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Ibrahim K, Iturmendi-Sabater I, Vasishth M, Barron DS, Guardavaccaro M, Funaro MC, Holmes A, McCarthy G, Eickhoff SB, Sukhodolsky DG. Neural circuit disruptions of eye gaze processing in autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2024; 264:298-313. [PMID: 38215566 PMCID: PMC10922721 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impairment in social cognition, particularly eye gaze processing, is a shared feature common to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia. However, it is unclear if a convergent neural mechanism also underlies gaze dysfunction in these conditions. The present study examined whether this shared eye gaze phenotype is reflected in a profile of convergent neurobiological dysfunction in ASD and schizophrenia. METHODS Activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analyses were conducted on peak voxel coordinates across the whole brain to identify spatial convergence. Functional coactivation with regions emerging as significant was assessed using meta-analytic connectivity modeling. Functional decoding was also conducted. RESULTS Fifty-six experiments (n = 30 with schizophrenia and n = 26 with ASD) from 36 articles met inclusion criteria, which comprised 354 participants with ASD, 275 with schizophrenia and 613 healthy controls (1242 participants in total). In ASD, aberrant activation was found in the left amygdala relative to unaffected controls during gaze processing. In schizophrenia, aberrant activation was found in the right inferior frontal gyrus and supplementary motor area. Across ASD and schizophrenia, aberrant activation was found in the right inferior frontal gyrus and right fusiform gyrus during gaze processing. Functional decoding mapped the left amygdala to domains related to emotion processing and cognition, the right inferior frontal gyrus to cognition and perception, and the right fusiform gyrus to visual perception, spatial cognition, and emotion perception. These regions also showed meta-analytic connectivity to frontoparietal and frontotemporal circuitry. CONCLUSION Alterations in frontoparietal and frontotemporal circuitry emerged as neural markers of gaze impairments in ASD and schizophrenia. These findings have implications for advancing transdiagnostic biomarkers to inform targeted treatments for ASD and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Ibrahim
- Yale University School of Medicine, Child Study Center, United States of America.
| | | | - Maya Vasishth
- Yale University School of Medicine, Child Study Center, United States of America
| | - Daniel S Barron
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, United States of America
| | | | - Melissa C Funaro
- Yale University, Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library, United States of America
| | - Avram Holmes
- Yale University, Department of Psychology, United States of America; Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, United States of America; Yale University, Wu Tsai Institute, United States of America
| | - Gregory McCarthy
- Yale University, Department of Psychology, United States of America; Yale University, Wu Tsai Institute, United States of America
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Denis G Sukhodolsky
- Yale University School of Medicine, Child Study Center, United States of America
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2
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Ekin M, Koçoğlu K, Eraslan Boz H, Akkoyun M, Tüfekci IY, Cesim E, Yalınçetin B, Özbek SU, Bora E, Akdal G. Antisaccade and memory-guided saccade in individuals at ultra-high-risk for bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2023; 339:965-972. [PMID: 37499914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultra-high-risk for bipolar disorder (UHR-BD) is an important paradigm to investigate the potential early-stage biomarkers of bipolar disorder, including eye-tracking abnormalities and cognitive functions. Antisaccade (AS) described as looking in the opposite direction of the target, and memory-guided saccade (MGS), identified as maintaining fixation, and remembering the location of the target, were used in this study. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in saccadic eye movements between UHR-BD and healthy controls (HCs) via AS-MGS. METHODS The study included 28 UHR-BD and 29 HCs. Participants were selected using a structured clinical interview for prodromal symptoms of BD. AS-MGS were measured with parameters like uncorrected errors, anticipatory saccades, and latency. Eye movements were recorded with the EyeLink 1000-Plus eye-tracker. RESULTS In the AS, the number of correct saccades was significantly decreased in UHR-BD (p = 0.020). Anticipatory (p = 0.009) and express saccades (p = 0.040) were increased in UHR-BD. In the MGS paradigm, the correct saccades were reduced in UHR-BD (p = 0.031). In addition, anticipatory (p = 0.004) and express saccades (p = 0.012) were significantly increased in cue-screen in UHR-BD. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate cognitive functions with eye movements in individuals at UHR-BD. The current findings showed that eye movement functions, particularly in saccadic parameters related to inhibition and spatial perception, may be affected in the UHR-BD group. Therefore, assessment of oculomotor functions may provide observation of clinical and cognitive functions in the early-stage of bipolar disorder. However, further research is needed because the potential effects of medication may affect saccadic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Ekin
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye; Institute of Psychology, SWPS University, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Koray Koçoğlu
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Hatice Eraslan Boz
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Müge Akkoyun
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Işıl Yağmur Tüfekci
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Ezgi Cesim
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Berna Yalınçetin
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Simge Uzman Özbek
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Emre Bora
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gülden Akdal
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
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3
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Umemoto S, Hirata Y. Emerging order of anomalous eye movements with progressive drowsiness. J Vis 2023; 23:17. [PMID: 36696121 PMCID: PMC9896843 DOI: 10.1167/jov.23.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been widely recognized that human alertness is reflected in the eyes (e.g., when drowsiness, miosis, slow saccades, divergence, less compensatory vestibulo-ocular reflex, and less-accurate optokinetic response and smooth pursuit emerge). Previous studies that discovered these pupil/oculomotor anomalous behaviors along with lowering alertness evaluated only one or a few of them simultaneously, thus their emergence order is yet unknown. Presently, we focused on the following five pupil/oculomotor behaviors that can be evaluated under a natural stationary environment without giving external sensory stimulations: saccades, slow-phase eye movements, vergence, pupil diameter, and blinks. We demonstrate that their anomalous behaviors emerge in the following order: first: frequent saccades; second: slow saccades; third: divergence & miosis, then slow eye movement, while elongated eyelid closure duration emerges randomly in this sequence. These results provide a basis for the oculo-pupillometry-enabling objective monitoring of progressive drowsiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Umemoto
- Department of Computer Science, Chubu University Graduate School of Engineering, Aichi, Japan.,
| | - Yutaka Hirata
- Department of Robotic Science and Technology, Chubu University College of Engineering, Aichi, Japan.,Academy of Emerging Sciences, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan.,Center for Mathematical Science and Artificial Intelligence, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan.,
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4
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McDonald MA, Stevenson CH, Kersten HM, Danesh-Meyer HV. Eye Movement Abnormalities in Glaucoma Patients: A Review. Eye Brain 2022; 14:83-114. [PMID: 36105571 PMCID: PMC9467299 DOI: 10.2147/eb.s361946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common condition that relies on careful clinical assessment to diagnose and determine disease progression. There is growing evidence that glaucoma is associated not only with loss of retinal ganglion cells but also with degeneration of cortical and subcortical brain structures associated with vision and eye movements. The effect of glaucoma pathophysiology on eye movements is not well understood. In this review, we examine the evidence surrounding altered eye movements in glaucoma patients compared to healthy controls, with a focus on quantitative eye tracking studies measuring saccades, fixation, and optokinetic nystagmus in a range of visual tasks. The evidence suggests that glaucoma patients have alterations in several eye movement domains. Patients exhibit longer saccade latencies, which worsen with increasing glaucoma severity. Other saccadic abnormalities include lower saccade amplitude and velocity, and difficulty inhibiting reflexive saccades. Fixation is pathologically altered in glaucoma with reduced stability. Optokinetic nystagmus measures have also been shown to be abnormal. Complex visual tasks (eg reading, driving, and navigating obstacles), integrate these eye movements and result in behavioral adaptations. The review concludes with a summary of the evidence and recommendations for future research in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A McDonald
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Clark H Stevenson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hannah M Kersten
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Eye Institute, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Helen V Danesh-Meyer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Eye Institute, Auckland, New Zealand
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5
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McDonald MA, Tayebi M, McGeown JP, Kwon EE, Holdsworth SJ, Danesh-Meyer HV. A window into eye movement dysfunction following mTBI: A scoping review of magnetic resonance imaging and eye tracking findings. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2714. [PMID: 35861623 PMCID: PMC9392543 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), commonly known as concussion, is a complex neurobehavioral phenomenon affecting six in 1000 people globally each year. Symptoms last between days and years as microstructural damage to axons and neurometabolic changes result in brain network disruption. There is no clinically available objective biomarker to diagnose the severity of injury or monitor recovery. However, emerging evidence suggests eye movement dysfunction (e.g., saccades and smooth pursuits) in patients with mTBI. Patients with a higher symptom burden and prolonged recovery time following injury may show higher degrees of eye movement dysfunction. Likewise, recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have revealed both white matter tract damage and functional network alterations in mTBI patients, which involve areas responsible for the ocular motor control. This scoping review is presented in three sections: Section 1 explores the anatomical control of eye movements to aid the reader with interpreting the discussion in subsequent sections. Section 2 examines the relationship between abnormal MRI findings and eye tracking after mTBI based on the available evidence. Finally, Section 3 communicates gaps in our knowledge about MRI and eye tracking, which should be addressed in order to substantiate this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A McDonald
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Mātai Medical Research Institute, Gisborne, New Zealand
| | - Maryam Tayebi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joshua P McGeown
- Mātai Medical Research Institute, Gisborne, New Zealand.,Auckland University of Technology Traumatic Brain Injury Network, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Eryn E Kwon
