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Arora T, Sharma G, Prashar V, Singh R, Sharma A, Changotra H, Parkash J. Mechanistic Evaluation of miRNAs and Their Targeted Genes in the Pathogenesis and Therapeutics of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04261-x. [PMID: 38823001 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) are usually 18-25 nucleotides long non-coding RNA targeting post-transcriptional regulation of genes involved in various biological processes. The function of miRNA is essential for maintaining a homeostatic cellular condition, regulating autophagy, cellular motility, and inflammation. Dysregulation of miRNA is responsible for multiple disorders, including neurodegeneration, which has emerged as a severe problem in recent times and has verified itself as a life-threatening condition that can be understood by the continuous destruction of neurons affecting various cognitive and motor functions. Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common, permanently debilitating neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's, mainly characterized by uncontrolled tremor, stiffness, bradykinesia or akinesia (slowness in movement), and post-traumatic stress disorder. PD is mainly caused by the demolition of the primary dopamine neurotransmitter secretory cells and dopaminergic or dopamine secretory neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the midbrain, which are majorly responsible for motor functions. In this study, a systematic evaluation of research articles from year 2017 to 2022 was performed on multiple search engines, and lists of miRNA being dysregulated in PD in different body components were generated. This study highlighted miR-7, miR-124, miR-29 family, and miR-425, showing altered expression levels during PD's progression, further regulating the expression of multiple genes responsible for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Arora
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Vikash Prashar
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Randeep Singh
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Arti Sharma
- Department of Computational Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Harish Changotra
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143101, Punjab, India
| | - Jyoti Parkash
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India.
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Pasqualotto A, da Silva V, Pellenz FM, Schuh AFS, Schwartz IVD, Siebert M. Identification of metabolic pathways and key genes associated with atypical parkinsonism using a systems biology approach. Metab Brain Dis 2024; 39:577-587. [PMID: 38305999 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-024-01342-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Atypical parkinsonism (AP) is a group of complex neurodegenerative disorders with marked clinical and pathophysiological heterogeneity. The use of systems biology tools may contribute to the characterization of hub-bottleneck genes, and the identification of its biological pathways to broaden the understanding of the bases of these disorders. A systematic search was performed on the DisGeNET database, which integrates data from expert curated repositories, GWAS catalogues, animal models and the scientific literature. The tools STRING 11.0 and Cytoscape 3.8.2 were used for analysis of protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. The PPI network topography analyses were performed using the CytoHubba 0.1 plugin for Cytoscape. The hub and bottleneck genes were inserted into 4 different sets on the InteractiveVenn. Additional functional enrichment analyses were performed to identify Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways and gene ontology for a described set of genes. The systematic search in the DisGeNET database identified 485 genes involved with Atypical Parkinsonism. Superimposing these genes, we detected a total of 31 hub-bottleneck genes. Moreover, our functional enrichment analyses demonstrated the involvement of these hub-bottleneck genes in 3 major KEGG pathways. We identified 31 highly interconnected hub-bottleneck genes through a systems biology approach, which may play a key role in the pathogenesis of atypical parkinsonism. The functional enrichment analyses showed that these genes are involved in several biological processes and pathways, such as the glial cell development, glial cell activation and cognition, pathways were related to Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease. As a hypothesis, we highlight as possible key genes for AP the MAPT (microtubule associated protein tau), APOE (apolipoprotein E), SNCA (synuclein alpha) and APP (amyloid beta precursor protein) genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Pasqualotto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- BRAIN Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe Mateus Pellenz
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, -Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Artur Francisco Schumacher Schuh
- Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Departatamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ida Vanessa Doederlein Schwartz
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- BRAIN Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Marina Siebert
- BRAIN Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Unit of Laboratorial Research, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Hepatologia e Gastroenterologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Langlie J, Mittal R, Finberg A, Bencie NB, Mittal J, Omidian H, Omidi Y, Eshraghi AA. Unraveling pathological mechanisms in neurological disorders: the impact of cell-based and organoid models. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:2131-2140. [PMID: 35259819 PMCID: PMC9083150 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based models are a promising tool in deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of neurological disorders as well as aiding in the discovery and development of future drug therapies. The greatest challenge is creating cell-based models that encapsulate the vast phenotypic presentations as well as the underlying genotypic etiology of these conditions. In this article, we discuss the recent advancements in cell-based models for understanding the pathophysiology of neurological disorders. We reviewed studies discussing the progression of cell-based models to the advancement of three-dimensional models and organoids that provide a more accurate model of the pathophysiology of neurological disorders in vivo. The better we understand how to create more precise models of the neurological system, the sooner we will be able to create patient-specific models and large libraries of these neurological disorders. While three-dimensional models can be used to discover the linking factors to connect the varying phenotypes, such models will also help to understand the early pathophysiology of these neurological disorders and how they are affected by their environment. The three-dimensional cell models will allow us to create more specific treatments and uncover potentially preventative measures in neurological disorders such as autism spectrum disorder, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Langlie
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research and Communication Disorders Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rahul Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research and Communication Disorders Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ariel Finberg
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research and Communication Disorders Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nathalie B Bencie
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research and Communication Disorders Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jeenu Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research and Communication Disorders Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Hossein Omidian
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Adrien A Eshraghi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research and Communication Disorders Laboratory; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables; Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Liu J, Yang J. Mitochondria-associated membranes: A hub for neurodegenerative diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112890. [PMID: 35367757 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, organelles could coordinate complex mechanisms of signaling transduction metabolism and gene expression through their functional interactions. The functional domain between ER and mitochondria, called mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM), is closely associated with various physiological functions including intracellular lipid transport, Ca2+ transfer, mitochondria function maintenance, and autophagosome formation. In addition, more evidence suggests that MAM modulate cellular functions in health and disease. Studies have also demonstrated the association of MAM with numerous diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, viral infection, obesity, and diabetes. In fact, recent evidence revealed a close relationship of MAM with Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and other neurodegenerative diseases. In this view, elucidating the role of MAM in neurodegenerative diseases is particularly important. This review will focus the main tethering protein complexes of MAM and functions of MAM. Besides, the role of MAM in the regulation of neurodegenerative diseases and the potential molecular mechanisms is introduced to provide a new understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxuan Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, NO.77 Puhe road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinghua Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, NO.77 Puhe road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.
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Li YL, Wang ZX, Ying CZ, Zhang BR, Pu JL. Decoding the Role of Familial Parkinson’s Disease-Related Genes in DNA Damage and Repair. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1405-1412. [PMID: 36186134 PMCID: PMC9466978 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the degeneration of midbrain substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons and the formation of Lewy bodies. Over the years, researchers have gained extensive knowledge about dopaminergic neuron degeneration from the perspective of the environmental and disease-causing genetic factors; however, there is still no disease-modifying therapy. Aging has long been recognized as a major risk factor for PD; however, little is known about how aging contributes to the disease development. Genome instability is the main driving force behind aging, and has been poorly studied in patients with PD. Here, we summarize the evidence for nuclear DNA damage in PD. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms of nuclear DNA damage and repair in PD, especially from the perspective of familial PD-related mutant genes. Understanding the significance of DNA damage and repair may provide new potential intervention targets for treating PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jia-Li Pu
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Jia-Li Pu Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. .
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Han GC, Jing HM, Zhang WJ, Zhang N, Li ZN, Zhang GY, Gao S, Ning JY, Li GJ. Effects of lanthanum nitrate on behavioral disorder, neuronal damage and gene expression in different developmental stages of Caenorhabditis elegans. Toxicology 2021; 465:153012. [PMID: 34718030 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REEs) are widely used in the industry, agriculture, biomedicine, aerospace, etc, and have been shown to pose toxic effects on animals, as such, studies focusing on their biomedical properties are gaining wide attention. However, environmental and population health risks of REEs are still not very clear. Also, the REEs damage to the nervous system and related molecular mechanisms needs further research. In this study, the L1 and L4 stages of the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans were used to evaluate the effects and possible neurotoxic mechanism of lanthanum(III) nitrate hexahydrate (La(NO3)3·6H2O). For the L1 and L4 stage worms, the 48-h median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of La(NO3)3·6H2O were 93.163 and 648.0 mg/L respectively. Our results show that La(NO3)3·6H2O induces growth inhibition and defects in behavior such as body length, body width, body bending frequency, head thrashing frequency and pharyngeal pumping frequency at the L1 and L4 stages in C. elegans. The L1 stage is more sensitive to the toxicity of lanthanum than the L4 stage worms. Using transgenic strains (BZ555, EG1285 and NL5901), we found that La(NO3)3·6H2O caused the loss or break of soma and dendrite neurons in L1 and L4 stages; and α-synuclein aggregation in L1 stage, indicating that Lanthanum can cause toxic damage to dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons. Mechanistically, La(NO3)3·6H2O exposure inhibited or activated the neurotransmitter transporters and receptors (glutamate, serotonin and dopamine) in C. elegans, which regulate behavior and movement functions. Furthermore, significant increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was found in the L4 stage C. elegans exposed to La(NO3)3·6H2O. Altogether, our data show that exposure to lanthanum can cause neuronal toxic damage and behavioral defects in C. elegans, and provide basic information for understanding the neurotoxic effect mechanism and environmental health risks of rare earth elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Chao Han
- Institute of Toxicology, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control/Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine/Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing, 100013, PR China; School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Hai-Ming Jing
- Institute of Toxicology, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control/Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine/Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing, 100013, PR China; School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Wen-Jing Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control/Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine/Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing, 100013, PR China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control/Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine/Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing, 100013, PR China
| | - Zi-Nan Li
- Institute of Toxicology, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control/Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine/Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing, 100013, PR China
| | - Guo-Yan Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control/Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine/Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing, 100013, PR China; School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Shan Gao
- Institute of Toxicology, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control/Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine/Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing, 100013, PR China
| | - Jun-Yu Ning
- Institute of Toxicology, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control/Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine/Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing, 100013, PR China; School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Guo-Jun Li
- Institute of Toxicology, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control/Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine/Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing, 100013, PR China; School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China.
