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He W, Shi X, Dong Z. The roles of RACK1 in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. J Biomed Res 2024; 38:137-148. [PMID: 38410996 PMCID: PMC11001590 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.37.20220259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) is a protein that plays a crucial role in various signaling pathways and is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a prevalent neurodegenerative disease. RACK1 is highly expressed in neuronal cells of the central nervous system and regulates the pathogenesis of AD. Specifically, RACK1 is involved in regulation of the amyloid-β precursor protein processing through α- or β-secretase by binding to different protein kinase C isoforms. Additionally, RACK1 promotes synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity by inhibiting N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and activating gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptors, thereby preventing neuronal excitotoxicity. RACK1 also assembles inflammasomes that are involved in various neuroinflammatory pathways, such as nuclear factor-kappa B, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 pathways. The potential to design therapeutics that block amyloid-β accumulation and inflammation or precisely regulate synaptic plasticity represents an attractive therapeutic strategy, in which RACK1 is a potential target. In this review, we summarize the contribution of RACK1 to the pathogenesis of AD and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting He
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xiuyu Shi
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Zhifang Dong
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
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Masi M, Biundo F, Fiou A, Racchi M, Pascale A, Buoso E. The Labyrinthine Landscape of APP Processing: State of the Art and Possible Novel Soluble APP-Related Molecular Players in Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076639. [PMID: 37047617 PMCID: PMC10095589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) and its cleavage processes have been widely investigated in the past, in particular in the context of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Evidence of an increased expression of APP and its amyloidogenic-related cleavage enzymes, β-secretase 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase, at the hit axon terminals following Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), firstly suggested a correlation between TBI and AD. Indeed, mild and severe TBI have been recognised as influential risk factors for different neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. In the present work, we describe the state of the art of APP proteolytic processing, underlining the different roles of its cleavage fragments in both physiological and pathological contexts. Considering the neuroprotective role of the soluble APP alpha (sAPPα) fragment, we hypothesised that sAPPα could modulate the expression of genes of interest for AD and TBI. Hence, we present preliminary experiments addressing sAPPα-mediated regulation of BACE1, Isthmin 2 (ISM2), Tetraspanin-3 (TSPAN3) and the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGFA), each discussed from a biological and pharmacological point of view in AD and TBI. We finally propose a neuroprotective interaction network, in which the Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1 (RACK1) and the signalling cascade of PKCβII/nELAV/VEGF play hub roles, suggesting that vasculogenic-targeting therapies could be a feasible approach for vascular-related brain injuries typical of AD and TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Masi
- Computational and Chemical Biology, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Biundo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - André Fiou
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Racchi
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessia Pascale
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Erica Buoso
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Rastegari M, Salehi N, Zare-Mirakabad F. Biomarker prediction in autism spectrum disorder using a network-based approach. BMC Med Genomics 2023; 16:12. [PMID: 36691005 PMCID: PMC9869547 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01439-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is usually diagnosed in early childhood. Timely diagnosis and early initiation of treatments such as behavioral therapy are important in autistic people. Discovering critical genes and regulators in this disorder can lead to early diagnosis. Since the contribution of miRNAs along their targets can lead us to a better understanding of autism, we propose a framework containing two steps for gene and miRNA discovery. METHODS The first step, called the FA_gene algorithm, finds a small set of genes involved in autism. This algorithm uses the WGCNA package to construct a co-expression network for control samples and seek modules of genes that are not reproducible in the corresponding co-expression network for autistic samples. Then, the protein-protein interaction network is constructed for genes in the non-reproducible modules and a small set of genes that may have potential roles in autism is selected based on this network. The second step, named the DMN_miRNA algorithm, detects the minimum number of miRNAs related to autism. To do this, DMN_miRNA defines an extended Set Cover algorithm over the mRNA-miRNA network, consisting of the selected genes and corresponding miRNA regulators. RESULTS In the first step of the framework, the FA_gene algorithm finds a set of important genes; TP53, TNF, MAPK3, ACTB, TLR7, LCK, RAC2, EEF2, CAT, ZAP70, CD19, RPLP0, CDKN1A, CCL2, CDK4, CCL5, CTSD, CD4, RACK1, CD74; using co-expression and protein-protein interaction networks. In the second step, the DMN_miRNA algorithm extracts critical miRNAs, hsa-mir-155-5p, hsa-mir-17-5p, hsa-mir-181a-5p, hsa-mir-18a-5p, and hsa-mir-92a-1-5p, as signature regulators for autism using important genes and mRNA-miRNA network. The importance of these key genes and miRNAs is confirmed by previous studies and enrichment analysis. CONCLUSION This study suggests FA_gene and DMN_miRNA algorithms for biomarker discovery, which lead us to a list of important players in ASD with potential roles in the nervous system or neurological disorders that can be experimentally investigated as candidates for ASD diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rastegari
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran, Polytechnic), 424, Hafez Ave, P.O. Box: 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
| | - Najmeh Salehi
- School of Biological Science, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Zare-Mirakabad
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran, Polytechnic), 424, Hafez Ave, P.O. Box: 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran.