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Mātai Medical Research Institute, Gisborne, New Zealand.,Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Samantha J Holdsworth
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Mātai Medical Research Institute, Gisborne, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Helen V Danesh-Meyer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Eye Institute, Auckland, New Zealand
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6
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Jin H, Chen RB, Zhong YL, Lai PH, Huang X. Effect of Impaired Stereoscopic Vision on Large-Scale Resting-State Functional Network Connectivity in Comitant Exotropia Patients. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:833937. [PMID: 35350559 PMCID: PMC8957945 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.833937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Comitant exotropia (CE) is a common eye movement disorder, characterized by impaired eye movements and stereoscopic vision. CE patients reportedly exhibit changes in the central nervous system. However, it remains unclear whether large-scale brain network changes occur in CE patients. Purpose This study investigated the effects of exotropia and stereoscopic vision dysfunction on large-scale brain networks in CE patients via independent component analysis (ICA). Methods Twenty-eight CE patients (mean age, 15.80 ± 2.46 years) and 27 healthy controls (HCs; mean age, 16.00 ± 2.68 years; closely matched for age, sex, and education) underwent resting-state magnetic resonance imaging. ICA was applied to extract resting-state networks (RSNs) in both groups. Two-sample’s t-tests were conducted to investigate intranetwork functional connectivity (FC) within RSNs and interactions among RSNs between the two groups. Results Compared with the HC group, the CE group showed increased intranetwork FC in the bilateral postcentral gyrus of the sensorimotor network (SMN). The CE group also showed decreased intranetwork FC in the right cerebellum_8 of the cerebellum network (CER), the right superior temporal gyrus of the auditory network (AN), and the right middle occipital gyrus of the visual network (VN). Moreover, functional network connectivity (FNC) analysis showed that CER-AN, SMN-VN, SN-DMN, and DMN-VN connections were significantly altered between the two groups. Conclusion Comitant exotropia patients had abnormal brain networks related to the CER, SMN, AN, and VN. Our results offer important insights into the neural mechanisms of eye movements and stereoscopic vision dysfunction in CE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Ri-Bo Chen
- Department of Radiology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu-Lin Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Ping-Hong Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Huang,
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7
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A group comparison in fMRI data using a semiparametric model under shape invariance. Comput Stat Data Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csda.2021.107361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Wen M, Dong Z, Zhang L, Li B, Zhang Y, Li K. Depression and Cognitive Impairment: Current Understanding of Its Neurobiology and Diagnosis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:2783-2794. [PMID: 36471744 PMCID: PMC9719265 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s383093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eye movement is critical for obtaining precise visual information and providing sensorimotor processes and advanced cognitive functions to the brain behavioral indicator. METHODS In this article, we present a narrative review of the eye-movement paradigms (such as fixation, smooth pursuit eye movements, and memory-guided saccade tasks) in major depression. RESULTS Characteristics of eye movement are considered to reflect several aspects of cognitive deficits regarded as an aid to diagnosis. Findings regarding depressive disorders showed differences from the healthy population in paradigms, the characteristics of eye movement may reflect cognitive deficits in depression. Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of different eye movement paradigms for MDD screening. CONCLUSION Depression can be distinguished from other mental illnesses based on eye movements. Eye movement reflects cognitive deficits that can help diagnose depression, and it can make the entire diagnostic process more accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wen
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Provincial Mental Health Center, Baoding, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Mental and Behavioral Disorders, Baoding, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Dong
- Hebei Provincial Mental Health Center, Baoding, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Hebei Provincial Mental Health Center, Baoding, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Li
- Hebei Provincial Mental Health Center, Baoding, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Mental and Behavioral Disorders, Baoding, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunshu Zhang
- Hebei Provincial Mental Health Center, Baoding, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Mental and Behavioral Disorders, Baoding, People's Republic of China
| | - Keqing Li
- Hebei Provincial Mental Health Center, Baoding, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Mental and Behavioral Disorders, Baoding, People's Republic of China
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9
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Afyouni A, Geringswald F, Nazarian B, Grosbras MH. Brain Activity During Antisaccades to Faces in Adolescence. Cereb Cortex Commun 2021; 2:tgab057. [PMID: 34806014 PMCID: PMC8597975 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control and social perception both change during adolescence, but little is known of the interaction of these 2 processes. We aimed to characterize developmental changes in brain activity related to the influence of a social stimulus on cognitive control and more specifically on inhibitory control. Children (age 8-11, n = 19), adolescents (age 12-17, n = 20), and adults (age 24-40, n = 19) performed an antisaccade task with either faces or cars as visual stimuli, during functional magnetic resonance brain imaging. We replicate the finding of the engagement of the core oculomotor and face perception brain regions in all age-groups, with increased involvement of frontoparietal oculomotor regions and fusiform face regions with age. The antisaccade-related activity was modulated by stimulus category significantly only in adolescents. This interaction was observed mainly in occipitotemporal regions as well as in supplementary motor cortex and postcentral gyrus. These results indicate a special treatment of social stimuli during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Afyouni
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LNC, Marseille, France
| | | | - Bruno Nazarian
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INT Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289, Centre IRM-INT@CERIMED, Marseille, France
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10
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Pelletier G, Aridan N, Fellows LK, Schonberg T. A Preferential Role for Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Assessing "the Value of the Whole" in Multiattribute Object Evaluation. J Neurosci 2021; 41:5056-5068. [PMID: 33906899 PMCID: PMC8197643 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0241-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Everyday decision-making commonly involves assigning values to complex objects with multiple value-relevant attributes. Drawing on object recognition theories, we hypothesized two routes to multiattribute evaluation: assessing the value of the whole object based on holistic attribute configuration or summing individual attribute values. In two samples of healthy human male and female participants undergoing eye tracking and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while evaluating novel pseudo objects, we found evidence for both forms of evaluation. Fixations to and transitions between attributes differed systematically when the value of pseudo objects was associated with individual attributes or attribute configurations. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and perirhinal cortex were engaged when configural processing was required. These results converge with our recent findings that individuals with vmPFC lesions were impaired in decisions requiring configural evaluation but not when evaluating the sum of the parts. This suggests that multiattribute decision-making engages distinct evaluation mechanisms relying on partially dissociable neural substrates, depending on the relationship between attributes and value.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Decision neuroscience has only recently begun to address how multiple choice-relevant attributes are brought together during evaluation and choice among complex options. Object recognition research makes a crucial distinction between individual attribute and holistic/configural object processing, but how the brain evaluates attributes and whole objects remains unclear. Using fMRI and eye tracking, we found that the vmPFC and the perirhinal cortex contribute to value estimation specifically when value was related to whole objects, that is, predicted by the unique configuration of attributes and not when value was predicted by the sum of individual attribute values. This perspective on the interactions between subjective value and object processing mechanisms provides a novel bridge between the study of object recognition and reward-guided decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Pelletier
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Nadav Aridan
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Lesley K Fellows
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Tom Schonberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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11
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Sami MB, Annibale L, O'Neill A, Collier T, Onyejiaka C, Eranti S, Das D, Kelbrick M, McGuire P, Williams SCR, Rana A, Ettinger U, Bhattacharyya S. Eye movements in patients in early psychosis with and without a history of cannabis use. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2021; 7:24. [PMID: 33980870 PMCID: PMC8115050 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-021-00155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear whether early psychosis in the context of cannabis use is different from psychosis without cannabis. We investigated this issue by examining whether abnormalities in oculomotor control differ between patients with psychosis with and without a history of cannabis use. We studied four groups: patients in the early phase of psychosis with a history of cannabis use (EPC; n = 28); patients in the early phase of psychosis without (EPNC; n = 25); controls with a history of cannabis use (HCC; n = 16); and controls without (HCNC; n = 22). We studied smooth pursuit eye movements using a stimulus with sinusoidal waveform at three target frequencies (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 Hz). Participants also performed 40 antisaccade trials. There were no differences between the EPC and EPNC groups in diagnosis, symptom severity or level of functioning. We found evidence for a cannabis effect (χ2 = 23.14, p < 0.001), patient effect (χ2 = 4.84, p = 0.028) and patient × cannabis effect (χ2 = 4.20, p = 0.04) for smooth pursuit velocity gain. There was a large difference between EPC and EPNC (g = 0.76-0.86) with impairment in the non cannabis using group. We found no significant effect for antisaccade error whereas patients had fewer valid trials compared to controls. These data indicate that impairment of smooth pursuit in psychosis is more severe in patients without a history of cannabis use. This is consistent with the notion that the severity of neurobiological alterations in psychosis is lower in patients whose illness developed in the context of cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa Basseer Sami
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences King's College London, London, UK.