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7
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Guo Y, Sun Y, Song Z, Zheng W, Xiong W, Yang Y, Yuan L, Deng H. Genetic Analysis and Literature Review of SNCA Variants in Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:648151. [PMID: 34456707 PMCID: PMC8397385 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.648151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the fastest-growing neurodegenerative disorder. Aging, environmental factors, and genetics are considered as risk factors. The alpha-synuclein gene (SNCA), the first pathogenic gene identified in a familial form of PD, was indisputably involved as a heritable component for familial and sporadic PD. In this study, whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were performed to evaluate the association between the SNCA gene variants and PD. The genetic data of 438 clinically diagnosed patients with PD and 543 matched control populations of the Han Chinese were analyzed. The literature review of SNCA variants for 231 cases reported in 89 articles was extracted from the PubMed and the Movement Disorder Society Genetic mutation database. No potentially causative variant(s) in the SNCA gene, excepting two single-nucleotide nonsynonymous variants c.158C>T (p.A53V, rs542171324) and c.349C>T (p.P117S, rs145138372), were detected. There was no statistically significant difference in the genotypic or allelic frequencies for either variant between the PD group and the control group (all P > 0.05). No copy number variants of the SNCA gene were detected. The results of this study suggest that the variants in the exons of the SNCA gene may have less or no role in the development of PD in the Han Chinese populations. The literature review suggests that psychiatric signs and cognitive decline/dementia were more common among patients with SNCA duplication or triplication (psychiatric signs: χ2 = 7.892, P = 0.005; cognitive decline/dementia: χ2 = 8.991, P = 0.003).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guo
- Department of Medical Information, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi Song
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lamei Yuan
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Disease Genome Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Disease Genome Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Toxic Feedback Loop Involving Iron, Reactive Oxygen Species, α-Synuclein and Neuromelanin in Parkinson's Disease and Intervention with Turmeric. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5920-5936. [PMID: 34426907 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02516-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder associated with severe loss of mainly dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Pathological hallmarks include Lewy bodies, and loss of neuromelanin, due to degeneration of neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons. Despite being described over 200 years ago, the etiology of PD remains unknown. Here, we highlight the roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS), iron, alpha synuclein (α-syn) and neuromelanin in a toxic feedback loop culminating in neuronal death and spread of the disease. Dopaminergic neurons are particularly vulnerable due to decreased antioxidant concentration with aging, constant exposure to ROS and presence of neurotoxic compounds (e.g. ortho-quinones). ROS and iron increase each other's levels, creating a state of oxidative stress. α-Syn aggregation is influenced by ROS and iron but also increases ROS and iron via its induced mitochondrial dysfunction and ferric-reductase activity. Neuromelanin's binding affinity is affected by increased ROS and iron. Furthermore, during neuronal death, neuromelanin is degraded in the extracellular space, releasing its bound toxins. This cycle of events continues to neighboring neurons in the form of a toxic loop, causing PD pathology. The increase in ROS and iron may be an important target for therapies to disrupt this toxic loop, and therefore diets rich in certain 'nutraceuticals' may be beneficial. Turmeric is an attractive candidate, as it is known to have anti-oxidant and iron chelating properties. More studies are needed to test this theory and if validated, this would be a step towards development of lifestyle-based therapeutic modalities to complement existing PD treatments.
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Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Neuroprotection of Polyphenols with Respect to Resveratrol in Parkinson's Disease. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080918. [PMID: 34440122 PMCID: PMC8389563 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by dopaminergic neuronal loss. The exact pathogenesis of PD is complex and not yet completely understood, but research has established the critical role mitochondrial dysfunction plays in the development of PD. As the main producer of cytosolic reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondria are particularly susceptible to oxidative stress once an imbalance between ROS generation and the organelle’s antioxidative system occurs. An overabundance of ROS in the mitochondria can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and further vicious cycles. Once enough damage accumulates, the cell may undergo mitochondria-dependent apoptosis or necrosis, resulting in the neuronal loss of PD. Polyphenols are a group of natural compounds that have been shown to offer protection against various diseases, including PD. Among these, the plant-derived polyphenol, resveratrol, exhibits neuroprotective effects through its antioxidative capabilities and provides mitochondria protection. Resveratrol also modulates crucial genes involved in antioxidative enzymes regulation, mitochondrial dynamics, and cellular survival. Additionally, resveratrol offers neuroprotective effects by upregulating mitophagy through multiple pathways, including SIRT-1 and AMPK/ERK pathways. This compound may provide potential neuroprotective effects, and more clinical research is needed to establish the efficacy of resveratrol in clinical settings.
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Mori F, Miki Y, Tanji K, Kon T, Tomiyama M, Kakita A, Wakabayashi K. Role of VAPB and vesicular profiles in α-synuclein aggregates in multiple system atrophy. Brain Pathol 2021; 31:e13001. [PMID: 34196429 PMCID: PMC8549028 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological hallmark of multiple system atrophy (MSA) is fibrillary aggregates of α‐synuclein (α‐Syn) in the cytoplasm and nucleus of both oligodendrocytes and neurons. In neurons, α‐Syn localizes to the cytosolic and membrane compartments, including the synaptic vesicles, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). α‐Syn binds to vesicle‐associated membrane protein‐binding protein B (VAPB) in the ER membrane. Overexpression of wild‐type and familial Parkinson's disease mutant α‐Syn perturbs the association between the ER and mitochondria, leading to ER stress and ultimately neurodegeneration. We examined brains from MSA patients (n = 7) and control subjects (n = 5) using immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy with antibodies against VAPB and phosphorylated α‐Syn. In controls, the cytoplasm of neurons and glial cells was positive for VAPB, whereas in MSA lesions VAPB immunoreactivity was decreased. The proportion of VAPB‐negative neurons in the pontine nucleus was significantly higher in MSA (13.6%) than in controls (0.6%). The incidence of cytoplasmic inclusions in VAPB‐negative neurons was significantly higher (42.2%) than that in VAPB‐positive neurons (3.6%); 67.2% of inclusion‐bearing oligodendrocytes and 51.1% of inclusion‐containing neurons were negative for VAPB. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that α‐Syn and VAPB were localized to granulofilamentous structures in the cytoplasm of oligodendrocytes and neurons. Many vesicular structures labeled with anti‐α‐Syn were also observed within the granulofilamentous structures in the cytoplasm and nucleus of both oligodendrocytes and neurons. These findings suggest that, in MSA, reduction of VAPB is involved in the disease process and that vesicular structures are associated with inclusion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Mori
- Department of Neuropathology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yasuo Miki
- Department of Neuropathology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Tanji
- Department of Neuropathology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kon
- Department of Neurology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Masahiko Tomiyama
- Department of Neurology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Koichi Wakabayashi
- Department of Neuropathology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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Interactome Mapping Provides a Network of Neurodegenerative Disease Proteins and Uncovers Widespread Protein Aggregation in Affected Brains. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108050. [PMID: 32814053 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactome maps are valuable resources to elucidate protein function and disease mechanisms. Here, we report on an interactome map that focuses on neurodegenerative disease (ND), connects ∼5,000 human proteins via ∼30,000 candidate interactions and is generated by systematic yeast two-hybrid interaction screening of ∼500 ND-related proteins and integration of literature interactions. This network reveals interconnectivity across diseases and links many known ND-causing proteins, such as α-synuclein, TDP-43, and ATXN1, to a host of proteins previously unrelated to NDs. It facilitates the identification of interacting proteins that significantly influence mutant TDP-43 and HTT toxicity in transgenic flies, as well as of ARF-GEP100 that controls misfolding and aggregation of multiple ND-causing proteins in experimental model systems. Furthermore, it enables the prediction of ND-specific subnetworks and the identification of proteins, such as ATXN1 and MKL1, that are abnormally aggregated in postmortem brains of Alzheimer's disease patients, suggesting widespread protein aggregation in NDs.