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Proteostasis Deregulation in Neurodegeneration and Its Link with Stress Granules: Focus on the Scaffold and Ribosomal Protein RACK1. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162590. [PMID: 36010666 PMCID: PMC9406587 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of protein misfolding, deposition, and clearance has been the dominant topic in the last decades of investigation in the field of neurodegeneration. The impairment of protein synthesis, along with RNA metabolism and RNA granules, however, are significantly emerging as novel potential targets for the comprehension of the molecular events leading to neuronal deficits. Indeed, defects in ribosome activity, ribosome stalling, and PQC—all ribosome-related processes required for proteostasis regulation—can contribute to triggering stress conditions and promoting the formation of stress granules (SGs) that could evolve in the formation of pathological granules, usually occurring during neurodegenerating effects. In this review, the interplay between proteostasis, mRNA metabolism, and SGs has been explored in a neurodegenerative context with a focus on Alzheimer’s disease (AD), although some defects in these same mechanisms can also be found in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which are discussed here. Finally, we highlight the role of the receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) in these pathologies and note that, besides its well characterized function as a scaffold protein, it has an important role in translation and can associate to stress granules (SGs) determining cell fate in response to diverse stress stimuli.
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Yan Z, Rein B. Mechanisms of synaptic transmission dysregulation in the prefrontal cortex: pathophysiological implications. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:445-465. [PMID: 33875802 PMCID: PMC8523584 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) serves as the chief executive officer of the brain, controlling the highest level cognitive and emotional processes. Its local circuits among glutamatergic principal neurons and GABAergic interneurons, as well as its long-range connections with other brain regions, have been functionally linked to specific behaviors, ranging from working memory to reward seeking. The efficacy of synaptic signaling in the PFC network is profundedly influenced by monoaminergic inputs via the activation of dopamine, adrenergic, or serotonin receptors. Stress hormones and neuropeptides also exert complex effects on the synaptic structure and function of PFC neurons. Dysregulation of PFC synaptic transmission is strongly linked to social deficits, affective disturbance, and memory loss in brain disorders, including autism, schizophrenia, depression, and Alzheimer's disease. Critical neural circuits, biological pathways, and molecular players that go awry in these mental illnesses have been revealed by integrated electrophysiological, optogenetic, biochemical, and transcriptomic studies of PFC. Novel epigenetic mechanism-based strategies are proposed as potential avenues of therapeutic intervention for PFC-involved diseases. This review provides an overview of PFC network organization and synaptic modulation, as well as the mechanisms linking PFC dysfunction to the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative diseases. Insights from the preclinical studies offer the potential for discovering new medical treatments for human patients with these brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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van der Westhuizen ET, Choy KHC, Valant C, McKenzie-Nickson S, Bradley SJ, Tobin AB, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A. Fine Tuning Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Signaling Through Allostery and Bias. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:606656. [PMID: 33584282 PMCID: PMC7878563 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.606656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The M1 and M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are highly pursued drug targets for neurological diseases, in particular for Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Due to high sequence homology, selective targeting of any of the M1-M5 mAChRs through the endogenous ligand binding site has been notoriously difficult to achieve. With the discovery of highly subtype selective mAChR positive allosteric modulators in the new millennium, selectivity through targeting an allosteric binding site has opened new avenues for drug discovery programs. However, some hurdles remain to be overcome for these promising new drug candidates to progress into the clinic. One challenge is the potential for on-target side effects, such as for the M1 mAChR where over-activation of the receptor by orthosteric or allosteric ligands can be detrimental. Therefore, in addition to receptor subtype selectivity, a drug candidate may need to exhibit a biased signaling profile to avoid such on-target adverse effects. Indeed, recent studies in mice suggest that allosteric modulators for the M1 mAChR that bias signaling toward specific pathways may be therapeutically important. This review brings together details on the signaling pathways activated by the M1 and M4 mAChRs, evidence of biased agonism at these receptors, and highlights pathways that may be important for developing new subtype selective allosteric ligands to achieve therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma T. van der Westhuizen
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - K. H. Christopher Choy
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Celine Valant
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon McKenzie-Nickson
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophie J. Bradley
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew B. Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick M. Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Pastore D, Pacifici F, Dave KR, Palmirotta R, Bellia A, Pasquantonio G, Guadagni F, Donadel G, Di Daniele N, Abete P, Lauro D, Rundek T, Perez-Pinzon MA, Della-Morte D. Age-Dependent Levels of Protein Kinase Cs in Brain: Reduction of Endogenous Mechanisms of Neuroprotection. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3544. [PMID: 31331067 PMCID: PMC6678180 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are among the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. However, current therapeutic approaches have failed to reach significant results in their prevention and cure. Protein Kinase Cs (PKCs) are kinases involved in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and cerebral ischemia. Specifically ε, δ, and γPKC are associated with the endogenous mechanism of protection referred to as ischemic preconditioning (IPC). Existing modulators of PKCs, in particular of εPKC, such as ψεReceptor for Activated C-Kinase (ψεRACK) and Resveratrol, have been proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy for cerebrovascular and cognitive diseases. PKCs change in expression during aging, which likely suggests their association with IPC-induced reduction against ischemia and increase of neuronal loss occurring in senescent brain. This review describes the link between PKCs and cerebrovascular and cognitive disorders, and proposes PKCs modulators as innovative candidates for their treatment. We report original data showing εPKC reduction in levels and activity in the hippocampus of old compared to young rats and a reduction in the levels of δPKC and γPKC in old hippocampus, without a change in their activity. These data, integrated with other findings discussed in this review, demonstrate that PKCs modulators may have potential to restore age-related reduction of endogenous mechanisms of protection against neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Pastore
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Pacifici
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Kunjan R Dave
- Department of Neurology, The Evelyn McKnight Brain Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Raffaele Palmirotta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Alfonso Bellia
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Policlinico Tor Vergata Foundation, University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Pasquantonio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorella Guadagni
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Donadel
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Policlinico Tor Vergata Foundation, University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Abete
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples, Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Davide Lauro
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Policlinico Tor Vergata Foundation, University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- Department of Neurology, The Evelyn McKnight Brain Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Miguel A Perez-Pinzon
- Department of Neurology, The Evelyn McKnight Brain Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - David Della-Morte
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Neurology, The Evelyn McKnight Brain Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy.