- Institute of Mental Health, Nottingham University, Nottingham, England.
| | - Luciano Annibale
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences King's College London, London, UK
| | - Aisling O'Neill
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tracy Collier
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences King's College London, London, UK
| | - Chidimma Onyejiaka
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Debasis Das
- Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Philip McGuire
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Anas Rana
- Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Sagnik Bhattacharyya
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences King's College London, London, UK
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12
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Meng Q, Tan X, Jiang C, Xiong Y, Yan B, Zhang J. Tracking Eye Movements During Sleep in Mice. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:616760. [PMID: 33716648 PMCID: PMC7947631 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.616760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Eye movement is not only for adjusting the visual field and maintaining the stability of visual information on the retina, but also provides an external manifestation of the cognitive status of the brain. Recent studies showed similarity in eye movement patterns between wakefulness and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, indicating that the brain status of REM sleep likely resembles that of awake status. REM sleep in humans could be divided into phasic REM and tonic REM sleep according to the difference in eye movement frequencies. Mice are the most commonly used animal model for studying neuronal and molecular mechanisms underlying sleep. However, there was a lack of details for eye movement patterns during REM sleep, hence it remains unknown whether REM sleep can be further divided into different stages in mice. Here we developed a device combining electroencephalogram (EEG), electromyogram (EMG) as well as eye movements recording in mice to study the eye movement patterns during sleep. We implanted a magnet beneath the conjunctiva of eye and tracked eye movements using a magnetic sensor. The magnetic signals showed strong correlation with video-oculography in head-fixed mice, indicating that the magnetic signals reflect the direction and magnitude of eye movement. We also found that the magnet implanted beneath the conjunctiva exhibited good biocompatibility. Finally, we examined eye movement in sleep–wake cycle, and discriminated tonic REM and phasic REM according to the frequency of eye movements, finding that compared to tonic REM, phasic REM exhibited higher oscillation power at 0.50 Hz, and lower oscillation power at 1.50–7.25 Hz and 9.50–12.00 Hz. Our device allowed to simultaneously record EEG, EMG, and eye movements during sleep and wakefulness, providing a convenient and high temporal-spatial resolution tool for studying eye movements in sleep and other researches in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshuo Meng
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinrong Tan
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengyong Jiang
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyu Xiong
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Biao Yan
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Thiery T, Saive AL, Combrisson E, Dehgan A, Bastin J, Kahane P, Berthoz A, Lachaux JP, Jerbi K. Decoding the neural dynamics of free choice in humans. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000864. [PMID: 33301439 PMCID: PMC7755286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
How do we choose a particular action among equally valid alternatives? Nonhuman primate findings have shown that decision-making implicates modulations in unit firing rates and local field potentials (LFPs) across frontal and parietal cortices. Yet the electrophysiological brain mechanisms that underlie free choice in humans remain ill defined. Here, we address this question using rare intracerebral electroencephalography (EEG) recordings in surgical epilepsy patients performing a delayed oculomotor decision task. We find that the temporal dynamics of high-gamma (HG, 60-140 Hz) neural activity in distinct frontal and parietal brain areas robustly discriminate free choice from instructed saccade planning at the level of single trials. Classification analysis was applied to the LFP signals to isolate decision-related activity from sensory and motor planning processes. Compared with instructed saccades, free-choice trials exhibited delayed and longer-lasting HG activity during the delay period. The temporal dynamics of the decision-specific sustained HG activity indexed the unfolding of a deliberation process, rather than memory maintenance. Taken together, these findings provide the first direct electrophysiological evidence in humans for the role of sustained high-frequency neural activation in frontoparietal cortex in mediating the intrinsically driven process of freely choosing among competing behavioral alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Thiery
- Cognitive & Computational Neuroscience Lab, Psychology Department, University of Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anne-Lise Saive
- Cognitive & Computational Neuroscience Lab, Psychology Department, University of Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Etienne Combrisson
- Cognitive & Computational Neuroscience Lab, Psychology Department, University of Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Lyon, France
| | - Arthur Dehgan
- Cognitive & Computational Neuroscience Lab, Psychology Department, University of Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Julien Bastin
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | | | - Karim Jerbi
- Cognitive & Computational Neuroscience Lab, Psychology Department, University of Montreal, Québec, Canada
- MILA (Québec Artificial Intelligence Institute), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre UNIQUE (Union Neurosciences & Intelligence Artificielle), Montréal, Québec, Canada
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14
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Brakemeier S, Sprenger A, Meyhöfer I, McDowell JE, Rubin LH, Hill SK, Keshavan MS, Pearlson GD, Tamminga CA, Gershon ES, Keedy SS, Sweeney JA, Clementz BA, Lencer R. Smooth pursuit eye movement deficits as a biomarker for psychotic features in bipolar disorder-Findings from the PARDIP study. Bipolar Disord 2020; 22:602-611. [PMID: 31721386 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Smooth pursuit eye movement deficits are an established psychosis biomarker across schizophrenia, schizoaffective and psychotic bipolar disorder (BPwP). Whether smooth pursuit deficits are also seen in bipolar disorder without psychosis (BPwoP) is unclear. Here we present data from the Psychosis and Affective Research Domains and Intermediate Phenotypes (PARDIP) study comparing bipolar patients with and without psychotic features. METHODS Probands with BPwP (N = 49) and BPwoP (N = 36), and healthy controls (HC, N = 71) performed eye tracking tasks designed to evaluate specific sensorimotor components relevant for pursuit initiation and pursuit maintenance. RESULTS While BPwoP did not differ from either BPwP or HC on initial eye acceleration, they performed significantly better than BPwP on early (P < .01) and predictive (P = .02) pursuit maintenance measures, both without differing from HC. BPwP were impaired compared to HC on initial eye acceleration, and on early and predictive pursuit maintenance (all P < .01). In contrast to the three pursuit measures, BPwP and BPwoP were both impaired on general neurocognitive assessments in relation to HC (both P < .001), without a significant difference between the two bipolar patient groups. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the model that impairments of sensorimotor and cognitive processing as required for early and later predictive smooth pursuit maintenance are relatively specific to those bipolar patients with a history of psychosis. This suggests that the neural circuitry for developing feed-forward predictive models for accurate pursuit maintenance is associated with the occurrence of psychotic features in bipolar patients. In contrast, generalized neuropsychological impairments did not differentiate the two bipolar patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Brakemeier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Andreas Sprenger
- Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Inga Meyhöfer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jennifer E McDowell
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Leah H Rubin
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S Kristian Hill
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matcheri S Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deacones Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, and Olin Research Center, Institute of Living/Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Carol A Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Elliot S Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah S Keedy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John A Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Brett A Clementz
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Rebekka Lencer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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15
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Barton JJS, Ranalli PJ. Reply to "Concerning Vision Therapy and Ocular Motor Training in Mild TBI". Ann Neurol 2020; 88:1054-1055. [PMID: 32799326 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason J S Barton
- Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences, Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paul J Ranalli
- Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Otolaryngology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Chen L, Wassermann D, Abrams DA, Kochalka J, Gallardo-Diez G, Menon V. The visual word form area (VWFA) is part of both language and attention circuitry. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5601. [PMID: 31811149 PMCID: PMC6898452 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13634-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While predominant models of visual word form area (VWFA) function argue for its specific role in decoding written language, other accounts propose a more general role of VWFA in complex visual processing. However, a comprehensive examination of structural and functional VWFA circuits and their relationship to behavior has been missing. Here, using high-resolution multimodal imaging data from a large Human Connectome Project cohort (N = 313), we demonstrate robust patterns of VWFA connectivity with both canonical language and attentional networks. Brain-behavior relationships revealed a striking pattern of double dissociation: structural connectivity of VWFA with lateral temporal language network predicted language, but not visuo-spatial attention abilities, while VWFA connectivity with dorsal fronto-parietal attention network predicted visuo-spatial attention, but not language abilities. Our findings support a multiplex model of VWFA function characterized by distinct circuits for integrating language and attention, and point to connectivity-constrained cognition as a key principle of human brain organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94394, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA.