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García‐Sanz P, M.F.G. Aerts J, Moratalla R. The Role of Cholesterol in α-Synuclein and Lewy Body Pathology in GBA1 Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1070-1085. [PMID: 33219714 PMCID: PMC8247417 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease where dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra are lost, resulting in a decrease in striatal dopamine and, consequently, motor control. Dopaminergic degeneration is associated with the appearance of Lewy bodies, which contain membrane structures and proteins, including α-synuclein (α-Syn), in surviving neurons. PD displays a multifactorial pathology and develops from interactions between multiple elements, such as age, environmental conditions, and genetics. Mutations in the GBA1 gene represent one of the major genetic risk factors for PD. This gene encodes an essential lysosomal enzyme called β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase), which is responsible for degrading the glycolipid glucocerebroside into glucose and ceramide. GCase can generate glucosylated cholesterol via transglucosylation and can also degrade the sterol glucoside. Although the molecular mechanisms that predispose an individual to neurodegeneration remain unknown, the role of cholesterol in PD pathology deserves consideration. Disturbed cellular cholesterol metabolism, as reflected by accumulation of lysosomal cholesterol in GBA1-associated PD cellular models, could contribute to changes in lipid rafts, which are necessary for synaptic localization and vesicle cycling and modulation of synaptic integrity. α-Syn has been implicated in the regulation of neuronal cholesterol, and cholesterol facilitates interactions between α-Syn oligomers. In this review, we integrate the results of previous studies and describe the cholesterol landscape in cellular homeostasis and neuronal function. We discuss its implication in α-Syn and Lewy body pathophysiological mechanisms underlying PD, focusing on the role of GCase and cholesterol. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia García‐Sanz
- Instituto Cajal, CSICMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades NeurodegenerativasInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Johannes M.F.G. Aerts
- Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden UniversityFaculty of ScienceLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Rosario Moratalla
- Instituto Cajal, CSICMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades NeurodegenerativasInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
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13
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Sazonova MA, Sinyov VV, Ryzhkova AI, Sazonova MD, Kirichenko TV, Khotina VA, Khasanova ZB, Doroschuk NA, Karagodin VP, Orekhov AN, Sobenin IA. Some Molecular and Cellular Stress Mechanisms Associated with Neurodegenerative Diseases and Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E699. [PMID: 33445687 PMCID: PMC7828120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is a combination of nonspecific adaptive reactions of the body to the influence of various adverse stress factors which disrupt its homeostasis, and it is also a corresponding state of the organism's nervous system (or the body in general). We hypothesized that chronic stress may be one of the causes occurence of several molecular and cellular types of stress. We analyzed literary sources and considered most of these types of stress in our review article. We examined genes and mutations of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes and also molecular variants which lead to various types of stress. The end result of chronic stress can be metabolic disturbance in humans and animals, leading to accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative stress, energy deficiency in cells (due to a decrease in ATP synthesis) and mitochondrial dysfunction. These changes can last for the lifetime and lead to severe pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases and atherosclerosis. The analysis of literature allowed us to conclude that under the influence of chronic stress, metabolism in the human body can be disrupted, mutations of the mitochondrial and nuclear genome and dysfunction of cells and their compartments can occur. As a result of these processes, oxidative, genotoxic, and cellular stress can occur. Therefore, chronic stress can be one of the causes forthe occurrence and development of neurodegenerative diseases and atherosclerosis. In particular, chronic stress can play a large role in the occurrence and development of oxidative, genotoxic, and cellular types of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita A. Sazonova
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.S.); (A.I.R.); (M.D.S.); (T.V.K.); (V.A.K.); (V.P.K.); (A.N.O.); (I.A.S.)
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (Z.B.K.); (N.A.D.)
| | - Vasily V. Sinyov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.S.); (A.I.R.); (M.D.S.); (T.V.K.); (V.A.K.); (V.P.K.); (A.N.O.); (I.A.S.)
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (Z.B.K.); (N.A.D.)
| | - Anastasia I. Ryzhkova
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.S.); (A.I.R.); (M.D.S.); (T.V.K.); (V.A.K.); (V.P.K.); (A.N.O.); (I.A.S.)
| | - Marina D. Sazonova
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.S.); (A.I.R.); (M.D.S.); (T.V.K.); (V.A.K.); (V.P.K.); (A.N.O.); (I.A.S.)
| | - Tatiana V. Kirichenko
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.S.); (A.I.R.); (M.D.S.); (T.V.K.); (V.A.K.); (V.P.K.); (A.N.O.); (I.A.S.)
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (Z.B.K.); (N.A.D.)
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria A. Khotina
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.S.); (A.I.R.); (M.D.S.); (T.V.K.); (V.A.K.); (V.P.K.); (A.N.O.); (I.A.S.)
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Zukhra B. Khasanova
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (Z.B.K.); (N.A.D.)
| | - Natalya A. Doroschuk
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (Z.B.K.); (N.A.D.)
| | - Vasily P. Karagodin
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.S.); (A.I.R.); (M.D.S.); (T.V.K.); (V.A.K.); (V.P.K.); (A.N.O.); (I.A.S.)
- Department of Commodity Science and Expertise, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 125993 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.S.); (A.I.R.); (M.D.S.); (T.V.K.); (V.A.K.); (V.P.K.); (A.N.O.); (I.A.S.)
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Centre, 143024 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor A. Sobenin
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.S.); (A.I.R.); (M.D.S.); (T.V.K.); (V.A.K.); (V.P.K.); (A.N.O.); (I.A.S.)
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (Z.B.K.); (N.A.D.)
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14
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Bhattacharyya D, Bhunia A. Gut-Brain axis in Parkinson's disease etiology: The role of lipopolysaccharide. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 235:105029. [PMID: 33338469 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.105029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies highlight the initiation of Parkinson's disease (PD) in the gastrointestinal tract, decades before the manifestations in the central nervous system (CNS). This gut-brain axis of neurodegenerative diseases defines the critical role played by the unique microbial composition of the "second brain" formed by the enteric nervous system (ENS). Compromise in the enteric wall can result in the translocation of gut-microbiota along with their metabolites into the system that can affect the homeostatic machinery. The released metabolites can associate with protein substrates affecting several biological pathways. Among these, the bacterial endotoxin from Gram-negative bacteria, i.e., Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), has been implicated to play a definite role in progressive neurodegeneration. The molecular interaction of the lipid metabolites can have a direct neuro-modulatory effect on homeostatic protein components that can be transported to the CNS via the vagus nerve. α-synuclein (α-syn) is one such partner protein, the molecular interactions with which modulate its overall fibrillation propensity in the system. LPS interaction has been shown to affect the protein's aggregation kinetics in an alternative inflammatory pathway of PD pathogenesis. Several other lipid contents from the bacterial membranes could also be responsible for the initiation of α-syn amyloidogenesis. The present review will focus on the intermolecular interactions of α-syn with bacterial lipid components, particularly LPS, with a definite clinical manifestation in PD pathogenesis. However, deconvolution of the sequence of interaction events from the ENS to its propagation in the CNS is not easy or obvious. Nevertheless, the characterization of these lipid-mediated structures is a step towards realizing the novel targets in the pre-emptive diagnoses of PD. This comprehensive description should prompt the correlation of potential risk of amyloidogenesis upon detection of specific paradigm shifts in the microbial composition of the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipita Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII (M), Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Anirban Bhunia
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII (M), Kolkata, 700054, India.