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Yang Y, Cheng Z, Tang H, Jiao H, Sun X, Cui Q, Luo F, Pan H, Ma C, Li B. Neonatal Maternal Separation Impairs Prefrontal Cortical Myelination and Cognitive Functions in Rats Through Activation of Wnt Signaling. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:2871-2884. [PMID: 27178192 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse early-life experience such as depriving the relationship between parents and children induces permanent phenotypic changes, and impairs the cognitive functions associated with the prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this work, we used rat neonatal maternal separation (NMS) model to illuminate whether and how NMS in early life affects cognitive functions, and what the underlying cellular and molecular mechanism is. We showed that rat pups separated from their dam 3 h daily during the first 3 postnatal weeks alters medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) myelination and impairs mPFC-dependent behaviors. Myelination appears necessary for mPFC-dependent behaviors, as blockade of oligodendrocytes (OLs) differentiation or lysolecithin-induced demyelination, impairs mPFC functions. We further demonstrate that histone deacetylases 1/2 (HDAC1/2) are drastically reduced in NMS rats. Inhibition of HDAC1/2 promotes Wnt activation, which negatively regulates OLs development. Conversely, selective inhibition of Wnt signaling by XAV939 partly rescue myelination arrestment and behavior deficiency caused by NMS. These findings indicate that NMS impairs mPFC cognitive functions, at least in part, through modulation of oligodendrogenesis and myelination. Understanding the mechanism of NMS on mPFC-dependent behaviors is critical for developing pharmacological and psychological interventions for child neglect and abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Yang
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P.R. China
| | - Zongyue Cheng
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P.R. China
| | - Hua Tang
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P.R. China
| | - Huifeng Jiao
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Sun
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P.R. China
| | - Qiuzhu Cui
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P.R. China
| | - Fei Luo
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P.R. China
| | - Haili Pan
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P.R. China
| | - Chaolin Ma
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P.R. China
| | - Baoming Li
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P.R. China
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Deng Y, Wei J, Cheng J, Zhong P, Xiong Z, Liu A, Lin L, Chen S, Yan Z. Partial Amelioration of Synaptic and Cognitive Deficits by Inhibiting Cofilin Dephosphorylation in an Animal Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 53:1419-32. [PMID: 27372643 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The loss of synaptic structure and function has been linked to the cognitive impairment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Dysregulation of the actin cytoskeleton, which plays a key role in regulating the integrity of synapses and the transport of synaptic proteins, has been suggested to contribute to the pathology of AD. In this study, we found that glutamate receptor surface expression and synaptic function in frontal cortical neurons were significant diminished in a familial AD (FAD) model, which was correlated with the reduction of phosphorylated cofilin, a key protein regulating the dynamics of actin filaments. Injecting a cofilin dephosphorylation inhibitory peptide to FAD mice led to the partial rescue of the surface expression of AMPA and NMDA receptor subunits, as well as the partial restoration of AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated synaptic currents. Moreover, the impaired working memory and novel object recognition memory in FAD mice were partially ameliorated by injections of the cofilin dephosphorylation inhibitory peptide. These results suggest that targeting the cofilin-actin signaling holds promise to mitigate the physiological and behavioral abnormality in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Deng
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jia Cheng
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ping Zhong
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Zhe Xiong
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Aiyi Liu
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA
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López SN, Rodríguez-Valentín M, Rivera M, Rodríguez M, Babu M, Cubano LA, Xiong H, Wang G, Kucheryavykh L, Boukli NM. HIV-1 Gp120 clade B/C induces a GRP78 driven cytoprotective mechanism in astrocytoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:68415-68438. [PMID: 28978127 PMCID: PMC5620267 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 clades are known to be one of the key factors implicated in modulating HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. HIV-1 B and C clades account for the majority of HIV-1 infections, clade B being the most neuropathogenic. The mechanisms behind HIV-mediated neuropathogenesis remain the subject of active research. We hypothesized that HIV-1 gp120 clade B and C proteins may exert differential proliferation, cell survival and NeuroAIDS effects in human astrocytoma cells via the Unfolded Protein Response, an endoplasmic reticulum- based cytoprotective mechanism. The differential effect of gp120 clade B and C was evaluated using for the first time a Tandem Mass Tag isobaric labeling quantitative proteomic approach. Flow cytometry analyses were performed for cell cycle and cell death identification. Among the proteins differentiated by HIV-1 gp120 proteins figure cytoskeleton, oxidative stress, UPR markers and numerous glycolytic metabolism enzymes. Our results demonstrate that HIV-1 gp120 B induced migration, proliferative and protective responses granted by the expression of GRP78, while HIV-1 gp120 C induced the expression of key inflammatory and pro-apoptotic markers. These novel findings put forward the first evidence that GRP78 is a key player in HIV-1 clade B and C neuropathogenic discrepancies and can be used as a novel target for immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila N López