| | - Demian Wassermann
- Parietal, Inria Saclay Île-de-France, CEA, Université Paris-Sud, 1 Rue Honoré d'Estienne d'Orves, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Daniel A Abrams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94394, USA
| | - John Kochalka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94394, USA
| | - Guillermo Gallardo-Diez
- Athena Project Team, INRIA Sophia Antipolis-Méditerranée, 06902, Sophia Antipolis CEDEX, France
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94394, USA.
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94394, USA.
- Stanford Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94394, USA.
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17
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Li F, Wu D, Lui S, Gong Q, Sweeney JA. Clinical Strategies and Technical Challenges in Psychoradiology. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2019; 30:1-13. [PMID: 31759566 DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Psychoradiology is an emerging discipline at the intersection between radiology and psychiatry. It holds promise for playing a role in clinical diagnosis, evaluation of treatment response and prognosis, and illness risk prediction for patients with psychiatric disorders. Addressing complex issues, such as the biological heterogeneity of psychiatric syndromes and unclear neurobiological mechanisms underpinning radiological abnormalities, is a challenge that needs to be resolved. With the advance of multimodal imaging and more efforts in standardization of image acquisition and analysis, psychoradiology is becoming a promising tool for the future of clinical care for patients with psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Lane, Chengdu 610041, China; Psychoradiology Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Lane, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dongsheng Wu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Lane, Chengdu 610041, China; Psychoradiology Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Lane, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Su Lui
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Lane, Chengdu 610041, China; Psychoradiology Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Lane, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Lane, Chengdu 610041, China; Psychoradiology Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Lane, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - John A Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Suite 3200, 260 Stetson Street, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
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18
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Douglass A, Walterfang M, Velakoulis D, Abel L. Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia Performance on a Range of Saccadic Tasks. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 65:231-242. [PMID: 30040708 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saccadic paradigms display changes across a number of degenerative conditions reflecting changes in the oculomotor pathway which in some conditions have been linked to disease presentation. OBJECTIVE To examine a novel range of saccadic paradigms in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). METHODS Prosaccade, predictive, self-paced, memory-guided, and anti-saccade tasks were examined in bvFTD patients and controls. RESULTS A significant increase in latency for the bvFTD group was seen in all tasks. Self-paced saccades are reduced in number, memory-guided saccades display an increase in errors. Predictive saccades show an increased latency that does not remain when prosaccade latency changes are accounted for. While changes were seen across a range of paradigms, no individual task completely separated bvFTD from control participants. CONCLUSION bvFTD patients as a group display a number of changes on saccadic testing which may reflect the frontal lobe changes seen in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Douglass
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Optometry, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia
| | - Mark Walterfang
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Neuropsychiatry Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dennis Velakoulis
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Neuropsychiatry Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Larry Abel
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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19
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Lencer R, Yao L, Reilly JL, Keedy SK, McDowell JE, Keshavan MS, Pearlson GD, Tamminga CA, Gershon ES, Clementz BA, Lui S, Sweeney JA. Alterations in intrinsic fronto-thalamo-parietal connectivity are associated with cognitive control deficits in psychotic disorders. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 40:163-174. [PMID: 30260540 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a growing number of reports about alterations in intrinsic/resting brain activity observed in patients with psychotic disorders, their relevance to well-established cognitive control deficits in this patient group is not well understood. Totally 88 clinically stabilized patients with a psychotic disorder and 50 healthy controls participated in a resting-state magnetic resonance imaging study (rs-MRI) and performed an antisaccade task in the laboratory to assess voluntary inhibitory control ability. Deficits on this task are a well-established biomarker across psychotic disorders as we found in the present patient sample. First, regional cerebral function was evaluated by measuring the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFF) in rs-MRI BOLD signals. We found reduced ALFF in patients in regions known to be relevant to antisaccade task performance including bilateral frontal eye fields (FEF), supplementary eye fields (SEF) and thalamus. Second, areas with ALFF alterations were used as seed areas in whole-brain functional connectivity (FC) analysis. Altered FC was observed in a fronto-thalamo-parietal network that was associated with inhibition error rate in patients but not in controls. In contrast, faster time to generate a correct antisaccade was associated with FC in FEF and SEF in controls but this effect was not seen in patients. These findings establish a behavioral relevance of resting-state fMRI findings in psychotic disorders, and extend previous reports of alterations in fronto-thalamo-parietal network activation during antisaccade performance seen in task-based fMRI studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Lencer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, and Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - James L Reilly
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Sarah K Keedy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Matcheri S Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deacones Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale School of Medicine, and Olin Research Center, Institute of Living/Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT
| | - Carol A Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Elliot S Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Su Lui
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - John A Sweeney
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
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20
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Gorges M, Müller HP, Kassubek J. Structural and Functional Brain Mapping Correlates of Impaired Eye Movement Control in Parkinsonian Syndromes: A Systems-Based Concept. Front Neurol 2018; 9:319. [PMID: 29867729 PMCID: PMC5949537 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The investigation of the human oculomotor system by eye movement recordings provides an approach to behavior and its alterations in disease. The neurodegenerative process underlying parkinsonian syndromes, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and multisystem atrophy (MSA) changes structural and functional brain organization, and thus affects eye movement control in a characteristic manner. Video-oculography has been established as a non-invasive recording device for eye movements, and systematic investigations of eye movement control in a clinical framework have emerged as a functional diagnostic tool in neurodegenerative parkinsonism. Disease-specific brain atrophy in parkinsonian syndromes has been reported for decades, these findings were refined by studies utilizing diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and task-based/task-free functional MRI—both MRI techniques revealed disease-specific patterns of altered structural and functional brain organization. Here, characteristic disturbances of eye movement control in parkinsonian syndromes and their correlations with the structural and functional brain network alterations are reviewed. On this basis, we discuss the growing field of graph-based network analysis of the structural and functional connectome as a promising candidate for explaining abnormal phenotypes of eye movement control at the network level, both in health and in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gorges
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Jan Kassubek
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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21
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Yep R, Soncin S, Brien DC, Coe BC, Marin A, Munoz DP. Using an emotional saccade task to characterize executive functioning and emotion processing in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder. Brain Cogn 2018; 124:1-13. [PMID: 29698907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite distinct diagnostic criteria, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and bipolar disorder (BD) share cognitive and emotion processing deficits that complicate diagnoses. The goal of this study was to use an emotional saccade task to characterize executive functioning and emotion processing in adult ADHD and BD. Participants (21 control, 20 ADHD, 20 BD) performed an interleaved pro/antisaccade task (look toward vs. look away from a visual target, respectively) in which the sex of emotional face stimuli acted as the cue to perform either the pro- or antisaccade. Both patient groups made more direction (erroneous prosaccades on antisaccade trials) and anticipatory (saccades made before cue processing) errors than controls. Controls exhibited lower microsaccade rates preceding correct anti- vs. prosaccade initiation, but this task-related modulation was absent in both patient groups. Regarding emotion processing, the ADHD group performed worse than controls on neutral face trials, while the BD group performed worse than controls on trials presenting faces of all valence. These findings support the role of fronto-striatal circuitry in mediating response inhibition deficits in both ADHD and BD, and suggest that such deficits are exacerbated in BD during emotion processing, presumably via dysregulated limbic system circuitry involving the anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Yep
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Stephen Soncin
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Donald C Brien
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Brian C Coe
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Alina Marin
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Hotel Dieu Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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22
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Aparicio X, Heidlmayr K, Isel F. Inhibition Efficiency in Highly Proficient Bilinguals and Simultaneous Interpreters: Evidence from Language Switching and Stroop Tasks. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2017; 46:1427-1451. [PMID: 28597331 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-017-9501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present behavioral study aimed to examine the impact of language control expertise on two domain-general control processes, i.e. active inhibition of competing representations and overcoming of inhibition. We compared how Simultaneous Interpreters (SI) and Highly Proficient Bilinguals-two groups assumed to differ in language control capacity-performed executive tasks involving specific inhibition processes. In Experiment 1 (language decision task), both active and overcoming of inhibition processes are involved, while in Experiment 2 (bilingual Stroop task) only interference suppression is supposed to be required. The results of Experiment 1 showed a language switching effect only for the highly proficient bilinguals, potentially because overcoming of inhibition requires more cognitive resources than in SI. Nevertheless, both groups performed similarly on the Stroop task in Experiment 2, which suggests that active inhibition may work similarly in both groups. These contrasting results suggest that overcoming of inhibition may be harder to master than active inhibition. Taken together, these data indicate that some executive control processes may be less sensitive to the degree of expertise in bilingual language control than others. Our findings lend support to psycholinguistic models of bilingualism postulating a higher-order mechanism regulating language activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Aparicio
- Laboratory CHArt - EA 4004, Paris-Est Créteil University - ESPE, Créteil, France.