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15
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Zheng H, Shi C, Luo H, Fan L, Yang Z, Hu X, Zhang Z, Zhang S, Hu Z, Fan Y, Yang J, Mao C, Xu Y. α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease: Does a Prion-Like Mechanism of Propagation from Periphery to the Brain Play a Role? Neuroscientist 2020; 27:367-387. [PMID: 32729773 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420943180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, defined as motor and non-motor symptoms associated with the loss of dopaminergic neurons and a decreased release of dopamine (DA). Currently, PD patients are believed to have a neuropathological basis denoted by the presence of Lewy bodies (LBs) or Lewy neurites (LNs), which mostly comprise α-synuclein (α-syn) inclusions. Remarkably, there is a growing body of evidence indicating that the inclusions undergo template-directed aggregation and propagation via template-directed among the brain and peripheral organs, mainly in a prion-like manner. Interestingly, some studies reported that an integral loop was reminiscent of the mechanism of Parkinson's disease, denoting that α-syn as prionoid was transmitted from the periphery to the brain via specific pathways. Also the systematic life cycle of α-syn in the cellular level is illustrated. In this review, we critically assess landmark evidence in the field of Parkinson's disease with a focus on the genesis and prion-like propagation of the α-syn pathology. The anatomical and cell-to-cell evidences are discussed to depict the theory behind the propagation and transferred pathways. Furthermore, we highlight effective therapeutic perspectives and clinical trials targeting prion-like mechanisms. Major controversies surrounding this topic are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Changhe Shi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haiyang Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Liyuan Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Pharmacology of Liver Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhihua Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xinchao Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhongxian Zhang
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhengwei Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chengyuan Mao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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16
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Tseng E, Rowell WJ, Glenn OC, Hon T, Barrera J, Kujawa S, Chiba-Falek O. The Landscape of SNCA Transcripts Across Synucleinopathies: New Insights From Long Reads Sequencing Analysis. Front Genet 2019; 10:584. [PMID: 31338105 PMCID: PMC6629766 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of alpha-synuclein expression has been implicated in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies, in particular Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Previous studies have shown that the alternatively spliced isoforms of the SNCA gene are differentially expressed in different parts of the brain for PD and DLB patients. Similarly, SNCA isoforms with skipped exons can have a functional impact on the protein domains. The large intronic region of the SNCA gene was also shown to harbor structural variants that affect transcriptional levels. Here, we apply the first study of using long read sequencing with targeted capture of both the gDNA and cDNA of the SNCA gene in brain tissues of PD, DLB, and control samples using the PacBio Sequel system. The targeted full-length cDNA (Iso-Seq) data confirmed complex usage of known alternative start sites and variable 3' UTR lengths, as well as novel 5' starts and 3' ends not previously described. The targeted gDNA data allowed phasing of up to 81% of the ~114 kb SNCA region, with the longest phased block exceeding 54 kb. We demonstrate that long gDNA and cDNA reads have the potential to reveal long-range information not previously accessible using traditional sequencing methods. This approach has a potential impact in studying disease risk genes such as SNCA, providing new insights into the genetic etiologies, including perturbations to the landscape the gene transcripts, of human complex diseases such as synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Omolara-Chinue Glenn
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ting Hon
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Julio Barrera
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Steve Kujawa
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Ornit Chiba-Falek
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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17
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Tulisiak CT, Mercado G, Peelaerts W, Brundin L, Brundin P. Can infections trigger alpha-synucleinopathies? PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 168:299-322. [PMID: 31699323 PMCID: PMC6857718 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As synucleinopathies, Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) are neurodegenerative diseases that involve the spread of pathogenic alpha-synuclein (αSyn) throughout the brain. Recent studies have suggested a role for αSyn as an antimicrobial peptide in response to PD- and MSA-related infections of peripheral tissues, including those in the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital systems. In this chapter, we examine epidemiological and experimental evidence for a role of peripheral microbial infections in triggering alpha-synucleinopathies. We propose a model of how infectious triggers, in conjunction with inflammatory, environmental, and genetic facilitators, may result in transfer of pathogenic αSyn strains from the periphery to the brain, where they propagate and spread. Finally, we discuss future research challenges and programs necessary to clarify the role of infections as triggers of PD and MSA and, ultimately, to prevent the onset of these diseases by infectious triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Tulisiak
- Center for Neurodegenerative Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Gabriela Mercado
- Center for Neurodegenerative Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Wouter Peelaerts
- Center for Neurodegenerative Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States; Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lena Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.
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18
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Multiple molecular pathways stimulating macroautophagy protect from alpha-synuclein-induced toxicity in human neurons. Neuropharmacology 2019; 149:13-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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19
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Zhang K, Tang Y, Meng L, Zhu L, Zhou X, Zhao Y, Yan X, Tang B, Guo J. The Effects of SNCA rs894278 on Resting-State Brain Activity in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:47. [PMID: 30778284 PMCID: PMC6369188 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is not well established. The rs894278 polymorphism of SNCA has been associated with PD. We performed this study to investigate the relationship between rs894278 and PD status on resting-state brain activity, by analyzing the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF). A total of 81 PD patients and 64 healthy controls were recruited. Disease severity and PD stage were evaluated in PD patients using the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS) and the Hoehn and Yahr (HY) scale, while the cognitive function of all participants was assessed using the mini-mental state examination (MMSE). All participants were genotyped for the rs894278 SNP and underwent a resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan. We found that the ALFF values of PD patients in the lingual gyrus and left caudate were lower than those of HCs; and the ALFF values for the right fusiform of participants with G allele were lower than those of participants without G allele. And we further revealed higher ALFF values in bilateral fusiform in rs894278-G carriers than in rs894278-G non-carriers in the PD group and lower ALFF values in bilateral fusiform in rs894278-G carriers than in rs894278-G non-carriers in the HC group. Our findings show that rs894278 and PD status interactively affect the brain activity of PD patients and HCs, and changes in the brain connectomes may play a key role in the pathogenesis of PD. Thus, our work sheds light on the mechanism underlying PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Meng
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuwen Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinxiang Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Parkinson's Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
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20
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Shin S, Kim K, Lee JM, Kim EJ, Kim SJ, Kim IJ, Pak K, Lee MJ. Effect of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms on Decline of Dopamine Transporter Availability in Parkinson's Disease. J Clin Neurol 2019; 15:102-107. [PMID: 30618224 PMCID: PMC6325373 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2019.15.1.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We aimed to determine the association between the annual changes in dopamine transporter (DAT) availability as measured by ¹²³I-ioflupane (¹²³I-FP-CIT) single-photon-emission computed tomography and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) known to be risk factors in Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS In total, 150 PD patients were included from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative database. Specific SNPs that are associated with PD were selected for genotyping. SNPs that were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium or whose minor allele frequency was less than 0.05 were excluded. Twenty-three SNPs met the inclusion criteria for this study. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare annual percentage changes in DAT availability for three subgroups of SNP. RESULTS None of the 23 SNPs exerted a statistically significant effect (p<0.0022) on the decline of DAT availability in PD patients. However, we observed trends of association (p<0.05) between three SNPs of two genes with the annual percentage change in DAT availability: 1) rs199347 on the putamen (p=0.0138), 2) rs356181 on the caudate nucleus (p=0.0105), and 3) rs3910105 on the caudate nucleus (p=0.0374). A post-hoc analysis revealed that DAT availability was reduced the most for 1) the putamen in the CC genotype of rs199347 (vs. CT, p=0.0199; vs. TT, p=0.0164), 2) the caudate nucleus in the TT genotype of rs356181 (vs. CC, p=0.0081), and 3) the caudate nucleus in the CC genotype of rs3910105 (vs. TT, p=0.0317). CONCLUSIONS Significant trends in the associations between three SNPs and decline of DAT availability in PD patients have been discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyeon Shin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Keunyoung Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Jae Meen Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Eun Joo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Seong Jang Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - In Joo Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.
| | - Kyoungjune Pak
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.
| | - Myung Jun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.
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21
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Gómez-Suaga P, Bravo-San Pedro JM, González-Polo RA, Fuentes JM, Niso-Santano M. ER-mitochondria signaling in Parkinson's disease. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:337. [PMID: 29497039 PMCID: PMC5832754 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria form close physical contacts with a specialized domain of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), known as the mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM). This association constitutes a key signaling hub to regulate several fundamental cellular processes. Alterations in ER-mitochondria signaling have pleiotropic effects on a variety of intracellular events resulting in mitochondrial damage, Ca2+ dyshomeostasis, ER stress and defects in lipid metabolism and autophagy. Intriguingly, many of these cellular processes are perturbed in neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, increasing evidence highlights that ER-mitochondria signaling contributes to these diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, for which effective mechanism-based treatments remain elusive. Several PD-related proteins localize at mitochondria or MAM and have been shown to participate in ER-mitochondria signaling regulation. Likewise, PD-related mutations have been shown to damage this signaling. Could ER-mitochondria associations be the link between pathogenic mechanisms involved in PD, providing a common mechanism? Would this provide a pharmacological target for treating this devastating disease? In this review, we aim to summarize the current knowledge of ER-mitochondria signaling and the recent evidence concerning damage to this signaling in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Gómez-Suaga
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - José M Bravo-San Pedro
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006, Paris, France
- INSERM U1138, 75006, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Rosa A González-Polo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 18100, Granada, Spain
- Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura. Avda. De la Universidad S/N, C.P, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - José M Fuentes
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 18100, Granada, Spain.
- Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura. Avda. De la Universidad S/N, C.P, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Mireia Niso-Santano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 18100, Granada, Spain.
- Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura. Avda. De la Universidad S/N, C.P, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
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22
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Hu K, Chen X, Chen W, Zhang L, Li J, Ye J, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Li CH, Yin L, Guan YQ. Neuroprotective effect of gold nanoparticles composites in Parkinson's disease model. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:1123-1136. [PMID: 29474924 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. Although drugs and surgery can relieve the symptoms of PD, these therapies are incapable of fundamentally treating the disease. For PD patients, over-expression of α-synuclein (SNCA) leads to the death of dopaminergic neurons. This process can be prevented by suppressing SNCA over-expression through RNA interference. Here, we successfully synthesized gold nanoparticles (GNP) composites (CTS@GNP-pDNA-NGF) via the combination of electrostatic adsorption and photochemical immobilization, which could load plasmid DNA (pDNA) and target specific cell types. GNP was transfected into cells via endocytosis to inhibiting the apoptosis of PC12 cells and dopaminergic neurons. Simultaneously, GNP composites are also used in PD models in vivo, and it can successfully cross the blood-brain barrier by contents of GNP in the mice brain. In general, all the works demonstrated that GNP composites have good therapeutic effects for PD models in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaikai Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Joint Laboratory of Laser Oncology with Cancer Center of Sun Yet-sen University, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wuya Chen
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingkun Zhang
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Joint Laboratory of Laser Oncology with Cancer Center of Sun Yet-sen University, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jialin Ye
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxiao Zhang
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chu-Hua Li
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Yin
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Qing Guan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Joint Laboratory of Laser Oncology with Cancer Center of Sun Yet-sen University, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
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23
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Ghosh A, Tyson T, George S, Hildebrandt EN, Steiner JA, Madaj Z, Schulz E, Machiela E, McDonald WG, Escobar Galvis ML, Kordower JH, Van Raamsdonk JM, Colca JR, Brundin P. Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier regulates autophagy, inflammation, and neurodegeneration in experimental models of Parkinson's disease. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:368ra174. [PMID: 27928028 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aag2210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial and autophagic dysfunction as well as neuroinflammation are involved in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). We hypothesized that targeting the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC), a key controller of cellular metabolism that influences mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) activation, might attenuate neurodegeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons in animal models of PD. To test this, we used MSDC-0160, a compound that specifically targets MPC, to reduce its activity. MSDC-0160 protected against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) insult in murine and cultured human midbrain dopamine neurons and in an α-synuclein-based Caenorhabditis elegans model. In 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated mice, MSDC-0160 improved locomotor behavior, increased survival of nigral dopaminergic neurons, boosted striatal dopamine levels, and reduced neuroinflammation. Long-term targeting of MPC preserved motor function, rescued the nigrostriatal pathway, and reduced neuroinflammation in the slowly progressive Engrailed1 (En1+/-) genetic mouse model of PD. Targeting MPC in multiple models resulted in modulation of mitochondrial function and mTOR signaling, with normalization of autophagy and a reduction in glial cell activation. Our work demonstrates that changes in metabolic signaling resulting from targeting MPC were neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory in several PD models, suggesting that MPC may be a useful therapeutic target in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamitra Ghosh
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Trevor Tyson
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Sonia George
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Erin N Hildebrandt
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jennifer A Steiner
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Zachary Madaj
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Emily Schulz
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Emily Machiela
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | | | - Martha L Escobar Galvis
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Kordower
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.,Center for Brain Repair, Department of Pathology, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jeremy M Van Raamsdonk
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jerry R Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
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24
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Tctex1 plays a key role in the α-synuclein autophagy lysosomal degradation pathway. Neurosci Lett 2017; 661:90-95. [PMID: 28970129 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tctex1 is an important structure of dynein light chain in mammalian cells, clarifying the role of Tctex1 in α-synuclein autophagy lysosomal degradation may offer insights into the formation of Lewy bodies and neuronal death. We constructed dsRED-N1-Tctex1 overexpression, pDsRED2-N1-Tctex1(T94E) mutation and transfected into SH-SY5Y cells. Relative protein expression was measured by Western Blot and mRNA levels were measured by real-time quantitative PCR. Confocal microscopy was used to observe their sublocalizations in cells. We found that: WST assay results show that cell activity decreased after Tctex1 mutation (T94E), while Tctex1 overexpression increased cell activity. In Tctex1 mutation transfected cell lines Tctex1 and dynein protein levels decreased; α-synuclein, LC3-II and LAMP2 protein increased. However, α-synuclein, LC3-II and LAMP2 proteins were reduced in Tctex1 overexpression cell lines, with the same trend was found in mRNA levels. In Tctex1 mutation transfected cell lines Tctex1 fluorescence intensity weakened; α-synuclein, LC3-II and LAMP2 fluorescence was enhanced, while α-synuclein, LC3-II and LAMP2 weakened in Tctex1 overexpressing cells. Our results suggest that Tctex1 mutants interference lead to Tctex1 downregulation and dysfunction. Tctex1 overexpression promoted autophagy lysosome fusion and effectively degraded α-synuclein with increased cell activity. Thus, Tctex1 plays an important role in α-synuclein autophagic degradation.
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25
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Paillusson S, Gomez-Suaga P, Stoica R, Little D, Gissen P, Devine MJ, Noble W, Hanger DP, Miller CCJ. α-Synuclein binds to the ER-mitochondria tethering protein VAPB to disrupt Ca 2+ homeostasis and mitochondrial ATP production. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 134:129-149. [PMID: 28337542 PMCID: PMC5486644 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1704-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein is strongly linked to Parkinson’s disease but the molecular targets for its toxicity are not fully clear. However, many neuronal functions damaged in Parkinson’s disease are regulated by signalling between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. This signalling involves close physical associations between the two organelles that are mediated by binding of the integral ER protein vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein B (VAPB) to the outer mitochondrial membrane protein, protein tyrosine phosphatase-interacting protein 51 (PTPIP51). VAPB and PTPIP51 thus act as a scaffold to tether the two organelles. Here we show that α-synuclein binds to VAPB and that overexpression of wild-type and familial Parkinson’s disease mutant α-synuclein disrupt the VAPB-PTPIP51 tethers to loosen ER–mitochondria associations. This disruption to the VAPB-PTPIP51 tethers is also seen in neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells from familial Parkinson’s disease patients harbouring pathogenic triplication of the α-synuclein gene. We also show that the α-synuclein induced loosening of ER–mitochondria contacts is accompanied by disruption to Ca2+ exchange between the two organelles and mitochondrial ATP production. Such disruptions are likely to be particularly damaging to neurons that are heavily dependent on correct Ca2+ signaling and ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Paillusson
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 5 Cutcombe road, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Patricia Gomez-Suaga
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 5 Cutcombe road, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Radu Stoica
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 5 Cutcombe road, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Daniel Little
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Gissen
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael J Devine
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Wendy Noble
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 5 Cutcombe road, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Diane P Hanger
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 5 Cutcombe road, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Christopher C J Miller
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 5 Cutcombe road, London, SE5 9RX, UK.