- Biomedical Proteomics Facility, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR, USA
| | - Madeline Rodríguez-Valentín
- Biomedical Proteomics Facility, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR, USA
| | - Mariela Rivera
- Biomedical Proteomics Facility, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR, USA
| | - Maridaliz Rodríguez
- Biomedical Proteomics Facility, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR, USA
| | - Mohan Babu
- Department of Biochemistry, Research and Innovation Center, University of Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Luis A Cubano
- Biomedical Proteomics Facility, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR, USA
| | - Huangui Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Guangdi Wang
- RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Lilia Kucheryavykh
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR, USA
| | - Nawal M Boukli
- Biomedical Proteomics Facility, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR, USA
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11
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Amyloid β Peptide-Induced Changes in Prefrontal Cortex Activity and Its Response to Hippocampal Input. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDES 2017; 2017:7386809. [PMID: 28127312 PMCID: PMC5239987 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7386809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in prefrontal cortex (PFC) function and abnormalities in its interactions with other brain areas (i.e., the hippocampus) have been related to Alzheimer Disease (AD). Considering that these malfunctions correlate with the increase in the brain's amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide production, here we looked for a causal relationship between these pathognomonic signs of AD. Thus, we tested whether or not Aβ affects the activity of the PFC network and the activation of this cortex by hippocampal input stimulation in vitro. We found that Aβ application to brain slices inhibits PFC spontaneous network activity as well as PFC activation, both at the population and at the single-cell level, when the hippocampal input is stimulated. Our data suggest that Aβ can contribute to AD by disrupting PFC activity and its long-range interactions throughout the brain.
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More SV, Kumar H, Cho DY, Yun YS, Choi DK. Toxin-Induced Experimental Models of Learning and Memory Impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1447. [PMID: 27598124 PMCID: PMC5037726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models for learning and memory have significantly contributed to novel strategies for drug development and hence are an imperative part in the assessment of therapeutics. Learning and memory involve different stages including acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval and each stage can be characterized using specific toxin. Recent studies have postulated the molecular basis of these processes and have also demonstrated many signaling molecules that are involved in several stages of memory. Most insights into learning and memory impairment and to develop a novel compound stems from the investigations performed in experimental models, especially those produced by neurotoxins models. Several toxins have been utilized based on their mechanism of action for learning and memory impairment such as scopolamine, streptozotocin, quinolinic acid, and domoic acid. Further, some toxins like 6-hydroxy dopamine (6-OHDA), 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and amyloid-β are known to cause specific learning and memory impairment which imitate the disease pathology of Parkinson's disease dementia and Alzheimer's disease dementia. Apart from these toxins, several other toxins come under a miscellaneous category like an environmental pollutant, snake venoms, botulinum, and lipopolysaccharide. This review will focus on the various classes of neurotoxin models for learning and memory impairment with their specific mechanism of action that could assist the process of drug discovery and development for dementia and cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Vasant More
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea.
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea.
| | - Duk-Yeon Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea.
| | - Yo-Sep Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea.
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea.
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Deficit of RACK1 contributes to the spatial memory impairment via upregulating BECLIN1 to induce autophagy. Life Sci 2016; 151:115-121. [PMID: 26930371 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Deficiency of activated C kinase1 (RACK1) in the brain of aging animal and Alzheimer's disease was characterized by cognitive dementia and spatial memory impairment. However, the correlation between the RACK1 and spatial memory impairment and the mechanism involved in it remains unknown. MAIN METHODS Spatial memory impairment was performed in mice by lateral ventricle injection of Aβ25-35 (n=16, 10μl) and intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine (n=16, 10ml/kg). After the Morris water maze (MWM) which was performed to determine the ability of learning and memory in mice, expression of RACK1 was tested and the damage of hippocampus was confirmed by histopathology test. ShRACK1 was then used to decrease the level of RACK1 in hippocampus to test the ability of learning and memory and histopathology changes in hippocampus. To look into the mechanism of RACK1 on spatial memory impairment, we further measured the expression of autophagy proteins BECLIN1 and LC3-II/I in hippocampus of all mice. KEY FINDINGS Both the Aβ25-35, scopolamine impaired the spatial memory in mice (for escape latency, P=0.0004, P<0.0001) and severely damaged hippocampal DG neurons (P=0.012, P=0.014). The expression of RACK1 was significantly decreased which was concomitant with elevated BECLIN1 and LC3-II/I (P<0.001). Suppression of RACK1 by ShRACK1 plasmid (shGnb2l1) significantly impaired the spatial memory in mice, damaged hippocampal DG neurons (P=0.013), and increased the proteins of BECLIN1 and LC3-II/I (P<0.005). SIGNIFICANCE It demonstrated that the deficit of RACK1 in hippocampus impairs the ability of learning and memory in mice via up regulating autophagy.
