiller M, Dillmann U, van Dyck CH, Buck A, Herrmann K, Schloegl S, Volkmann J, Lassmann M, Fassbender K, Lorenz R, Samnick S. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor density in cognitively intact subjects at an early stage of Parkinson's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:213. [PMID: 25177294 PMCID: PMC4132266 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated in vivo brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) distribution in cognitively intact subjects with Parkinson’s disease (PD) at an early stage of the disease. Fourteen patients and 13 healthy subjects were imaged with single photon emission computed tomography and the radiotracer 5-[123I]iodo-3-[2(S)-2-azetidinylmethoxy]pyridine ([123I]5IA). Patients were selected according to several criteria, including short duration of motor signs (<7 years) and normal scores at an extensive neuropsychological evaluation. In PD patients, nAChR density was significantly higher in the putamen, the insular cortex and the supplementary motor area and lower in the caudate nucleus, the orbitofrontal cortex, and the middle temporal gyrus. Disease duration positively correlated with nAChR density in the putamen ipsilateral (ρ = 0.56, p < 0.05) but not contralateral (ρ = 0.49, p = 0.07) to the clinically most affected hemibody. We observed, for the first time in vivo, higher nAChR density in brain regions of the motor and limbic basal ganglia circuits of subjects with PD. Our findings support the notion of an up-regulated cholinergic activity at the striatal and possibly cortical level in cognitively intact PD patients at an early stage of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jörg Spiegel
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University , Homburg/Saar , Germany
| | - Joachim Brumberg
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Kelly P Cosgrove
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA
| | - Giorgio Marotta
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Naoya Oishi
- Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Takahiro Higuchi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Sebastian Küsters
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Markus Schiller
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Ulrich Dillmann
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University , Homburg/Saar , Germany
| | | | - Andreas Buck
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Ken Herrmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Susanne Schloegl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Michael Lassmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Klaus Fassbender
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University , Homburg/Saar , Germany
| | - Reinhard Lorenz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Samuel Samnick
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
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8
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Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in attention circuitry: the role of layer VI neurons of prefrontal cortex. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1225-44. [PMID: 24122021 PMCID: PMC3949016 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1481-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic modulation of prefrontal cortex is essential for attention. In essence, it focuses the mind on relevant, transient stimuli in support of goal-directed behavior. The excitation of prefrontal layer VI neurons through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors optimizes local and top-down control of attention. Layer VI of prefrontal cortex is the origin of a dense feedback projection to the thalamus and is one of only a handful of brain regions that express the α5 nicotinic receptor subunit, encoded by the gene chrna5. This accessory nicotinic receptor subunit alters the properties of high-affinity nicotinic receptors in layer VI pyramidal neurons in both development and adulthood. Studies investigating the consequences of genetic deletion of α5, as well as other disruptions to nicotinic receptors, find attention deficits together with altered cholinergic excitation of layer VI neurons and aberrant neuronal morphology. Nicotinic receptors in prefrontal layer VI neurons play an essential role in focusing attention under challenging circumstances. In this regard, they do not act in isolation, but rather in concert with cholinergic receptors in other parts of prefrontal circuitry. This review urges an intensification of focus on the cellular mechanisms and plasticity of prefrontal attention circuitry. Disruptions in attention are one of the greatest contributing factors to disease burden in psychiatric and neurological disorders, and enhancing attention may require different approaches in the normal and disordered prefrontal cortex.
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Reinvang I, Espeseth T, Westlye LT. APOE-related biomarker profiles in non-pathological aging and early phases of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1322-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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10
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Mufson EJ, Binder L, Counts SE, DeKosky ST, de Toledo-Morrell L, Ginsberg SD, Ikonomovic MD, Perez SE, Scheff SW. Mild cognitive impairment: pathology and mechanisms. Acta Neuropathol 2012; 123:13-30. [PMID: 22101321 PMCID: PMC3282485 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-011-0884-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is rapidly becoming one of the most common clinical manifestations affecting the elderly. The pathologic and molecular substrate of people diagnosed with MCI is not well established. Since MCI is a human specific disorder and neither the clinical nor the neuropathological course appears to follow a direct linear path, it is imperative to characterize neuropathology changes in the brains of people who came to autopsy with a well-characterized clinical diagnosis of MCI. Herein, we discuss findings derived from clinical pathologic studies of autopsy cases who died with a clinical diagnosis of MCI. The heterogeneity of clinical MCI imparts significant challenges to any review of this subject. The pathologic substrate of MCI is equally complex and must take into account not only conventional plaque and tangle pathology but also a wide range of cellular, biochemical and molecular deficits, many of which relate to cognitive decline as well as compensatory responses to the progressive disease process. The multifaceted nature of the neuronal disconnection syndrome associated with MCI suggests that there is no single event which precipitates this prodromal stage of AD. In fact, it can be argued that neuronal degeneration initiated at different levels of the central nervous system drives cognitive decline as a final common pathway at this stage of the dementing disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott J Mufson