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26
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Campêlo CLC, Cagni FC, de Siqueira Figueredo D, Oliveira LG, Silva-Neto AB, Macêdo PT, Santos JR, Izídio GS, Ribeiro AM, de Andrade TG, de Oliveira Godeiro C, Silva RH. Variants in SNCA Gene Are Associated with Parkinson's Disease Risk and Cognitive Symptoms in a Brazilian Sample. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:198. [PMID: 28676755 PMCID: PMC5476777 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic susceptibility contributes to the etiology of sporadic Parkinson's Disease (PD) and worldwide studies have found positive associations of polymorphisms in the alpha-synuclein gene (SNCA) with the risk for PD. However, little is known about the influence of variants of SNCA in individual traits or phenotypical aspects of PD. Further, there is a lack of studies with Latin-American samples. We evaluated the association between SNCA single nucleotide polymorphisms (single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs - rs2583988, rs356219, rs2736990, and rs11931074) and PD risk in a Brazilians sample. In addition, we investigated their potential interactions with environmental factors and specific clinical outcomes (motor and cognitive impairments, depression, and anxiety). A total of 105 PD patients and 101 controls participated in the study. Single locus analysis showed that the risk allele of all SNPs were more frequent in PD patients (p < 0.05), and the associations of SNPs rs2583988, rs356219, and rs2736990 with increased PD risk were confirmed. Further, the G-rs356219 and C-rs2736990 alleles were associated with early onset PD. T-rs2583988, G-rs356219 and C-2736990 alleles were significantly more frequent in PD patients with cognitive impairments than controls in this condition. In addition, in a logistic regression model, we found an association of cognitive impairment with PD, and the practice of cognitive activity and smoking habits had a protective effect. This study shows for the first time an association of SNCA polymorphism and PD in a South-American sample. In addition, we found an interaction between SNP rs356219 and a specific clinical outcome, i.e., the increased risk for cognitive impairment in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa L C Campêlo
- Memory Studies Laboratory, Physiology Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do NorteNatal, Brazil
| | - Fernanda C Cagni
- Memory Studies Laboratory, Physiology Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do NorteNatal, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz G Oliveira
- Medicine Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do NorteNatal, Brazil
| | | | - Priscila T Macêdo
- Memory Studies Laboratory, Physiology Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do NorteNatal, Brazil
| | - José R Santos
- Bioscience Department, Universidade Federal de SergipeItabaiana, Brazil
| | - Geison S Izídio
- Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de Santa CatarinaFlorianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Tiago G de Andrade
- Molecular Biology and Gene Expression Laboratory, Universidade Federal de AlagoasArapiraca, Brazil.,Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de AlagoasMaceió, Brazil
| | | | - Regina H Silva
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Pharmacology Department, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
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Goncharova ZA, Kolmakova TS, Gelpei MA. Alpha-synuclein and oxidative stress enzymes as biomarkers of Parkinson’s disease. NEUROCHEM J+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712417020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Liu B, Lv C, Zhang J, Liu Y, Sun J, Cheng X, Mao W, Ma Y, Li S. Effects of eldepryl on glial cell proliferation and activation in the substantia nigra and striatum in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Neurol Res 2017; 39:459-467. [PMID: 28276259 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2017.1297911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- First Department of Neurology, Hospital Affiliated to North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Chaonan Lv
- First Department of Neurology, Hospital Affiliated to North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Jinxia Zhang
- First Department of Neurology, Hospital Affiliated to North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Ying Liu
- First Department of Neurology, Hospital Affiliated to North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Jing Sun
- First Department of Neurology, Hospital Affiliated to North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Xiaohua Cheng
- First Department of Neurology, Hospital Affiliated to North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Wenjing Mao
- First Department of Neurology, Hospital Affiliated to North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- First Department of Neurology, Hospital Affiliated to North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Shiying Li
- First Department of Neurology, Hospital Affiliated to North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
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29
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Wangler MF, Hu Y, Shulman JM. Drosophila and genome-wide association studies: a review and resource for the functional dissection of human complex traits. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:77-88. [PMID: 28151408 PMCID: PMC5312009 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.027680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully identified thousands of susceptibility loci for common diseases with complex genetic etiologies. Although the susceptibility variants identified by GWAS usually have only modest effects on individual disease risk, they contribute to a substantial burden of trait variation in the overall population. GWAS also offer valuable clues to disease mechanisms that have long proven to be elusive. These insights could lead the way to breakthrough treatments; however, several challenges hinder progress, making innovative approaches to accelerate the follow-up of results from GWAS an urgent priority. Here, we discuss the largely untapped potential of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, for functional investigation of findings from human GWAS. We highlight selected examples where strong genomic conservation with humans along with the rapid and powerful genetic tools available for flies have already facilitated fine mapping of association signals, elucidated gene mechanisms, and revealed novel disease-relevant biology. We emphasize current research opportunities in this rapidly advancing field, and present bioinformatic analyses that systematically explore the applicability of Drosophila for interrogation of susceptibility signals implicated in more than 1000 human traits, based on all GWAS completed to date. Thus, our discussion is targeted at both human geneticists seeking innovative strategies for experimental validation of findings from GWAS, as well as the Drosophila research community, by whom ongoing investigations of the implicated genes will powerfully inform our understanding of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Wangler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joshua M Shulman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Kim-Ha J, Kim YJ. Age-related epigenetic regulation in the brain and its role in neuronal diseases. BMB Rep 2017; 49:671-680. [PMID: 27866512 PMCID: PMC5346312 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2016.49.12.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates many brain functions are mediated by epigenetic regulation of neural genes, and their dysregulations result in neuronal disorders. Experiences such as learning and recall, as well as physical exercise, induce neuronal activation through epigenetic modifications and by changing the noncoding RNA profiles. Animal models, brain samples from patients, and the development of diverse analytical methods have broadened our understanding of epigenetic regulation in the brain. Diverse and specific epigenetic changes are suggested to correlate with neuronal development, learning and memory, aging and age-related neuronal diseases. Although the results show some discrepancies, a careful comparison of the data (including methods, regions and conditions examined) would clarify the problems confronted in understanding epigenetic regulation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongsil Kim-Ha
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, and Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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31
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Prolyl oligopeptidase inhibition attenuates the toxicity of a proteasomal inhibitor, lactacystin, in the alpha-synuclein overexpressing cell culture. Neurosci Lett 2017; 636:83-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Arun S, Liu L, Donmez G. Mitochondrial Biology and Neurological Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:143-54. [PMID: 26903445 PMCID: PMC4825945 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150703154541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are extremely active organelles that perform a variety of roles in the cell including energy production, regulation of calcium homeostasis, apoptosis, and population maintenance through fission and fusion. Mitochondrial dysfunction in the form of oxidative stress and mutations can contribute to the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s (PD), Alzheimer’s (AD), and Huntington’s diseases (HD). Abnormalities of Complex I function in the electron transport chain have been implicated in some neurodegenerative diseases, inhibiting ATP production and generating reactive oxygen species that can cause major damage to mitochondria Mutations in both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA can contribute to neurodegenerative disease, although the pathogenesis of these conditions tends to focus on nuclear mutations. In PD, nuclear genome mutations in the PINK1 and parkin genes have been implicated in neurodegeneration [1], while mutations in APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2 have been implicated in a variety of clinical symptoms of AD [5]. Mutant htt protein is known to cause HD [2]. Much progress has been made to determine some causes of these neurodegenerative diseases, though permanent treatments have yet to be developed. In this review, we discuss the roles of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gizem Donmez
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave. Boston MA, 02111, USA.
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Rey NL, George S, Brundin P. Review: Spreading the word: precise animal models and validated methods are vital when evaluating prion-like behaviour of alpha-synuclein. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2016; 42:51-76. [PMID: 26666838 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are characterized by abnormal proteinaceous aggregates, mainly composed of fibrillar α-synuclein (α-syn). It is now believed that α-syn can form small aggregates in a restricted number of cells, that propagate to neighbouring cells and seed aggregation of endogenous α-syn, in a 'prion-like manner'. This process could underlie the stereotypical progression of Lewy bodies described by Braak and colleagues across different stages of Parkinson's disease (PD). This prion-like behaviour of α-syn has been recently investigated in animal models of PD or multiple system atrophy (MSA). These models investigate the cell-to-cell transfer of α-syn seeds, or the induction and spreading of α-syn pathology in transgenic or wild-type rodent brain. In this review, we first outline the involvement of α-syn in Lewy body diseases and MSA, and discuss how 'prion-like' mechanisms can contribute to disease. Thereon, we debate the relevance of animal models used to study prion-like propagation. Finally, we review current main histological methods used to assess α-syn pathology both in animal models and in human samples and their relevance to the disease. Specifically, we discuss using α-syn phosphorylated at serine 129 as a marker of pathology, and the novel methods available that allow for more sensitive detection of early pathology, which has relevance for modelling synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Rey
- Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - S George
- Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - P Brundin
- Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
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Lázaro DF, Dias MC, Carija A, Navarro S, Madaleno CS, Tenreiro S, Ventura S, Outeiro TF. The effects of the novel A53E alpha-synuclein mutation on its oligomerization and aggregation. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:128. [PMID: 27938414 PMCID: PMC5148884 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
α-synuclein (aSyn) is associated with both sporadic and familial forms of Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease. In particular, multiplications and point mutations in the gene encoding for aSyn cause familial forms of PD. Moreover, the accumulation of aSyn in Lewy Bodies and Lewy neurites in disorders such as PD, dementia with Lewy bodies, or multiple system atrophy, suggests aSyn misfolding and aggregation plays an important role in these disorders, collectively known as synucleinopathies. The exact function of aSyn remains unclear, but it is known to be associated with vesicles and membranes, and to have an impact on important cellular functions such as intracellular trafficking and protein degradation systems, leading to cellular pathologies that can be readily studied in cell-based models. Thus, understanding the molecular effects of aSyn point mutations may provide important insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying disease onset. We investigated the effect of the recently identified A53E aSyn mutation. Combining in vitro studies with studies in cell models, we found that this mutation reduces aSyn aggregation and increases proteasome activity, altering normal proteostasis. We observed that, in our experimental paradigms, the A53E mutation affects specific steps of the aggregation process of aSyn and different cellular processes, providing novel ideas about the molecular mechanisms involved in synucleinopathies.
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Towards a Non-Human Primate Model of Alpha-Synucleinopathy for Development of Therapeutics for Parkinson's Disease: Optimization of AAV1/2 Delivery Parameters to Drive Sustained Expression of Alpha Synuclein and Dopaminergic Degeneration in Macaque. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167235. [PMID: 27902767 PMCID: PMC5130249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent failures in clinical trials for disease modification in Parkinson’s disease have highlighted the need for a non-human primate model of the synucleinopathy underpinning dopaminergic neuron degeneration. The present study was defined to begin the development of such a model in cynomolgus macaque. We have validated surgical and vector parameters to define a means to provide a robust over-expression of alpha-synuclein which is associated with Lewy-like pathology and robust degeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway. Thus, an AAV1/2 vector incorporating strong transcription and transduction regulatory elements was used to deliver the gene for the human A53T mutation of alpha-synuclein. When injected into 4 sites within each substantia nigra (7 μl per site, 1.7 x 1012 gp/ml), this vector provided expression lasting at least 4 months, and a 50% loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons and a 60% reduction in striatal dopamine. Further studies will be required to develop this methodology into a validated model of value as a drug development platform.