| | - Karin Heidlmayr
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frédéric Isel
- Laboratory MoDyCo - UMR 7114, CNRS, Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense University - Paris Lumières, Paris, France
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23
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Schaeffer DJ, Rodrigue AL, Burton CR, Pierce JE, Murphy MN, Clementz BA, McDowell JE. White matter fiber integrity of the saccadic eye movement network differs between schizophrenia and healthy groups. Psychophysiology 2017; 54:1967-1977. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jordan E. Pierce
- Department of Psychology; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
| | - Megan N. Murphy
- Department of Psychology; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
| | - Brett A. Clementz
- Department of Neuroscience; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
- Department of Psychology; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
| | - Jennifer E. McDowell
- Department of Neuroscience; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
- Department of Psychology; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
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24
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Abstract
It is accepted that the formulation of the motor program in the brain is not only the perceptual and motor function but also the cognitive one. Therefore it is not surprising that the execution of saccadic eye movements can by substantially affected be the on-going mental activity of a given person. Not only the distribution of attention, but also the focusing the attention may influence the main gain of saccades, their accuracy. Patients suffering from mental disorders have strongly engaged their attention focused at their mental processes. The nature of their problems may be linked to perceptual and/or analytical processing. Such so-called mental set may significantly affect their oculomotor activity in the course of their saccadic eye movement examinations. This short comment points out not only to the influence of the contextually guided and generated saccadic eye movements upon their accuracy but also to the distribution and focusing the attention. The effect of the functional brain asymmetry upon the visually generated saccades and the possible effect of biologically active substances upon the voluntary generated saccades are briefly mentioned. All these influences should be taken into account when planning the saccadic eye movement task. It may be concluded that the repetition of the same oculomotor task in a given person has to be introduced. This may help to follow the effect of complex therapy namely.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jagla
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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25
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Cieslik EC, Seidler I, Laird AR, Fox PT, Eickhoff SB. Different involvement of subregions within dorsal premotor and medial frontal cortex for pro- and antisaccades. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:256-269. [PMID: 27211526 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The antisaccade task has been widely used to investigate cognitive action control. While the general network for saccadic eye movements is well defined, the exact location of eye fields within the frontal cortex strongly varies between studies. It is unknown whether this inconsistency reflects spatial uncertainty or is the result of different involvement of subregions for specific aspects of eye movement control. The aim of the present study was to examine functional differentiations within the frontal cortex by integrating results from neuroimaging studies analyzing pro- and antisaccade behavior using meta-analyses. The results provide evidence for a differential functional specialization of neighboring oculomotor frontal regions, with lateral frontal eye fields (FEF) and supplementary eye field (SEF) more often involved in prosaccades while medial FEF and anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC) revealed consistent stronger involvement for antisaccades. This dissociation was furthermore mirrored by functional connectivity analyses showing that the lateral FEF and SEF are embedded in a motor output network, while medial FEF and aMCC are integrated in a multiple demand network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna C Cieslik
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1) Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Isabelle Seidler
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Angela R Laird
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Peter T Fox
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, TX, USA; Research Service, South Texas Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; State Key Laboratory for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1) Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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Transition from Target to Gaze Coding in Primate Frontal Eye Field during Memory Delay and Memory-Motor Transformation. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-TNWR-0040-16. [PMID: 27092335 PMCID: PMC4829728 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0040-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The frontal eye fields (FEFs) participate in both working memory and sensorimotor transformations for saccades, but their role in integrating these functions through time remains unclear. Here, we tracked FEF spatial codes through time using a novel analytic method applied to the classic memory-delay saccade task. Three-dimensional recordings of head-unrestrained gaze shifts were made in two monkeys trained to make gaze shifts toward briefly flashed targets after a variable delay (450-1500 ms). A preliminary analysis of visual and motor response fields in 74 FEF neurons eliminated most potential models for spatial coding at the neuron population level, as in our previous study (Sajad et al., 2015). We then focused on the spatiotemporal transition from an eye-centered target code (T; preferred in the visual response) to an eye-centered intended gaze position code (G; preferred in the movement response) during the memory delay interval. We treated neural population codes as a continuous spatiotemporal variable by dividing the space spanning T and G into intermediate T–G models and dividing the task into discrete steps through time. We found that FEF delay activity, especially in visuomovement cells, progressively transitions from T through intermediate T–G codes that approach, but do not reach, G. This was followed by a final discrete transition from these intermediate T–G delay codes to a “pure” G code in movement cells without delay activity. These results demonstrate that FEF activity undergoes a series of sensory–memory–motor transformations, including a dynamically evolving spatial memory signal and an imperfect memory-to-motor transformation.
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Antisaccade-related brain activation in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder--A pilot study. Psychiatry Res 2015; 234:272-9. [PMID: 26459074 PMCID: PMC4663690 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
While antisaccade paradigms invoke circuitry associated with cognitive control and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), there is a dearth of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) investigations using antisaccade tasks among children with ADHD. Neural correlates associated with antisaccade performance were examined with fMRI in 11 children with ADHD (10 medicated) matched to 11 typically developing children. Significantly greater brain activation in regions in right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and caudate nucleus was observed in children with ADHD relative to the control group. This pattern separated the children into their respective groups in a taxonomic manner. Sensitivity analyses probing comorbidity and medication-specific effects showed that results were consistent; however, the caudate nucleus difference was only detectable in the full sample, or in subsets with a more relaxed cluster threshold. Antisaccade performance did not significantly differ between the groups, perhaps as a result of greater brain activation or medication effects in the ADHD group. Thus, antisaccade paradigms may have sensitivity and specificity for the investigation of cognitive control deficits and associated neural correlates in ADHD, and may contribute towards the development of new treatment approaches for children with the disorder.