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Cannabinoid CB2 Receptor Mediates Nicotine-Induced Anti-Inflammation in N9 Microglial Cells Exposed to β Amyloid via Protein Kinase C. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:4854378. [PMID: 26884647 PMCID: PMC4738711 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4854378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Reducing β amyloid- (Aβ-) induced microglial activation is considered to be effective in treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nicotine attenuates Aβ-induced microglial activation; the mechanism, however, is still elusive. Microglia could be activated into classic activated state (M1 state) or alternative activated state (M2 state); the former is cytotoxic and the latter is neurotrophic. In this investigation, we hypothesized that nicotine attenuates Aβ-induced microglial activation by shifting microglial M1 to M2 state, and cannabinoid CB2 receptor and protein kinase C mediate the process. Methods. We used Aβ1–42 to activate N9 microglial cells and observed nicotine-induced effects on microglial M1 and M2 biomarkers by using western blot, immunocytochemistry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results. We found that nicotine reduced the levels of M1 state markers, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin- (IL-) 6 releases; meanwhile, it increased the levels of M2 state markers, including arginase-1 (Arg-1) expression and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) release, in the Aβ-stimulated microglia. Coadministration of cannabinoid CB2 receptor antagonist or protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor partially abolished the nicotine-induced effects. Conclusion. These findings indicated that cannabinoid CB2 receptor mediates nicotine-induced anti-inflammation in microglia exposed to Aβ via PKC.
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Zhong P, Liu W, Yan Z. Aberrant regulation of synchronous network activity by the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-associated human dopamine D4 receptor variant D4.7 in the prefrontal cortex. J Physiol 2015; 594:135-47. [PMID: 26541360 DOI: 10.1113/jp271317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The hD4.7 variant has been linked to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, the underlying mechanism is unknown. We found that activation of hD4.7 induced over-suppression of glutamatergic excitatory network bursts and under-suppression of GABAergic inhibitory network bursts in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) circuitry. Methylphenidate, a psychostimulant drug used to treat ADHD, normalized the effects of hD4.7 on synchronous network bursts in PFC pyramidal neurons. The findings of the present study suggest that the aberrant regulation of PFC synchronous network activity by hD4.7 may underlie its involvement in ADHD. A unique feature of the human D4 receptor (hD4 R) gene is the existence of a large number of polymorphisms in exon 3 coding for the third intracellular loop, which consists of a variable number of tandem repeats. The hD4 R variants with long repeats have been linked to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, the underlying mechanism is unknown. Emerging evidence suggests that selective attention is controlled by the rhythmic synchronization in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and its connected networks. In the present study, we examined the role of hD4 R variants in regulating PFC synchronous network activity. D4 R knockout mice with viral infection of hD4.4 or hD4.7 in the medial PFC were used. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were performed to examine the effects of activating hD4.x on the spontaneous large scale correlated activity in PFC pyramidal neurons. We found that, compared to the normal four-repeat variant hD4.4, the ADHD-linked variant hD4.7 induces more suppression of glutamatergic excitatory network bursts and less suppression of GABAergic inhibitory network bursts in the PFC circuitry. Methylphenidate, a psychostimulant drug used to treat ADHD, normalized the effects of hD4.7 on synchronous network bursts in PFC pyramidal neurons. These results reveal the differential effects of hD4 R variants on the integrated excitability of PFC circuits. It is suggested that the aberrant regulation of PFC network activity by hD4.7 may underlie its involvement in ADHD. The methylphenidate-induced normalization of synaptic circuitry regulation may contribute to its effectiveness in ADHD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhong
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA.,VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA.,School of Lifescience, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA.,VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Lucke-Wold BP, Turner RC, Logsdon AF, Simpkins JW, Alkon DL, Smith KE, Chen YW, Tan Z, Huber JD, Rosen CL. Common mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease and ischemic stroke: the role of protein kinase C in the progression of age-related neurodegeneration. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 43:711-24. [PMID: 25114088 PMCID: PMC4446718 DOI: 10.3233/jad-141422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD), despite being distinct disease entities, share numerous pathophysiological mechanisms such as those mediated by inflammation, immune exhaustion, and neurovascular unit compromise. An important shared mechanistic link is acute and chronic changes in protein kinase C (PKC) activity. PKC isoforms have widespread functions important for memory, blood-brain barrier maintenance, and injury repair that change as the body ages. Disease states accelerate PKC functional modifications. Mutated forms of PKC can contribute to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. In some cases the PKC isoforms are still functional but are not successfully translocated to appropriate locations within the cell. The deficits in proper PKC translocation worsen stroke outcome and amyloid-β toxicity. Cross talk between the innate immune system and PKC pathways contribute to the vascular status within the aging brain. Unfortunately, comorbidities such as diabetes, obesity, and hypertension disrupt normal communication between the two systems. The focus of this review is to highlight what is known about PKC function, how isoforms of PKC change with age, and what additional alterations are consequences of stroke and AD. The goal is to highlight future therapeutic targets that can be applied to both the treatment and prevention of neurologic disease. Although the pathology of ischemic stroke and AD are different, the similarity in PKC responses warrants further investigation, especially as PKC-dependent events may serve as an important connection linking age-related brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon P. Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ryan C. Turner
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Aric F. Logsdon
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - James W. Simpkins
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Daniel L. Alkon
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Kelly E. Smith
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Zhenjun Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jason D. Huber
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Charles L. Rosen