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Chen M, Liu J, Lu Y, Duan C, Lu L, Gao G, Chan P, Yu S, Yang H. Age-dependent alpha-synuclein accumulation is correlated with elevation of mitochondrial TRPC3 in the brains of monkeys and mice. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 124:441-453. [PMID: 27904950 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1654-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant α-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation has been shown to impair mitochondrial function by reducing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels are a diverse group of non-selective Ca2+ channels, among which TRPC3 is the only one that is localized in mitochondria and plays a role in maintaining the normal MMP. This raises a possibility that altered TRPC3 expression may play a role in the mitochondrial dysfunction induced by α-syn accumulation. To demonstrate this possibility, we first examined the expressions of mitochondrial TRPC3 in the brains of aging monkeys and α-syn transgenic and wild-type mice. We showed that α-syn levels increased in mitochondria in an age-dependent manner that was positively correlated to an elevation of mitochondrial TRPC3. This correlation was more prominent in the striatum than in the cerebellum, possibly due to the greater age-dependent α-syn accumulation in the striatum than in the cerebellum. We then used primary neurons overexpressing α-syn to investigate the effect of the α-syn-induced elevation of mitochondrial TRPC3 on the MMP and apoptotic cell death. We found that neurons with overexpressed α-syn had increased mitochondrial TRPC3 and decreased MMP, which were accompanied by increased number of apoptotic neurons. Suppressing TRPC3 expression partially reversed the reduction of MMP and alleviated the apoptotic cell death, indicating that the mitochondrial TRPC3 may play a role in the mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons with α-syn accumulation that may occur in not only the aged brain but also the brain with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi Tou Tiao, You Anmen, Beijing, 100069, China
- Center for Parkinson's Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi Tou Tiao, You Anmen, Beijing, 100069, China
- Center for Parkinson's Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yongquan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi Tou Tiao, You Anmen, Beijing, 100069, China
- Center for Parkinson's Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Chunli Duan
- Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi Tou Tiao, You Anmen, Beijing, 100069, China
- Center for Parkinson's Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Lu
- Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi Tou Tiao, You Anmen, Beijing, 100069, China
- Center for Parkinson's Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Ge Gao
- Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi Tou Tiao, You Anmen, Beijing, 100069, China
- Center for Parkinson's Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Piu Chan
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Center for Parkinson's Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Shun Yu
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Center for Parkinson's Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
| | - Hui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi Tou Tiao, You Anmen, Beijing, 100069, China.
- Center for Parkinson's Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
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α-Synuclein enhances histone H3 lysine-9 dimethylation and H3K9me2-dependent transcriptional responses. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36328. [PMID: 27808254 PMCID: PMC5093762 DOI: 10.1038/srep36328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (αS) is a protein linked to Parkinson’s disease (PD) and related neurodegenerative disorders. It is mostly localized within synapses, but αS has also been suggested to play a role in the nucleus. We used transgenic Drosophila and inducible SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells to investigate the effects of αS on chromatin with a particular focus on histone modifications. Overexpression of αS in male flies as well as in retinoic acid pre-treated neuroblastoma cells led to an elevation of histone H3K9 methylations, mostly mono- (H3K9me1) and di- (H3K9me2). The transient increase of H3K9 methylation in αS-induced SH-SY5Y cells was preceded by mRNA induction of the euchromatic histone lysine N-methyltransferase 2 (EHMT2). EHMT2 and H3K9me2 can function within the REST complex. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analyses of selected candidate, REST regulated genes showed significantly increased H3K9me2 promoter occupancy of genes encoding the L1CAM cell adhesion molecule and the synaptosomal-associated protein SNAP25, whose reduced expression levels were confirmed by RT-qPCR in αS induced cells. Treatment with EHMT inhibitor UNC0638 restored the mRNA levels of L1CAM and SNAP25. Thus, αS overexpression enhances H3K9 methylations via ΕΗΜΤ2 resulting in elevated H3K9me2 at the SNAP25 promoter, possibly affecting SNARE complex assembly and hence synaptic vesicle fusion events regulated by αS.
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Environmental and genetic factors support the dissociation between α-synuclein aggregation and toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6506-E6515. [PMID: 27708160 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606791113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are a group of progressive disorders characterized by the abnormal aggregation and accumulation of α-synuclein (aSyn), an abundant neuronal protein that can adopt different conformations and biological properties. Recently, aSyn pathology was shown to spread between neurons in a prion-like manner. Proteins like aSyn that exhibit self-propagating capacity appear to be able to adopt different stable conformational states, known as protein strains, which can be modulated both by environmental and by protein-intrinsic factors. Here, we analyzed these factors and found that the unique combination of the neurodegeneration-related metal copper and the pathological H50Q aSyn mutation induces a significant alteration in the aggregation properties of aSyn. We compared the aggregation of WT and H50Q aSyn with and without copper, and assessed the effects of the resultant protein species when applied to primary neuronal cultures. The presence of copper induces the formation of structurally different and less-damaging aSyn aggregates. Interestingly, these aggregates exhibit a stronger capacity to induce aSyn inclusion formation in recipient cells, which demonstrates that the structural features of aSyn species determine their effect in neuronal cells and supports a lack of correlation between toxicity and inclusion formation. In total, our study provides strong support in favor of the hypothesis that protein aggregation is not a primary cause of cytotoxicity.
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Scheffold A, Holtman IR, Dieni S, Brouwer N, Katz SF, Jebaraj BMC, Kahle PJ, Hengerer B, Lechel A, Stilgenbauer S, Boddeke EWGM, Eggen BJL, Rudolph KL, Biber K. Telomere shortening leads to an acceleration of synucleinopathy and impaired microglia response in a genetic mouse model. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:87. [PMID: 27550225 PMCID: PMC4994259 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0364-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders of the elderly and ageing hence described to be a major risk factor. Telomere shortening as a result of the inability to fully replicate the ends of linear chromosomes is one of the hallmarks of ageing. The role of telomere dysfunction in neurological diseases and the ageing brain is not clarified and there is an ongoing discussion whether telomere shortening is linked to Parkinson’s disease. Here we studied a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (Thy-1 [A30P] α-synuclein transgenic mouse model) in the background of telomere shortening (Terc knockout mouse model). α-synuclein transgenic mice with short telomeres (αSYNtg/tg G3Terc-/-) developed an accelerated disease with significantly decreased survival. This accelerated phenotype of mice with short telomeres was characterized by a declined motor performance and an increased formation of α-synuclein aggregates. Immunohistochemical analysis and mRNA expression studies revealed that the disease end-stage brain stem microglia showed an impaired response in αSYNtg/tg G3Terc-/- microglia animals. These results provide the first experimental data that telomere shortening accelerates α-synuclein pathology that is linked to limited microglia function in the brainstem.
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Yang X, An R, Zhao Q, Zheng J, Tian S, Chen Y, Xu Y. Mutational analysis of CHCHD2 in Chinese patients with multiple system atrophy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2016; 368:389-91. [PMID: 27538669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CHCHD2, which encodes a regulator of mitochondrial metabolism, has been linked to Parkinson's disease (PD) in a Japanese population. Since PD and two other neurodegenerative diseases, multiple system atrophy (MSA) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, we wanted to know whether CHCHD2 mutations may be linked to MSA and sporadic ALS in Chinese patients. All four CHCHD2 exons were Sanger-sequenced in 89 patients with MSA, 424 patients with sporadic ALS and 594 unrelated healthy Han Chinese. Four exonic variants were detected in six patients with sporadic ALS: Pro2Leu (rs142444896), Ala32Thr (rs145190179), Ser85Arg (rs182992574), and Tyr99ArgfsX42 (rs778030300). No exonic variants were detected in patients with MSA. Pro2Leu was not significantly associated with risk of ALS in our cohort, and no variants in untranslated or flanking regions of CHCHD2 were associated with risk of MSA or ALS. Our results suggest that genetic variants of CHCHD2 may not be a frequent cause of MSA or ALS in our Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Yang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, PR China
| | - Ran An
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, PR China
| | - Quanzhen Zhao
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, PR China
| | - Jinhua Zheng
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, PR China
| | - Sijia Tian
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, PR China
| | - Yalan Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, PR China
| | - Yanming Xu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, PR China.