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Hamzei F, Vry MS, Saur D, Glauche V, Hoeren M, Mader I, Weiller C, Rijntjes M. The Dual-Loop Model and the Human Mirror Neuron System: an Exploratory Combined fMRI and DTI Study of the Inferior Frontal Gyrus. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:2215-24. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Carl C, Hipp JF, König P, Engel AK. Spectral Signatures of Saccade Target Selection. Brain Topogr 2015; 29:130-48. [PMID: 25690830 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-015-0426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Action generation relies on a widely distributed network of brain areas. However, little is known about the spatiotemporal dynamics of neuronal activity in the network that gives rise to voluntary action in humans. Here, we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) and source analysis (n = 15, 7 female subjects) to investigate the spectral signatures of human cortical networks engaged in active and intrinsically motivated viewing behavior. We compared neuronal activity of externally cued saccades with saccades to freely chosen targets. For planning and execution of both saccade types, we found an increase in gamma band (~64-128 Hz) activity and a concurrent decrease in beta band (~12-32 Hz) activity in saccadic control areas, including the intraparietal sulcus and the frontal eye fields. Guided compared to voluntary actions were accompanied by stronger transient increases in the gamma and low frequency (<16 Hz) range immediately following the instructional cue. In contrast, action selection between competing alternatives was reflected by stronger sustained fronto-parietal gamma increases that occurred later in time and persisted until movement execution. This sustained enhancement for free target selection was accompanied by a spatially widespread reduction of lower frequency power (~8-45 Hz) in parietal and extrastriate areas. Our results suggest that neuronal population activity in the gamma frequency band in a distributed network of fronto-parietal areas reflects the intrinsically driven process of selection among competing behavioral alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Carl
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, Albrechtstraße 28, 49069, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Joerg F Hipp
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 17, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- MEG-Center, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter König
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, Albrechtstraße 28, 49069, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Andreas K Engel
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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Keedy SK, Bishop JR, Weiden PJ, Sweeney JA, Rosen C, Marvin R, Reilly JL. Disease and drug effects on internally-generated and externally-elicited responses in first episode schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder. Schizophr Res 2014; 159:101-6. [PMID: 25112158 PMCID: PMC4177289 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurocognitive deficits are associated with most psychotic disorders, but may differ across diagnosis and by treatment status. This ambiguity is partly addressed in longitudinal pre/post treatment studies with first episode patients. Antipsychotic-naïve first-episode schizophrenia patients have shown intact performance on a predictive saccade task that assesses simple motor learning, spatial abilities, and response planning. After antipsychotic treatment, however, schizophrenia patients performing this task show a selective impairment in the accuracy of anticipatory responses, generated from learned internal representations of the task stimulus. This finding is in line with other observations of antipsychotic medication effects on frontostriatal systems, particularly dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. We sought to replicate this provocative finding with an independent sample of antipsychotic-naïve first-episode schizophrenia patients and extend it by including a group of patients with first episode bipolar disorder with psychosis (BDP). Matched healthy controls were also studied in parallel. Schizophrenia patients demonstrated intact performance pretreatment followed by impairment post-treatment for accuracy of anticipatory responses, and worse accuracy was associated with higher antipsychotic dose. BDP patients displayed saccade accuracy deficits before and after treatment and had no correlation of performance and antipsychotic dose. The findings suggest different neural alterations early in the course of each psychotic disorder, and different vulnerabilities to antipsychotic treatment effects between schizophrenia and BDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Keedy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC3077, University of Chicago, IL, 60637,Corresponding author: ph. 773 834-7178, fax 773 834-4536
| | - Jeffrey R. Bishop
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
| | - Peter J. Weiden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
| | - John A. Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Cherise Rosen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - Robert Marvin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - James L. Reilly
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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31
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Johnson B, Zhang K, Hallett M, Slobounov S. Functional neuroimaging of acute oculomotor deficits in concussed athletes. Brain Imaging Behav 2014; 9:564-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-014-9316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Reilly JL, Frankovich K, Hill S, Gershon ES, Keefe RSE, Keshavan MS, Pearlson GD, Tamminga CA, Sweeney JA. Elevated antisaccade error rate as an intermediate phenotype for psychosis across diagnostic categories. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:1011-21. [PMID: 24080895 PMCID: PMC4133662 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbt132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated antisaccade error rate, reflecting problems with inhibitory behavioral control, is a promising intermediate phenotype for schizophrenia. Here, we consider whether it marks liability across psychotic disorders via common or different neurophysiological mechanisms and whether it represents a neurocognitive risk indicator apart from the generalized cognitive deficit. METHODS Schizophrenia (n = 267), schizoaffective (n = 150), and psychotic bipolar (n = 202) probands, their first-degree relatives (ns = 304, 193, 242, respectively), and healthy controls (n = 244), participating in the Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes consortium, performed antisaccade and prosaccade tasks and completed a neuropsychological battery. RESULTS Antisaccade error rate was elevated in proband groups with greatest deficit observed in schizophrenia and was unrelated to symptoms and antipsychotic treatment. Increased error rate was also observed among relatives, even those without history of psychosis or psychosis spectrum personality traits. Relatives' deficits were similar across proband diagnoses. Error rate was familial and remained elevated in proband and relative groups after accounting for generalized cognitive impairment. Speed of attentional shifting, indexed by prosaccade latency, was similarly influenced in all groups by manipulations that freed vs increasingly engaged attention systems and was inversely associated with antisaccade error rate in all but schizophrenia probands. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that elevated antisaccade error rate represents an intermediate phenotype for psychosis across diagnostic categories, and that it tracks risk beyond that attributable to the generalized cognitive deficit. The greater severity of antisaccade impairment in schizophrenia and its independence from attention shifting processes suggest more severe and specific prefrontal inhibitory control deficits in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L. Reilly
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL;,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 446 East Ontario Street, Suite. 7-100, Chicago, IL 60611, US; tel: 312-503-4809, fax: 312-503-0527, e-mail:
| | - Kyle Frankovich
- Center for Mind and Brain and Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Scot Hill
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago, IL
| | - Elliot S. Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Matcheri S. Keshavan
- Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital and Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Godfrey D. Pearlson
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT;,Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Living/Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT
| | - Carol A. Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX
| | - John A. Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX
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Huestegge L, Pieczykolan A, Koch I. Talking while looking: On the encapsulation of output system representations. Cogn Psychol 2014; 73:72-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Preliminary findings on the heritability of the neural correlates of response inhibition. Biol Psychol 2014; 103:19-23. [PMID: 25101865 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Imaging genetics examines genetic influences on brain structure and function. This preliminary study tested a fundamental assumption of that approach by estimating the heritability of the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal during antisaccades, a measure of response inhibition impaired in different psychiatric conditions. One hundred thirty-two healthy same-sex reared-together twins (90 monozygotic (MZ; 32 male) and 42 dizygotic (DZ; 24 male)) performed antisaccades in the laboratory. Of these, 96 twins (60 MZ, 28 male; 36 DZ, 22 male) subsequently underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during antisaccades. Variation in antisaccade direction errors in the laboratory showed significant heritability (47%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 22-65). In fMRI, the contrast of antisaccades with prosaccades yielded BOLD signal in fronto-parietal-subcortical networks. Twin modelling provided tentative evidence of significant heritability (50%, 95% CI: 18-72) of BOLD in the left thalamus only. However, due to the limited power to detect heritability in this study, replications in larger samples are needed.
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35
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Effects of acute alcohol intoxication on saccadic conflict and error processing. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 230:487-97. [PMID: 23812762 PMCID: PMC3869380 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Flexible behavior optimization relies on cognitive control which includes the ability to suppress automatic responses interfering with relevant goals. Extensive evidence suggests that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is the central node in a predominantly frontal cortical network subserving executive tasks. Neuroimaging studies indicate that the ACC is sensitive to acute intoxication during conflict, but such evidence is limited to tasks using manual responses with arbitrary response contingencies. OBJECTIVES The present study was designed to examine whether alcohol's effects on top-down cognitive control would generalize to the oculomotor system during inhibition of hardwired saccadic responses. METHODS Healthy social drinkers (N = 22) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning and eye movement tracking during alcohol (0.6 g/kg ethanol for men, 0.55 g/kg for women) and placebo conditions in a counterbalanced design. They performed visually guided prosaccades (PS) towards a target and volitional antisaccades (AS) away from it. To mitigate possible vasoactive effects of alcohol on the BOLD (blood oxygenation level-dependent) signal, resting perfusion was quantified with arterial spin labeling (ASL) and used as a covariate in the BOLD analysis. RESULTS Saccadic conflict was subserved by a distributed frontoparietal network. However, alcohol intoxication selectively attenuated activity only in the ACC to volitional AS and erroneous responses. CONCLUSIONS This study provides converging evidence for the selective ACC vulnerability to alcohol intoxication during conflict across different response modalities and executive tasks, confirming its supramodal, high-level role in cognitive control. Alcohol intoxication may impair top-down regulative functions by attenuating the ACC activity, resulting in behavioral disinhibition and decreased self-control.