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Correspondence to: Charles L. Rosen, MD, PhD, Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive, Suite 4300, Health Sciences Center, PO Box 9183, Morgantown, WV 26506-9183, USA. Tel.: +1 304 293 5041; Fax: +1 304 293 4819;
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Cannabinoid receptor CB1 is involved in nicotine-induced protection against Aβ1-42 neurotoxicity in HT22 cells. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:778-87. [PMID: 25262246 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0422-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidences suggest that nicotine exerts a neuroprotective effect on Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet the precise mechanism is not fully elucidated. Here, HT22 cells were exposed to amyloid beta protein fragment (Aβ)1-42 to mimic the pathological process of neuron in AD. We hypothesized that cannabinoid receptor CB1 is involved in the nicotine-induced neuroprotection against Aβ1-42 injury in HT22 cells. CB1 expression in HT22 cells was investigated by immunocytochemistry and Western blot. The injury of HT22 cells was evaluated by cellular morphology, cell viability, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. The apoptosis of HT22 cells was assessed by flow cytometry and expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax. The results demonstrated that nicotine markedly upregulated CB1 expression, increased cell viability, ameliorated cellular morphology, decreased LDH release, and reduced the apoptotic rate of HT22 cells exposed to Aβ1-42 for 24 h, while the blockade of CB1 or the inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) partially reversed the neuroprotection. Furthermore, the blockade of CB1 reversed nicotine-induced PKC activation in HT22 cells exposed to Aβ1-42. These results suggest that CB1 is involved in the nicotine-induced neuroprotection against Aβ1-42 neurotoxicity, and the neuroprotection may be dependent on the activation of PKC.
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Omosigho NN, Swaminathan K, Plomann M, Müller-Taubenberger A, Noegel AA, Riyahi TY. The Dictyostelium discoideum RACK1 orthologue has roles in growth and development. Cell Commun Signal 2014; 12:37. [PMID: 24930026 PMCID: PMC4094278 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-12-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The receptor for activated C-kinase 1 (RACK1) is a conserved protein belonging to the WD40 repeat family of proteins. It folds into a beta propeller with seven blades which allow interactions with many proteins. Thus it can serve as a scaffolding protein and have roles in several cellular processes. Results We identified the product of the Dictyostelium discoideum gpbB gene as the Dictyostelium RACK1 homolog. The protein is mainly cytosolic but can also associate with cellular membranes. DdRACK1 binds to phosphoinositides (PIPs) in protein-lipid overlay and liposome-binding assays. The basis of this activity resides in a basic region located in the extended loop between blades 6 and 7 as revealed by mutational analysis. Similar to RACK1 proteins from other organisms DdRACK1 interacts with G protein subunits alpha, beta and gamma as shown by yeast two-hybrid, pulldown, and immunoprecipitation assays. Unlike the Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Cryptococcus neoformans RACK1 proteins it does not appear to take over Gβ function in D. discoideum as developmental and other defects were not rescued in Gβ null mutants overexpressing GFP-DdRACK1. Overexpression of GFP-tagged DdRACK1 and a mutant version (DdRACK1mut) which carried a charge-reversal mutation in the basic region in wild type cells led to changes during growth and development. Conclusion DdRACK1 interacts with heterotrimeric G proteins and can through these interactions impact on processes specifically regulated by these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Angelika A Noegel
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Köln, Germany.
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Wei J, Yuen EY, Liu W, Li X, Zhong P, Karatsoreos IN, McEwen BS, Yan Z. Estrogen protects against the detrimental effects of repeated stress on glutamatergic transmission and cognition. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:588-98. [PMID: 23835908 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Converging evidence suggests that females and males show different responses to stress; however, little is known about the mechanism underlying the sexually dimorphic effects of stress. In this study, we found that young female rats exposed to 1 week of repeated restraint stress show no negative effects on temporal order recognition memory (TORM), a cognitive process controlled by the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which was contrary to the impairment in TORM observed in stressed males. Concomitantly, normal glutamatergic transmission and glutamate receptor surface expression in PFC pyramidal neurons were found in repeatedly stressed females, in contrast to the significant reduction seen in stressed males. The detrimental effects of repeated stress on TORM and glutamate receptors were unmasked in stressed females when estrogen receptors were inhibited or knocked down in PFC, and were prevented in stressed males with the administration of estradiol. Blocking aromatase, the enzyme for the biosynthesis of estrogen, revealed the stress-induced glutamatergic deficits and memory impairment in females, and the level of aromatase was significantly higher in the PFC of females than in males. These results suggest that estrogen protects against the detrimental effects of repeated stress on glutamatergic transmission and PFC-dependent cognition, which may underlie the stress resilience of females.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wei
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - E Y Yuen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - W Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - X Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - P Zhong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - I N Karatsoreos
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - B S McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Z Yan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Deng Y, Xiong Z, Chen P, Wei J, Chen S, Yan Z. β-amyloid impairs the regulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors by glycogen synthase kinase 3. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:449-59. [PMID: 24094580 PMCID: PMC7034321 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is a multifunctional kinase implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the synaptic actions of GSK-3 in AD conditions are largely unknown. In this study, we examined the impact of GSK-3 on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) channels, the major mediator of synaptic plasticity. Application of GSK-3 inhibitors or knockdown of GSK-3 caused a significant reduction of NMDAR-mediated ionic and synaptic current in cortical neurons, whereas this effect of GSK-3 was impaired in cortical neurons treated with β-amyloid (Aβ) or from transgenic mice overexpressing mutant amyloid precursor protein. GSK-3 activity was elevated by Aβ, and GSK-3 inhibitors failed to decrease the surface expression of NMDA receptor NR1 (NR1) and NR1/postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95) interaction in amyloid precursor protein mice, which was associated with the diminished GSK-3 regulation of Rab5 activity that mediates NMDAR internalization. Consequently, GSK-3 inhibitor lost the capability of protecting neurons against N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced excitotoxicity in Aβ-treated neurons. These results have provided a novel mechanism underlying the involvement of GSK-3 in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Deng