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Genetic Variants of Microtubule Actin Cross-linking Factor 1 (MACF1) Confer Risk for Parkinson’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2878-2888. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9861-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Tagliafierro L, Chiba-Falek O. Up-regulation of SNCA gene expression: implications to synucleinopathies. Neurogenetics 2016; 17:145-57. [PMID: 26948950 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-016-0478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are a group of neurodegenerative diseases that share a common pathological lesion of intracellular protein inclusions largely composed by aggregates of alpha-synuclein protein. Accumulating evidence, including genome wide association studies, has implicated alpha-synuclein (SNCA) gene in the etiology of synucleinopathies. However, the precise variants within SNCA gene that contribute to the sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and other synucleinopathies and their molecular mechanisms of action remain elusive. It has been suggested that SNCA expression levels are critical for the development of these diseases. Here, we review several model systems that have been developed to advance the understanding of the role of SNCA expression levels in the etiology of synucleinopathies. We also describe different molecular mechanisms that regulate SNCA gene expression and discuss possible strategies for SNCA down-regulation as means for therapeutic approaches. Finally, we highlight some examples that underscore the relationships between the genetic association findings and the regulatory mechanisms of SNCA expression, which suggest that genetic variability in SNCA locus is directly responsible, at least in part, to the changes in gene expression and explain the reported associations of SNCA with synucleinopathies. Future studies utilizing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived neuronal lines and genome editing by CRISPR/Cas9, will allow us to validate, characterize, and manipulate the effects of particular cis-genetic variants on SNCA expression. Moreover, this model system will enable us to compare different neuronal and glial lineages involved in synucleinopathies representing an attractive strategy to elucidate-common and specific-SNCA-genetic variants, regulatory mechanisms, and vulnerable expression levels underlying synucleinopathy spectrum disorders. This forthcoming knowledge will support the development of precision medicine for synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tagliafierro
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - O Chiba-Falek
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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Lysines, Achilles' heel in alpha-synuclein conversion to a deadly neuronal endotoxin. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 26:62-71. [PMID: 26690800 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein aggregation is associated with Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders termed synucleinopathies. The sequence of alpha-synuclein has a remarkable amount of lysines, which may be a target for modifications by several aldehydes found at increased concentration in parkinsonian brains. The involved aldehydes are the dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, the lipid peroxidation products 4-hydroxynonenal, acrolein and malondialdehyde, and advanced glycation end-products. Moreover, both relative expression levels and enzymatic activity of aldehyde dehydrogenases, which are responsible for aldehydes detoxification in cells, are altered in Parkinson's disease brains. The effects of aldehyde modifications can include: (i) a perturbation in the equilibrium of cytosolic and membrane-bound alpha-synuclein, that may alter protein function and lead to aggregation; (ii) the reduction of alpha-synuclein ubiquitination and SUMOylation, affecting its cellular localization and clearance; (iii) a decreased susceptibility to cleavage at specific sites by extracellular proteases; (iv) a reduced availability of identified lysine acetylation sites; (v) the production of toxic oligomeric alpha-synuclein-aldehyde species, able to damage lipid membranes and transmissible from unhealthy to healthy neurons. All of these observations point to a complex interaction between alpha-synuclein and aldehydes in brain, which may lead to the accumulation of dysfunctional alpha-synuclein and its oligomerization.
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44
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Association of Parkinson’s Disease GWAS-Linked Loci with Alzheimer’s Disease in Han Chinese. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:308-318. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9649-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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45
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Petrucci S, Ginevrino M, Valente EM. Phenotypic spectrum of alpha-synuclein mutations: New insights from patients and cellular models. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 22 Suppl 1:S16-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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46
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47
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Bobela W, Aebischer P, Schneider BL. Αlpha-Synuclein as a Mediator in the Interplay between Aging and Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2675-700. [PMID: 26501339 PMCID: PMC4693253 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation and misfolding of the alpha-synuclein protein are core mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. While the normal function of alpha-synuclein is mainly related to the control of vesicular neurotransmission, its pathogenic effects are linked to various cellular functions, which include mitochondrial activity, as well as proteasome and autophagic degradation of proteins. Remarkably, these functions are also affected when the renewal of macromolecules and organelles becomes impaired during the normal aging process. As aging is considered a major risk factor for Parkinson's disease, it is critical to explore its molecular and cellular implications in the context of the alpha-synuclein pathology. Here, we discuss similarities and differences between normal brain aging and Parkinson's disease, with a particular emphasis on the nigral dopaminergic neurons, which appear to be selectively vulnerable to the combined effects of alpha-synuclein and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Bobela
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Patrick Aebischer
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
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48
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Ikonomov OC, Sbrissa D, Compton LM, Kumar R, Tisdale EJ, Chen X, Shisheva A. The Protein Complex of Neurodegeneration-related Phosphoinositide Phosphatase Sac3 and ArPIKfyve Binds the Lewy Body-associated Synphilin-1, Preventing Its Aggregation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:28515-28529. [PMID: 26405034 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.669929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5-phosphoinositide phosphatase Sac3, in which loss-of-function mutations are linked to neurodegenerative disorders, forms a stable cytosolic complex with the scaffolding protein ArPIKfyve. The ArPIKfyve-Sac3 heterodimer interacts with the phosphoinositide 5-kinase PIKfyve in a ubiquitous ternary complex that couples PtdIns(3,5)P2 synthesis with turnover at endosomal membranes, thereby regulating the housekeeping endocytic transport in eukaryotes. Neuron-specific associations of the ArPIKfyve-Sac3 heterodimer, which may shed light on the neuropathological mechanisms triggered by Sac3 dysfunction, are unknown. Here we conducted mass spectrometry analysis for brain-derived interactors of ArPIKfyve-Sac3 and unraveled the α-synuclein-interacting protein Synphilin-1 (Sph1) as a new component of the ArPIKfyve-Sac3 complex. Sph1, a predominantly neuronal protein that facilitates aggregation of α-synuclein, is a major component of Lewy body inclusions in neurodegenerative α-synucleinopathies. Modulations in ArPIKfyve/Sac3 protein levels by RNA silencing or overexpression in several mammalian cell lines, including human neuronal SH-SY5Y or primary mouse cortical neurons, revealed that the ArPIKfyve-Sac3 complex specifically altered the aggregation properties of Sph1-GFP. This effect required an active Sac3 phosphatase and proceeded through mechanisms that involved increased Sph1-GFP partitioning into the cytosol and removal of Sph1-GFP aggregates by basal autophagy but not by the proteasomal system. If uncoupled from ArPIKfyve elevation, overexpressed Sac3 readily aggregated, markedly enhancing the aggregation potential of Sph1-GFP. These data identify a novel role of the ArPIKfyve-Sac3 complex in the mechanisms controlling aggregate formation of Sph1 and suggest that Sac3 protein deficiency or overproduction may facilitate aggregation of aggregation-prone proteins, thereby precipitating the onset of multiple neuronal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ognian C Ikonomov
- Departments of Physiology, Wayne State School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Diego Sbrissa
- Departments of Physiology, Wayne State School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Lauren M Compton
- Departments of Physiology, Wayne State School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Rita Kumar
- Departments of Physiology, Wayne State School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201; Departments of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Ellen J Tisdale
- Departments of Pharmacology, Wayne State School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Xuequn Chen
- Departments of Physiology, Wayne State School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Assia Shisheva
- Departments of Physiology, Wayne State School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201.
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Changes in secondary structure of α-synuclein during oligomerization induced by reactive aldehydes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:336-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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50
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Gan-Or Z, Dion PA, Rouleau GA. Genetic perspective on the role of the autophagy-lysosome pathway in Parkinson disease. Autophagy 2015; 11:1443-57. [PMID: 26207393 PMCID: PMC4590678 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1067364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD), once considered as a prototype of a sporadic disease, is now known to be considerably affected by various genetic factors, which interact with environmental factors and the normal process of aging, leading to PD. Large studies determined that the hereditary component of PD is at least 27%, and in some populations, single genetic factors are responsible for more than 33% of PD patients. Interestingly, many of these genetic factors, such as LRRK2, GBA, SMPD1, SNCA, PARK2, PINK1, PARK7, SCARB2, and others, are involved in the autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP). Some of these genes encode lysosomal enzymes, whereas others correspond to proteins that are involved in transport to the lysosome, mitophagy, or other autophagic-related functions. Is it possible that all these factors converge into a single pathway that causes PD? In this review, we will discuss these genetic findings and the role of the ALP in the pathogenesis of PD and will try to answer this question. We will suggest a novel hypothesis for the pathogenic mechanism of PD that involves the lysosome and the different autophagy pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziv Gan-Or
- The Department of Human Genetics; McGill University; Montreal, QC Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute; McGill University; Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Patrick A Dion
- The Department of Human Genetics; McGill University; Montreal, QC Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute; McGill University; Montreal, QC Canada
- The Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery; McGill University; Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- The Department of Human Genetics; McGill University; Montreal, QC Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute; McGill University; Montreal, QC Canada
- The Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery; McGill University; Montreal, QC Canada
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