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Lukasova K, Sommer J, Nucci-da-Silva MP, Vieira G, Blanke M, Bremmer F, Sato JR, Kircher T, Amaro E. Test-retest reliability of fMRI activation generated by different saccade tasks. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 40:37-46. [PMID: 24307559 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the reproducibility of brain-activation and eye-movement patterns in a saccade paradigm when comparing subjects, tasks, and magnetic resonance (MR) systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-five healthy adults at two different sites (n = 45) performed saccade tasks with varying levels of target predictability: predictable (PRED), position predictable (pPRED), time predictable (tPRED), and prosaccade (SAC). Eye-movement pattern was tested with a repeated-measures analysis of variance. Activation maps reproducibility were estimated with the cluster overlap Jaccard index and signal variance coefficient of determination for within-subjects test-retest data, and for between-subjects data from the same and different sites. RESULTS In all groups latencies increased with decreasing target predictability: PRED < pPRED < tPRED < SAC (P < 0,001). Activation overlap was good to fair (>0.40) in all tasks in the within-subjects test-retest comparisons and poor (<0.40) in the tPRED for different subjects. The overlap of the different tasks for within-groups data was higher (0.40-0.68) than for the between-groups data (0.30-0.50). Activation consistency was 60-85% in the same subjects, 50-79% in different subjects, and 50-80% in different sites. In SAC, the activation found in the same and in different subjects was more consistent than in other tasks (50-80%). CONCLUSION The predictive saccade tasks produced evidence for brain-activation and eye-movement reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Lukasova
- NIF/LIM44, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; Faculty of Psychology, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Stephan DN, Koch I, Hendler J, Huestegge L. Task Switching, Modality Compatibility, and the Supra-Modal Function of Eye Movements. Exp Psychol 2013; 60:90-9. [DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous research suggested that specific pairings of stimulus and response modalities (visual-manual and auditory-vocal tasks) lead to better dual-task performance than other pairings (visual-vocal and auditory-manual tasks). In the present task-switching study, we further examined this modality compatibility effect and investigated the role of response modality by additionally studying oculomotor responses as an alternative to manual responses. Interestingly, the switch cost pattern revealed a much stronger modality compatibility effect for groups in which vocal and manual responses were combined as compared to a group involving vocal and oculomotor responses, where the modality compatibility effect was largely abolished. We suggest that in the vocal-manual response groups the modality compatibility effect is based on cross-talk of central processing codes due to preferred stimulus-response modality processing pathways, whereas the oculomotor response modality may be shielded against cross-talk due to the supra-modal functional importance of visual orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iring Koch
- Department of Psychology, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | | | - Lynn Huestegge
- Department of Psychology, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
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Jamadar SD, Fielding J, Egan GF. Quantitative meta-analysis of fMRI and PET studies reveals consistent activation in fronto-striatal-parietal regions and cerebellum during antisaccades and prosaccades. Front Psychol 2013; 4:749. [PMID: 24137150 PMCID: PMC3797465 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The antisaccade task is a classic task of oculomotor control that requires participants to inhibit a saccade to a target and instead make a voluntary saccade to the mirror opposite location. By comparison, the prosaccade task requires participants to make a visually-guided saccade to the target. These tasks have been studied extensively using behavioral oculomotor, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging in both non-human primates and humans. In humans, the antisaccade task is under active investigation as a potential endophenotype or biomarker for multiple psychiatric and neurological disorders. A large and growing body of literature has used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) to study the neural correlates of the antisaccade and prosaccade tasks. We present a quantitative meta-analysis of all published voxel-wise fMRI and PET studies (18) of the antisaccade task and show that consistent activation for antisaccades and prosaccades is obtained in a fronto-subcortical-parietal network encompassing frontal and supplementary eye fields (SEFs), thalamus, striatum, and intraparietal cortex. This network is strongly linked to oculomotor control and was activated to a greater extent for antisaccade than prosaccade trials. Antisaccade but not prosaccade trials additionally activated dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices. We also found that a number of additional regions not classically linked to oculomotor control were activated to a greater extent for antisaccade vs. prosaccade trials; these regions are often reported in antisaccade studies but rarely commented upon. While the number of studies eligible to be included in this meta-analysis was small, the results of this systematic review reveal that antisaccade and prosaccade trials consistently activate a distributed network of regions both within and outside the classic definition of the oculomotor network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharna D Jamadar
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University Melbourne, VIC, Australia ; School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Hoeren M, Kaller CP, Glauche V, Vry MS, Rijntjes M, Hamzei F, Weiller C. Action semantics and movement characteristics engage distinct processing streams during the observation of tool use. Exp Brain Res 2013; 229:243-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Schmechtig A, Lees J, Grayson L, Craig KJ, Dadhiwala R, Dawson GR, Deakin JFW, Dourish CT, Koychev I, McMullen K, Migo EM, Perry C, Wilkinson L, Morris R, Williams SCR, Ettinger U. Effects of risperidone, amisulpride and nicotine on eye movement control and their modulation by schizotypy. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 227:331-45. [PMID: 23430159 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-2973-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The increasing demand to develop more efficient compounds to treat cognitive impairments in schizophrenia has led to the development of experimental model systems. One such model system combines the study of surrogate populations expressing high levels of schizotypy with oculomotor biomarkers. OBJECTIVES We aimed (1) to replicate oculomotor deficits in a psychometric schizotypy sample and (2) to investigate whether the expected deficits can be remedied by compounds shown to ameliorate impairments in schizophrenia. METHODS In this randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study 233 healthy participants performed prosaccade (PS), antisaccade (AS) and smooth pursuit eye movement (SPEM) tasks after being randomly assigned to one of four drug groups (nicotine, risperidone, amisulpride, placebo). Participants were classified into medium- and high-schizotypy groups based on their scores on the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ, Raine (Schizophr Bull 17:555-564, 1991)). RESULTS AS error rate showed a main effect of Drug (p < 0.01), with nicotine improving performance, and a Drug by Schizotypy interaction (p = 0.04), indicating higher error rates in medium schizotypes (p = 0.01) but not high schizotypes under risperidone compared to placebo. High schizotypes had higher error rates than medium schizotypes under placebo (p = 0.03). There was a main effect of Drug for saccadic peak velocity and SPEM velocity gain (both p ≤ 0.01) indicating impaired performance with risperidone. CONCLUSIONS We replicate the observation of AS impairments in high schizotypy under placebo and show that nicotine enhances performance irrespective of group status. Caution should be exerted in applying this model as no beneficial effects of antipsychotics were seen in high schizotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schmechtig
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, De Crespigny Park, P089, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
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Eldreth D, Hardin MG, Pavletic N, Ernst M. Adolescent Transformations of Behavioral and Neural Processes as Potential Targets for Prevention. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2013; 14:257-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s11121-012-0322-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kirenskaya AV, Myamlin VV, Novototsky-Vlasov VY, Pletnikov MV, Kozlovskaya IB. The Contingent Negative Variation Laterality and Dynamics in Antisaccade Task in Normal and Unmedicated Schizophrenic Subjects. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 14:869-83. [DOI: 10.5209/rev_sjop.2011.v14.n2.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Contingent negative variation (CNV) topography, hemispheric asymmetry and time-course were investigated in healthy subjects and non-medicated paranoid schizophrenic patients in two antisaccade paradigms with the short (800-1000 ms) and long (1200-1400 ms) durations of the fixation period. EEG and electrooculogram (EOG) were recorded. Saccade characteristics and mean amplitudes of slow cortical potentials time-locked to peripheral target were analyzed in 23 healthy volunteers and 19 schizophrenic patients. Compared to healthy control subjects, schizophrenic patients had significantly slower antisaccades and committed significantly more erroneous saccades in the both antisaccade tasks. The prolongation of the fixation period resulted in noticeable decrease of error percent in patients group. The analysis of CNV time-course has revealed two distinct stages in both groups. The early CNV stage was represented by a negative wave with the maximal amplitude over midline fronto-central area, and the late stage was characterized by increased CNV amplitude at the midline and left parietal electrode sites. In healthy subjects the simultaneous activation of frontal and parietal areas was observed in the paradigm with the shorter fixation interval; the increase of the fixation period produced consecutive activation of these areas. Schizophrenic patients' CNV amplitude was generally smaller than that of healthy subjects. The most pronounced between-group differences of the negative shift amplitude were revealed at frontal electrode sites during the early CNV stage in both modifications of the antisaccade task. The deficit of frontal activation revealed in patients at the early stage of antisaccade preparatory set in both antisaccadic paradigms may be related to pathogenesis of paranoid schizophrenia.