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison St., Suite 300, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Archer T, Kostrzewa RM, Beninger RJ, Palomo T. Staging neurodegenerative disorders: structural, regional, biomarker, and functional progressions. Neurotox Res 2011; 19:211-34. [PMID: 20393891 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The notion of staging in the neurodegenerative disorders is modulated by the constant and progressive loss of several aspects of brain structural integrity, circuitry, and neuronal processes. These destructive processes eventually remove individuals' abilities to perform at sufficient and necessary functional capacity at several levels of disease severity. The classification of (a) patients on the basis of diagnosis, risk prognosis, and intervention outcome, forms the basis of clinical staging, and (b) laboratory animals on the basis of animal model of brain disorder, extent of insult, and dysfunctional expression, provides the components for the clinical staging and preclinical staging, respectively, expressing associated epidemiological, biological, and genetic characteristics. The major focus of clinical staging in the present account stems from the fundamental notions of Braak staging as they describe the course and eventual prognosis for Alzheimer's disease, Lewy Body dementia, and Parkinson's disease. Mild cognitive impairment, which expresses the decline in episodic and semantic memory performance below the age-adjusted normal range without marked loss of global cognition or activities of daily living, and the applications of longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging, major instruments for the monitoring of either disease progression in dementia, present important challenges for staging concepts. Although Braak notions present the essential basis for further developments, current staging conceptualizations seem inadequate to comply with the massive influx of information dealing with neurodegenerative processes in brain, advanced both under clinical realities, and discoveries in the laboratory setting. The contributions of various biomarkers of disease progression, e.g., amyloid precursor protein, and neurotransmitter system imbalances, e.g., dopamine receptor supersensitivity and interactive propensities, await their incorporation into the existing staging models thereby underlining the ongoing, dynamic feature of the staging of brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Archer
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Box 500, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Lotfipour S, Mandelkern M, Brody AL. Quantitative Molecular Imaging of Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Human Brain with A-85380 Radiotracers. Curr Med Imaging 2011; 7:107-112. [PMID: 22773924 DOI: 10.2174/157340511795445676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have been implicated in a spectrum of cognitive functions as well as psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, including tobacco addiction and Alzheimer's Disease. The examination of neuronal nAChRs in living humans is a relatively new field. Researchers have developed brain-imaging radiotracers for nAChRs, with radiolabeled A-85380 compounds having the most widespread use. We provide a brief background on nAChRs, followed by a discussion of the development and application of A-85380 radiotracers in human imaging studies. We describe potential future studies using nicotinic receptor radioligands for the study of tobacco addiction, including the mechanism of action of the smoking-cessation therapy varenicline. Throughout this review, we focus on the significant potential that resides in the identification and quantification of nAChRs in the living human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrdad Lotfipour
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Kendziorra K, Wolf H, Meyer PM, Barthel H, Hesse S, Becker GA, Luthardt J, Schildan A, Patt M, Sorger D, Seese A, Gertz HJ, Sabri O. Decreased cerebral α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptor availability in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease assessed with positron emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; 38:515-25. [PMID: 21069319 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-010-1644-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Postmortem studies indicate a loss of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChRs) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In order to establish whether these changes in the cholinergic system occur at an early stage of AD, we carried out positron emission tomography (PET) with a specific radioligand for the α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α4β2* nAChR) in patients with mild to moderate AD and in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), who have a high risk to progress to AD. METHODS Nine patients with moderate AD, eight patients with MCI and seven age-matched healthy controls underwent 2-[(18)F]fluoro-3-(2(S)-azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine (2-[(18)F]FA-85380) PET. After coregistration with individual magnetic resonance imaging the binding potential (BP(ND)) of 2-[(18)F]FA-85380 was calculated using either the corpus callosum or the cerebellum as reference regions. PET data were analysed by region of interest analysis and by voxel-based analysis. RESULTS Both patients with AD and MCI showed a significant reduction in 2-[(18)F]FA-85380 BP(ND) in typical AD-affected brain regions. Thereby, the corpus callosum was identified as the most suitable reference region. The 2-[(18)F]FA-85380 BP(ND) correlated with the severity of cognitive impairment. Only MCI patients that converted to AD in the later course (n = 5) had a reduction in 2-[(18)F]FA-85380 BP(ND). CONCLUSION 2-[(18)F]FA-85380 PET appears to be a sensitive and feasible tool for the detection of a reduction in α4β2* nAChRs which seems to be an early event in AD. In addition, 2-[(18)F]FA-85380 PET might give prognostic information about a conversion from MCI to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kendziorra
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Haense C, Kalbe E, Herholz K, Hohmann C, Neumaier B, Krais R, Heiss WD. Cholinergic system function and cognition in mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 33:867-77. [PMID: 20961662 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Evidence for cholinergic dysfunction in very early stages of neurodegeneration like mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is inconclusive. Previous positron emission tomography (PET) studies based on small samples investigated if it is related to memory impairment. We examined whether cortical acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity is reduced at this stage and correlated with cognitive function. N-[(11)C]-methyl-4-piperidyl acetate ([11C]MP4A), a positron emission tomography tracer for measuring cerebral AChE activity in vivo, was applied in 21 controls and 17 MCI patients. Parametric images of AChE activity were analyzed using standard atlas regions. Principal components analysis (PCA) of regional values of AChE activity and correlation analysis with neuropsychological test results was performed. Cortical AChE activity showed a significant decline in MCI patients compared with controls which was most pronounced in temporal regions. They formed the main part of a principal component that was related significantly to verbal and nonverbal memory, language comprehension and executive function. Cholinergic dysfunction is an early hallmark even before onset of dementia at the clinical stage of MCI. Its impact especially on temporal neocortex is associated with impaired neuropsychological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen Haense
- Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany
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