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Zhe Xiong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Paul Chen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Jing Wei
- VA Western New York Healthcare System, 3495 Bailey Ave, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhen Yan
- VA Western New York Healthcare System, 3495 Bailey Ave, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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The "memory kinases": roles of PKC isoforms in signal processing and memory formation. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 122:31-59. [PMID: 24484697 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420170-5.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, which play an essential role in transmembrane signal conduction, can be viewed as a family of "memory kinases." Evidence is emerging that they are critically involved in memory acquisition and maintenance, in addition to their involvement in other functions of cells. Deficits in PKC signal cascades in neurons are one of the earliest abnormalities in the brains of patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease. Their dysfunction is also involved in several other types of memory impairments, including those related to emotion, mental retardation, brain injury, and vascular dementia/ischemic stroke. Inhibition of PKC activity leads to a reduced capacity of many types of learning and memory, but may have therapeutic values in treating substance abuse or aversive memories. PKC activators, on the other hand, have been shown to possess memory-enhancing and antidementia actions. PKC pharmacology may, therefore, represent an attractive area for developing effective cognitive drugs for the treatment of many types of memory disorders and dementias.
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Chen GJ, Xiong Z, Yan Z. Aβ impairs nicotinic regulation of inhibitory synaptic transmission and interneuron excitability in prefrontal cortex. Mol Neurodegener 2013; 8:3. [PMID: 23327202 PMCID: PMC3610117 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-8-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) and cholinergic deficiency are two prominent features of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). To understand how Aβ-induced dysfunction of the nicotinic system may contribute to cognitive impairment in AD, we examined the effect of Aβ on nicotinic regulation of synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability in prefrontal cortex (PFC), a brain region critical for cognitive processes. Results We found that activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) with nicotine increased the inhibitory postsynaptic currents recorded in PFC pyramidal neurons, which was associated with the nicotine-induced increase in the excitability of PFC layer I GABAergic interneurons. Both effects of nicotine were disrupted by Aβ. However, Aβ did not impair nicotinic regulation of excitatory neurotransmission in PFC interneurons. The nicotinic effect on synaptic inhibition was also lost in transgenic mice with five familial Alzheimer’s disease mutations. Inhibiting PKC attenuated nicotinic regulation of inhibitory, but not excitatory, neurotransmission. Conclusions Our study suggests that Aβ selectively impairs nicotinic regulation of inhibitory inputs to PFC pyramidal neurons, which might be due to its interference with PKC activation. Thus, in the PFC circuits of AD, the balance between inhibition and excitation under the control of nAChRs may be disturbed by Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Jun Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Gatta V, Granzotto A, Fincati K, Drago D, Bolognin S, Zatta P, Sensi SL. Microarray analysis of gene expression profiles in human neuroblastoma cells exposed to Aβ–Zn and Aβ–Cu complexes. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.12.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Abnormal metal accumulation is associated with Alzheimer’s disease and plays a relevant role in affecting amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide aggregation and neurotoxicity. Material & Methods: In the present study, employing a microarray analysis of 35,129 genes, we analyzed gene expression profile changes due to exposure to Aβ1-42 –Zn or Aβ1-42 –Cu complexes in neuronal-like cells (SH-SY5Y). Results: Microarray data indicated that Aβ–Zn or Aβ–Cu complexes selectively alter expression of genes mainly related to cell death, inflammatory responses, cytoprotective mechanisms and apoptosis. Conclusions: Taken together, these findings indicate that Aβ1–42 –Zn or Aβ1–42 –Cu show some commonalities in affecting Alzheimer’s disease-related target functions. The overall modulatory activity on these genes supports the idea of a possible net effect resulting in the activation of pathways that counteract toxic effects of Aβ–Zn or Aβ–Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gatta
- Department of Oral Health & Biotechnological Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Functional Genetics Unit – Center of Excellence in Aging (Ce.S.I.), Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Denise Drago
- CNS Repair Unit – INSPE, Biological Mass Spectrometry Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Bolognin
- Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological & Motor Sciences – Physiology & Psychology Unit, Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Zatta
- National Research Council, Biomedical Technology Institute (CNR-ITB), Metalloproteins Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefano L Sensi
- Department of Neuroscience & Imaging, “G. D’Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy
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24
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Yuen EY, Wei J, Liu W, Zhong P, Li X, Yan Z. Repeated stress causes cognitive impairment by suppressing glutamate receptor expression and function in prefrontal cortex. Neuron 2012; 73:962-77. [PMID: 22405206 PMCID: PMC3302010 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress could trigger maladaptive changes associated with stress-related mental disorders; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we found that exposing juvenile male rats to repeated stress significantly impaired the temporal order recognition memory, a cognitive process controlled by the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Concomitantly, significantly reduced AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated synaptic transmission and glutamate receptor expression were found in PFC pyramidal neurons from repeatedly stressed animals. All these effects relied on activation of glucocorticoid receptors and the subsequent enhancement of ubiquitin/proteasome-mediated degradation of GluR1 and NR1 subunits, which was controlled by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-1 and Fbx2, respectively. Inhibition of proteasomes or knockdown of Nedd4-1 and Fbx2 in PFC prevented the loss of glutamatergic responses and recognition memory in stressed animals. Our results suggest that repeated stress dampens PFC glutamatergic transmission by facilitating glutamate receptor turnover, which causes the detrimental effect on PFC-dependent cognitive processes.