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Cheong D, Zubieta JK, Liu J. Neural correlates of visual motion prediction. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39854. [PMID: 22768145 PMCID: PMC3387206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting the trajectories of moving objects in our surroundings is important for many life scenarios, such as driving, walking, reaching, hunting and combat. We determined human subjects’ performance and task-related brain activity in a motion trajectory prediction task. The task required spatial and motion working memory as well as the ability to extrapolate motion information in time to predict future object locations. We showed that the neural circuits associated with motion prediction included frontal, parietal and insular cortex, as well as the thalamus and the visual cortex. Interestingly, deactivation of many of these regions seemed to be more closely related to task performance. The differential activity during motion prediction vs. direct observation was also correlated with task performance. The neural networks involved in our visual motion prediction task are significantly different from those that underlie visual motion memory and imagery. Our results set the stage for the examination of the effects of deficiencies in these networks, such as those caused by aging and mental disorders, on visual motion prediction and its consequences on mobility related daily activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cheong
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jon-Kar Zubieta
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jing Liu
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Arsalidou M, Duerden EG, Taylor MJ. The centre of the brain: topographical model of motor, cognitive, affective, and somatosensory functions of the basal ganglia. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 34:3031-54. [PMID: 22711692 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia have traditionally been viewed as motor processing nuclei; however, functional neuroimaging evidence has implicated these structures in more complex cognitive and affective processes that are fundamental for a range of human activities. Using quantitative meta-analysis methods we assessed the functional subdivisions of basal ganglia nuclei in relation to motor (body and eye movements), cognitive (working-memory and executive), affective (emotion and reward) and somatosensory functions in healthy participants. We document affective processes in the anterior parts of the caudate head with the most overlap within the left hemisphere. Cognitive processes showed the most widespread response, whereas motor processes occupied more central structures. On the basis of these demonstrated functional roles of the basal ganglia, we provide a new comprehensive topographical model of these nuclei and insight into how they are linked to a wide range of behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Arsalidou
- Diagnostic Imaging and Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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Lee J, Park C, Dyckman KA, Lazar NA, Austin BP, Li Q, McDowell JE. Practice-related changes in neural activation patterns investigated via wavelet-based clustering analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 34:2276-91. [PMID: 22505290 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate brain activation using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and specifically, activation changes across time associated with practice-related cognitive control during eye movement tasks. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Participants were engaged in antisaccade performance (generating a glance away from a cue) while fMR images were acquired during two separate test sessions: (1) at pre-test before any exposure to the task and (2) at post-test, after 1 week of daily practice on antisaccades, prosaccades (glancing toward a target), or fixation (maintaining gaze on a target). PRINCIPAL OBSERVATIONS The three practice groups were compared across the two test sessions, and analyses were conducted via the application of a model-free clustering technique based on wavelet analysis. This series of procedures was developed to avoid analysis problems inherent in fMRI data and was composed of several steps: detrending, data aggregation, wavelet transform and thresholding, no trend test, principal component analysis (PCA), and K-means clustering. The main clustering algorithm was built in the wavelet domain to account for temporal correlation. We applied a no trend test based on wavelets to significantly reduce the high dimension of the data. We clustered the thresholded wavelet coefficients of the remaining voxels using PCA K-means clustering. CONCLUSION Over the series of analyses, we found that the antisaccade practice group was the only group to show decreased activation from pre-test to post-test in saccadic circuitry, particularly evident in supplementary eye field, frontal eye fields, superior parietal lobe, and cuneus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinae Lee
- Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Li Q, Amlung MT, Valtcheva M, Camchong J, Austin BP, Dyckman KA, Unsworth N, Clementz BA, McDowell JE. Evidence from cluster analysis for differentiation of antisaccade performance groups based on speed/accuracy trade-offs. Int J Psychophysiol 2012; 85:274-7. [PMID: 22487714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Anti and pro-saccade performance in single or mixed contexts was explored in a large sample of young adults (n=281). ANOVAs were first conducted to evaluate trial type, context and gender effects. A cluster analysis was then used to determine whether subgroups could be identified based on saccadic performance variables. Increased antisaccade errors were observed among females and during mixed-saccade runs. Cluster analysis identified two groups: 1) increased errors clustered with faster latencies and 2) decreased errors clustered with slower latencies. These data offer justification for examining subgroups based on saccadic performance and may help elucidate mechanisms underlying response variability within and between different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Li
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY 10022, United States
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47
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Ventral and dorsal fiber systems for imagined and executed movement. Exp Brain Res 2012; 219:203-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3079-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Velligan D, Brenner R, Sicuro F, Walling D, Riesenberg R, Sfera A, Merideth C, Sweitzer D, Jaeger J. Assessment of the effects of AZD3480 on cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2012; 134:59-64. [PMID: 22088556 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AZD3480 is a selective agonist of α4β2 central neuronal nicotinic receptors (NNRs). This study investigated its effects on cognition, relative to placebo, in 440 patients with stable schizophrenia who were taking a single atypical antipsychotic medication and who were active cigarette smokers. Mean age was 41 (range 19 to 55) years and the majority of patients (88%) had a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia. Patients were randomized to one of 3 doses of AZD3480: 5 mg, 20 mg, and 35/100 mg (depending on CYP2D6 metabolic status), or to placebo. Treatment was given once daily for 12 weeks. The primary outcome measure was change in cognitive function from baseline to Week 12, as measured by IntegNeuro computerized test battery of cognitive function scores. Secondary outcome measures included assessment of functional capacity (University of California at San Diego Performance Based Skills Assessment [UPSA2]) and adaptive function (Social Functioning Scale [SFS]). AZD3480 failed to improve cognition relative to placebo in this population of patients or in subpopulations defined by disposition, metabolic status, antipsychotic treatment, age, age of illness onset, and sex. Likewise, no improvement relative to placebo was observed in either the SFS measure of adaptive functioning or the UPSA2 measure of functional capacity. AZD3480 was generally well tolerated in the population studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Velligan
- Division of Schizophrenia and Related Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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Anderson EJ, Jones DK, O'Gorman RL, Leemans A, Catani M, Husain M. Cortical network for gaze control in humans revealed using multimodal MRI. Cereb Cortex 2011; 22:765-75. [PMID: 21693784 PMCID: PMC3306571 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques allow definition of cortical nodes that are presumed to be components of large-scale distributed brain networks involved in cognitive processes. However, very few investigations examine whether such functionally defined areas are in fact structurally connected. Here, we used combined fMRI and diffusion MRI-based tractography to define the cortical network involved in saccadic eye movement control in humans. The results of this multimodal imaging approach demonstrate white matter pathways connecting the frontal eye fields and supplementary eye fields, consistent with the known connectivity of these regions in macaque monkeys. Importantly, however, these connections appeared to be more prominent in the right hemisphere of humans. In addition, there was evidence of a dorsal frontoparietal pathway connecting the frontal eye field and the inferior parietal lobe, also right hemisphere dominant, consistent with specialization of the right hemisphere for directed attention in humans. These findings demonstrate the utility and potential of using multimodal imaging techniques to define large-scale distributed brain networks, including those that demonstrate known hemispheric asymmetries in humans.
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