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MESH Headings
- 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate/pharmacology
- 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione/pharmacology
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Bicuculline/pharmacology
- Cognition Disorders/etiology
- Cognition Disorders/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport/metabolism
- Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology
- Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/drug effects
- F-Box Proteins/metabolism
- GABA-A Receptor Antagonists
- Immunoprecipitation
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Nedd4 Ubiquitin Protein Ligases
- Neuropsychological Tests
- Prefrontal Cortex/metabolism
- Prefrontal Cortex/pathology
- Prefrontal Cortex/physiopathology
- Pyramidal Cells/drug effects
- Pyramidal Cells/physiopathology
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Glutamate/genetics
- Receptors, Glutamate/metabolism
- Recognition, Psychology
- Restraint, Physical/adverse effects
- Stress, Psychological/complications
- Stress, Psychological/pathology
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wenhua Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Ping Zhong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Xiangning Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14214
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25
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Sun MK, Alkon DL. Activation of protein kinase C isozymes for the treatment of dementias. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2012; 64:273-302. [PMID: 22840750 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394816-8.00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Memories are much more easily impaired than improved. Dementias, a lasting impairment of memory function, occur in a variety of cognitive disorders and become more clinically dominant as the population ages. Protein kinase C is one of the "cognitive kinases," and plays an essential role in both memory acquisition and maintenance. Deficits in protein kinase C (PKC) signal cascades in neurons represent one of the earliest changes in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other types of memory impairment, including those related to cerebral ischemia and ischemic stroke. Inhibition or impairment of PKC activity results in compromised learning and memory, whereas an appropriate activation of certain PKC isozymes leads to an enhancement of learning and memory and/or antidementic effects. In preclinical studies, PKC activators have been shown to increase the expression and activity of PKC isozymes, thereby restoring PKC signaling and downstream activity, including stimulation of neurotrophic activity, synaptic/structural remodeling, and synaptogenesis in the hippocampus and related cortical areas. PKC activators also reduce the accumulation of neurotoxic amyloid and tau protein hyperphosphorylation and support anti-apoptotic processes in the brain. These observations strongly suggest that PKC pharmacology may represent an attractive area for the development of effective cognition-enhancing therapeutics for the treatment of dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Kun Sun
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA
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26
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Adams DR, Ron D, Kiely PA. RACK1, A multifaceted scaffolding protein: Structure and function. Cell Commun Signal 2011; 9:22. [PMID: 21978545 PMCID: PMC3195729 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-9-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1 (RACK1) is a member of the tryptophan-aspartate repeat (WD-repeat) family of proteins and shares significant homology to the β subunit of G-proteins (Gβ). RACK1 adopts a seven-bladed β-propeller structure which facilitates protein binding. RACK1 has a significant role to play in shuttling proteins around the cell, anchoring proteins at particular locations and in stabilising protein activity. It interacts with the ribosomal machinery, with several cell surface receptors and with proteins in the nucleus. As a result, RACK1 is a key mediator of various pathways and contributes to numerous aspects of cellular function. Here, we discuss RACK1 gene and structure and its role in specific signaling pathways, and address how posttranslational modifications facilitate subcellular location and translocation of RACK1. This review condenses several recent studies suggesting a role for RACK1 in physiological processes such as development, cell migration, central nervous system (CN) function and circadian rhythm as well as reviewing the role of RACK1 in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Adams
- Department of Life Sciences, and Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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27
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Mondragón-Rodríguez S, Basurto-Islas G, Lee HG, Perry G, Zhu X, Castellani RJ, Smith MA. Causes versus effects: the increasing complexities of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Expert Rev Neurother 2010; 10:683-91. [PMID: 20420489 DOI: 10.1586/ern.10.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease and have been the focus of disease etiology and pathogenesis. However, in the larger picture of a complex disease, the precise etiology of the lesions per se, as well as the clinical disease, remain to be defined. In this regard, to date no single process has been identified as a useful target and treatment efforts have shown no meaningful progress. Therefore, alternative ideas that may lead to new and effective treatment options are much needed.
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